Speech acts: Theory & Types - StudySmarter

A speech act is an action that is performed in saying something. We perform speech acts all of the time! For example, when we offer an apology, extend an ... Selectyourlanguage Suggestedlanguagesforyou: Deutsch(US) Americas English(US) Europe English(DE) English(UK) StudySmarter-Theall-in-onestudyapp. 4.8•+11kRatings Morethan3MillionDownloads Free Linkcopied! Rate GetApp Share | 1.7K Linkcopied! Rate GetApp Share | 1.7K English Pragmatics SpeechActs All-in-onelearningapp Flashcards NotesNotes ExplanationsExplanations StudyPlanner Textbooksolutions Startstudying All-in-onelearningapp Flashcards NotesNotes ExplanationsExplanations StudyPlanner Textbooksolutions SpeechActs Save Print Edit Signuptouseallfeaturesforfree. Signupnow SpeechActs 5ParagraphEssay AHookforanEssay APA BodyParagraph Evidence Harvard Hedging MLA OpinionvsFact Plagiarism Summarize ArgumentativeEssay EmotionalArgumentsinEssays EthicalArgumentsinEssays TheArgument WritinganArgumentativeEssay Blog AltText ImageCaption Microblogging NewsBlog PersonalBlog Discourse Adjuncts AnaphoricReference Backchannels CataphoricReference DiscourseMarkers Disjuncts EndophoricReference ExophoricReference Gaps Interruption Overlaps Turn-taking Email FormalEmail InformalEmail EnglishGrammar ActiveVoice Adjective AdjectivePhrase Adverb AdverbPhrase Allomorph Articles Aspects ComplexSentence CompoundSentence ConditionalSentences Conjunction Declaratives DependentClause Determiner Exclamatives FutureTense Gerunds GrammaticalMood GrammaticalVoices ImperativeMood Imperatives IndependentClause IndicativeMood InfinitiveMood InterrogativeMood Interrogatives Morphemes Noun NounPhrase OptativeMood PassiveVoice PastTense PerfectiveAspect PotentialMood Prefix Preposition PrepositionalPhrase PresentTense ProgressiveAspect Pronoun SentenceFunctions SimpleSentence SubjunctiveMood Suffix Tenses TypesofPhrases TypesofSentence Verb VerbPhrase WordClass EssayPlan EssayTimeManagement Howtotakeapositioninanessay ProofreadEssay UnderstandingthePrompt EssayPrompts AnalyticalEssay CauseandEffectEssay DescriptiveEssay ExpositoryEssay NarrativeEssay PersuasiveEssay EssayWritingSkills Conclusion EssaySourcesandPresentingResearch EssayStructure EssayTopic Introduction PointEvidenceExplain Referencing SourcesofDataCollection TranscribingSpokenData Graphology Capitalisation Layout MultimodalTexts OrthographicFeatures Punctuation Spelling TypographicalFeatures InternationalEnglish Accent AccentvsDialect Bilingualism CodeSwitching Descriptivism DescriptivismvsPrescriptivism Dialect DialectLevelling Englishasalinguafranca Jargon Kachru's3ConcentricCircles LanguageChanges NonRhotic PidginandCreole Prescriptivism RhoticAccent SocialInteraction StandardEnglish StandardisationofEnglish StrevensModelofEnglish TechnologicalDeterminism TheHistoryofEnglishLanguage VernacularEnglish WorldEnglishes KeyConceptsinLanguageandLinguistics LanguageStereotypes LanguageandPolitics LanguageandPower LanguageandTechnology MediaLinguistics MichelFoucaultDiscourseTheory Multimodality NormanFairclough LanguageAcquisition Babbling BehavioralTheory Chomsky CognitiveTheory Constructivism CriticalPeriod FunctionalBasisofLanguage Halliday InteractionistTheory LanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD) LanguageAcquisitioninChildren Lenneberg MultiwordStage Nativist One-Wordstage Piaget TheoriesofLanguageAcquisition Two-WordStage LanguageAnalysis Foregrounding Genre GrammaticalVoice Literariness LiteraryContext LiteraryPurpose LiteraryRepresentation ModeEnglishLanguage Narrative NarrativePerspective Narrator PoeticVoice LanguageandSocialGroups AccommodationTheory BernsteinElaboratedandRestrictedCode ConceptofFace DeficitApproach DiversityApproach DominanceApproach DrewandHeritageInstitutionalTalk EckertJocksandBurnouts FormalRegister GaryIvesBradfordStudy HolmesCodeSwitching Labov-NewYorkDepartmentStoreStudy LanguageandAge LanguageandClass LanguageandEthnicity LanguageandGender LanguageandIdentity LanguageandOccupation MarkedandUnmarkedTerms PeterTrudgill-NorwichStudy PhaticTalkandBanter RegisterandStyle SinclairandCoulthard SocialNetworkTheory SociolectvsIdiolect Sociolinguistics VarietyvsStandardEnglish LexisandSemantics Acronyms Amelioration Antonymy Blends Broadening Clipping Collocations Colloquialisms Compounding ConnotativeMeaning DenotativeMeaning Derivation Eponyms FigurativeLanguage FixedExpressions FormalLanguage Homonymy Hyperbole Hyponymy Idioms InformalLanguage Initialisms IronyEnglishLanguage LevelsofFormality LexicalAmbiguity LiteraryPositioning Litotes Metaphor Metonymy Narrowing Neologism OccupationalRegister Oxymoron ParadigmaticRelations Paradox Pejoration Personification Polysemy Pun RhetoricalFigures SemanticChange SemanticReclamation Simile Slang Sociolect Synedoche Synonymy SyntagmaticRelations Taboo Zero-Derivation MultipleChoiceQuestions ProcessofElimination WordsinContext PhoneticsPhonologyandProsodics Alliteration Consonance Consonants Dactylic Diphthong EndRhyme EyeRhyme FeminineRhyme HypocriticalvsCooperativeTone InternationalPhoneticAlphabet MannerofArticulation MasculineRhyme Monophthong Monorhyme MonosyllabicRhyme Multisyllabic/CompoundRhyme OptimisticandWorried Pararhyme Phone Phoneme PhoneticAccommodation PhoneticAssimilation Phonetics Phonology PlaceofArticulation Prosody Rhymes SoundSymbolisms SurprisedTone Tone(EnglishLangugage) VoiceArticulation Vowels Pragmatics Assertives Commissives ConversationalImplicature CooperativePrinciple Declarative Deicticcentre Deicticexpressions Deixis Directives Expressives Grice'sConversationalMaxims PolitenessTheory Semanticsvs.Pragmatics SpeechActs Rhetoric ActionVerbs AdjectivalClause AdverbialClause Analogy Anecdotes AppositivePhrase Argumentation Bandwagon BasicRhetoricalModes BeggingtheQuestion BuildingCredibility Caricature CausalRelationships ChronologicalDescription CircularReasoning ClassicalAppeals Classification CloseReading Comparison ComplexRhetoricalModes ConcreteAdjectives ConcreteNouns ConsistentVoice Definition DefinitionbyNegation Description Diction Equivocation Ethos FalseConnections FalseDichotomy FaultyAnalogy HastyGeneralization Illustration InductionRhetoric Lampoon LineofReasoning Logos MissingthePoint Non-Sequitur Non-TestableHypothesis ObjectiveDescription OlfactoryDescription Paragraphing Pathos PersonalNarrative Post-HocArgument ProcessAnalysisRhetoricalMode Rebuttals RedHerring Refutation RhetoricalFallacy RhetoricalQuestion RhetoricalSituation Sarcasm ScareTactics SituationalIrony SlipperySlope StrawManArgument SubjectConsistency SubjectiveDescription Syntax TactileDescription TenseConsistency ToneandWordChoice Transitions UnstatedAssumption VerbalIrony VisualDescription RhetoricalAnalysisEssay AuthorsTechnique LanguageChoice RhetoricalStrategies UnderstandingYourAudience SingleParagraphEssay Fact MainIdeaandSupportingDetail StatisticalEvidence SynthesisEssay AuthorAuthority DirectQuote Exigency FirstParagraph HistoricalContext Inference IntendedAudience Paraphrase PrimarySource SecondParagraph SecondarySource SourceMaterial ThirdParagraph SpeechActs Tableofcontents: TABLEOFCONTENTS 'Languagedescribestheworldaroundus'.That'sthecommonview.Asentence(forexample,'it'scoldinhere,isn'tit?')describesasituation.Butistheremoregoingonthanthat?Whenwespeak,areweonlyeverdescribingtheworldaroundus?Orarewealsosomehow'actingwithinit'.SpeechActtheorysaysthatwhenwespeakwearealso'actingintheworld'.Whatwesayhasadescriptivemeaning,butitmayalsohaveaneffectonthosearoundus,causingthemtoact,orthink,orrespondinparticularwaystowhatwesay.Ourwordshavethepowertocausethingstohappen.Ifsomeonesays'It'scoldinhere,isn'tit?',aretheysimplydescribingastateofaffairs,ortryingtoacttochangeit,bygettingsomeonetoclosethewindow?JohnSearlespeechactsJohnSearleclassifiedthepurposeofdifferentspeechactsunderthefollowing5categories:Declarations,assertives,expressives,directives,andcommissives.5typesofspeechactsbySearleLet'stakealookateachcategoryandsomeexamples.Declarations-Thespeakerdeclaressomethingthathasthepotentialtobringaboutachangeintheworld.'Inowdeclareyouhusbandandwife.''You'refired!'Assertives-Thespeakerassertsanidea,opinion,orsuggestion.Thespeakerpresents'facts'oftheworld,suchasstatementsandclaims.'ParisisthecapitalofFrance.''Iwatchedagreatdocumentarylastnight.'Expressives-Thespeakerstatessomethingabouttheirpsychologicalattitudesandtheirattitudestowardsasituation.Thiscouldbeanapology,awelcome,oranexpressionofgratitude.I'msosorryaboutyesterday.''Ireallyappreciateyourhelp.'Directives-Thespeakerintendstogetthelistenertodosomething.Thiscouldbebygivinganorder,offeringadvice,ormakingarequest.'Passmethesaltplease.''Youshouldnotdrinkthat!'Commissives-Thespeakercommitstodoingsomethinginthefuture.Thiscouldbemakingapromise,aplan,avow,orabet.'I'llseeyouat6tomorrow''Ido!'Commissivespeechactsareusedincontractualagreementssuchasweddingvowsandpromises.-StudySmarterOriginalWhatisspeechacttheory?Speechacttheoryisasubfieldofpragmatics.Thetheoryisconcernedwiththewaywordscanbeusedtonotonlygiveinformationbutalsotoperformcertainactions,ortocauseotherstoperformthem.SpeechacttheoryinliteratureThephilosopherJLAustinfirstintroducedSpeechActtheoryinhisbookHowToDoThingsWithWords.1ThetheorywasdevelopedbyAmericanphilosopherJ.RSearle.²Bothphilosophersaimedtounderstandthedegreetowhichlanguageissaidtoperformlocutionaryacts(makeanutterance),illocutionaryacts(saysomethingwithapurpose),and/orperlocutionaryacts(saysomethingthatcausesotherstoact).Areyoufeelingoverwhelmedbythesebigterms?Don'tworry,wewillcovertheminmoredepthshortly!Speechacttheoryrecognizeslanguageasavehicleforactivityandstatesthatutterancesoftendomorethanjustreflectmeaning.Languagecanbeusedtogetthingsdoneandtoaccomplishobjectiveswithinspecificsituations.Today,speechacttheoryisusedinlinguistics,philosophy,psychology,legaltheory,andeveninAIasawayofhelpingustounderstandhumancommunication.Locutionary,Illocutionary,andPerlocutionarySpeechActsLet'stakeateachoneoftheseinmoredetail.LocutionaryactsAlocutionaryactisthebasicproductionofanutterance,comprisingallofitsverbal,social,andrhetoricalmeanings.Locutionaryactscanbebrokenintotwomaintypes:utteranceactsandpropositionalacts.Utteranceactscanbeanyformofsoundanddonotnecessarilyhavetobeintelligible.Incontrast,propositionalactsmustexpressadefinablepoint.Forexample,agruntwouldbeanutteranceactandastatementwouldbeapropositionalact.Propositionalactstypicallyrefertotheliteralmeaningofthespeechact.Charlyseesaspiderandsays,'Eurgh,Ihatespiders'.Hereisanexampleofapropositionalact.TheliteralmeaningisthatCharlydoesnotlikespiders.IllocutionaryactsAnillocutionaryactistheactiveresultoftheimpliedmeaningfromthelocutionaryact.Forexample,thelistenermakessenseofwhatisbeingsaidtothemandcanthenapplyanyimpliedmeaningtotheutterance.Charlyseesaspiderandsays,'Eurgh,Ihatespiders'.Asanillocutionaryact,thelistenercaninferthatCharlyhatesspidersandprobablydoesnotwantthisonenearher.PerlocutionaryactsAperlocutionaryactistheeffectthelocutionaryandillocutionaryactshaveonthelistener.Aperlocutionaryactcaninfluenceotherstochangetheirbehaviorortheirthoughtsandfeelings.Perlocutionaryactsaresometimesreferredtoasaperlocutionaryeffectorperlocutionaryforce.Thinkoftheeffectofaspeechact'forcing'youtochangeyourbehaviorinsomeway.Charlyseesaspiderandsays,'Eurgh,Ihatespiders'.BasedonthepreviousimpliedunderstandingthatCharlyprobablydoesn'twantthespidernearher,thelistenermaygetupandremovethespider.Takealookatthefollowingsentence,whateffectdoyouthinkthisspeechactcouldhaveonthelistener?"Spendingtoomuchtimeonyourphoneisbadforyoureyes,youknow."Thinkofeachspeechactasasortofumbrellatermforthespeechactbelowit.Forexample,allperlocutionaryactsareillocutionaryacts,andallillocutionaryactsarelocutionaryacts.IllocutionarycompetenceIllocutionarycompetencereferstoanindividual'sabilitytoimplyandinferdifferentmeaningsthroughspeechacts.Havingillocutionarycompetencehelpsustomakesenseofwhatweareactuallybeingtoldand(usually)preventsusfromgettingthe'wrongendofstick'.Ifyouareabletocomprehendanutterance,figureoutitsimpliedmeaning,andthenactaccordingly,youprobablyhaveprettygoodillocutionarycompetence!Illocutionarycompetencereferstosomeone'sabilitytoimplyandinferdifferenttypesofmeanings.-StudySmarterOriginalLet'sapplytheconceptofillocutionarycompetencetospeakerB'sutteranceinthefollowingconversation:SpeakerA:"Wouldyouliketoplaytennis?"SpeakerB:"Myracket'sbroken"Thepropositionalspeechact(literalmeaning)=SpeakerB'sracketisbroken.Theillocutionaryspeechact(impliedmeaning)=SpeakerBmaywanttoplaytennisbutcannotbecausetheirracketisbroken.Theperlocutionaryspeechact(effectonthelistener)=SpeakerAmayinferthatspeakerBwantstoplaybutcannotandoffersthemoneoftheirrackets.DirectandindirectspeechactsInthecaseofpragmatics,directspeechreferstoaspeechactthathasadirectrelationshipbetweenthetypeofsentenceanditsfunction.Incontrast,indirectspeechactsoccurwhenthereisanindirectrelationshipbetweenthetypeofsentenceandthefunction.Let'stakealookatsomeexamplesofdirectandindirectspeechacts.'Didyougetanymilk?'Thisisaninterrogativesentencethataimstoelicitananswer.Thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenthesentencetypeandthefunction;itisdirectspeech.'Iwonderwhetheryougotanymilk.'Herethespeakerwantstoknowwhetherornotmilkwasbought.However,theyhaveusedadeclarativesentenceandnotaninterrogativesentence.Thereisn'tadirectrelationshipbetweenthesentencetypeandthefunction,sothisisanexampleofindirectspeech.TypesofSpeechAct-keytakeawaysAspeechactisanactionthatisperformedinsayingsomething.Speechacttheoryisasubfieldofpragmaticsconcernedwiththewayutterancescanbeusednotonlytogiveinformationbutalsotoaccomplishcertainobjectives.SpeechacttheorywasfirstintroducedbyJLAustinandfurtherdevelopedbythephilosopherJRSearle.Therearethreemainactionsrelatedtospeechacts:locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,andperlocutionaryact(sometimesreferredtoaslocutionaryforce,illocutionaryforce,andperlocutionaryforce).Illocutionarycompetencereferstoaperson'sabilitytoimplyandinfermeaningfromspeechacts.¹J.LAustin,Howtodothingswithwords,1962²J.RSearle,SpeechActs,1969. FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutSpeechActs Whatisaspeechact? Aspeechactisanactionthatisperformedinsayingsomething.Weperformspeechactsallofthetime!Forexample,whenweofferanapology,extendaninvitation,makeacomplaint,orgiveacompliment. Whatisspeechacttheory? Speechacttheoryisconcernedwiththewaywordscanbeusedtonotonlygiveinformationbutalsotoperformcertainactions. Thetheory,createdbyJ.LAustinandfurtherdevelopedbyJ.RSearle,isanimportantsubfieldofpragmatics.  Whatarethetypesofspeechacts? Searleclassifiedthepurposeofdifferentspeechactsunderthefollowing5categories:Declarations,Assertives,Expressives,Directives,andCommissives.  Whatisadirectspeechact? Inthecaseofpragmatics,directspeechreferstoaspeechactthathasadirectrelationshipbetweenthetypeofsentenceandthefunction. FinalSpeechActsQuiz Question Whatisaspeechact? Showanswer Answer Anactionthatisperformedinsayingsomething. Showquestion Question Whointroducedtheconceptofspeechacttheoryinhisbook Howtodothingswithwords? Showanswer Answer J.LAustin Showquestion Question J.RSearleclassifiedspeechactsinto5categories. Whatarethey? Showanswer Answer Declarations,assertives,expressives,directives,andcommissives.  Showquestion Question AccordingtoAustinandSearle,therearethreemainactionsrelatedtospeechacts:locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandwhat? Showanswer Answer Perlocutionaryact. Showquestion Question Whichspeechactaimstochangethebehaviorofothers?LocutionaryactIllocutionaryactPerlocutionaryact Showanswer Answer C. Perlocutionaryact. Showquestion Question AccordingtoSearle's5typesofspeechacts,whatisthepurposeofcommissives?  Showanswer Answer Thespeakeriscommittingtodosomethinginthefuture. Showquestion Question AccordingtoSearle's5typesofspeechacts,whatisthepurposeof expressives? Showanswer Answer Thespeakerstatessomethingabouttheirpsychologicalattitudesandtheirattitudestowardsasituation. Showquestion Question ThefollowingsentenceisanexampleofwhichofSearle's5typesofspeechacts:'Inowdeclareyouhusbandandwife.'  Showanswer Answer Declarative. Showquestion Question ThefollowingsentenceisanexampleofwhichofSearle's5typesofspeechacts:'Canyouclosethewindow,please?' Showanswer Answer Directive.  Showquestion Question Whatisdirectspeechinpragmatics? Showanswer Answer Directspeechisaspeechactthathasadirectrelationshipbetweenthetypeofsentenceandthefunction. Showquestion Question Whatpunctuationdoesadeclarativesentenceendwith? Showanswer Answer Afullstop. Showquestion Question Adeclarativeisatypeof:A.LocutionaryactB.IllocutionaryactC:Perlocutionaryact Showanswer Answer B.Illocutionaryact Showquestion Question AdeclarativesentenceisthemostcommontypeofsentenceintheEnglishlangauge.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer True! Showquestion Question Whatarethetwotypesofdeclaratives? Showanswer Answer Verdictivesandeffectives. Showquestion Question Whatisthemeaningofadirectspeechact? Showanswer Answer Adirectspeechactreferstowhenthestructureofanutterancehasadirectrelationshiptoitsfunction. Showquestion Question Deliveringaguiltyverdictisanexampleof:A.AverdictivedeclarativeB.AneffectivedeclarativeC:Aninterrogative Showanswer Answer A.Averdictivedeclarative. Showquestion Question DeclarativescanbedirectspeechactsORindirectspeechacts.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer True.Declarativescanbeeitherdirectorindirect,dependingonwhatcanbeimplied. Showquestion Question "Passmethebutter"isanexampleofwhichtypeofdirective? Showanswer Answer Ordering/commanding. Showquestion Question "Canyoutellmewhereroom6isplease?"isanexampleofwhichtypeofdirective? Showanswer Answer Requesting. Showquestion Question "Wouldyouliketogoonawalkwithme?"isanexampleofwhichtypeofdirective? Showanswer Answer Inviting. Showquestion Question "Ithinkmaybeyoushoulddothisinstead?"isanexampleofwhichtypeofdirective? Showanswer Answer Suggesting/advising. Showquestion Question "Whatisyourfavouritecolour?"isanexampleofwhichtypeofdirective? Showanswer Answer Asking/questioning. Showquestion Question "INEEDaphone,PLEASEcanIgetone?"isanexampleofwhichtypeofdirective? Showanswer Answer Begging. Showquestion Question Attheveryleast,whatdoesadeclarativesentenceconsistof?A.Asubjectandaverb.B.Justaverb.C.Asubjectandanobject. Showanswer Answer A.Asubjectandaverb. Showquestion Question Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanexpressiveverb?A.RunningB.CongratulatingC.Holding Showanswer Answer B.Congratulating Showquestion Question Anexpressivespeechactconveysaspeaker'semotionsaboutthemselvesandtheworld.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer True. Showquestion Question WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofanexpressivespeechact?A.ThankingB.LaughingC.Apologising Showanswer Answer B.Laughing Showquestion Question "I'msorryIbrokeyourlamp" isanexampleofwhichtypeofexpressive? Showanswer Answer Apologising Showquestion Question "Nicetofinallymeetyou!"isanexampleofwhichtypeofexpressive? Showanswer Answer Greeting Showquestion Question Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofboasting?A.I'vewonsomanywritingcontests.B.Ihavethreepetrats.C.Ihadanawfuldaytoday. Showanswer Answer A.I'vewonsomanywritingcontests. Showquestion Question Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofcongratulating?A.Iloveyourshirt!B.You'rereallysmart!C.Welldoneforpassingyourtest! Showanswer Answer C.Welldoneforpassingyourtest! Showquestion Question WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleoflamenting?A.Ifelloverandnowmylegiskillingme.B.Mycatwentmissinglastnight.C.Iwentskiingtodayandhadthebesttime. Showanswer Answer C.Iwentskiingtodayandhadthebesttime. Showquestion Question Condolingisthesameascongratulating.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer False.Thinkofcondolingastheoppositeofcongratulating! Showquestion Question Deploringreferstowhenaspeakertellsoffthelistener.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer True. Showquestion Question Forgivingreferstotheactofholdingagrudgeagainstsomeone.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer False. Showquestion Question Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanexpressivespeechact?A.StatingB.BoastingC.Requesting Showanswer Answer B.Boasting. Showquestion Question Anapologyisonlyusedtotakeresponsibilityforsomethingyouhavedone.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer False.Itcanbeusedinotherways,suchasexpressingsympathy. Showquestion Question "Youareinmythoughtsduringthisdifficulttime"isanexampleofwhichtypeofexpressive? Showanswer Answer Condoling. Showquestion Question Expressivesareonlyusedtoexpressnegativeemotions.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer False.Theycanbeusedtoexpressbothpositiveandnegativeemotions. Showquestion Question Whatisapinkypromise? Showanswer Answer Thegestureoftwopeopleinterlockingpinkiestosignifythemakingofapromise. Showquestion Question Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofacommissivespeechact?A.StateB.PledgeC.Ask Showanswer Answer B.Pledge Showquestion Question WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofacommissivespeechact?A.ThreatB.VowC.Congratulate Showanswer Answer C.Congratulate Showquestion Question Swearingisanexampleofacommissivespeechact.BUTwhatelsecanswearingmean? Showanswer Answer Usingprofanity(swearwords). Showquestion Question "Icanpaynowifyoulike?"isanexampleofwhichtypeofcommissive? Showanswer Answer Offer Showquestion Question "I'mreallynotgoingtogoout"isanexampleofwhichtypeofcommissive? Showanswer Answer Refuse Showquestion Question "Iwilltakeawayyourphoneifyoukeepmisbehaving"isanexampleofwhichtypeofcommissive? Showanswer Answer Threat Showquestion Question Avowisoftenassociatedwithwhichwesternceremony? Showanswer Answer Awedding. Showquestion Question Promisesareneverbroken.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer False.Promisescanbebroken!  Showquestion Question Threatsarepositiveactsthatareusedtorewardalistener.Trueorfalse? Showanswer Answer False.Threatsareusedtointimidateandwarnalistener! Showquestion Question WhatdoesitmeanwhenAmericanssay"Ipledgeallegiancetotheflag"? Showanswer Answer Theyareshowingloyaltyandrespecttotheircountry. Showquestion MoreaboutSpeechActs Graphology EnglishGrammar Semiotics Pragmatics 60% oftheusersdon'tpasstheSpeechActsquiz!Willyoupassthequiz? StartQuiz MoreexplanationsaboutPragmatics PolitenessTheoryLearn Semanticsvs.PragmaticsLearn DeixisLearn DeclarativeLearn DirectivesLearn CommissivesLearn ExpressivesLearn CooperativePrincipleLearn Grice'sConversationalMaximsLearn ConversationalImplicatureLearn AssertivesLearn DeicticcentreLearn DeicticexpressionsLearn Discovertherightcontentforyoursubjects Biology Viewtopics BusinessStudies Viewtopics Chemistry Viewtopics Economics Viewtopics EnglishLiterature Viewtopics Geography Viewtopics History Viewtopics Math Viewtopics Physics Viewtopics Politics Viewtopics Psychology Viewtopics SocialStudies Viewtopics Noneedtocheatifyouhaveeverythingyouneedtosucceed!Packedintooneapp! StudyPlan Beperfectlypreparedontimewithanindividualplan. Quizzes Testyourknowledgewithgamifiedquizzes. Flashcards Createandfindflashcardsinrecordtime. Notes Createbeautifulnotesfasterthaneverbefore. StudySets Haveallyourstudymaterialsinoneplace. Documents Uploadunlimiteddocumentsandsavethemonline. StudyAnalytics Identifyyourstudystrengthandweaknesses. WeeklyGoals Setindividualstudygoalsandearnpointsreachingthem. SmartReminders Stopprocrastinatingwithourstudyreminders. Rewards Earnpoints,unlockbadgesandlevelupwhilestudying. MagicMarker Createflashcardsinnotescompletelyautomatically. SmartFormatting Createthemostbeautifulstudymaterialsusingourtemplates. Joinmillionsofpeopleinlearninganywhere,anytime-everyday Signupforfree JustSignedup? Yes No,I'lldoitnow Signuptohighlightandtakenotes.It’s100%free. GETSTARTEDFREE subtopic-ab Thisisstillfreetoread,it'snotapaywall. Youneedtoregistertokeepreading StudySmarteriscommitedtocreating,free,highqualityexplainations,openingeducationtoall.Byregisteringyougetfreeaccesstoourwebsiteandapp(availableondesktopANDmobile)whichwillhelpyoutosuper-chargeyourlearningprocess. RegisterforFree I'lldoitlater Thisisstillfreetoread,it'snotapaywall. Youneedtoregistertokeepreading StudySmarteriscommitedtocreating,free,highqualityexplainations,openingeducationtoall.Byregisteringyougetfreeaccesstoourwebsiteandapp(availableondesktopANDmobile)whichwillhelpyoutosuper-chargeyourlearningprocess. RegisterforFree I'lldoitlater Thiswebsiteusescookiestoimproveyourexperience.We'llassumeyou'reokwiththis,butyoucanopt-outifyouwish.AcceptPrivacy&CookiesPolicy Close PrivacyOverview Thiswebsiteusescookiestoimproveyourexperiencewhileyounavigatethroughthewebsite.Outofthese,thecookiesthatarecategorizedasnecessaryarestoredonyourbrowserastheyareessentialfortheworkingofbasicfunctionalitiesofthewebsite.Wealsousethird-partycookiesthathelpusanalyzeandunderstandhowyouusethiswebsite.Thesecookieswillbestoredinyourbrowseronlywithyourconsent.Youalsohavetheoptiontoopt-outofthesecookies.Butoptingoutofsomeofthesecookiesmayaffectyourbrowsingexperience. Necessary Necessary AlwaysEnabled Necessarycookiesareabsolutelyessentialforthewebsitetofunctionproperly.Thiscategoryonlyincludescookiesthatensuresbasicfunctionalitiesandsecurityfeaturesofthewebsite.Thesecookiesdonotstoreanypersonalinformation. Non-necessary Non-necessary Anycookiesthatmaynotbeparticularlynecessaryforthewebsitetofunctionandisusedspecificallytocollectuserpersonaldataviaanalytics,ads,otherembeddedcontentsaretermedasnon-necessarycookies.Itismandatorytoprocureuserconsentpriortorunningthesecookiesonyourwebsite. SAVE&ACCEPT