J. P. Guilford - Wikipedia

Career · Structure of Intellect theory · Criticism · Selected bibliography · Notes · See also · References · External links ... J.P.Guilford FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch UnitedStatespsychologist Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "J.P.Guilford" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(June2007)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) J.P.GuilfordBorn(1897-03-07)7March1897Marquette,Nebraska,U.S.Died26November1987(1987-11-26)(aged 90)LosAngeles,California,U.S.Alma materUniversityofNebraskaCornellUniversityOccupationPsychologist JoyPaulGuilford(March7,1897–November26,1987)wasanAmericanpsychologistbestrememberedforhispsychometricstudyofhumanintelligence,includingthedistinctionbetweenconvergentanddivergentproduction. DevelopingtheviewsofL.L.Thurstone,GuilfordrejectedCharlesSpearman'sviewthatintelligencecouldbecharacterizedinasinglenumericalparameter.Heproposedthatthreedimensionswerenecessaryforaccuratedescription:operations,content,andproducts.AReviewofGeneralPsychologysurvey,publishedin2002,rankedGuilfordasthe27thmostcitedpsychologistofthe20thcentury.[1] Contents 1Career 2StructureofIntellecttheory 2.1Operationsdimension 2.2Contentdimension 2.3Productdimension 3Criticism 4Selectedbibliography 5Notes 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks Career[edit] GuilfordgraduatedfromtheUniversityofNebraskabeforestudyingunderEdwardTitcheneratCornell.GuilfordwaselectedamemberoftheSocietyofExperimentalPsychologistsin1937,[2]andin1938hebecamethethirdpresidentofthePsychometricSociety,followinginthefootstepsofitsfounderLouisLeonThurstoneandofEdwardThorndike,whoheldthepositionin1937.GuilfordheldanumberofpostsatNebraskaandbrieflyattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.In1941heenteredtheU.S.ArmyasaLieutenantColonelandservedasDirectorofPsychologicalResearchUnitNo.3atSantaAnaArmyAirBase.ThereheworkedontheselectionandrankingofaircrewtraineesastheArmyAirForceinvestigatedwhyasizableproportionoftraineeswerenotgraduating.[3] PromotedtoChiefofthePsychologicalResearchUnitattheU.S.ArmyAirForcesTrainingCommandHeadquartersinFortWorth,GuilfordoversawtheStanine(StandardNine)Projectin1943,whichidentifiedninespecificintellectualabilitiescrucialtoflyingaplane.(Stanines,nowacommontermineducationalpsychology,wascoinedduringGuilford'sproject).OverthecourseofWorldWarII,Guilford'suseofthesefactorsinthedevelopmentofthetwo-dayClassificationTestBatterywassignificantinincreasinggraduationratesforaircrewtrainees. Dischargedasafullcolonelafterthewar,GuilfordjoinedtheEducationfacultyattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaandcontinuedtoresearchthefactorsofintelligence.HepublishedwidelyonwhatheultimatelynamedtheStructureofIntellecttheory,andhispost-Warresearchidentifiedatotalof90discreteintellectualabilitiesand30behavioralabilities. Guilford's20yearsofresearchatSouthernCaliforniawerefundedbytheNationalScienceFoundation,theOfficeofEducationoftheformerHealth,EducationandWelfareDepartment,andtheOfficeofNavalResearch.AlthoughGuilford'ssubjectswererecruitsattheAirForceTrainingCommandatRandolphAirForceBaseinSanAntonio,theOfficeofNavalResearchmanagedthisresearch. Guilford'spost-warresearchledtothedevelopmentofclassificationtestingthat,modifiedindifferentways,enteredintothevariouspersonnelassessmentsadministeredbyallbranchesoftheU.S.ArmedServices.Sogenerallyspeaking,allU.S.Militaryqualifyingexamsofthe1950s,1960s,and1970sdescendedfromGuilford'sresearch. StructureofIntellecttheory[edit] AccordingtoGuilford'sStructureofIntellect(SI)theory(1955),anindividual'sperformanceonintelligencetestscanbetracedbacktotheunderlyingmentalabilitiesorfactorsofintelligence.SItheorycomprisesupto180differentintellectualabilitiesorganizedalongthreedimensions:operations,content,andproducts. TheStructureofIntellectTheoryadvancedbyGuilfordwasappliedbyMaryN.Meekerforeducationalpurposes.[4] Operationsdimension[edit] SIincludessixoperationsorgeneralintellectualprocesses: Cognition-Theabilitytounderstand,comprehend,discover,andbecomeawareofinformation Memoryrecording-Theabilitytoencodeinformation Memoryretention-Theabilitytorecallinformation Divergentproduction-Theabilitytogeneratemultiplesolutionstoaproblem;creativity Convergentproduction-Theabilitytodeduceasinglesolutiontoaproblem;rule-followingorproblem-solving Evaluation-Theabilitytojudgewhetherornotinformationisaccurate,consistent,orvalid Contentdimension[edit] SIincludesfourbroadareasofinformationtowhichthehumanintellectappliesthesixoperations: Figural-Concrete,realworldinformation,tangibleobjects,thingsintheenvironment-ItincludesA.visual:informationperceivedthroughsight,B.auditory:informationperceivedthroughhearing,andC.kinesthetic:informationperceivedthroughone'sownphysicalactions Symbolic-Informationperceivedassymbolsorsignsthatstandforsomethingelse,e.g.,Arabicnumerals,thelettersofanalphabet,ormusicalandscientificnotations Semantic-Concernedwithverbalmeaningandideas-Generallyconsideredtobeabstractinnature. Behavioral-Informationperceivedasactsofpeople(ThisdimensionwasnotfullyresearchedinGuilford'sproject.Itremainstheoreticalandisgenerallynotincludedinthefinalmodelthatheproposedfordescribinghumanintelligence.) Productdimension[edit] Asthenamesuggests,thisdimensioncontainsresultsofapplyingparticularoperationstospecificcontents.TheSImodelincludessixproductsinincreasingcomplexity: Units-Singleitemsofknowledge Classes-Setsofunitssharingcommonattributes Relations-Unitslinkedasoppositesorinassociations,sequences,oranalogies Systems-Multiplerelationsinterrelatedtocomprisestructuresornetworks Transformations-Changes,perspectives,conversions,ormutationstoknowledge Implications-Predictions,inferences,consequences,oranticipationsofknowledge Therefore,accordingtoGuilfordthereare5x5x6=150intellectualabilitiesorfactors(hisresearchonlyconfirmedaboutthreebehavioralabilities,soitisgenerallynotincludedinthemodel).Eachabilitystandsforaparticularoperationinaparticularcontentareaandresultsinaspecificproduct,suchasComprehensionofFiguralUnitsorEvaluationofSemanticImplications. Guilford'soriginalmodelwascomposedof120components(whenthebehavioralcomponentisincluded)becausehehadnotseparatedFiguralContentintoseparateAuditoryandVisualcontents,norhadheseparatedMemoryintoMemoryRecordingandMemoryRetention.WhenheseparatedFiguralintoAuditoryandVisualcontents,hismodelincreasedto5x5x6=150categories.WhenGuilfordseparatedthememoryfunctions,hismodelfinallyincreasedto180factors.[5] Criticism[edit] VariousresearchershavecriticizedthestatisticaltechniquesusedbyGuilford.AccordingtoJensen(1998),Guilford'scontentionthatag-factorwasuntenablewasinfluencedbyhisobservationthatcognitivetestsofU.S.AirForcepersonneldidnotshowcorrelationssignificantlydifferentfromzero.Accordingtoonereanalysis,thisresultedfromartifactsandmethodologicalerrors.Applyingmorerobustmethodologies,thecorrelationsinGuilford'sdatasetsarepositive.[6]Inanotherreanalysis,randomlygeneratedmodelswerefoundtobeaswellsupportedasGuilford'sowntheory.[7] Guilford'sStructureofIntellectmodelofhumanabilitieshasfewsupporterstoday.Carroll(1993)summarizedtheviewoflaterresearchers:[8] "Guilford'sSOImodelmust,therefore,bemarkeddownasasomewhateccentricaberrationinthehistoryofintelligencemodels.Thefactthatsomuchattentionhasbeenpaidtoitisdisturbingtotheextentthattextbooksandothertreatmentsofithavegiventheimpressionthatthemodelisvalidandwidelyaccepted,whenclearlyitisnot." Selectedbibliography[edit] Guilford,J.P..(1967).JoyPaulGuilford.Ahistoryofpsychologyinautobiography.5.169–191. Guilford,J.P.(1936)PsychometricMethods.NewYork,NY:McGraw-Hill.[9] Guilford,J.P.(1939)Generalpsychology.NewYork,NY:D.VanNostrandCompany,Inc. Guilford,J.P.(1950)Creativity,AmericanPsychologist,Volume5,Issue9,444–454. Guilford,J.P.(1967).TheNatureofHumanIntelligence. Guilford,J.P.&Hoepfner,R.(1971).TheAnalysisofIntelligence. Guilford,J.P.(1982).Cognitivepsychology'sambiguities:Somesuggestedremedies.PsychologicalReview,89,48–59. (1969).Guilford'sStructureofIntellectModel:ItsRelevancefortheTeacherPreparationCurriculum.CurriculumTheoryNetwork,(3),47–64. Notes[edit] ^Haggbloom,StevenJ.;Powell,JohnL.,III;Warnick,JasonE.;Jones,VinessaK.;Yarbrough,GaryL.;Russell,TeneaM.;Borecky,ChrisM.;McGahhey,Reagan;et al.(2002)."The100mosteminentpsychologistsofthe20thcentury".ReviewofGeneralPsychology.6(2):139–152.doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139.S2CID 145668721. ^Boring,EdwinG.(1938)."TheSocietyofExperimentalPsychologists:1904-1938".TheAmericanJournalofPsychology.JSTOR.51(2):420.doi:10.2307/1415667.ISSN 0002-9556. ^Guilford,J.P.(1967),"JoyPaulGuilford.",Ahistoryofpsychologyinautobiography,VolV,Appleton-Century-Crofts,pp. 167–191,doi:10.1037/11579-007 ^Edwards,Reginald(1969)."Guilford'sStructureofIntellectModel:ItsRelevancefortheTeacherPreparationCurriculum".CurriculumTheoryNetwork(3):47–64.doi:10.2307/1179339.ISSN 0078-4931.JSTOR 1179339. ^Guilford,J.P.(1988).Somechangesinthestructureofintellectmodel.EducationalandPsychologicalMeasurement,48,1-4. ^Jensen1998,115–117. ^Mackintosh1998,214–215. ^Carroll1993,60.ForamoredetailedcritiqueoftheStructure-of-Intellectmodel,see57–60. ^Dunlap,JackW.(1937)."ReviewofPsychometricMethodsbyJ.P.Guilford".PsychologicalBulletin.34(4):259–262.doi:10.1037/h0051411. Seealso[edit] Barberpoleillusion References[edit] Carroll,J.B.(1993).HumanCognitiveAbilities.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress. Jensen,A.R.(1998).ThegFactor:TheScienceofMentalAbility.Westport,CT:Praeger. Mackintosh,N.J.(1998).IQandHumanIntelligence.Oxford,UK:OxfordUniversityPress. Externallinks[edit] Thestructureofintellect NationalAcademyofSciencesBiographicalMemoir vtePresidentsoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation1892–1900 G.StanleyHall(1892) GeorgeTrumbullLadd(1893) WilliamJames(1894) JamesMcKeenCattell(1895) GeorgeStuartFullerton(1896) JamesMarkBaldwin(1897) HugoMünsterberg(1898) JohnDewey(1899) JosephJastrow(1900) 1901–1925 JosiahRoyce(1901) EdmundSanford(1902) WilliamLoweBryan(1903) WilliamJames(1904) MaryWhitonCalkins(1905) JamesRowlandAngell(1906) HenryRutgersMarshall(1907) GeorgeM.Stratton(1908) CharlesHubbardJudd(1909) WalterBowersPillsbury(1910) CarlSeashore(1911) EdwardThorndike(1912) HowardC.Warren(1913) RobertS.Woodworth(1914) JohnB.Watson(1915) RaymondDodge(1916) RobertYerkes(1917) JohnWallaceBaird(1918) WalterDillScott(1919) ShepherdIvoryFranz(1920) MargaretFloyWashburn(1921) KnightDunlap(1922) LewisTerman(1923) G.StanleyHall(1924) I.MadisonBentley(1925) 1926–1950 HarveyA.Carr(1926) HarryLeviHollingworth(1927) EdwinBoring(1928) KarlLashley(1929) 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