Louis Leon Thurstone - Wikipedia

Factor analysis and work on intelligence LouisLeonThurstone FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americanpsychologist&scholar(1887–1955) LouisLeonThurstoneBorn(1887-05-29)29May1887Chicago,IllinoisDied30September1955(1955-09-30)(aged 68)ChapelHill,NorthCarolinaAlma materUniversityofChicagoCornellUniversityKnown forMultiplefactoranalysisIntelligencetestingLawofcomparativejudgmentSpouse(s)ThelmaThurstoneScientificcareerFieldsPsychometricsInstitutionsUniversityofChicagoL.L.ThurstonePsychometricLaboratory(UniversityofNorthCarolina)DoctoraladvisorJamesAngellDoctoralstudentsLedyardTucker LouisLeonThurstone(29May1887–30September1955)wasanAmericanpioneerinthefieldsofpsychometricsandpsychophysics.Heconceivedtheapproachtomeasurementknownasthelawofcomparativejudgment,andiswellknownforhiscontributionstofactoranalysis.[1][2]AReviewofGeneralPsychologysurvey,publishedin2002,rankedThurstoneasthe88thmostcitedpsychologistofthe20thcentury,tiedwithJohnGarcia,JamesJ.Gibson,DavidRumelhart,MargaretFloyWashburn,andRobertS.Woodworth.[3] Contents 1Backgroundandhistory 2Factoranalysisandworkonintelligence 3Contributionstomeasurement 4Awardsandhonors 5Selectedworks 6Seealso 7References 8Sources 9Externallinks Backgroundandhistory[edit] LouisLeonThurstonewasborninChicago,Illinois,toSwedishimmigrantparents.Thurstoneoriginallyreceivedamaster'sdegreeinmechanicalengineeringfromCornellUniversityin1912.ThurstonewasofferedabriefassistantshipinthelaboratoryofThomasEdison.In1914,aftertwoyearsasaninstructorofgeometryanddraftingattheUniversityofMinnesota,heenrolledasagraduatestudentinpsychologyattheUniversityofChicago(PhD,1917).HelaterreturnedtotheUniversityofChicago(1924–1952)wherehetaughtandconductedresearch;amonghisstudentswasJamesWatson,whoco-discoveredthestructureofDNA.[4]1952,heestablishedtheL.L.ThurstonePsychometricLaboratoryattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill.[5][6] Factoranalysisandworkonintelligence[edit] ThurstonewasresponsibleforthestandardizedmeanandstandarddeviationofIQscoresusedtoday,asopposedtotheIntelligenceTestsystemoriginallyusedbyAlfredBinet.HeisalsoknownforthedevelopmentoftheThurstonescale.[7] Thurstone'sworkinfactoranalysisledhimtoformulateamodelofintelligencecenteredon"PrimaryMentalAbilities"(PMAs),whichwereindependentgroupfactorsofintelligencethatdifferentindividualspossessedinvaryingdegrees.Heopposedthenotionofasingulargeneralintelligencethatfactoredintothescoresofallpsychometrictestsandwasexpressedasamentalage.In1935Thurstone,togetherwithELThorndikeandJPGuilford,foundedthejournalPsychometrikaandalsothePsychometricSociety,goingontobecomethesociety'sfirstpresidentin1936.Thurstone'scontributionstomethodsoffactoranalysishaveprovedvaluableinestablishingandverifyinglaterpsychometricfactorstructures,andhaveinfluencedthehierarchicalmodelsofintelligenceinuseinintelligencetestssuchasWAISandthemodernStanford-BinetIQtest.[8] ThesevenprimarymentalabilitiesinThurstone'smodelwereverbalcomprehension,wordfluency,numberfacility,spatialvisualization,associativememory,perceptualspeed,andreasoning. Contributionstomeasurement[edit] Despitehiscontributionstofactoranalysis,Thurstone(1959,p. 267)cautioned:"Whenaproblemissoinvolvedthatnorationalformulationisavailable,thensomequantificationisstillpossiblebythecoefficientsofcorrelationofcontingencyandthelike.Butsuchstatisticalproceduresconstituteanacknowledgementoffailuretorationalizetheproblemandtoestablishfunctionsthatunderliethedata.Wewanttomeasuretheseparationbetweenthetwoopinionsontheattitudecontinuumandwewanttotestthevalidityoftheassumedcontinuumbymeansofitsinternalconsistency".Thurstone'sapproachtomeasurementwastermedthelawofcomparativejudgment.Heappliedtheapproachinpsychophysics,andlatertothemeasurementofpsychologicalvalues.Theso-called'Law',whichcanberegardedasameasurementmodel,involvessubjectsmakingacomparisonbetweeneachofanumberofpairsofstimuliwithrespecttomagnitudeofaproperty,attribute,orattitude.Methodsbasedontheapproachtomeasurementcanbeusedtoestimatesuchscalevalues.[9] Thurstone'sLawofcomparativejudgmenthasimportantlinkstomodernapproachestosocialandpsychologicalmeasurement.Inparticular,theapproachbearsacloseconceptualrelationtotheRaschmodel(Andrich,1978),althoughThurstonetypicallyemployedthenormaldistributioninapplicationsoftheLawofcomparativejudgmentwhereastheRaschmodelisasimplelogisticfunction.ThurstoneanticipatedakeyepistemologicalrequirementofmeasurementlaterarticulatedbyRasch,whichisthatrelativescalelocationsmust'transcend'thegroupmeasured;i.e.scalelocationsmustbeinvariantto(orindependentof)theparticulargroupofpersonsinstrumentaltocomparisonsbetweenthestimuli.Thurstone(1929)alsoarticulatedwhathereferredtoastheadditivitycriterionforscaledifferences,acriterionwhichmustbesatisfiedinordertoobtaininterval-levelmeasurements.[10] Awardsandhonors[edit] Thurstonereceivednumerousawards,including:BestArticle,AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(1949);CentennialAward,NorthwesternUniversity(1951);HonoraryDoctorate,UniversityofGöteborg(1954).ThurstonewasPresidentofAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(1933)andfirstPresidentoftheAmericanPsychometricSociety(1936).[11] Selectedworks[edit] TheNatureofIntelligence(London:Routledge.1924) TheEffectofMotionPicturesontheSocialAttitudesofHighSchoolChildrenRuthC.Peterson&L.L.Thurstone,MacMillan,1932 MotionPicturesandtheSocialAttitudesofChildrenRuthC.Peterson&L.L.Thurstone,MacMillan,1933 TheVectorsofMind.AddressofthepresidentbeforetheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,Chicagomeeting,September,1933(PsychologicalReview,41,1–32.1934) TheVectorsofMind(Chicago,IL,US:UniversityofChicagoPress1935) Primarymentalabilities(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.1938) Multiple-FactorAnalysis(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.1947) TheFundamentalsofStatistics(MacMillan:NorwoodPress.1925) Seealso[edit] L.L.ThurstonePsychometricLaboratory Lawofcomparativejudgment References[edit] ^L.L.Thurstone(IndianaUniversity) ^E.G.Boring;H.S.Langfeld;H.Werner;R.M.Yerkes,eds.(1952)."L.L.Thurstone"(PDF).AHistoryofPsychologyinAutobiography.Vol. IV.Worcester,MA:ClarkUniversityPress.pp. 295–321.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on1June2010. ^Haggbloom,StevenJ.;Warnick,Renee;Warnick,JasonE.;Jones,VinessaK.;Yarbrough,GaryL.;Russell,TeneaM.;Borecky,ChrisM.;McGahhey,Reagan;PowellIII,JohnL.;Beavers,Jamie;Monte,Emmanuelle(2002)."The100mosteminentpsychologistsofthe20thcentury".ReviewofGeneralPsychology.6(2):139–152.doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139.S2CID 145668721. ^Isaacson,Walter(2021).TheCodeBreaker.Simon&Schuster.p. 392.ISBN 978-1-9821-1585-2. ^SwedesinAmerica(Benson,AdolphB.;NabothHedin.NewYork:HaskelHousePublishers.1969) ^L.L.ThurstonePsychometricLaboratory(UniversityofNorthCarolina) ^Horst,P.(1955)."L.L.ThurstoneandtheScienceofHumanBehavior".Science.122(3183):1259–60.Bibcode:1955Sci...122.1259H.doi:10.1126/science.122.3183.1259.PMID 13274085. ^"LouisLeonThurstone,1887–1955".IndividualDifferencesHomepage.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13December2003. ^LouisLeonThurstone1887–1955(J.P.GuilfordONationalAcademyofScience.1957)[1] ^LouisLeonThurstoneBiography(LoveToKnow,Corp.) ^L.L.Thurstone(HumanIntelligence) Sources[edit] Martin,O(1997)."PsychologicalmeasurementfromBinettoThurstone,(1900–1930)".RevuedeSynthèse(inFrench).118(4):457–93.doi:10.1007/BF03181359.PMID 11625304. Thurstone,LL(1987)."Psychophysicalanalysis.byL.L.Thurstone,1927"(PDF).TheAmericanJournalofPsychology.100(3–4):587–609.doi:10.2307/1422696.JSTOR 1422696.PMID 3322058. Gulliksen,H(1968)."LouisLeonThurstone,experimentalandmathematicalpsychologist".TheAmericanPsychologist.23(11):786–802.doi:10.1037/h0026696.PMID 4881041. Wolfle,D(1956)."LouisLeonThurstone,1887–1955".TheAmericanJournalofPsychology.69(1):131–4.PMID 13302517. Horst,P(1955)."L.L.Thurstoneandthescienceofhumanbehavior".Science.122(3183):1259–60.Bibcode:1955Sci...122.1259H.doi:10.1126/science.122.3183.1259.PMID 13274085. Andrich,D.(1978)."RelationshipsBetweentheThurstoneandRaschApproachestoItemScaling".AppliedPsychologicalMeasurement.2(3):451–462.doi:10.1177/014662167800200319.S2CID 120407672. Thurstone,L.L.(1927)."Alawofcomparativejudgement".PsychologicalReview.34(4):278–286.doi:10.1037/h0070288. Gordon,Kate;Smith,ThomasVernor,eds.(1929).EssaysinPhilosophy:bySeventeenDoctorsofPhilosophyoftheUniversityofChicago.Chicago:OpenCourt.OCLC 257229209. Thurstone,L.L.(1974).TheMeasurementofValues.PsychologicalReview.Vol. 61.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress.pp. 47–58.doi:10.1037/h0060035.ISBN 978-0-226-80114-8.OCLC 5723850.PMID 13134416. Externallinks[edit] TheVectorsofMind1934 HistoryofL.L.ThurstonePsychometricLaboratory vtePresidentsoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation1892–1900 G.StanleyHall(1892) GeorgeTrumbullLadd(1893) WilliamJames(1894) JamesMcKeenCattell(1895) GeorgeStuartFullerton(1896) JamesMarkBaldwin(1897) HugoMünsterberg(1898) JohnDewey(1899) JosephJastrow(1900) 1901–1925 JosiahRoyce(1901) EdmundSanford(1902) WilliamLoweBryan(1903) WilliamJames(1904) MaryWhitonCalkins(1905) JamesRowlandAngell(1906) HenryRutgersMarshall(1907) GeorgeM.Stratton(1908) CharlesHubbardJudd(1909) WalterBowersPillsbury(1910) CarlSeashore(1911) EdwardThorndike(1912) HowardC.Warren(1913) RobertS.Woodworth(1914) JohnB.Watson(1915) RaymondDodge(1916) RobertYerkes(1917) JohnWallaceBaird(1918) WalterDillScott(1919) ShepherdIvoryFranz(1920) MargaretFloyWashburn(1921) KnightDunlap(1922) LewisTerman(1923) G.StanleyHall(1924) I.MadisonBentley(1925) 1926–1950 HarveyA.Carr(1926) HarryLeviHollingworth(1927) EdwinBoring(1928) KarlLashley(1929) HerbertLangfeld(1930) WalterSamuelHunter(1931) WalterRichardMiles(1932) LouisLeonThurstone(1933) JosephPeterson(1934) AlbertPoffenberger(1935) ClarkL.Hull(1936) EdwardC.Tolman(1937) JohnDashiell(1938) GordonAllport(1939) LeonardCarmichael(1940) HerbertWoodrow(1941) CalvinPerryStone(1942) JohnEdwardAnderson(1943) GardnerMurphy(1944) EdwinRayGuthrie(1945) HenryGarrett(1946) CarlRogers(1947) DonaldMarquis(1948) ErnestHilgard(1949) J.P.Guilford(1950) 1951–1975 RobertRichardsonSears(1951) J.McVickerHunt(1952) LauranceF.Shaffer(1953) OrvalHobartMowrer(1954) E.LowellKelly(1955) TheodoreNewcomb(1956) LeeCronbach(1957) HarryHarlow(1958) WolfgangKöhler(1959) DonaldO.Hebb(1960) NealE.Miller(1961) PaulE.Meehl(1962) CharlesE.Osgood(1963) QuinnMcNemar(1964) JeromeBruner(1965) NicholasHobbs(1966) GardnerLindzey(1967) AbrahamMaslow(1968) GeorgeArmitageMiller(1969) GeorgeAlbee(1970) KennethB.Clark(1971) AnneAnastasi(1972) LeonaE.Tyler(1973) AlbertBandura(1974) DonaldT.Campbell(1975) 1976–2000 WilbertJ.McKeachie(1976) TheodoreH.Blau(1977) M.BrewsterSmith(1978) NicholasCummings(1979) FlorenceDenmark(1980) JohnJ.Conger(1981) WilliamBevan(1982) MaxSiegel(1983) JanetTaylorSpence(1984) RobertPerloff(1985) LoganWright(1986) BonnieStrickland(1987) RaymondD.Fowler(1988) JosephMatarazzo(1989) StanleyGraham(1990) CharlesSpielberger(1991) JackWigginsJr.(1992) FrankFarley(1993) RonaldE.Fox(1994) RobertJ.Resnick(1995) DorothyCantor(1996) NormanAbeles(1997) MartinSeligman(1998) RichardSuinn(1999) PatrickH.DeLeon(2000) 2001–Present NorineG.Johnson(2001) PhilipZimbardo(2002) RobertSternberg(2003) DianeF.Halpern(2004) RonaldF.Levant(2005) GeraldKoocher(2006) SharonBrehm(2007) AlanE.Kazdin(2008) JamesH.Bray(2009) CarolD.Goodheart(2010) MelbaJ.T.Vasquez(2011) SuzanneBennettJohnson(2012) DonaldN.Bersoff(2013) NadineKaslow(2014) BarryS.Anton(2015) SusanH.McDaniel(2016) AntonioPuente(2017) JessicaHendersonDaniel(2018) RosiePhillipsDavis(2019) SandraShullman(2020) JenniferF.Kelly(2021) AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Spain France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates CzechRepublic Netherlands Poland Scientificdatabases MathSciNet MathematicsGenealogyProject Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology SocialNetworksandArchivalContext SUDOC(France) 1 Trove(Australia) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Leon_Thurstone&oldid=1088304497" Categories:CornellUniversityCollegeofEngineeringalumniUniversityofChicagoalumniIntelligenceresearchersFellowsoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociationAmericanpeopleofSwedishdescent1887births1955deathsPresidentsoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromApril2020ArticleswithhCardsCS1French-languagesources(fr)ArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithNTAidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithMATHSNidentifiersArticleswithMGPidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticleswithSNAC-IDidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiersArticleswithTroveidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages ČeštinaDeutschEspañolEuskaraFrançais한국어BahasaIndonesiaItalianoMagyarMalagasyمصرىNederlandsPolskiРусскийSvenskaУкраїнська Editlinks