Iconic Memory: Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript

Iconic memory is a type of short-term sensory memory in which one can recall visual images for just a few milliseconds after the physical image ... forTeachers forSchools forWorkingScholars® forCollegeCredit LogIn SignUp Menu forWorkingScholars® forCollegeCredit Plans Plans Courses Courses FindCoursesbySubject Science Math Business Psychology History English SocialScience Humanities Spanish ProfessionalDevelopment ByEducationLevel College HighSchool MiddleSchool TestPrep PopularTests… PopularTests SAT ACT TOEFL GMAT GRE CLEP GED ASVAB RealEstate TeacherCertification… TeacherCertification AEPA CEOE CSET/CBEST FTCE GACE ILTS MTEL MTLE MTTC MoGEA/MEGA NES NYSTCE OAE Praxis RICA TExES VCLA WEST Nursing… NursingTests HESI TEAS NCLEX PAXRN CNE OtherTests… OtherTests AP ASCP ASWB Accuplacer CHSPE CTEL DSST Finance FSA HSPT ISEE MBLEx NCE PERT PHR SHSAT TASC TECEP UExcel Exploreover 4,600 videocourses BrowseAllCourses SAT ACT TOEFL GMAT GRE CLEP GED ASVAB RealEstate AEPA CEOE CSET/CBEST FTCE GACE ILTS MTEL MTLE MTTC MoGEA/MEGA NES NYSTCE OAE Praxis RICA TExES VCLA WEST HESI TEAS NCLEX PAXRN CNE AP ASCP ASWB Accuplacer CHSPE CTEL DSST Finance FSA HSPT ISEE MBLEx NCE PERT PHR SHSAT TASC TECEP UExcel Credit Credit CreditOptions CreditOptions OnlineCollegeCredit HighSchool&GED CertificatesofCompletion HowitWorks TransferCredit TransferCredit AllTransferCredit FindYourSchool CollegeCoursesforCredit TransferringCredit HowItWorks EarnTransferableCredit&GetyourDegreefast Learnmore ContactSupport CynthiaCooley-Themm,ChrisClause Author CynthiaCooley-Themm Dr.Cooley-ThemmreceivedherB.S.inBiomedicalSciences,herM.SinBiologicalSciences,andherPh.D.inBiologicalScienceswithaconcentrationinNeurosciencefromWesternMichiganUniversity.ShehastaughtattheUniversitylevelfor6years.Duringthattime,shetaughtseveralcoursesincludingHumanPhysiology,IntroductiontoNeuroscience,andHumanBiologyofHealthandDisease. Viewbio Instructor ChrisClause Chrisisaneducatorwithabackgroundinpsychologyandcounseling.HealsoholdsaPhDinpublicaffairs,andhasworkedasacounselorandteacherforcommunitycollegestudentsformorethan10years. Viewbio Inthislesson,studyiconicmemoryandtheexperimentsusedtoinvestigateit.Learnthedurationoficonicmemory,andexploreday-to-dayexamplesofwhatitstores. Updated:11/03/2021 TableofContentsWhatisIconicMemory?DurationofIconicMemoryIconicMemoryExamplesSperling'sExperimentsLessonSummaryShow Createanaccount WhatisIconicMemory?Sensorymemoriescreatedfromthesenseofsightare,aptly,calledvisualmemories.Earlyvisualmemoriesfitintotwomajorcategories.Thefirstisalimitedcapacity,visualworkingmemorythatcanlastseveralseconds.Thesecondisahigh-capacitybutshorter-livediconicmemory.Iconicmemoryistheincrediblybriefstorageofavisualstimulus,afterthestimulushasbeenremoved.Inyoungadultsthedurationoficonicmemoryisestimatedtobearound250milliseconds,or1/4ofasecond.Thistypeofmemoryallowsonetorecallanimageorvisualstimulusforjustaflashbeforethebraindiscardsit.Simplyput,iconicmemoryallowssomeonetorememberabitmoreinformationbutforashorterperiod,whereasworkingmemoryallowsanindividualtoholdontoasmalleramountofinformationslightlylonger.WhatDoesIconicMemoryStore? Memoriescomeinmanyformsandtypes. Humanmemoryisaverycomplexsubject.Memoriesthemselvesarediscussedintermsofhowtheyareformed,howlongtheylast,thetypeofinformationtheyarecomprisedof,andwhethertheyareconsciousorsubconscious.Wecreateandexperiencememoriesinthreemainstages.ApairofresearchersnamedRichardAtkinsonandRichardShiffrinwerethefirsttoproposethesethreestagesbackin1968.Theirtheoryofmemoryproposesthreecomponentsofhumanmemory:sensoryregister,short-termstore,andlong-termstore.ThisAtkinson-Shiffrinmemorytheoryhelpstoexplainhowourmemoryworks.Asensorymemoryisaveryearlyshort-termstorageofinformationexperiencedbyanyoneofthefivemajorsenses.Thedurationoftheseearlymemoriesvariesslightlydependingonwhichsenseitwasformedby,butnonelastmorethanafewseconds.AtkinsonandShiffrinwerethefirsttoaddressandnamethetwomostcommonmemorytypescollectedbyhumans.Thesewerethevisualandauditorymemories,namediconicandechoicmemories,respectively. AtkinsonandShiffrinfirstcalledvisualmemoryiconicmemory. Iconicmemorybrieflystoresavisualstimulusafteritisnolongervisible.Short-termmemorylastsafewminutesandhasalimitedcapacity.Informationstayshereforseveralminutesbeforeitiseitherforgottenortransferredtolong-termmemory.Long-termmemorystoresinformationbeyondafewminutes.Contrarytowhatthenamesuggests,long-termmemorydoesnotnecessarilylastforever.Itdecayswithtime.Thelifespanofalong-termmemorydependsonhowfrequentlytheinformationisused.Wewilldiscusstheprocessoftransformingmemoriesfromonestagetothenextlaterinthislesson.ComponentsofIconicMemoryTwomaincomponentsoficonicmemoryhavebeenidentified:visiblepersistenceandinformationalpersistence.Theformeristheimmediatepicturethatthebrainstoresdirectlyafterviewinganimage.Informationalpersistenceinvolvestheactualdataretrievedinthebrain.Thebrainreceivesmessagesinaneurologicalcodethatitconvertsintowhatweperceiveasaphysicalimage.Thisistheinformationalpersistencecomponentoficonicmemory.RoleofIconicMemoryManystudieshavesuggestedthaticonicmemoryplaysaroleinaprocesscalledchangeblindness,definedasthefailuretodetectchangesinavisualscene.Imaginetwovisualscenesthatareidenticalexceptforsomesmalldifferences.Inmostcases,anobservercanrecognizethesechangeswhenbrieflypresentedwithoneimagefollowedimmediatelybytheother.Evenaftertheimagesareremovedfromsight,forthebriefestofmomentsiconicmemoryallowsapersontorecognizesomedifferencesbetweenthetwoimages.However,ifthepresentationsofthetwoimageswereinterruptedbyabriefintervaloftime,theiconicmemoryofthestimuliiseffectivelyerased.Inthisscenario,anindividualhasexperiencedchangeblindness,whereinitismuchmoredifficulttonoticeanychangesbetweenthetwoscenes.Thisisbecauseiconicmemoryonlylastsaboutahalfofasecond.Havingabriefintervalbetweentheobservationofthetwoscenesessentiallyoutlaststhedurationoficonicmemory,andresultsinthe''blindness.''Mostchildrenhaveexperiencedaverymemorableiconicmemoryiftheyhaveeverplayedwithorwatchedsomeoneplaywithsparklers.Theymighthavenoticedhowthelightofthesparklerleavesatrailor''smear''asitiswavedaround.Thisisbecausethebrainremembers(throughiconicmemory)thelocationofthesparklerjustthebriefestofmomentsago.Whenimagesarepresentedsoquickly,thistemporalpropertyoficonicmemoryallowsthebraintointegratetheimagestogether.Thebraincanessentially''fillintheblanks''oftheentirepathofthesparklerasitmoves.Flipbooksareanotherexampleofthistemporalpropertyoficonicmemory.Whenthepagesareflippedfastenough,theyalmostblurintoonecontinuousscene.Anotherproposedroleoficonicmemoryinvolvessaccadiceyemovements.Humaneyesmakeveryrapidmovements(atarateofseveraltimespersecond)calledsaccades,whileshiftingtheirgazefromonelocationtoanother.Justlikethe''smear''ofthesparklersintheexampleabove,ourvisualsystemreceivesasimilarinputwhilewemaketheserapideyemovements.Ourvisualinformationissmearedwithreducedquality.Withtheimageconstantlymovingduetothesaccades,ourbrainsmustintegratethisinformationsmeartoputtogetheraclear,cohesive,andrecognizableimage.Iconicmemoryisthoughttoplayaroleinthisphenomenon.Evidencesuggeststhaticonicmemoryallowsustodetectchangesinthescenethatoccurduringasaccadeandtofillintheblanksofthescenetoallowforcompleteandsmoothvisualprocessing.TransfertoDurableStorageAsinglememorytravelsalongquiteajourneyinthebraindependingonitsfate.Everymemorystartsasasensorymemory,butonlyasmallpercentagemakeitallthewaytolong-termmemory,otherwiseknownasdurablestorage.Mostofwhatweexperienceissimplyforgotten.Asmentioned,simplesensorymemoriestypicallylastnolongerthanafewseconds.Inthecaseofvisual(iconic)memories,thesevisualizationsbegintheirjourneyintheprimaryvisualcortexoftheoccipitallobe.Thisiswherevisionoccurs.Thesetwostructuresprocessandregulateourvisualinput.Visualinformationisstoredintheoccipitallobeforjustafewmillisecondsasiconicmemoriesform.Fromthere,theinformationiseitherdiscardedorpassedalongtothehippocampuswithinthetemporallobetobeconvertedtointoshort-termand,eventuallylong-term,memory.Here,thesevisualmemoriescanfinallypersistbeyondafewminutes.Thedeterminingfactorinwhetherasensorymemoryisforgottenortransitionsintoalongerlastingmemoryliesinhowmuchattentionispaidtothestimulusatthemomentitisbeingexperienced.Therefore,concentration,focus,repetition,rehearsal,andetc.allallowustoprocessourbriefsensorymemoriesintodurablestorage. Anerroroccurredtryingtoloadthisvideo. Tryrefreshingthepage,orcontactcustomersupport. YoumustcCreateanaccounttocontinue watching Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher CreateYourAccountToContinueWatching Asamember,you'llalsogetunlimitedaccesstoover84,000 lessonsinmath,English,science,history,andmore.Plus,getpracticetests,quizzes,andpersonalizedcoachingtohelpyou succeed. Getunlimitedaccesstoover84,000lessons. Tryitnow Itonlytakesafewminutestosetupandyoucancancelanytime. Alreadyregistered?Loginherefor access  Back WhatteachersaresayingaboutStudy.com Tryitnow Alreadyregistered? Loginhereforaccess Comingupnext: KinestheticIntelligence:Definition&Explanation You'reonaroll.Keepupthegoodwork! TakeQuiz Watch NextLesson  Replay Justcheckingin.Areyoustillwatching? Yes!Keepplaying. Yournextlessonwillplayin 10seconds 0:01Definition 0:29Atkinson-ShiffrinTheory 0:47GeorgeSperling 2:50Examples 4:26LessonSummary Save Save Save Wanttowatchthisagainlater? LoginorsignuptoaddthislessontoaCustomCourse. LoginorSignup Timeline Autoplay Autoplay Speed Speed 7.8Kviews Video Quiz Course 7.8K views DurationofIconicMemoryThedevelopmentoficonicmemorybeginsatbirth,reachescapacityaroundsixmonthsofageandfullydevelopsbyagefive.Someevidencesuggeststhaticonicmemorybeginstodeclinewithadvancedage.Theaveragedurationoficonicmemoryinyoungadultsisestimatedtobearound250milliseconds,or1/4ofasecond.IconicMemoryExamples Imaginesomeonewiththeireyesclosed,standinginfrontofafriendwhoisholdingupanunknownbookabout25cmaway.Let'ssaythefirstindividualthenopensandquicklyshutstheireyes.Oncetheireyesareclosed,theyshouldhaveanimageofthebookthatfadesawayinlessthanasecond.Afteronesecond,theylikelywillnotremembermuchofanythingaboutthebook,includingelementssuchascolors,letters,shapes,etc. Whendrivingdownthestreet,adriverpassesanothercar.Afterpassingthecar,theyhaveaflashofamemoryofthecar. Picturesomeonewatchingtelevisionwhenallofasudden,thepowergoesout,andthetelevisionturnsoff.Forjustabriefmoment,theindividualcanstillpicturewhatwasonthescreenwhenitturnedoff. Sperling'sExperimentsWeowemuchofourcurrentunderstandingoficonicmemorytoexperimentsdesignedandconductedintheearly1960sbyacognitivepsychologistnamedGeorgeSperling.Inhisexperiments,Sperlingpresentedtheparticipantswithanimageoflettersdisplayedinthreerowsforonly1/20thofasecond(50milliseconds).Asthelettersdisappeared,theparticipantswereaskedtoreportallthelettersthattheycouldremember,inaprocesscalledfreerecall.Thesewerenamedthewholereportexperimentsbecauseparticipantswereaskedtoreportfromthewholeimage.Originally,thesubjectswereonlyabletorecall4-5ofthe12lettersintheimage,anaccuracyofonly33-40%.Subjects,forexample,onlyrememberedthefirstrowandperhapsoneortwointhenext.Onemightconcludethatparticipantswereunabletorecallall12lettersduetoalimitedcapacityofthistypeofmemory.Humanssimplycan'tremembermorethan4to5lettersintheseconditions.ButnotSperling.Sperlinghypothesizedthatallletterswere,infact,mentallyregisteredbuttheirmemoryfadedawaywithinashortamountoftime.Insimplestterms,Sperlingproposedthattheelapsedtime,ratherthanthecapacity,limitedtheparticipantsabilitytorecallall12letters.So,inasecondroundofexperiments,theimagewaspresentedtoparticipantsinthesamemannerexceptinthiscase,Sperlingadoptedapartialreporttechnique.Here,heaskedthemtoreportonlylettersfromonespecificrow,asthelettersdisappeared.Heusedoneofthreedifferenttonestoindicatewhichrowtheywereassignedtoreport.Hefoundthataslongasthetonesoundedwithin1/3rdofasecondafterthedisplayoftheletters,theparticipantswereabletocorrectlyrecallthecharacterswithanaccuracyof74-100%.Ifanymoretimeelapsedbeforethetone,theaccuracyoftheletterreportingdrasticallydeclined.Ifthetonewasplayedafterthememoryextinguished,theycouldnotrecalltheletters.Fromthis,Sperlingconcludedthatthesubjectshadindeedseenallofthelettersbutcouldonlyrememberthemvery,verybriefly.Thiswasaninterestingfindingbecauseinthewholereportexperiments,participantsrarelyreportedanylettersfromthethirdrowaccurately.Butthepartialreportexperimentsshowedthatindividualsdidindeedstoreinformationfromthethirdrow,andcouldaccuratelyreportitbeforethememoryfadedaway.ItturnsoutSperling'shypothesiswasright!Nowweknowthaticonicmemoryhasalargecapacity,buttheinformationdisappearswithinahalfasecond. Insteadofaskingparticipantshowmanyletterstheycouldsee,Sperlingaskedthemhowmanytheycouldrecall. LessonSummaryAllhumanmemoriesbeginassensorymemorieswhenourbodiestakeininformationfromoursurroundings.Visualinformationisstoredfornolongerthanahalfasecondasiconicmemories.Ifweconcentrateonthevisualstimulus,itcanbesentontootherbrainareastobecomeshort-termmemorylastingafewminutes.Finally,withfurtherfocusandattention,wecanstoretheseimagesinourlong-termmemory.AtkinsonandShiffrinweretwoprominentresearchersinregardstomemory.Theygaveanametoourvisualandauditorymemories,callingthemiconicandechoicmemories.AnotherimportantmilestoneinmemoryresearchisattributedtoGeorgeSperling,acognitivepsychologist.Sperlingconductedexperimentsintheearly1960swhichbroadenedourknowledgeoficonicmemory.Hisexperimentsweredividedintotworounds,calledthewholereportexperiments,andthepartialreportexperiments. TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount FrequentlyAskedQuestions Whatisaniconicmemoryinpsychology? Iconicmemoryisatypeofshort-termsensorymemoryinwhichonecanrecallvisualimagesforjustafewmillisecondsafterthephysicalimagehasdisappeared.Iconicmemoryretrievesvisualsignalsfromtheoutsideworldandeithertransfersittootherformslikeshort-termmemory,ordiscardsit.Earlymemorylossusuallyinvolvesinadequateshort-termmemory,includingiconicmemory. What'sanexampleoficonicmemory? Aniconicmemoryisanimmediate,briefmemoryofavisualimagethatlastsnomorethanhalfasecond.Assuch,anexampleoficonicmemoryiswhenyouseeacarpassingbyonthehighway,andforabriefmomentyoucanpicturethecarafteritisgone. Whatisiconicmemoryandhowlongdoesitlast? Iconicmemoryisveryshort-termsensorymemoryinwhichapersoncanrecallvisualimagesforjustafewmillisecondsafterthephysicalimagehasdisappeared.Iconicmemorieslastnolongerthanahalfasecond,or500ms. Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher UnlockYourEducation Seeforyourselfwhy30millionpeopleuseStudy.com BecomeaStudy.commemberandstartlearningnow. BecomeaMember Alreadyamember?LogIn  Back WhatteachersaresayingaboutStudy.com Tryitnow Alreadyregistered? Loginhereforaccess Createanaccount IconicMemory:Examples|WhatisIconicMemory? Starttoday.Tryitnow Psychology / IntrotoPsychology:HelpandReview IntrotoPsychology:HelpandReview 14chapters| 348lessons |1 flashcardset {{courseNav.course.topics.length}}chapters| {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}lessons |{{course.flashcardSetCount}} flashcardset{{course.flashcardSetCoun>1?'s':''}} Ch1. HistoryandApproachesinPsychology:... Goto HistoryandApproachesinPsychology:HelpandReview Ch2. BiologicalBasesofBehavior:Helpand... Goto BiologicalBasesofBehavior:HelpandReview Ch3. SensationandPerception:Helpand... Goto SensationandPerception:HelpandReview Ch4. StatesofConsciousness:Helpand... Goto StatesofConsciousness:HelpandReview Ch5. Learning:HelpandReview Goto Learning:HelpandReview Ch6. Cognition:HelpandReview StudyingIntelligence:History,Psychologists&Theories 4:26 HistoryofIntelligenceTestinginPsychology 4:34 StudyingIntelligence:Biologicalvs.EnvironmentalFactors 3:12 WhatisGardner'sTheoryofMultipleIntelligences? 5:11 AnalyticalIntelligence,DivergentThinking&Creativity 4:10 WhatIsLanguage? 4:53 LanguageAcquisition:Definition,Theories&Stages 6:08 InformationProcessing:Encoding,Storage&Retrieval 3:31 CategoriesofMemory:Sensory&Long-Term 5:36 AttentionandTop-Downvs.Bottom-UpProcessing 4:07 GeorgeMiller'sPsychologicalStudytoImproveShort-TermMemory 3:55 UsingPsychologytoImproveLong-TermMemory 5:11 MemoryDistortion:SourceAmnesia,MisinformationEffect&Choice-SupportiveBias 4:30 TypesofHeuristics:Availability,Representativeness&Base-Rate 5:52 SensoryMemory:Definition,Examples&Types 5:27 Cognition:Theory,Overview 4:09 EpisodicMemory:Definition&Examples 3:58 IconicMemory:Definition&Examples 5:09 4:14 NextLesson KinestheticIntelligence:Definition&Explanation LogicalThinking:Definition&Process 3:18 NaturalistIntelligence:Definition&Explanation 4:44 PracticalThinking:Definition&Examples 3:05 PredictiveValidityinPsychology:Definition&Examples 4:40 RorschachTest:Definition,History&Interpretation 6:11 SirFrancisGalton:Intelligence,Eugenics&Fingerprints 4:31 SpeechDelaysinToddlers&Children:Types&Examples 3:59 SpeechDisfluencies:Definition&Types 4:20 UlricNeisserandCognitivePsychology:Overview 4:18 WhatIsShort-TermMemory:Definition&CausesforMemoryLoss 5:03 WhatisSpeechImpairment?-Definition,Causes&Characteristics 3:36 WhatisMetacognitioninPsychology?-Definition&Examples 6:44 WhatisParallelProcessing?-Definition&Model 5:31 Brown-PetersonTask:Technique&Procedure Sapir-WhorfHypothesis:ExamplesandDefinition 3:55 MemoryConsolidation:Definition&Theory EvolutionaryViewofCognitiononConditionalReasoningTheory Goto Cognition:HelpandReview Ch7. MotivationandEmotion:Helpand... Goto MotivationandEmotion:HelpandReview Ch8. DevelopmentalPsychology:Helpand... Goto DevelopmentalPsychology:HelpandReview Ch9. Personality:HelpandReview Goto Personality:HelpandReview Ch10. SocialPsychologyTopics:Helpand... Goto SocialPsychologyTopics:HelpandReview Ch11. PsychologicalDisordersandHealth:... Goto PsychologicalDisordersandHealth:HelpandReview Ch12. PsychologicalTreatments:Helpand... Goto PsychologicalTreatments:HelpandReview Ch13. Statistics,TestsandMeasurementin... Goto Statistics,TestsandMeasurementinPsychology:HelpandReview Ch14. NeurologicalTreatmentfor... Goto NeurologicalTreatmentforPsychologicalIssues IconicMemory:Examples|WhatisIconicMemory?RelatedStudyMaterials RecommendedLessonsandCoursesforYou RelatedLessons RelatedCourses RelatedLessons EchoicMemory|Example&Properties ShortTermMemoryDefinition&Examples|CausesofShortTermMemoryLoss MemoryConcept&Categories|WhataretheTypesofMemory? 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Sensorymemory(echoicoriconic)isfleeting.Howaboutasongyourecentlyheardthatbecomesan'earworm'ora'brainworm'?Yourbraingoesonrepeatingit.Whatkindofmemorycategorywouldit Howlongdoesiconicmemorylast? Whatisiconicmemory? Iconicmemoryholdsauditoryinformation.Isthestatementtrueorfalse? Apersonwithouticonicmemoryprobablywouldnotbeabletorememberanythingthatheorshe[{Blank}].a.sawb.feltc.thoughtd.heard Iconicmemoryisto[{Blank}]asechoicmemoryisto[{Blank}].a.short-termmemory;long-termmemoryb.visualsensorymemory;auditorysensorymemoryc.sensorymemory;short-termmemoryd.auditorysensorymemory;visualsensorymemory Whatallowsyoutoseeavisualworldthatissmoothandnotjerky?a.semanticmemoryb.photographicmemoryc.short-termmemoryd.iconicmemory Iconicistoechoicas[{Blank}]isto[{Blank}].a.graphical;visualb.general;specificc.visual;auditoryd.longduration;shortduration Verybriefmemoryforvisualmaterialisknownas[{Blank}].a.hapticsensorymemoryb.short-termmemoryc.echoicsensorymemoryd.iconicsensorymemory Createanaccounttostartthiscoursetoday Usedbyover30millionstudentsworldwide Createanaccount Likethislesson Share Exploreourlibraryofover84,000 lessons Search Browse Browsebysubject CollegeCourses Business English ForeignLanguage History Humanities Math Science SocialScience SeeAllCollegeCourses HighSchoolCourses AP CommonCore GED HighSchool SeeAllHighSchoolCourses OtherCourses College&CareerGuidanceCourses CollegePlacementExams EntranceExams GeneralTestPrep K-8Courses SkillsCourses TeacherCertificationExams SeeAllOtherCourses Upgradetoenroll × Enrollinginacourseletsyouearnprogressbypassingquizzesandexams. 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