Panic - Wikipedia

Panic is a sudden sensation of fear, which is so strong as to dominate or prevent reason and logical thinking, replacing it with overwhelming feelings of ... Panic FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Suddenoverwhelmingsensationoffearandirrationalresponse. Forthepsychologicalcondition,seePanicattack. Forotheruses,seePanic(disambiguation). Thisarticlerelieslargelyorentirelyonasinglesource.Relevantdiscussionmaybefoundonthetalkpage.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyintroducingcitationstoadditionalsources.Findsources: "Panic" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2015) IllustrationinCharlesDarwin‘sTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimals PartofaseriesonEmotions Affect Classification Inanimals Emotionalintelligence Mood Regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Elevation Embarrassment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Faith Fear Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love Lust Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness Self-pity Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Suffering Surprise Suspicion Trust Wonder Worry vte Panicisasuddensensationoffear,whichissostrongastodominateorpreventreasonandlogicalthinking,replacingitwithoverwhelmingfeelingsofanxietyandfranticagitationconsistentwithananimalisticfight-or-flightreaction.Panicmayoccursingularlyinindividualsormanifestsuddenlyinlargegroupsasmasspanic(closelyrelatedtoherdbehavior). Contents 1Etymology 2Psychology 3Effects 4Seealso 5Notes 6Externallinks Etymology[edit] Theword"panic"derivesfromantiquityandisatributetotheancientgodPan.OneofthemanygodsinthemythologyofancientGreece,Panwasthegodofshepherdsandofwoodsandpastures.TheGreeksbelievedthatheoftenwanderedpeacefullythroughthewoods,playingapipe,butwhenaccidentallyawakenedfromhisnoontimenaphecouldgiveagreatshoutthatwouldcauseflockstostampede.FromthisaspectofPan'snatureGreekauthorsderivedthewordpanikos,“suddenfear,”theultimatesourceoftheEnglishword:"panic".[1]TheGreektermindicatesthefeelingoftotalfearthatisalsosuddenandoftenattributedtothepresenceofagod.[2] Psychology[edit] Thefight-or-flightresponse(amongothernames)isaphysiologicalreactionthatoccursinresponsetoaperceivedharmfulevent,attack,orthreattosurvival.Animalsreacttothreatswithageneraldischargeofthesympatheticnervoussystem,preparingtheanimalforfightingorfleeing.Theadrenalmedullaproducesahormonalcascadethatresultsinthesecretionofcatecholamines,especiallynorepinephrineandepinephrine.Thehormonesestrogen,testosterone,andcortisol,aswellastheneurotransmittersdopamineandserotonin,alsoaffecthoworganismsreacttostress.Thehormoneosteocalcinmightalsoplayapart. Generaladaptationsyndromeregulatesstressresponsesamongvertebratesandotherorganismsinvolvesthefight-or-flightresponseasitfirststage. Apanicattackisasuddenperiodofintensefearanddiscomfortthatmayincludepalpitations,sweating,chestpain,shaking,shortnessofbreath,numbness,orafeelingofimpendingdoomoroflosingcontrol.Typically,symptomsreachapeakwithintenminutesofonset,andlastforroughly30minutes,butthedurationcanvaryfromsecondstohours.Thoughdistressing,panicattacksthemselvesarenotphysicallydangerous.Theycaneitherbetriggeredoroccurunexpectedly. Inpsychology,thereisanidentifiedconditioncalledpanicdisorderthathasbeendescribedasaspecificpsychologicalvulnerabilityofpeopletointerpretnormalphysicalsensationsinacatastrophicway.[3]Itisrelatedstronglytobiologicalandpsychologicalfactorsandtheirinteractions.[4]LeonardJ.SchmidtandBrookeWarnerdescribepanicas“thatterrible,profoundemotionthatstretchesusbeyondourabilitytoimagineanyexperiencemorehorrible”addingthat“physiciansliketocomparepainfulclinicalconditionsonsomeimagined‘Richterscale’ofvicious,meanhurt…tothepsychiatristthereisnomorevicious,meanhurtthananexplodingandpersonallydisintegratingpanicattack.”[5] BankrunontheSeamen'sSavings'BankduringthePanicof1857. Panicattackscanoccurduetoseveralotherdisordersincludingsocialanxietydisorder,post-traumaticstressdisorder,substanceusedisorder,depression,andmedicalproblems. Panicinsocialpsychologyisconsideredinfectioussinceitcanspreadtoamultitudeofpeopleandthoseaffectedareexpectedtoactirrationallyasaconsequence.[6]Psychologistsidentifydifferenttypesofthispaniceventwithslightlyvaryingdescriptions,whichincludemasspanic,masshysteria,masspsychosis,andsocialcontagion.[7] AninfluentialtheoreticaltreatmentofpanicisfoundinNeilJ.Smelser'sTheoryofCollectiveBehavior.Thescienceofpanicmanagementhasfoundimportantpracticalapplicationsinthearmedforcesandemergencyservicesoftheworld. Effects[edit] Prehistorichumansusedmasspanicasatechniquewhenhuntinganimals,especiallyruminants.Herdsreactingtounusuallystrongsoundsorunfamiliarvisualeffectsweredirectedtowardscliffs,wheretheyeventuallyjumpedtotheirdeathswhencornered. Humansarealsovulnerabletopanicanditisoftenconsideredinfectious,inthesenseoneperson'spanicmayeasilyspreadtootherpeoplenearbyandsoontheentiregroupactsirrationally,butpeoplealsohavetheabilitytopreventand/orcontroltheirownandothers'panicbydisciplinedthinkingortraining(suchasdisasterdrills). Architectsandcityplannerstrytoaccommodateforthesymptomsofpanic,suchasherdbehavior,duringdesignandplanning,oftenusingsimulationstodeterminethebestwaytoleadpeopletoasafeexitandpreventcongestion(stampedes).Themosteffectivemethodsareoftennon-intuitive.Atallcolumnorcolumns,placedinfrontofthedoorexitatapreciselycalculateddistance,mayspeeduptheevacuationofalargeroom,astheobstacledividesthecongestionwellaheadofthechokepoint.[8] Manyhighlypublicizedcasesofdeadlypanicoccurredduringmassivepublicevents.ThelayoutofMeccawasextensivelyredesignedbySaudiauthoritiesinanattempttoeliminatefrequentstampedes,whichkillanaverageof250pilgrimseveryyear.[9]Footballstadiumshaveseendeadlycrowdrushesandstampedes,suchasatHeyselstadiuminBelgiumin1985withmorethan600casualties,including39deaths,andatHillsboroughstadiuminSheffield,England,in1989when96peoplewerekilledinacrush. Seealso[edit] Panicattack –Periodofintensefear Anxiety –Unpleasantcomplexcombinationofemotions Fight-or-flightresponse –Physiologicalreactiontoaperceivedthreatorharmfulevent Angst –Intensefeelingofapprehension,anxiety,orinnerturmoil Collectivebehavior –Sociologicaltheory Collectiveidentity –Sharedsenseofbelongingtoagroup Emotion –Conscioussubjectiveexperienceofhumans Hysteria –Excess,ungovernableemotion Kernelpanic –FatalerrorconditionassociatedwithUnix-likecomputeroperatingsystems Moralpanic –Feelingoffearamongpeoplethatsomeevilthreatenssociety Financialcrisis –Situationinwhichfinancialassetssuddenlylosealargepartoftheirnominalvalue Panicdisorder –Anxietydisordercharacterizedbyreoccurringunexpectedpanicattacks PanicSaturday(SuperSaturday),lastSaturdaybeforeChristmas Panic!attheDisco –Americanpoprockbandandsoloproject Notes[edit] ^"DefinitionofPanicbyMerriam-Webster". ^Cavarero,Adriana(2010).Horrorism:NamingContemporaryViolence.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress.p. 5.ISBN 9780231144568. ^Durand,Mark;Barlow,David;Hofman,Stefan(2018).EssentialsofAbnormalPsychology.Boston,MA:CengageLearning.p. 132.ISBN 9781337619370. ^Barlow,David;Durand,Mark(2012).AbnormalPsychology:AnIntegrativeApproach,7thedition.Stamford,CT:CengageLearning.p. 139.ISBN 9781285755618. ^LeonardJ.SchmidtandBrookeWarner(eds),Panic:Origins,Insight,andTreatment(BerkeleyCA:NorthAtlanticBooks,2002),xiii ^Radosavljevic,Vladan;Banjari,Ines;Belojevic,Goran(2018).DefenceAgainstBioterrorism:MethodsforPreventionandControl.Dordrecht:Springer.p. 142.ISBN 9789402412628. ^Heinzen,Thomas;Goodfriend,Wind(2018-03-21).CaseStudiesinSocialPsychology:CriticalThinkingandApplication.SAGEPublications.ISBN 9781544308890. ^TWAROGOWSKA,M;GOATIN,P;DUVIGNEAU,R(2013)."MACROSCOPICMODELINGANDSIMULATIONSOFROOMEVACUATION".arXiv:1308.1770[math.NA]. ^Castelvecchi,Davide(2007-04-07),"FormulaforPanic:Crowd-motionfindingsmaypreventstampedes",ScienceNewsOnline Externallinks[edit] LookuppanicinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Panic Panic!HowitworksandWhatToDoAboutIt—byBruceTognazzini. "Panic:MythorReality?"—ProfessorLeeClarke,ContextsMagazine,2002.(ArticleavailableasPDFfromLeeClarke'swebsite) vteEmotions(list)Emotions Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence Lust Mononoaware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder senseofwonder Worry Worldviews Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Related Affect consciousness ineducation measures inpsychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appealtoemotion Emotion andart andmemory andmusic andsex classification evolution expressed functionalaccounts group homeostatic inanimals perception recognition inconversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression intelligence andbullying intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security selection symbiosis well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions andculture history indecision-making intheworkplace invirtualcommunication moral self-conscious social socialsharing sociology Feeling Genderandemotionalexpression Groupaffectivetone Interactionsbetweentheemotionalandexecutivebrainsystems Jealousyinart Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Socialemotionaldevelopment Stoicpassions Theory affect appraisal constructedemotion discreteemotion somaticmarker Italicsindicateemotionnamesinforeignlanguages vteUnderwaterdiving Divingmodes Atmosphericpressurediving Freediving Saturationdiving Scubadiving Snorkeling Surfaceorienteddiving Surface-supplieddiving Unmanneddiving Divingequipment Cleaninganddisinfectionofpersonaldivingequipment Humanfactorsindivingequipmentdesign Basicequipment Divingmask Snorkel Swimfin Breathinggas Bailoutgas Bottomgas Breathingair Decompressiongas Emergencygassupply Heliox Nitrox Oxygen Travelgas Trimix Buoyancyandtrimequipment Buoyancycompensator Powerinflator Dumpvalve Variablebuoyancypressurevessel Divingweightingsystem Ankleweights Integratedweights Trimweights Weightbelt Decompressionequipment Decompressionbuoy Decompressionchamber Decompressioncylinder Decompressiontrapeze Divecomputer Divingbell Divingshot Divingstage Jerseyupline Jonline Divingsuit Atmosphericdivingsuit JIMsuit Newtsuit Drysuit Sladensuit Standarddivingsuit Rashvest Wetsuit Diveskins Hot-watersuit Helmetsandmasks Anti-fog Divinghelmet Free-flowhelmet Lightweightdemandhelmet Orinasalmask Reclaimhelmet Shallowwaterhelmet Standarddivinghelmet Divingmask Bandmask Full-facemask Halfmask Instrumentation Bottomtimer Depthgauge Divecomputer Divetimer Divingwatch Heliumreleasevalve Electro-galvanicoxygensensor Pneumofathometer Submersiblepressuregauge Mobilityequipment Diverpropulsionvehicle Divingbell Closedbell Wetbell Divingstage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wetsub Safetyequipment Alternativeairsource Octopusregulator Ponybottle Boltsnap Buddyline Divelight Diver'scuttingtool Diver'sknife Diver'stelephone Through-watercommunications Divingbell Divingsafetyharness Emergencygassupply Bailoutblock Bailoutbottle Lifeline Screwgatecarabiner Emergencylocatorbeacon Rescuetether Safetyhelmet Shark-proofcage Snoopyloop Navigationequipment Distanceline Divingcompass Divereel Linemarker Surfacemarkerbuoy Siltscrew Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmosphericdivingsuit Divingcylinder Burstdisc Scubacylindervalve Divinghelmet Reclaimhelmet Divingregulator Mechanismofdivingregulators Regulatormalfunction Regulatorfreeze Single-hoseregulator Twin-hoseregulator Fullfacedivingmask Open-circuitscuba Scubaset Bailoutbottle Decompressioncylinder Independentdoubles Manifoldedtwinset Scubamanifold Ponybottle Scubaconfiguration Sidemount Slingcylinder Divingrebreathers Carbondioxidescrubber CarletonCDBA CDLSE Cryogenicrebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin HalcyonPVR-BASC HalcyonRB80 IDA71 InterspiroDCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU MarkIVAmphibian Porpoise Ray SiebeGormanCDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddivingequipment Airline Diver'sumbilical Divingaircompressor Gaspanel Hookah Scubareplacement SeaTrek 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Heliumanalyzer Nitroxproduction Membranegasseparation Pressureswingadsorption Oxygenanalyser Electro-galvanicoxygensensor Oxygencompatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-inbreathingsystem Decompressiontables Divingbell Bellcursor Closedbell Clumpweight Launchandrecoverysystem Wetbell Divingchamber Divingstage RecreationalDivePlanner Saturationsystem Platforms Diveboat Canoeandkayakdiving CombatRubberRaidingCraft Liveaboard Subskimmer Divingsupportvessel HMSChallenger(K07) Underwaterhabitat AquariusReefBase ContinentalShelfStationTwo HelgolandHabitat Jules'UnderseaLodge ScottCarpenterSpaceAnalogStation SEALAB Tektitehabitat Remotelyoperatedunderwatervehicles 8A4-classROUV ABISMO AtlantisROVTeam CURV DeepDrone Épaulard GlobalExplorerROV Goldfish-classROUV KaikōROV KaşifROUV Long-TermMineReconnaissanceSystem MiniRoverROV OpenROV ROVKIEL6000 ROVPHOCA ScorpioROV SeaDragon-classROV Seabedtractor Seafoxdrone SeahorseROUV SeaPerch SJT-classROUV T1200TrenchingUnit VideoRayUROVs 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OperationalDivingDivision(SANavy) RoyalEngineers Russiancommandofrogmen SappersDiversGroup Shayetet13 SpecialAirService SpecialAirServiceRegiment SpecialActionsDetachment SpecialBoatService SpecialBoatSquadron(SriLanka) SpecialForcesCommand(Turkey) SpecialForcesGroup(Belgium) SpecialOperationsBattalion(Croatia) SpecialServiceGroup(Navy) SpecialWarfareDivingandSalvage TacticalDiversGroup USMarineCorpsForceReconnaissance USMarineCorpsReconnaissanceBattalions USNavySEALs UnderwaterConstructionTeams UnderwaterDemolitionCommand UnderwaterDemolitionTeam UnderwaterOffence(TurkishArmedForces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercialoffshorediving Diveleader Divertraining Recreationaldivertraining Hazmatdiving Hyperbaricwelding Mediadiving Nondestructivetesting Pearlhunting Policediving Potablewaterdiving Publicsafetydiving Scientificdiving Shipshusbandry Spongediving Submarinepipeline Underwaterarchaeology Archaeologyofshipwrecks Underwaterconstruction Offshoreconstruction Underwaterdemolition 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Deepdiving Icediving Muckdiving Open-waterdiving Rebreatherdiving Sidemountdiving Solodiving Technicaldiving Underwaterphotography Wreckdiving Diverorganisations BritishSub-AquaClub(BSAC) CaveDiversAssociationofAustralia(CDAA) CaveDivingGroup(CDG) ComhairleFo-Thuinn(CFT) ConfédérationMondialedesActivitésSubaquatiques(CMAS) FederaciónEspañoladeActividadesSubacuáticas(FEDAS) FédérationFrançaised'ÉtudesetdeSportsSous-Marins(FFESSM) InternationalAssociationforHandicappedDivers(IAHD) NationalAssociationforCaveDiving(NACD) QuintanaRooSpeleologicalSurvey(QRSS) WoodvilleKarstPlainProject(WKPP) Divingtourismindustry Divecenter DivinginEastTimor DivingintheMaldives Environmentalimpactofrecreationaldiving Scubadivingtourism ScubadivingintheCaymanIslands Sharktourism Sinkingshipsforwreckdivingsites UnderwaterdivingonGuam Divingeventsandfestivals Diversnight UnderwaterBikeRace Divingsafety Humanfactorsindivingequipmentdesign Humanfactorsindivingsafety Life-supportsystem Safety-criticalsystem Scubadivingfatalities Divinghazards Listofdivinghazardsandprecautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglementhazard Overhead Siltout Waveaction Equipment Freeflow Useofbreathingequipmentinanunderwaterenvironment Failureofdivingequipmentotherthanbreathingapparatus Singlepointoffailure Physiological Coldshockresponse Decompression Nitrogennarcosis Oxygentoxicity Seasickness Uncontrolleddecompression Diverbehaviourandcompetence Lackofcompetence Overconfidenceeffect Panic Taskloading Traitanxiety Willfulviolation Consequences Barotrauma Decompressionsickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezingcoldinjury Divingprocedures Ascendinganddescending Emergencyascent Boatdiving Canoeandkayakdiving Buddydiving buddycheck Decompression Decompressionpractice Pylestop Ratiodecompression Divebriefing Divelog Diveplanning Ruleofthirds Scubagasplanning Divercommunications Divinghandsignals Divinglinesignals Divervoicecommunications Diverrescue Divertraining DoingItRight 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Engineeringcontrols Hazardelimination Hazardsubstitution Personalprotectiveequipment InternationalMarineContractorsAssociation Occupationalhazard Biologicalhazard Chemicalhazard Physicalhazard Psychosocialhazard Occupationalhygiene Exposureassessment Occupationalexposurelimit Workplacehealthsurveillance Safetyculture Codeofpractice Divingsafetyofficer Divingsuperintendent Healthandsafetyrepresentative Operationsmanual Safetymeeting Standardoperatingprocedure DivingmedicineDivingdisorders Listofsignsandsymptomsofdivingdisorders Cramp Motionsickness Surfer'sear Pressurerelated Alternobaricvertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Airembolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dentalbarotrauma Pulmonarybarotrauma Compressionarthralgia Decompressionillness Dysbarism Oxygen Freedivingblackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygentoxicity Inertgases Avascularnecrosis Decompressionsickness Isobariccounterdiffusion Taravana Dysbaricosteonecrosis High-pressurenervoussyndrome Hydrogennarcosis Nitrogennarcosis Carbondioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathinggascontaminants Carbonmonoxidepoisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersiondiuresis Instinctivedrowningresponse Laryngospasm Saltwateraspirationsyndrome Swimming-inducedpulmonaryedema Treatment Demandvalveoxygentherapy Firstaid Hyperbaricmedicine Hyperbarictreatmentschedules In-waterrecompression Oxygentherapy Therapeuticrecompression Personnel DivingMedicalExaminer DivingMedicalPractitioner DivingMedicalTechnician Hyperbaricnursing Screening Atrialseptaldefect Effectsofdrugsonfitnesstodive Fitnesstodive Psychologicalfitnesstodive ResearchResearchersindivingphysiologyandmedicine ArthurJ.Bachrach AlbertR.Behnke PaulBert GeorgeF.Bond RobertBoyle AlbertA.Bühlmann JohnR.Clarke GuybonChesneyCastellDamant KennethWilliamDonald WilliamPaulFife JohnScottHaldane RobertWilliamHamiltonJr. LeonardErskineHill BrianAndrewHills FelixHoppe-Seyler ChristianJ.Lambertsen SimonMitchell CharlesMomsen NealW.Pollock JohnRawlinsR.N. CharlesWesleyShilling EdwardD.Thalmann JacquesTriger Divingmedicalresearchorganisations AerospaceMedicalAssociation DiversAlertNetwork(DAN) DivingDiseasesResearchCentre(DDRC) DivingMedicalAdvisoryCouncil(DMAC) EuropeanDivingTechnologyCommittee(EDTC) EuropeanUnderwaterandBaromedicalSociety(EUBS) NationalBoardofDivingandHyperbaricMedicalTechnology NavalSubmarineMedicalResearchLaboratory RoyalAustralianNavySchoolofUnderwaterMedicine RubiconFoundation SouthPacificUnderwaterMedicineSociety(SPUMS) SouthernAfricanUnderwaterandHyperbaricMedicalAssociation(SAUHMA) UnderseaandHyperbaricMedicalSociety(UHMS) UnitedStatesNavyExperimentalDivingUnit(NEDU) Law Civilliabilityinrecreationaldiving Divingregulations Dutyofcare Listoflegislationregulatingunderwaterdiving Investigationofdivingaccidents UNESCOConventionontheProtectionoftheUnderwaterCulturalHeritage Historyofunderwaterdiving Historyofdecompressionresearchanddevelopment Historyofscubadiving Listofresearchersinunderwaterdiving LyonsMaritimeMuseum Timelineofdivingtechnology Archeologicalsites SSCommodore USSMonitor QueenAnne'sRevenge WhydahGally Underwaterartandartists TheDiver JasondeCairesTaylor Engineersandinventors WilliamBeebe GeorgesBeuchat JohnR.Clarke JacquesCousteau CharlesAnthonyDeane JohnDeane AugusteDenayrouze TedEldred HenryFleuss ÉmileGagnan Joseph-MartinCabirol ChristianJ.Lambertsen YvesLePrieur JohnLethbridge ErnestWilliamMoir JosephSalimPeress AugustePiccard JoeSavoie WillardFranklynSearle GordonSmith AugustusSiebe JacquesTriger Equipment Aqua-Lung RVCalypso SP-350Denise Nikonos Porpoiseregulator Standarddivingdress Vintagescuba Diverpropulsionvehicles AdvancedSEALDeliverySystem CosmosCE2Fseries DryCombatSubmersible Humantorpedo MotorisedSubmersibleCanoe NeckerNymph R-2Mala-classswimmerdeliveryvehicle SEALDeliveryVehicle ShallowWaterCombatSubmersible SiluroSanBartolomeo Welfreighter WetNellie Militaryandcovertoperations RaidonAlexandria(1941) SinkingoftheRainbowWarrior Scientificprojects 1992cagelessshark-divingexpedition Mission31 IncidentsDiveboatincidents SinkingofMVConception FireonMVRedSeaAggressor Diverrescues Alpazatcaverescue ThamLuangcaverescue Earlydiving JohnDay(carpenter) CharlesSpalding EbenezerWatson Freedivingfatalities LoïcLeferme AudreyMestre NicholasMevoli NataliaMolchanova Offshoredivingincidents ByfordDolphindivingbellaccident DrillMasterdivingaccident StarCanopusdivingaccident StenaSeaspreaddivingaccident VentureOnedivingaccident WaageDrillIIdivingaccident Wildrakedivingaccident Professionaldivingfatalities RogerBaldwin JohnBennett VictorF.GuielJr. FrancisP.Hammerberg CraigM.Hoffman PeterHenryMichaelHolmes JohnsonSeaLinkaccident EdwinClaytonLink GerardAnthonyPrangley PierSkipness RobertJohnSmyth AlbertD.Stover RichardA.Walker LotharMichaelWard JoachimWendler BradleyWestell ArneZetterström Scubadivingfatalities 1973MountGambiercavedivingaccident RicardoArmbruster AllanBridge DavidBright BerryL.Cannon CottonCoulson CláudioCoutinho E.YaleDawson DeonDreyer MilanDufek SheckExley MauriceFargues FernandoGarfellaPalmer GuyGarman SteveIrwin death JimJones HenryWayKendall ArturKozłowski YuriLipski KirstyMacColl AgnesMilowka FrançoisdeRoubaix ChrisandChrissyRouse DaveShaw WesleyC.Skiles DeweySmith RobStewart EsbjörnSvensson JosefVelek PublicationsManuals NOAADivingManual U.S.NavyDivingManual BasicCaveDiving:ABlueprintforSurvival UnderwaterHandbook BennettandElliott'sphysiologyandmedicineofdiving EncyclopediaofRecreationalDiving Thenewscienceofskinandscubadiving ProfessionalDiver'sHandbook BasicScuba StandardsandCodesofPractice CodeofPracticeforScientificDiving(UNESCO) DIN7876 IMCACodeofPracticeforOffshoreDiving ISO24801Recreationaldivingservices—Requirementsforthetrainingofrecreationalscubadivers Generalnon-fiction TheDarknessBeckons Goldfinder TheLastDive ShadowDivers TheSilentWorld:AStoryofUnderseaDiscoveryandAdventure Research ListofDiversAlertNetworkpublications Diveguides TrainingandregistrationDivertraining 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AmericanAcademyofUnderwaterSciences(AAUS) CMASScientificCommittee Technicaldivercertificationagencies AmericanNitroxDiversInternational(ANDI) BritishSub-AquaClub(BSAC) ConfédérationMondialedesActivitésSubaquatiques(CMAS) DivingScienceandTechnology(DSAT) FederazioneItalianaAttivitàSubacquee(FIAS) InternationalAssociationofNitroxandTechnicalDivers(IANTD) ProfessionalAssociationofDivingInstructors(PADI) ProfessionalDivingInstructorsCorporation(PDIC) TrimixScubaAssociation(TSA) TechnicalExtendedRange(TXR) Cavediving CaveDiversAssociationofAustralia(CDAA) CaveDivingGroup(CDG) GlobalUnderwaterExplorers(GUE) NationalAssociationforCaveDiving(NACD) NationalSpeleologicalSociety#CaveDivingGroup(CDG) NationalAssociationofUnderwaterInstructors(NAUI) TechnicalDivingInternational(TDI) Militarydivertrainingcentres DefenceDivingSchool NavyDivingSalvageandTrainingCenter UnderwaterEscapeTrainingUnit Militarydivertrainingcourses UnitedStatesMarineCorpsCombatantDiverCourse UnderwatersportsSurfacesnorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwaterfootball Underwaterhockey Australia Turkey Underwaterrugby Colombia UnitedStates Underwatertargetshooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoeafinswimming Freediving Underwatericehockey OpenCircuitScuba Immersionfinswimming Sportdiving Underwatercycling Underwaterorienteering Underwaterphotography Rebreather Underwaterphotography Sportsgoverningorganisationsandfederations International AIDAInternational ConfédérationMondialedesActivitésSubaquatiques) National AIDAHellas AustralianUnderwaterFederation BritishFreedivingAssociation BritishOctopushAssociation BritishUnderwaterSportsAssociation ComhairleFo-Thuinn FederaciónEspañoladeActividadesSubacuáticas FédérationFrançaised'ÉtudesetdeSportsSous-Marins SouthAfricanUnderwaterSportsFederation TürkiyeSualtıSporlarıFederasyonu UnderwaterSocietyofAmerica) Competitions 14thCMASUnderwaterPhotographyWorldChampionship UnderwaterdiversPioneersofdiving EduardAdmetllaiLázaro Aquanaut JamesF.Cahill JacquesCousteau BillyDeans DottieFrazier TrevorHampton HansHass DickRutkowski TeseoTesei ArneZetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologistsandenvironmentalists MichaelArbuthnot RobertBallard GeorgeBass MensunBound LouisBoutan HughBradner CathyChurch EugenieClark JamesP.Delgado SylviaEarle JohnChristopherFine GeorgeR.Fischer AndersFranzén HonorFrost FernandoGarfellaPalmer DavidGibbins GrahamJessop SwieteniaPuspaLestari PilarLuna RobertF.Marx AnnaMargueriteMcCann InnesMcCartney CharlesT.Meide DavidMoore MarkM.Newell LyubaOgnenova-Marinova JohnPeterOleson MendelL.Peterson RichardPyle WilliamR.Royal MargaretRule GunterSchöbel StephanieSchwabe MyriamSeco E.LeeSpence RobertSténuit PeterThrockmorton CristinaZenato Scubarecordholders PascalBernabé JimBowden MarkEllyatt SheckExley NunoGomes ClaudiaSerpieri KrzysztofStarnawski Underwaterfilmmakersandpresenters SamirAlhafith DavidAttenborough RamónBravo Jean-MichelCousteau RichieKohler PaulRose AndyTorbet IvanTors AndrewWight Underwaterphotographers DougAllan TamaraBenitez GeorgesBeuchat AdrianBiddle JonathanBird EricCheng NevilleColeman JacquesCousteau JohnD.Craig BenCropp BernardDelemotte DavidDoubilet CandiceFarmer JohnChristopherFine DermotFitzGerald RodneyFox RicFrazier StephenFrink PeterGimbel MontyHalls HansHass HenryWayKendall RudieKuiter JosephB.MacInnis LuisMarden AgnesMilowka NoelMonkman PeteOxford SteveParish ZaleParry PierrePetit LeniRiefenstahl PeterScoones BrianSkerry WesleyC.Skiles E.LeeSpence PhilippeTailliez RonTaylor ValerieTaylor AlbertTillman JohnVeltri StanWaterman MicheleWestmorland JohnErnestWilliamson J.LamarWorzel Underwaterexplorers Caves GrahamBalcombe SheckExley MartynFarr JochenHasenmayer JillHeinerth JarrodJablonski WilliamHogarthMain TomMount JackSheppard BillStone Reefs ArthurC.Clarke Wrecks LeighBishop JohnChatterton CliveCussler BillNagle ValerievanHeest AristotelisZervoudis Aquanauts AndrewAbercromby JosephM.Acaba ClaytonAnderson RichardR.Arnold SerenaAuñón-Chancellor 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