Iconic memory - Wikipedia

Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information. It is a component of ... Iconicmemory FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Componentofthevisualmemorysystem Iconicmemoryisthevisualsensorymemoryregisterpertainingtothevisualdomainandafast-decayingstoreofvisualinformation.Itisacomponentofthevisualmemorysystemwhichalsoincludesvisualshort-termmemory[1](VSTM)andlong-termmemory(LTM).Iconicmemoryisdescribedasaverybrief(<1second),pre-categorical,highcapacitymemorystore.[2][3]ItcontributestoVSTMbyprovidingacoherentrepresentationofourentirevisualperceptionforaverybriefperiodoftime.Iconicmemoryassistsinaccountingforphenomenasuchaschangeblindnessandcontinuityofexperienceduringsaccades.Iconicmemoryisnolongerthoughtofasasingleentitybutinstead,iscomposedofatleasttwodistinctivecomponents.[4]ClassicexperimentsincludingSperling'spartialreportparadigmaswellasmoderntechniquescontinuetoprovideinsightintothenatureofthisSMstore. Contents 1Overview 2Components 2.1Visiblepersistence 2.1.1Neuralbasis 2.2Informationalpersistence 2.2.1Neuralbasis 3Role 3.1Temporalintegration 3.2Changeblindness 3.3Saccadiceyemovement 4Development 5Sperling'spartialreportprocedure 5.1Wholereport 5.2Partialreport 6Variationsofthepartialreportprocedure 6.1Visualbarcue 6.2Temporalvariations 6.2.1Circlecueandmasking 7Seealso 8References Overview[edit] Theoccurrenceofasustainedphysiologicalimageofanobjectafteritsphysicaloffsethasbeenobservedbymanyindividualsthroughouthistory.OneoftheearliestdocumentedaccountsofthephenomenonwasbyAristotlewhoproposedthatafterimageswereinvolvedintheexperienceofadream.[5]Naturalobservationofthelighttrailproducedbyglowingemberattheendofaquicklymovingsticksparkedtheinterestofresearchersinthe1700sand1800s.Theybecamethefirsttobeginempiricalstudiesonthisphenomenon[5]whichlaterbecameknownasvisiblepersistence.[4]Inthe1900s,theroleofvisiblepersistenceinmemorygainedconsiderableattentionduetoitshypothesizedroleasapre-categoricalrepresentationofvisualinformationinvisualshort-termmemory(VSTM).In1960,GeorgeSperlingbeganhisclassicpartial-reportexperimentstoconfirmtheexistenceofvisualsensorymemoryandsomeofitscharacteristicsincludingcapacityandduration.[2]Itwasnotuntil1967thatUlricNeissertermedthisquicklydecayingmemorystoreiconicmemory.[6]Approximately20yearsafterSperling'soriginalexperiments,twoseparatecomponentsofvisualsensorymemorybegantoemerge:visualpersistenceandinformationalpersistence.Sperling'sexperimentsmainlytestedtheinformationpertainingtoastimulus,whereasotherssuchasColtheartperformeddirectstestsofvisualpersistence.[4]In1978,DiLolloproposedatwo-statemodelofvisualsensorymemory.[7]Althoughithasbeendebatedthroughouthistory,currentunderstandingoficonicmemorymakesacleardistinctionbetweenvisualandinformationalpersistencewhicharetesteddifferentlyandhavefundamentallydifferentproperties.Informationalpersistencewhichisthebasisbehindiconicmemoryisthoughttobethekeycontributortovisualshorttermmemoryastheprecategoricalsensorystore.[4][8] Asimilarstorageareaservesasatemporarywarehouseforsounds.[9] Components[edit] Thetwomaincomponentsoficonicmemoryarevisiblepersistenceandinformationalpersistence.Thefirstisarelativelybrief(150ms)pre-categoricalvisualrepresentationofthephysicalimagecreatedbythesensorysystem.Thiswouldbethe"snapshot"ofwhattheindividualislookingatandperceiving.Thesecondcomponentisalonger-lastingmemorystorewhichrepresentsacodedversionofthevisualimageintopost-categoricalinformation.Thiswouldbethe"rawdata"thatistakeninandprocessedbythebrain.Athirdcomponentmayalsobeconsideredwhichisneuralpersistence:thephysicalactivityandrecordingsofthevisualsystem.[4][10]NeuralpersistenceisgenerallyrepresentedbyneuroscientifictechniquessuchasEEGandfMRI. Visiblepersistence[edit] Visiblepersistenceisthephenomenalimpressionthatavisualimageremainspresentafteritsphysicaloffset.Thiscanbeconsideredaby-productofneuralpersistence.Visiblepersistenceismoresensitivetothephysicalparametersofthestimulusthaninformationalpersistencewhichisreflectedinitstwokeyproperties.:[4] Thedurationofvisiblepersistenceisinverselyrelatedtostimulusduration.Thismeansthatthelongerthephysicalstimulusispresentedfor,thefasterthevisualimagedecaysinmemory. Thedurationofvisiblepersistenceisinverselyrelatedtostimulusluminance.Whentheluminance,orbrightnessofastimulusisincreased,thedurationofvisiblepersistencedecreases.[3]Duetotheinvolvementoftheneuralsystem,visiblepersistenceishighlydependentonthephysiologyofthephotoreceptorsandactivationofdifferentcelltypesinthevisualcortex.Thisvisiblerepresentationissubjecttomaskingeffectswherebythepresentationofinterferingstimulusduring,orimmediatelyafterstimulusoffsetinterfereswithone'sabilitytorememberthestimulus.[11] Differenttechniqueshavebeenusedtoattempttoidentifythedurationofvisiblepersistence.TheDurationofStimulusTechniqueisoneinwhichaprobestimulus(auditory"click")ispresentedsimultaneouslywiththeonset,andonaseparatetrial,withtheoffsetofavisualdisplay.Thedifferencerepresentsthedurationofthevisiblestorewhichwasfoundtobeapproximately100-200ms.[11]Alternatively,thePhenomenalContinuityandMovingSlitTechniqueestimatedvisiblepersistencetobe300ms.[12]Inthefirstparadigm,animageispresenteddiscontinuouslywithblankperiodsinbetweenpresentations.Ifthedurationisshortenough,theparticipantwillperceiveacontinuousimage.Similarly,theMovingSlitTechniqueisalsobasedontheparticipantobservingacontinuousimage.Onlyinsteadofflashingtheentirestimulusonandoff,onlyaverynarrowportionor"slit"oftheimageisdisplayed.Whentheslitisoscillatedatthecorrectspeed,acompleteimageisviewed. Neuralbasis[edit] Underlyingvisiblepersistenceisneuralpersistenceofthevisualsensorypathway.Aprolongedvisualrepresentationbeginswithactivationofphotoreceptorsintheretina.Althoughactivationinbothrodsandconeshasbeenfoundtopersistbeyondthephysicaloffsetofastimulus,therodsystempersistslongerthancones.[13]OthercellsinvolvedinasustainedvisibleimageincludeMandPretinalganglioncells.Mcells(transientcells),areactiveonlyduringstimulusonsetandstimulusoffset.Pcells(sustainedcells),showcontinuousactivityduringstimulusonset,duration,andoffset.[13][14]Corticalpersistenceofthevisualimagehasbeenfoundintheprimaryvisualcortex(V1)intheoccipitallobewhichisresponsibleforprocessingvisualinformation.[13][15] Informationalpersistence[edit] Informationpersistencerepresentstheinformationaboutastimulusthatpersistsafteritsphysicaloffset.Itisvisualinnature,butnotvisible.[8]Sperling'sexperimentswereatestofinformationalpersistence.[4]Stimulusdurationisthekeycontributingfactortothedurationofinformationalpersistence.Asstimulusdurationincreases,sodoesthedurationofthevisualcode.[16]Thenon-visualcomponentsrepresentedbyinformationalpersistenceincludetheabstractcharacteristicsoftheimage,aswellasitsspatiallocation.Duetothenatureofinformationalpersistence,unlikevisiblepersistence,itisimmunetomaskingeffects.[11]Thecharacteristicsofthiscomponentoficonicmemorysuggestthatitplaysthekeyroleinrepresentingapost-categoricalmemorystoreforwhichVSTMcanaccessinformationforconsolidation.[8]Thedorsalstream(green)andventralstream(purple)areshown.Theyoriginatefromacommonsourceinvisualcortex Neuralbasis[edit] Althoughlessresearchexistsregardingtheneuralrepresentationofinformationalpersistencecomparedtovisiblepersistence,newelectrophysiologicaltechniqueshavebeguntorevealcorticalareasinvolved.Unlikevisiblepersistence,informationalpersistenceisthoughttorelyonhigher-levelvisualareasbeyondthevisualcortex.Theanteriorsuperiortemporalsulcus(STS),apartoftheventralstream,wasfoundtobeactiveinmacaquesduringiconicmemorytasks.[citationneeded]Thisbrainregionisassociatedwithobjectrecognitionandobjectidentity.Iconicmemory'sroleinchangedetectionhasbeenrelatedtoactivationinthemiddleoccipitalgyrus(MOG).MOGactivationwasfoundtopersistforapproximately2000mssuggestingapossibilitythaticonicmemoryhasalongerdurationthanwhatwascurrentlythought.Iconicmemoryisalsoinfluencedbygeneticsandproteinsproducedinthebrain.Brain-derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF)isapartoftheneurotrophinfamilyofnervegrowthfactors.IndividualswithmutationstotheBDNFgenewhichcodesforBDNFhavebeenshowntohaveshortened,lessstableinformationalpersistence.[17] Role[edit] IconicmemoryprovidesasmoothstreamofvisualinformationtothebrainwhichcanbeextractedoveranextendedperiodoftimebyVSTMforconsolidationintomorestableforms.Oneoficonicmemory'skeyrolesisinvolvedwithchangedetectionofourvisualenvironmentwhichassistsintheperceptionofmotion.[18] Temporalintegration[edit] Iconicmemoryenablesintegratingvisualinformationalongacontinuousstreamofimages,forexamplewhenwatchingamovie.Intheprimaryvisualcortexnewstimulidonoteraseinformationaboutpreviousstimuli.Insteadtheresponsestothemostrecentstimuluscontainaboutequalamountsofinformationaboutboththisandtheprecedingstimulus.[15]Thisone-backmemorymaybethemainsubstrateforboththeintegrationprocessesiniconicmemoryandmaskingeffects.Theparticularoutcomedependsonwhetherthetwosubsequentcomponentimages(i.e.,the"icons")aremeaningfulonlywhenisolated(masking)oronlywhensuperimposed(integration). Changeblindness[edit] Thebriefrepresentationiniconicmemoryisthoughttoplayakeyroleintheabilitytodetectchangeinavisualscene.Thephenomenonofchangeblindnesshasprovidedinsightintothenatureoftheiconicmemorystoreanditsroleinvision.Changeblindnessreferstoaninabilitytodetectdifferencesintwosuccessivescenesseparatedbyaverybriefblankinterval,orinterstimulusinterval(ISI).[19]Assuchchangeblindnesscanbedefinedasbeingaslightlapseiniconicmemory.[20]WhenscenesarepresentedwithoutanISI,thechangeiseasilydetectable.ItisthoughtthatthedetailedmemorystoreofthesceneiniconicmemoryiserasedbyeachISI,whichrendersthememoryinaccessible.Thisreducestheabilitytomakecomparisonsbetweensuccessivescenes.[19] Saccadiceyemovement[edit] Ithasbeensuggestedthaticonicmemoryplaysaroleinprovidingcontinuityofexperienceduringsaccadiceyemovements.[21]Theserapideyemovementsoccurinapproximately30msandeachfixationlastsforapproximately300ms.Researchsuggestshowever,thatmemoryforinformationbetweensaccadesislargelydependentonVSTMandnoticonicmemory.Insteadofcontributingtotrans-saccadicmemory,informationstorediniconicmemoryisthoughttoactuallybeerasedduringsaccades.Asimilarphenomenonoccursduringeye-blinkswherebybothautomaticandintentionalblinkingdisruptstheinformationstorediniconicmemory.[22] Development[edit] Thedevelopmentoficonicmemorybeginsatbirthandcontinuesasdevelopmentoftheprimaryandsecondaryvisualsystemoccurs.By6monthsofage,infants'iconicmemorycapacityapproachesadults'.[23]By5yearsofage,childrenhavedevelopedthesameunlimitedcapacityoficonicmemorythatadultspossess.[citationneeded]Thedurationofinformationalpersistencehoweverincreasesfromapproximately200msatage5,toanasymptoticlevelof1000msasanadult(>11years).Asmalldecreaseinvisualpersistenceoccurswithage.Adecreaseofapproximately20mshasbeenobservedwhencomparingindividualsintheirearly20stothoseintheirlate60s.[24]Throughoutone'slifetime,mildcognitiveimpairments(MCIs)maydevelopsuchaserrorsinepisodicmemory(autobiographicalmemoryaboutpeople,places,andtheircontex),andworkingmemory(theactiveprocessingcomponentofSTM)duetodamageinhippocampalandassociationcorticalareas.Episodicmemoriesareautobiographicaleventsthatapersoncandiscuss.IndividualswithMCIshavebeenfoundtoshowdecreasediconicmemorycapacityandduration.IconicmemoryimpairmentinthosewithMCIsmaybeusedasapredictorforthedevelopmentofmoreseveredeficitssuchasAlzheimer'sdiseaseanddementialaterinlife. Sperling'spartialreportprocedure[edit] In1960,GeorgeSperlingbecamethefirsttouseapartialreportparadigmtoinvestigatethebipartitemodelofVSTM.[2]InSperling'sinitialexperimentsin1960,observerswerepresentedwithatachistoscopicvisualstimulusforabriefperiodoftime(50ms)consistingofeithera3x3or3x4arrayofalphanumericcharacterssuchas: PYFG VJSA DHBU Recallwasbasedonacuewhichfollowedtheoffsetofthestimulusanddirectedthesubjecttorecallaspecificlineoflettersfromtheinitialdisplay.Memoryperformancewascomparedundertwoconditions:wholereportandpartialreport. Wholereport[edit] Sperling'soriginalpartialreportparadigm. Thewholereportconditionrequiredparticipantstorecallasmanyelementsfromtheoriginaldisplayintheirproperspatiallocationsaspossible.Participantsweretypicallyabletorecallthreetofivecharactersfromthetwelvecharacterdisplay(~35%).[2]Thissuggeststhatwholereportislimitedbyamemorysystemwithacapacityoffour-to-fiveitems. Partialreport[edit] Thepartialreportconditionrequiredparticipantstoidentifyasubsetofthecharactersfromthevisualdisplayusingcuedrecall.Thecuewasatonewhichsoundedatvarioustimeintervals(~50ms)followingtheoffsetofthestimulus.Thefrequencyofthetone(high,medium,orlow)indicatedwhichsetofcharacterswithinthedisplayweretobereported.Duetothefactthatparticipantsdidnotknowwhichrowwouldbecuedforrecall,performanceinthepartialreportconditioncanberegardedasarandomsampleofanobserver'smemoryfortheentiredisplay.Thistypeofsamplingrevealedthatimmediatelyafterstimulusoffset,participantscouldrecallagivenrow(froma3x3gridof9letters)on75%oftrials,suggestingthat75%oftheentirevisualdisplay(75%of9-letters)wasaccessibletomemory.[2]Thisisadramaticincreaseinthehypothesizedcapacityoficonicmemoryderivedfromfull-reporttrials. Variationsofthepartialreportprocedure[edit] Averbach&Coriell'spartialreportparadigm. Visualbarcue[edit] AsmallvariationinSperling'spartialreportprocedurewhichyieldedsimilarresultswastheuseofavisualbarmarkerinsteadofanauditorytoneastheretrievalcue.Inthismodification,participantswerepresentedwithavisualdisplayof2rowsof8lettersfor50ms.Theprobewasavisualbarplacedaboveorbelowaletter'spositionsimultaneouslywitharrayoffset.Participantshadanaverageaccuracyof65%whenaskedtorecallthedesignatedletter.[25] Temporalvariations[edit] VaryingthetimebetweentheoffsetofthedisplayandtheauditorycueallowedSperlingtoestimatethetimecourseofsensorymemory.Sperlingdeviatedfromtheoriginalprocedurebyvaryingtonepresentationfromimmediatelyafterstimulusoffset,to150,500,or1000ms.Usingthistechnique,theinitialmemoryforastimulusdisplaywasfoundtodecayrapidlyafterdisplayoffset.Atapproximately1000msafterstimulusoffset,therewasnodifferenceinrecallbetweenthepartial-reportandwholereportconditions.Overall,experimentsusingpartialreportprovidedevidenceforarapidlydecayingsensorytracelastingapproximately1000msaftertheoffsetofadisplay[2][25][26] Circlecueandmasking[edit] Theeffectsofmaskingwereidentifiedbytheuseofacirclepresentedaroundaletterasthecueforrecall.[27]Whenthecirclewaspresentedbeforethevisualstimulusonsetorsimultaneouslywithstimulusoffset,recallmatchedthatfoundwhenusingabarortone.However,ifacirclewasusedasacue100msafterstimulusoffset,therewasdecreasedaccuracyinrecall.Asthedelayofcirclepresentationincreased,accuracyonceagainimproved.Thisphenomenonwasanexampleofmetacontrastmasking.Maskingwasalsoobservedwhenimagessuchasrandomlineswerepresentedimmediatelyafterstimulusoffset.[28] Seealso[edit] Sensorymemory Echoicmemory Hapticmemory References[edit] ^"Hughes,PaulMichael,(born16June1956),GeneralManager:BBCSymphonyOrchestra,andBBCSymphonyChorus,since1999;BBCSingers,since2012",Who'sWho,OxfordUniversityPress,2014-12-01,doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u281917 ^abcdefSperling,George(1960)."Theinformationavailableinbriefvisualpresentations".PsychologicalMonographs.74(11):1–29.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.207.7272.doi:10.1037/h0093759. ^abDick,A.O.(1974)."Iconicmemoryanditsrelationtoperceptualprocessingandothermemorymechanisms".Perception&Psychophysics.16(3):575–596.doi:10.3758/BF03198590. ^abcdefgColtheart,Max(1980)."Iconicmemoryandvisiblepersistence".Perception&Psychophysics.27(3):183–228.doi:10.3758/BF03204258. ^abAllen,Frank(1926)."Thepersistenceofvision".AmericanJournalofPhysiologicalOptics.7:439–457. ^Neisser,Ulric(1967).CognitivePsychology.NewYork:Appleton-Century-Crofts. ^DiLollo,Vincent(1980)."Temporalintegrationinvisualmemory".JournalofExperimentalPsychology:General.109(1):75–97.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.299.8602.doi:10.1037/0096-3445.109.1.75.PMID 6445405. ^abcIrwin,David;JamesYeomans(1986)."SensoryRegistrationandInformationalPersistence".JournalofExperimentalPsychology:HumanPerceptionandPerformance.12(3):343–360.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.278.6648.doi:10.1037/0096-1523.12.3.343. ^Schacter,D.L.,Gilbert,D.T.&Wegner,D.M.(2010).Psychology.WorthPublishers.pp.226.ISBN 978-1-4-292-3719-2. ^Loftus,Geoffrey;T.Bursey;J.Senders(1992)."Onthetimecourseofperceptualinformationthatresultsfromabriefvisualpresentation"(PDF).JournalofExperimentalPsychology.18(2):535–554.doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.2.530. ^abcLong,Gerald(1980)."IconicMemory:AReviewandCritiqueoftheStudyofShort-TermVisualStorage".PsychologicalBulletin.88(3):785–820.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.785.PMID 7003642. ^Haber,R.;L.Standing(1970)."Directmeasuresofvisualshort-termvisualstorage".QuarterlyJournalofExperimentalPsychology.21(1):216–229.doi:10.1080/14640746908400193.PMID 5777982. ^abcIrwin,David;Thomas,Laura(2008)."NeuralBasisofSensoryMemory".InStevenLuck;AndrewHollingworth(eds.).VisualMemory.NewYork,NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.pp. 32–35.ISBN 978-0-19-530548-7. ^Levick,W.;J.Zacks(1970)."Responsesofcatretinalganglioncellstobriefflashesoflight".JournalofPhysiology.206(3):677–700.doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009037.PMC 1348672.PMID 5498512. ^abNikolić,Danko;S.Häusler;W.Singer;W.Maass(2009).Victor,JonathanD.(ed.)."Distributedfadingmemoryforstimuluspropertiesintheprimaryvisualcortex".PLoSBiology.7(12):e1000260.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000260.PMC 2785877.PMID 20027205. ^Greene,Ernest(2007)."Informationpersistenceintheintegrationofpartialcuesforobjectrecognition".Perception&Psychophysics.69(5):772–784.doi:10.3758/BF03193778. ^Beste,Christian;DanielSchneider;JörgEpplen;LarissaArning(Feb2011)."ThefunctionalBDNFVal66Metpolymorphismaffectsfunctionsofpre-attentivevisualsensorymemoryprocesses".Neuropharmacology.60(2–3):467–471.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.028.PMID 21056046. ^Urakawa,Tomokazu;KojiInui;KoyaYamashiro;EmiTanaka;RyusukeKakigi(2010)."Corticaldynamicsofvisualchangedetectionbasedonsensorymemory".NeuroImage.52(1):302–308.doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.071.PMID 20362678. ^abBecker,M.;H.Pashler;S.Anstis(2000)."Theroleoficonicmemoryinchange-detectiontasks".Perception.29(3):273–286.doi:10.1068/p3035.PMID 10889938. ^Persuh,Marjan;Genzer,Boris;Melara,Robert(20April2018)."Iconicmemoryrequiresattention".FrontiersinHumanNeuroscience.6:126.doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00126.PMC 3345872.PMID 22586389. ^Jonides,J.;D.Irwin;S.Yantis(1982)."Integratingvisualinformationfromsuccessivefixations".Science.215(4529):192–194.doi:10.1126/science.7053571.PMID 7053571. ^Thomas,Laura;DavidIrwin(2006)."Voluntaryeyeblinksdisrupticonicmemory".Perception&Psychophysics.68(3):475–488.doi:10.3758/BF03193691. ^Blaser,Erik;ZsuzsaKaldy(2010)."InfantsGetFiveStarsonIconicMemoryTests:APartialReportTestof6-month-oldInfants'IconicMemoryCapacity".PsychologicalScience.21(11):1643–1645.doi:10.1177/0956797610385358.PMC 4578158.PMID 20923928. ^Walsh,David;LarryThompson(1978)."AgeDifferencesinVisualSensoryMemory".JournalofGerontology.33(3):383–387.doi:10.1093/geronj/33.3.383.PMID 748430. ^abAverbach,E;Sperling,G(1961)."Short-termstorageofinformationinvision".InC.Cherry(ed.).InformationTheory.London:Butterworth.pp. 196–211. ^Sperling,George(1967)."Successiveapproximationstoamodelforshort-termmemory".ActaPsychologica.27:285–292.doi:10.1016/0001-6918(67)90070-4.PMID 6062221. ^Averbach,E;A.Coriell(1961)."Short-termmemoryinvision".BellSystemTechnicalJournal.40:309–328.doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1961.tb03987.x. ^Sperling,George(1963)."Amodelforvisualmemorytasks".HumanFactors.5:19–31.doi:10.1177/001872086300500103.PMID 13990068. vteHumanmemoryBasicconcepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy TypesSensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Haptic Iconic Motorlearning Visual Short-term "TheMagicalNumberSeven,PlusorMinusTwo" Workingmemory Long-term Activerecall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningfullearning Personal-event Procedural Rotelearning Selectiveretention Tipofthetongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde selective transientglobal Decaytheory Forgettingcurve Interferencetheory Memoryinhibition Motivatedforgetting Repressedmemory Retrieval-inducedforgetting Weaponfocus Memoryerrors Confabulation Cryptomnesia Hindsightbias Imaginationinflation Memorybiases Memoryconformity Misattributionofmemory Misinformationeffect Source-monitoringerror Falsememory Deese–Roediger–McDermottparadigm Falsememorysyndrome Memoryimplantation Lostinthemalltechnique Recovered-memorytherapy Researchmethods Exceptionalmemory Indirecttestsofmemory Memorydisorder Ingroups Collectivememory Politicsofmemory Culturalmemory Memoryandsocialinteractions Memoryconformity Transactivememory Othertopics Aging Artofmemory chunking mnemonic Effectsofalcohol Effectsofexercise Emotion Memoryimprovement Sleep Trauma Insociety Memorysport WorldMemoryChampionships ShasPollak Related Absent-mindedness Atkinson–Shiffrinmemorymodel Context-dependent&state-dependentmemory Childhoodmemory Exosomaticmemory Freerecall Intermediate-termmemory Involuntarymemory flashbacks LevelsofProcessingmodel Metamemory Musclememory Priming intertrial Prospective&retrospectivememory TheSevenSinsofMemory PeopleResearchers RichardC.Atkinson RobertA.Bjork StephenJ.Ceci SusanClancy HermannEbbinghaus SigmundFreud PatriciaGoldman-Rakic IvanIzquierdo MarciaK.Johnson EricKandel ElizabethLoftus GeoffreyLoftus JamesMcGaugh EleanorMaguire GeorgeArmitageMiller BrendaMilner LynnNadel HenryL.RoedigerIII DanielSchacter RichardShiffrin ArthurP.Shimamura LarrySquire SusumuTonegawa AnneTreisman EndelTulving RobertStickgold Patients HM KC CliveWearing Other JonathanHancock PaulR.McHugh DominicO'Brien BenPridmore CosmosRossellius AndriySlyusarchuk  Psychologyportal  Philosophyportal Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iconic_memory&oldid=1082806398" Categories:MemoryHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2016ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2012 Navigationmenu 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