日治時期臺灣租佃制度之探討 由「贌耕權」到「三七五減租 ...

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日治時代之租佃制度,有其時代背景與特殊性,這種租佃制度始自荷人招引中國移民到台開墾,墾成的土地歸荷蘭國王所有,但墾民取得「樸更權」。

清領後,閩粵地區漢人陸續 ...   熱門:   首頁 臺灣期刊   法律   公行政治   醫學   財經   社會學   教育   其他 大陸期刊   核心   非核心 DOI文章 首頁臺灣期刊社會學土地經濟年刊201107 (22期) 查看詳細全文 篇名 日治時期臺灣租佃制度之探討──由「贌耕權」到「三七五減租條例」 並列篇名 DiscussionoftheTaiwanTenancySystemduringJapaneseRule 作者 周茂春 中文摘要 日治時代之租佃制度,有其時代背景與特殊性,這種租佃制度始自荷人招引中國移民到台開墾,墾成的土地歸荷蘭國王所有,但墾民取得「樸更權」。

清領後,閩粵地區漢人陸續移民台灣,台灣特有的「墾田」制,導+R5致租佃制度盛行。

日本領台之初,以「台灣慣例」承認現有土地權屬與租佃關係。

1898年(明治31年)9月展開之土地調查事業,未申報者收歸國有。

原所有人變成公有地承租人。

1905年發布「台灣土地登記規則」,規定業主權、樸耕權之得喪變更均需依規定登記才生效力。

自1923年(大正12年)起日本民商法施行於台灣,樸耕權依其內涵改換成土地權、永佃權、租凴之名稱辦理登記,租佃耕地只要有書面契約即獲法律保障。

但台灣地狹人稠,土地集中在少數地主手裡,地主慣以「口頭約定」方式立約,租期短,押金高,租金超重等條款,形成不合理租佃關係。

日本當局雖於1922年後再各地成立「業佃會」、「地主、佃農協調會」等組織,從事租佃改善工作,但績效不佳。

台灣光復後政府推動土地改革運動,訂立「三七五減租條例」,一舉將多來不合理租佃慣習廢止,接著再進行「公地放領」、「耕者有其田」等政策,開啟新的租佃制度。

綜觀日治時期之台灣租佃制度,日本當局對被壓榨的小農,不屑一顧。

積弊已久之租佃制度,並無魄力加以改革。

難怪對日人統治,草地人並沒像城市人般留下好印象,反而深藏著台灣農民運動所留下的斑斑傷痕。

TenancysystemundertheJapaneseruledperiodswasdevelopedfromitspeculiarbackgroundandparticularitywhichstartingfromtheDutchthatpermitChineseimmigrantstoopenupwasteland,andtheownershipbelongedtoHollandkingandthelandcreated-cultivatedpeoplewhoobtained“theplowingright”.AfterChing’srule,theHanpeopleoftheFujianandGuangdongareaimmigratedoneafteranothertoTaiwanandTaiwanunique“openlandcreated-cultivatedfields”system,causingthetenancysystemtobeinvogue.AtthebeginningofJapanrulingTaiwan,theacknowledgmentofexistinglandownershipwasby“conventions”betweenthetenancyrelations.In1898(theMeiji31)TheyJapaneselaunched“thelandinvestigationenterprise”:Thelandwhichnotreportedtoauthoritywillbenationalized.Therefore,thepreviouslandownerturnedintocommunallandtenants.In1905itwasissuedthat“Taiwaneselandregistrationrules”,theownershipofland,andtheplowingrightareaccepteddependedononlythestipulationregistrationtocomeintoeffect.Since1923(Taisho12year),theCivilandcommerciallawexecutionofJapanesebeeffectinTaiwan,“theplowingright”whichchangethelawnameaccordingtoitsconnotationwhenregisterandeffectjustbythecontractpaper,,theauthorityrequestedthetenancyfarmingwrittencontracttoattainthelegalsafeguard.ButinTaiwanthatlargemanypopulationliveinalimitland,andthelandwasconcentratedinthehandsofminoritylandlords,thelandlordsusedtomake“verbalcontracts”,thewaythatconcludedanagreement,whichconsistedinashortleasewithhighdeposit,allkindsofprovisionsandrentoverloaded,formingunreasonabletenancyrelations.AlthoughtheJapanesegovernmentafter1922yearintheregionestablished“theAssociationoflandowner-tenant”,“thelandlord-tenantfarmercoordinationmeeting”andsoonorganizations,engagedinthetenancyimprovementwork,Buttheachievementswerenotremarkable.AfterTaiwanrestoration,thegovernmentimpelledthelandreformmovementandworkedout“375rentreductionrules”,atonefellswoopcausingtheunreasonabletenancycustomtobeabolished,thenagaincarriedon“thesaleofpublicland”,“thecultivatortohaveitsfield”andsoonpolicies,openingthenewtenancysystem.ThecomprehensivesurveydatedfromthetenancysystemofthetimewhenTaiwanwascolonizedbytheJapaneseandwhentheJapanesegovernmentexploitedthesmallfarmers,despisingtheirrights.TheJapangovernmentisnocouragetoimprovetheunreasonabletenancysystemwhichexistedsincelongtime.Nowonder,Theimagesofthe“ruralpersons”didn’thaveasgoodimpressionofJapaneseasthe“urbanresidents”did,insteaditdeeplyhidthestainedscarwhichcausedTaiwanesefarmermovementlateron. 英文摘要 TenancysystemundertheJapaneseruledperiodswasdevelopedfromitspeculiarbackgroundandparticularitywhichstartingfromtheDutchthatpermitChineseimmigrantstoopenupwasteland,andtheownershipbelongedtoHollandkingandthelandcreated-cultivatedpeoplewhoobtained“theplowingright”.AfterChing’srule,theHanpeopleoftheFujianandGuangdongareaimmigratedoneafteranothertoTaiwanandTaiwanunique“openlandcreated-cultivatedfields”system,causingthetenancysystemtobeinvogue.AtthebeginningofJapanrulingTaiwan,theacknowledgmentofexistinglandownershipwasby“conventions”betweenthetenancyrelations.In1898(theMeiji31)TheyJapaneselaunched“thelandinvestigationenterprise”:Thelandwhichnotreportedtoauthoritywillbenationalized.Therefore,thepreviouslandownerturnedintocommunallandtenants.In1905itwasissuedthat“Taiwaneselandregistrationrules”,theownershipofland,andtheplowingrightareaccepteddependedononlythestipulationregistrationtocomeintoeffect.Since1923(Taisho12year),theCivilandcommerciallawexecutionofJapanesebeeffectinTaiwan,“theplowingright”whichchangethelawnameaccordingtoitsconnotationwhenregisterandeffectjustbythecontractpaper,,theauthorityrequestedthetenancyfarmingwrittencontracttoattainthelegalsafeguard.ButinTaiwanthatlargemanypopulationliveinalimitland,andthelandwasconcentratedinthehandsofminoritylandlords,thelandlordsusedtomake“verbalcontracts”,thewaythatconcludedanagreement,whichconsistedinashortleasewithhighdeposit,allkindsofprovisionsandrentoverloaded,formingunreasonabletenancyrelations.AlthoughtheJapanesegovernmentafter1922yearintheregionestablished“theAssociationoflandowner-tenant”,“thelandlord-tenantfarmercoordinationmeeting”andsoonorganizations,engagedinthetenancyimprovementwork,Buttheachievementswerenotremarkable.AfterTaiwanrestoration,thegovernmentimpelledthelandreformmovementandworkedout“375rentreductionrules”,atonefellswoopcausingtheunreasonabletenancycustomtobeabolished,thenagaincarriedon“thesaleofpublicland”,“thecultivatortohaveitsfield”andsoonpolicies,openingthenewtenancysystem.ThecomprehensivesurveydatedfromthetenancysystemofthetimewhenTaiwanwascolonizedbytheJapaneseandwhentheJapanesegovernmentexploitedthesmallfarmers,despisingtheirrights.TheJapangovernmentisnocouragetoimprovetheunreasonabletenancysystemwhichexistedsincelongtime.Nowonder,Theimagesofthe“ruralpersons”didn’thaveasgoodimpressionofJapaneseasthe“urbanresidents”did,insteaditdeeplyhidthestainedscarwhichcausedTaiwanesefarmermovementlateron. 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