Latin Americans - Wikipedia

Latin America, therefore, can be defined as all those parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish, Portuguese or French colonial empires, namely ... LatinAmericans FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CitizensoftheLatinAmericancountries Forthepan-ethnicdemographicgroupintheUnitedStates,seeHispanicandLatinoAmericans. LatinAmericansTotalpopulation680,000,000ormore(in2018)[1][2][3]RegionswithsignificantpopulationsLatinAmerica628,000,000[1][2] Brazil209,469,323 Mexico126,190,788 Colombia49,661,048 Argentina44,361,150 Peru31,989,260 Venezuela28,887,118 Chile18,729,160 Guatemala17,247,849 Ecuador17,084,358 Bolivia11,353,142 Cuba11,338,134 Haiti11,123,178 DominicanRepublic10,627,141 Honduras9,587,522 Paraguay6,956,066 ElSalvador6,420,746 Nicaragua6,465,501 CostaRica4,999,441 Panama4,176,869 Uruguay3,449,285 PuertoRico3,039,596 France1,333,000[4][5]----- UnitedStates+62,000,000[6][7] Spain+1,700,000[8] Canada544,380[9] Italy354,180[10] Japan+345,000[11] Germany206,094[12] UnitedKingdom186,500[13] Portugal~100,000[14] Australia93,795[15] Sweden88,175[16]LanguagesPrimarilySpanishandPortugueseRegionallyHaitianCreole,Quechua,Mayanlanguages,Guaraní,French,Aymara,NahuatlandothersReligionRomanCatholic69%Protestant19%Irreligious8%Other4%[17] LatinAmericans(Spanish:Latinoamericanos;Portuguese:Latino-americanos;French:Latino-américains),arethecitizensofLatinAmericancountries(orpeoplewithcultural,ancestralornationaloriginsinLatinAmerica).LatinAmericancountriesandtheirdiasporasaremulti-ethnicandmulti-racial.LatinAmericansareapan-ethnicityconsistingofpeopleofdifferentethnicandnationalbackgrounds.Asaresult,someLatinAmericansdonottaketheirnationalityasanethnicity,butidentifythemselveswithacombinationoftheirnationality,ethnicityandtheirancestralorigins.[18]AsidefromtheIndigenousAmerindianpopulation,allLatinAmericanshavesomeOldWorldancestorswhoarrivedsince1492.LatinAmericahasthelargestdiasporasofSpaniards,Portuguese,blackAfricans,Italians,LebaneseandJapaneseintheworld.[19][20][21]TheregionalsohaslargeGerman(secondlargestaftertheUnitedStates),[22]French,Palestinian(largestoutsidetheArabstates),[23]ChineseandJewishdiasporas. Thespecificethnicand/orracialcompositionvariesfromcountrytocountryanddiasporacommunitytodiasporacommunity:manyhaveapredominanceofEuropean-Amerindianormestizo,population;inothers,Amerindiansareamajority;somearemostlyinhabitedbypeopleofEuropeanancestry;othersareprimarilymulatto.[18][24]Variousblack,Asianandzambo(mixedblackandAmerindian)minoritiesarealsoidentifiedinmostcountries.[24]ThelargestsinglegrouparewhiteLatinAmericans.[18]TogetherwiththepeopleofpartEuropeanancestry,theycombineforalmostthetotalityofthepopulation.[18] LatinAmericansandtheirdescendantscanbefoundalmosteverywhereintheworld,particularlyindenselypopulatedurbanareas.ThemostimportantmigratorydestinationsforLatinAmericansarefoundintheUnitedStates,Spain,Canada,ItalyandJapan. Contents 1Definition 2Demographics 2.1EthnicandRacialgroups 2.2Racialgroupsaccordingtoself-identification 2.3Language 2.4Religion 2.5Migration 3NotableLatinAmericans 4Seealso 5References Definition[edit] Mainarticle:LatinAmerica LatinAmericancountries(green)intheAmericas LatinAmerica(Spanish:AméricaLatinaorLatinoamérica;Portuguese:AméricaLatina;French:Amériquelatine)istheregionoftheAmericaswhereRomancelanguages(i.e.,thosederivedfromLatin)—particularlySpanishandPortuguese,aswellasFrench—areprimarilyspoken.[25][26] Itincludes21countriesorterritories:MexicoinNorthAmerica;Guatemala,Honduras,ElSalvador,Nicaragua,CostaRicaandPanamainCentralAmerica;Colombia,Venezuela,Ecuador,Peru,Bolivia,Brazil,Paraguay,Chile,ArgentinaandUruguayinSouthAmerica;andCuba,Haiti,theDominicanRepublicandPuertoRicointheCaribbean—insummary,HispanicAmerica,plusBrazil,andHaiti.CanadaandtheUnitedStates,despitehavingasizeableRomance-speakingcommunities,arealmostneverincludedinthedefinition,primarilyforbeingpredominantlyEnglish-speakingAnglospherecountries. LatinAmerica,therefore,canbedefinedasallthosepartsoftheAmericasthatwereoncepartoftheSpanish,PortugueseorFrenchcolonialempires,[27]namelySpanishAmerica,ColonialBrazilandNewFrance. Demographics[edit] EthnicandRacialgroups[edit] Mainarticle:RaceandethnicityinLatinAmerica WititidancersfromColcaCanyon,Peru.IndigenouspeoplemakeupmostofthepopulationinBoliviaandGuatemala,andalmosthalfinPeru MexicanmusiciansfromtheJaliscoPhilharmonicOrchestra.MestizosandcastizoscomposethemajorityofMexicans ItalianArgentineyouthsinOberá.Over60%ofArgentina'spopulationhassomedegreeofItalianancestry.[28][29] Afro-ColombianfruitsellersinCartagena. WomanfromCuritiba,oneofoveramillionJapaneseBrazilians. RapaNuidancersfromEasterIsland,Chile.TheRapaNuiareaPolynesianpeople. ThepopulationofLatinAmericacomprisesavarietyofancestries,ethnicgroups,andraces,makingtheregiononeofthemostdiverseintheworld.Thespecificcompositionvariesfromcountrytocountry:manyhaveapredominanceofEuropean-Amerindian,ormestizo,population;inothers,Amerindianareamajority;somearedominatedbyinhabitantsofEuropeanancestry;andsomecountries'populationsareprimarilymulatto.black,Asian,andzambo(mixedblackandAmerindian)minoritiesarealsoidentifiedregularly.WhiteLatinAmericansarethelargestsinglegroup,accountingformorethanone-thirdofthepopulation.[18][30] Asians.PeopleofAsiandescentnumberseveralmillioninLatinAmerica.ThefirstAsianstosettleintheregionwereFilipino,asaresultofSpain'stradeinvolvingAsiaandtheAmericas.MostAsianLatinAmericansareofJapaneseorChineseancestryandresidemainlyinBrazilandPeru;thereisalsoagrowingChineseminorityinPanama.BrazilishometoperhapstwomillionpeopleofAsiandescent,whichincludesthelargestethnicJapanesecommunityoutsideJapanitself,estimatedashighas1.5 million,andcirca200,000ethnicChineseand100,000ethnicKoreans.[31][32]EthnicKoreansalsonumbertensofthousandsofindividualsinArgentinaandMexico.[33]Peru,with1.47 millionpeopleofAsiandescent,[34][35]hasoneofthelargestChinesecommunitiesintheworld,withnearlyonemillionPeruviansbeingofChineseancestry.Thereisastrongethnic-JapanesepresenceinPeru,whereapastpresidentandanumberofpoliticiansareofJapanesedescent.TheMartiniquaispopulationincludesanAfrican-white-Amerindianmixedpopulation,andanEastIndian(AsianIndian)populationisalsopresentinMartinique.[36]InGuadeloupe,anestimated14%ofthepopulationisEastAsian. Blacks.MillionsofAfricanslaveswerebroughttoLatinAmericafromthe16thcenturyonward,mostofwhomweresenttotheCaribbeanregionandBrazil.Today,peopleidentifiedas"black"aremostnumerousinBrazil(morethan10 million)andinHaiti(morethan7 million).[37]SignificantpopulationsarealsofoundinCuba,DominicanRepublic,PuertoRico,Panama,andColombia.LatinAmericansofmixedblackandwhiteancestry,calledmulattoes,arefarmorenumerousthanblacks. Amerindians.TheindigenouspopulationofLatinAmerica,theAmerindians,arrivedduringtheLithicstage.Inpost-Columbiantimestheyexperiencedtremendouspopulationdecline,particularlyintheearlydecadesofcolonization.Theyhavesincerecoveredinnumbers,surpassingsixtymillion(bysomeestimates[30]),thoughwiththegrowthoftheothergroupsmeanwhile,theynowcomposeamajorityonlyinBolivia,andPeru.InGuatemala,theAmerindiansarealargeminoritythatcomprises41%ofthepopulation.[38]Mexico's21%(9.8%intheofficial2005census)isthenextlargestratio,andoneofthelargestAmerindianpopulationintheAmericasinabsolutenumbers.MostoftheremainingcountrieshaveAmerindianminorities,ineverycasemakinguplessthanone-tenthoftherespectivecountry'spopulation.Inmanycountries,peopleofmixedAmerindianandEuropeanancestry,knownasmestizos,makeupthemajorityofthepopulation. Mestizos.IntermixingbetweenEuropeansandAmerindiansbeganearlyinthecolonialperiodandwasextensive.Theresultingpeople,knownasmestizos,makeupthemajorityofthepopulationinhalfofthecountriesofLatinAmerica.Additionally,mestizoscomposelargeminoritiesinnearlyalltheothermainlandcountries. Mulattoes.MulattoesarepeopleofmixedEuropeanandAfricanancestry,mostlydescendedfromSpanishorPortuguesesettlersononesideandAfricanslavesontheother,duringthecolonialperiod.BrazilishometoLatinAmerica'slargestmulattopopulation.MulattoesformamajorityintheDominicanRepublic,andarealsonumerousinCuba,PuertoRico,Nicaragua,Panama,Peru,ColombiaandEcuador.SmallerpopulationsofmulattoesarefoundinotherLatinAmericancountries.[30] Whites.Beginninginthelate15thcentury,largenumbers[18]ofIberiancolonistssettledinwhatbecameLatinAmerica(PortugueseinBrazilandSpaniardselsewhereintheregion),andatpresentmostwhiteLatinAmericansareofSpanish,PortugueseorItalianancestry.IberiansbroughttheSpanishandPortugueselanguages,theCatholicfaith,andmanyIberiantraditions.Brazil,Argentina,MexicoandVenezuelacontainthelargestnumbersofwhitesinLatinAmericainpurenumbers.[18]WhitesmakeupthemajorityofthepopulationofArgentina,CostaRica,Cuba,andUruguay;whitesmakeuproughlyhalfofBrazil's,Chile'sandVenezuela'spopulationaswell.[18][39]OfthemillionsofimmigrantssincemostofLatinAmericagainedindependenceinthe1810s–1820s,Italiansformedthelargestgroup,andnextwereSpaniardsandPortuguese.[40]Manyothersarrived,suchasFrench,Germans,Greeks,Poles,Ukrainians,Russians,Croats,Serbs,Latvians,Lithuanians,English,Jews,IrishandWelsh.AlsoincludedareMiddleEasternersofLebanese,Syrian,andPalestiniandescent;mostofthemareChristian.[41]WhitespresentlycomposethelargestracialgroupinLatinAmerica(36%inthetableherein),and,whetheraswhite,mestizoormulatto,thevastmajorityofLatinAmericanshavewhiteancestry.[42] Zambos:IntermixingbetweenAfricansandAmerindianswasespeciallyprevalentinColombiaandBrazil,oftenduetoslavesrunningaway(becomingcimarrones:maroons)andbeingtakeninbyAmerindianvillagers.InSpanish-speakingnations,peopleofthismixedancestryareknownaszambos,[43]andtheyarealsoknownascafuzosinBrazil. Multi-ethnic/Multi-racials:Inadditiontotheforegoinggroups,LatinAmericaalsohasmillionsofmultiracialpeoples(Triracial/Quadracial)ofmixedwhite(EuropeanorMiddleEastern),African,NativeAmerindian,andAsian(Japanese,Chinese,FilipinoandIndian)ancestry.MostarefoundinColombia,PuertoRicoandBrazil,withamuchsmallerpresenceinothercountriesandpartsofMexico.InBraziltheyarecalledpardos.ThisintermixinginspiredMexicanphilosopherJoséVasconcelostopublishanessayin1925titled"LaRazaCósmica"(TheCosmicRace).Theessayexpressedtheideologyofafuture"fifthrace"intheAmericas;anagglomerationofalltheracesintheworldwithnorespecttocolorornumbertoerectanewcivilization:Universópolis.GeneticstudieshaveshownresultsofvariousdegreesofadmixturebetweenvariousethnicgroupsthathastakenplacethroughoutLatinAmericasincethearrivalofSpanishandotherEuropeanexplorerscommencingin1492. Racialdistribution,in2005[18]-Populationestimates,asof2018[1][2] Country Population[1][2] Amerindians Whites Mestizos Mulattoes Blacks Zambos Asians  Argentina 44,361,150 1.0% 85.0% 11.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9%  Bolivia 11,353,142 55.0% 15.0% 28.0% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%  Brazil 209,469,323 0.4% 47.7% 19.4% 19.1% 6.2% 0.0% 1.1%[44]  Chile 18,729,160 3.0% 53.0% 44.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%  Colombia 49,661,048 1.8% 37.0% 49.0% 10.6% 0.9% 0.1% 0.0%  CostaRica 4,999,441 0.8% 82.0% 15.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.0% 0.2%  Cuba 11,338,134 0.0% 62.0% 0.0% 27.6% 11.0% 0.0% 1.0%  DominicanRepublic 10,627,141 0.0% 14.6% 0.0% 75.0% 7.7% 2.3% 0.4%  Ecuador 17,084,358 39.0% 9.9% 41.0% 5.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.1%  ElSalvador 6,420,746 1.0% 12.0% 86.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%  Guatemala 17,247,849 39.8% 18.5% 41.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8%  Honduras 9,587,522 7.7% 1.0% 85.6% 1.7% 0.0% 3.3% 0.7%  Mexico 126,190,788 14% 15% 70% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%  Nicaragua 6,465,501 5% 17% 69% 6% 3% 0.6% 0.2%  Panama 4,176,869 8.0% 10.0% 32.0% 27.0% 5.0% 14.0% 4.0%  Paraguay 6,956,066 1.5% 3.5% 90.5% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5%  Peru 31,989,260 45.5% 12.0% 32.0% 9.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8%  PuertoRico 3,285,874[45] 0.5% 17.1% 2.3% 10.5% 7.0% 0.0% 0.1%  Haiti 11,123,178 0.0% 9.0% 0.0% 5.0% 86.0% 0.0% 1.0%[46]  Uruguay 3,449,285 0.0% 88.0% 4.0% 8.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%  Venezuela 28,887,118 2.7% 42.2% 42.9% 0.7% 2.8% 0.0% 2.2% Total 618,000,000 9.2% 36.1% 30.3% 20.3% 3.2% 0.2% 0.7% Note:PuertoRicoisaterritoryoftheUnitedStates. Racialgroupsaccordingtoself-identification[edit] TheLatinobarómetrosurveyshaveaskedrespondentsin18LatinAmericancountrieswhatracetheyconsideredthemselvestobelongto.Thefiguresshownbelowareaveragesfor2007through2011.[47] Country Mestizo White Mulatto Black Amerindian Asian Other DK/NR1  Argentina 15% 73% 1% 1% 1% 0% 3% 7%  Bolivia 40% 6% 1% 0% 47% 0% 1% 4%  Brazil 18% 45% 15% 15% 2% 2% 0% 2%  Chile 26% 60% 0% 0% 7% 1% 1% 5%  Colombia 43% 29% 5% 7% 5% 0% 1% 9%  CostaRica 16% 66% 9% 2% 3% 1% 1% 5%  DominicanRepublic 28% 16% 23% 25% 5% 2% 0% 2%  Ecuador 78% 5% 3% 3% 7% 1% 0% 3%  ElSalvador 62% 14% 3% 2% 5% 1% 2% 11%  Guatemala 29% 17% 2% 1% 44% 1% 2% 6%  Honduras 61% 9% 3% 3% 12% 2% 1% 10%  Mexico 60% 15% 2% 0% 15% 1% 3% 4%  Nicaragua 54% 19% 3% 4% 7% 1% 1% 11%  Panama 55% 15% 5% 11% 5% 4% 1% 4%  Paraguay 36% 35% 1% 1% 2% 0% 4% 20%  Peru 72% 12% 2% 1% 7% 0% 1% 5%  Uruguay 6% 80% 3% 2% 1% 0% 2% 6%  Venezuela 45% 40% 3% 2% 4% 1% 0% 5% Weightedaverage2 34% 33% 8% 6% 11% 0% 2% 7% 1Don'tknow/Noresponse. 2Weightedusing2011population. Language[edit] LinguisticmapofLatinAmerica.Spanishingreen,Portugueseinorange,andFrenchinblue. SpanishandPortuguesearethepredominantlanguagesofLatinAmerica.SpanishistheofficiallanguageofmostofthecountriesontheLatinAmericanmainland,aswellasinPuertoRico(whereitisco-officialwithEnglish),CubaandtheDominicanRepublic.PortugueseisspokenonlyinBrazil,thebiggestandmostpopulouscountryintheregion.FrenchisspokeninHaiti,aswellasintheFrenchoverseasdepartmentsofFrenchGuianainSouthAmericaandGuadeloupeandMartiniqueintheCaribbean.DutchistheofficiallanguageofsomeCaribbeanislandsandinSurinameonthecontinent;however,asDutchisaGermaniclanguage,theseterritoriesarenotconsideredpartofLatinAmerica. AmerindianlanguagesarewidelyspokeninPeru,Guatemala,Bolivia,Paraguay,andtoalesserdegree,inMexico,ChileandEcuador.InLatinAmericancountriesnotnamedabove,thepopulationofspeakersofindigenouslanguagesissmallornon-existent. InPeru,Quechuaisanofficiallanguage,alongsideSpanishandanyotherindigenouslanguageintheareaswheretheypredominate.InEcuador,whileholdingnoofficialstatus,thecloselyrelatedQuichuaisarecognizedlanguageoftheindigenouspeopleunderthecountry'sconstitution;however,itisonlyspokenbyafewgroupsinthecountry'shighlands.InBolivia,Aymara,QuechuaandGuaraníholdofficialstatusalongsideSpanish.Guaraniis,alongwithSpanish,anofficiallanguageofParaguay,andisspokenbyamajorityofthepopulation(whoare,forthemostpart,bilingual),anditisco-officialwithSpanishintheArgentineprovinceofCorrientes.InNicaragua,Spanishistheofficiallanguage,but,onthecountry'sCaribbeancoastEnglishandindigenouslanguagessuchasMiskito,Sumo,andRamaalsoholdofficialstatus.Colombiarecognizesallindigenouslanguagesspokenwithinitsterritoryasofficial,thoughfewerthan1%ofitspopulationarenativespeakersofthese.Nahuatlisoneofthe62nativelanguagesspokenbyindigenouspeopleinMexicothatareofficiallyrecognizedbythegovernmentas"nationallanguages"alongwithSpanish. OtherEuropeanlanguagesspokeninLatinAmericainclude:English,bysomegroupsinArgentina,Chile,CostaRica,Nicaragua,PanamaandPuertoRico,aswellasinnearbycountriesthatmayormaynotbeconsideredLatinAmerican,suchasBelizeandGuyana;EnglishisalsousedasamajorforeignlanguageinLatinAmericancommerceandeducation.OtherlanguagesspokeninpartsofLatinAmericaincludeGermaninsouthernBrazil,southernChile,Argentina,portionsofnorthernVenezuelaandParaguay;ItalianinBrazil,Argentina,UruguayandVenezuela;Polish,UkrainianandRussianinsouthernBrazil;andWelsh[48][49][50][51][52][53]insouthernArgentina.HebrewandYiddishareusedbyJewishdiasporasinArgentinaandBrazil. Inseveralnations,especiallyintheCaribbeanregion,creolelanguagesarespoken.ThemostwidelyspokencreolelanguageintheCaribbeanandLatinAmericaingeneralisHaitianCreole,thepredominantlanguageofHaiti;itisderivedprimarilyfromFrenchandcertainWestAfricantongueswithAmerindian,English,PortugueseandSpanishinfluencesaswell.CreolelanguagesofmainlandLatinAmerica,similarly,arederivedfromEuropeanlanguagesandvariousAfricantongues. Religion[edit] Mainarticle:ReligioninLatinAmerica ProcessionofOurLordandtheVirginoftheMiracleinSaltacity. ThevastmajorityofLatinAmericansareChristians(90%),[54]mostlyRomanCatholics.[55]About71%oftheLatinAmericanpopulationconsiderthemselvesCatholic.[56]MembershipinProtestantdenominationsisincreasing,particularlyinBrazil,GuatemalaandPuertoRico.ArgentinahoststhelargestcommunitiesofbothJews[57][58][59]andMuslims[60][61][62]inLatinAmerica.IndigenousreligionsandritualsarepracticedincountrieswithlargeAmerindianpopulations,especiallyBolivia,Guatemala,MexicoandPeru,andAfro-LatinAmericanreligionssuchasSantería,Candomblé,Umbanda,MacumbaandVodouarepracticedincountrieswithlargeAfro-LatinAmericanpopulations,especiallyCuba,BrazilandHaiti.LatinAmericaconstitutes,inabsoluteterms,theworld'ssecondlargestChristianpopulation,afterEurope.[63] Migration[edit] Seealso:LatinoAmericans,LatinAmericanCanadians,LatinAmericansintheUnitedKingdom,LatinAmericanAustralians,andLatinAmericanAsian Accordingtothe2005ColombiancensusorDANE,about3,331,107Colombianscurrentlyliveabroad.[64]ThenumberofBrazilianslivingoverseasisestimatedatabout2 millionpeople.[65]Anestimated1.5totwomillionSalvadoriansresideintheUnitedStates.[66]Atleast1.5 millionEcuadorianshavegoneabroad,mainlytotheUnitedStatesandSpain.[67]Approximately1.5 millionDominicansliveabroad,mostlyintheUnitedStates.[68]Morethan1.3 millionCubansliveabroad,mostofthemintheUnitedStates.[69]Itisestimatedthatover800,000Chileansliveabroad,mainlyinArgentina,Canada,UnitedStatesandSpain.OtherChileannationalsmaybelocatedincountrieslikeCostaRica,MexicoandSweden.[70]Anestimated700,000BolivianswerelivinginArgentinaasof2006andanother33,000intheUnitedStates.[71]CentralAmericanslivingabroadin2005were3,314,300,[72]ofwhich1,128,701wereSalvadorans,[73]685,713wereGuatemalans,[74]683,520wereNicaraguans,[75]414,955wereHondurans,[76]215,240werePanamanians[77]and127,061wereCostaRica.[78] Asof2006,CostaRicaandChileweretheonlytwocountrieswithglobalpositivemigrationrates.[79] NotableLatinAmericans[edit] Mainarticle:ListofLatinAmericans Seealso[edit] LatinAmericaportal Argentines Bolivians Brazilians Californios Chileans Colombians CostaRicans Cubans Dekasegi Dominicans Ecuadorians Filipinos Guatemalans Haitians Hondurans HistoryofLatinAmerica LatinAmericanculture Latinos LosAngeles,California Mexicans Miami Neomexicanos Nicaraguans Nuyoricans Panamanians Paraguayans Peruvians PuertoRicans Québécoispeople Salvadorans Tejanos Uruguayans Venezuelans References[edit] ^abcd""WorldPopulationprospects–Populationdivision"".population.un.org.UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulationDivision.RetrievedNovember9,2019. ^abcd""Overalltotalpopulation"–WorldPopulationProspects:The2019Revision"(xslx).population.un.org(customdataacquiredviawebsite).UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulationDivision.RetrievedNovember9,2019. 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