Charles Spearman and his two-factor theory of intelligence

Spearman proposed that intelligence consists of two factors which are the “g” factor and “s” factor. The “g” factor is linked to the general ability, while the ... StudyMaterials Notifications DailyNewsAnalysis MindMaps CurrentAffairs PrelimsBits DifferenceBetween Downloads MCQs ExamTips Home»AboutUPSC»UPSCCSEStudyMaterials»Psychology»CharlesSpearman CharlesSpearman CharlesSpearmanisconsideredtheepitomeoffactoranalysis.Hewasthefirstpsychologisttosuccessfullyapplymathematicalmethodstobrainanalysis. TableofContent   Charles Spearman playedapivotalroleinexploringhumanintelligence.Humanintelligenceisasubjectivetopic,andwhenyouaskpeople,“whatisintelligence?”Theanswerswillvarybecauseunderstandingintelligenceisdifficult.Forexample,forsomepeople,anintelligentpersonwillbetheonewhosolvesmathematicsquestionsquickly,whileforothers,anintelligentpersonwillbeapersonwhomakesaccuratelifedecisions. Givingaproperdefinitionofintelligencehasbeendebatable.Differentpsychologistshavedifferentviewsonintelligence.Ifwehavetocomeupwithacomprehensivedefinitionofintelligence,itcanbesaidthatintellectisatangibleprocessthatinvolvesparameterssuchasplanning,attention,learningandsolving. AboutCharlesEdwardsSpearmanCharlesEdward Spearman wasawell-knownBritishpsychologistbornon10thSeptember1863. He showedexceptionaltalentandcapabilitytobecomeapsychologistsincehisinception.HebeganhiscareerbyjoiningtheBritisharmy,andheservedthemfor15years.Afterhisretirementfromthearmy, hedecidedtopursueaPhDinExperimentalPsychology.HewenttotheUniversityofLeipzig,Germany,becausetheinstitutehadliberalentrancepoliciesunderWilhelmWundt.Charles Spearman isconsideredtheepitomeoffactoranalysis.Hewasthefirsttousemathematicalmethodstoanalyseandinterpretthetwistedhumanbrain. Moreover,He wasresponsibleforthediscoveryofgeneralintelligence,alsoknownasthe“gfactor”withthehelpoffactoranalysis.Hewasabletoannounceintelligenceasacognitiveabilitythatismeasurable.Thusitcanbeexplainedusingnumbers.Usingfactoranalysis, Spearman wasabletoprovethetheoryofgeneralintelligence.Accordingtothepsychologist,apersonwhoisabletosolvemorequestionsonanaptitudetesthasahigherintelligencewhencomparedtoapersonwhoisabletosolvelesserquestions. ThepsychologistinventedSpearman’srankcorrelationcoefficienttoprovehishypothesis.The Spearmancorrelation coefficientisimplementedformeasuringthestatisticaldependencybetweenacoupleofvariables(‘g’factorand‘s’factor)Thetwo-factortheoryofintelligenceCharles Spearman publishedhistwo-factortheoryofintelligenceintheyear1904.Hewasthefoundingpersonoftheconceptofgeneralintelligencecalledthe“g”factor.He analyseddifferentmentalaptitudeandcognitivetestsattemptedbytheparticipantstoformthistheory.Whileevaluatingthetests,heidentifiedthatscoresofthesameparticipantsweresimilarineverytest.Thatis, apersonwhoscoredhighmarksinoneaptitudetestscoredthesamemarksinotheraptitudetestsaswell.Onthecontrary,thepersonwhoscoredlowmarksononeaptitudetestscoredlowermarksontheotheraptitudetestsaswell.Thus,hecametotheconclusionthatthereisafactorbetweentheintellectandcognitiveabilitiesofaperson. Heemployedthefactoranalysistechniquetoexaminethecognitivetests.Afterexaminingthetests,heconcludedthatthefactorsrelatedtointelligencecouldbeexpressednumerically.Thusheproposedthatthevariousmentaltraitsarenotindependentofeachother,andthereexistsafactorcalledthegeneralfactoror“g”factor. “G”and“S”factorsoftwo-factortheorySpearman proposedthatintelligenceconsistsoftwofactorswhicharethe“g”factorand“s”factor.The“g”factorislinkedtothegeneralability,whilethe“s”factorislinkedtothespecificability.The“g”factorreflectsthecapabilityofapersonindoingthegeneralmentalabilitytasks,andthe“s”factorisresponsibleforrecognizingthespecificabilitiesofaperson.Moreover,thename“two-factortheory”doesn’tindicatethatthereareonlytwofactors.Therearemorethantwofactorsinthetheorybecauseeachfactorhasdifferentsub-factors,whichdependonthenumberofspecificabilitiesineachtest.Accordingto psychologist,thespecificabilitiesofthepersoncanbedrawinginterference,codingabilities,mathematicalabilities,etc.Spearman’srankcorrelationcoefficientInstatistics,thecoefficientofcorrelation,whichisnamedafterCharles Spearman, isrepresentedusing“rho”.Thisisanon-parametricmeasureofcorrelation;thefactoranalysestheeffectivenessofanarbitraryindescribingtheconnectionbetweenvariableswithouttakingintoconsiderationthefrequencydistributionofvariables.Thecoefficientdoesn’tdemandalinearrelationshipbetweenvariables,andneitherdoesitneedthevariablestobemeasuredinintervalscales. The Spearmancorrelation coefficientisaderivativeoftheproduct-momentcoefficient.Intheproduct-momentcoefficient,thedataisconvertedtoranksbeforecalculatingthecoefficient.However,inpractice,simplermeansareusedtocalculatethe correlation coefficient.Thepreliminaryscoresobtainedaftercalculationareconvertedintoranks.Afterthis,adifferencebetweentheDandranksofeveryobservationisdeterminedusingtheformulabelow.Inthisformula, D=DifferencebetweenvaluesofXandYN=PairsofthevalueofXandYCalculatingtheSpearmancorrelation coefficientbecomesmorecomplexifthetiedranksarepresent.However,ifthebendsarelarge,ignoringthembecomesdifficult.ConclusionCharles Spearman isapersonalitywhoseworkhasmotivatedotherpsychologistssuchasHansEysenck,PhilipVernon,CyrilBurtandArthurJensen.However,outofallthepeoplehehasinfluenced,hisstrongestadmirerisFrancisGalton. FrancisGaltonwasthefirsttodiscoverthecorrelationtoolasastatisticaltoolinpsychology. Spearman’saccomplishmentcanberegardedasthefoundationforstudyinghumanpsychologyusingmathematicalrelations.CharlesSpearmanwillalwaysbeaninfluentialperson.Helivedalargelifeandpassedawayon17thSeptember1945inLondon,UnitedKingdom. Frequentlyaskedquestions GetanswerstothemostcommonqueriesrelatedtotheUPSCExaminationPreparation. WhatisSpearman’stheoryofintelligence? Ans:Spearman’stheoryofintelligenceconsistsoftwocomponents:general...Readfull WhatdidSpearmancontributetopsychology? Ans:CharlesSpearmanwasarenownedpioneerinfactoranalysisasastatisticaltooltoreduceandinterpretdata....Readfull Whatisthegfactorinpsychology? Ans.Gfactorisalsocalledgeneralintelligenceandreferstotheexistenceofbroadmentalcapacity,whichinflue...Readfull WhatdoesThurstonesayaboutintelligence? Ans:AccordingtoThurstone,intelligenceistheabilitytomakeimpulsesfoc...Readfull Ans:Spearman’stheoryofintelligenceconsistsoftwocomponents:generalintelligence(g)andspecificability(s).Toexplainthedifferencesinperformanceondifferenttasks,Spearmanhypothesisedthatthe“s”componentislinkedtoacertainaspectofintelligence. Ans:CharlesSpearmanwasarenownedpioneerinfactoranalysisasastatisticaltooltoreduceandinterpretdata. Ans.Gfactorisalsocalledgeneralintelligenceandreferstotheexistenceofbroadmentalcapacity,whichinfluencestheperformanceofcognitiveabilitymeasures. Ans:AccordingtoThurstone,intelligenceistheabilitytomakeimpulsesfocalattheirearly,unfinishedstageofformation. CrackUPSCwithUnacademy GetsubscriptionandaccessunlimitedliveandrecordedcoursesfromIndia’sbesteducators Structuredsyllabus Dailyliveclasses Askdoubts Tests&practice Learnmore Notifications GetalltheimportantinformationrelatedtotheUPSCCivilServicesExamincludingtheprocessofapplication,importantcalendardates,eligibilitycriteria,examcentersetc. Prayaas–UPSCMainsOfflineTest2022PrelimsPreviousYearQuestionPaperPreviousYearQuestionPapersforOptionalSubjectsUPSC2022PrelimsResultsUPSCBooksUPSCCalendarUPSCCSEMainsMentorshipProgram–2022UPSCCutOffAnalysisUPSCDedicatedDoubtSolvingSessionsUPSCEligibilityCriteriaUPSCExamPatternUPSCFreeDoubtSolvingSessions–DoubtDarbaarUPSCMainsUPSCMainsTestSeriesUPSCMarkingSchemeUPSCPrelims2022ResultsareOut!UPSCPrelimsAnswerKey2022UPSCSyllabusUPSCToppersSeeall Relatedarticles LearnmoretopicsrelatedtoPsychologyWomenandIndianSocietyInthisblog,wewilldiscussthepsychologyinvolvedbehindwomeninIndianSociety,itseffects,andhowmentalhealthprofessionalscanhelpIndianwomen.WatertreatmentWatersupportslife.Thewatertreatmentprocessimprovesthequalityofwaterforend-use.Vroom’sExpectancyTheoryVroom’sexpectancytheorystatesthatwebelievethatbehaviourresultsfromconsciouschoicesamongalternativeswhosepurposeistomaximisepleasure,UnderstandingCognitiveTherapiesCognitivetherapiesidentifyandalterinaccuratethinkingpatterns,behaviours,andemotionalresponses.Readalongtofindwhatcognitivebehaviouraltherapyisandhowitcantreatconditionslikedepression.Seeall Accessmorethan 469+coursesforUPSCCSE–Optional Getsubscription TrendingTopics UPSCCSEExam2022 UPSCBooks UPSCPrelimsPreviousyear’sQuestionPapers UPSCPrelimsAnswerKey UPSCCSEEligibilityCriteria2022 AgneepathScheme2022 APPolycet2022Results TSSSCResult2022 UANLoginPortal Relatedlinks SimonCommission CrippsMission IndianCouncilAct(Morley-MintoAct)1909 BattleOfBuxar1764 CausesofNon-CooperationMovement July2022currentaffairsE-book . Explore AFCAT APEAMCET BankExam BPSC CAFoundation CAPF CAT CBSEClass11 CBSEClass12 CDS CLAT CSIRUGC GATE IITJAM JEE KarnatakaCET KarnatakaPSC KeralaPSC MHTCET MPPSC NDA NEETPG NEETUG NTAUGC RailwayExam SSC TSEAMCET UPSC WBPSC Sharevia COPY