Constitution of the People's Republic of China - 中国人大网

The People's Republic of China is a unitary multi-national State created jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity ... 当前位置：首页 >  专题集锦 > 其他 ConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina 浏览字号：大中小来源： (AdoptedattheFifthSessionoftheFifthNationalPeople'sCongressandpromulgatedforimplementationbytheAnnouncementoftheNationalPeople'sCongressonDecember4,1982) 颁布日期：19821204　实施日期：19821204　颁布单位：全国人大 PreambleChapterIGeneralPrinciplesChapterIITheFundamentalRightsandDutiesofCitizensChapterIIITheStructureoftheStateSection1TheNationalPeople'sCongressSection2ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaSection3TheStateCouncilSection4TheCentralMilitaryCommissionSection5TheLocalPeople'sCongressesandLocalPeople'sGovernmentsatVariousLevelsSection7ThePeople'sCourtsandthePeople'sProcuratoratesChapterIVTheNationalFlag,theNationalEmblemandtheCapital Preamble　　Chinaisacountrywithoneofthelongesthistoriesintheworld.ThepeopleofallofChina'snationalitieshavejointlycreatedacultureofgrandeurandhaveagloriousrevolutionarytradition.　　After1840,feudalChinawasgraduallyturnedintoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalcountry.TheChinesepeoplewagedmanysuccessiveheroicstrugglesfornationalindependenceandliberationandfordemocracyandfreedom.　　GreatandearthshakinghistoricalchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthe20thcentury.　　TheRevolutionof1911,ledbyDr.SunYat-sen,abolishedthefeudalmonarchyandgavebirthtotheRepublicofChina.ButthehistoricmissionoftheChinesepeopletooverthrowimperialismandfeudalismremainedunaccomplished.　　Afterwagingprotractedandarduousstruggles,armedandotherwise,alongazigzagcourse,theChinesepeopleofallnationalitiesledbytheCommunistPartyofChinawithChairmanMaoZedongasitsleaderultimately,in1949,overthrewtheruleofimperialism,feudalismandbureaucrat-capitalism,wonagreatvictoryintheNew-DemocraticRevolutionandfoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChina.SincethentheChinesepeoplehavetakencontrolofstatepowerandbecomemastersofthecountry.　　AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublic,ChinagraduallyachieveditstransitionfromaNew-Democratictoasocialistsociety.Thesocialisttransformationoftheprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionhasbeencompleted,thesystemofexploitationofmanbymanabolishedandthesocialistsystemestablished.Thepeople'sdemocraticdictatorshipledbytheworkingclassandbasedontheallianceofworkersandpeasants,whichisinessencethedictatorshipoftheproletariat,hasbeenconsolidatedanddeveloped.TheChinesepeopleandtheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyhavedefeatedimperialistandhegemonistaggression,sabotageandarmedprovocationsandhavetherebysafeguardedChina'snationalindependenceandsecurityandstrengtheneditsnationaldefence.Majorsuccesseshavebeenachievedineconomicdevelopment.Anindependentandrelativelycomprehensivesocialistsystemofindustryhasbasicallybeenestablished.Therehasbeenamarkedincreaseinagriculturalproduction.Significantadvanceshavebeenmadeineducational,scientificandculturalundertakings,whileeducationinsocialistideologyhasproducednoteworthyresults.Thelifeofthepeoplehasimprovedconsiderably.　　ThevictoryinChina'sNew-DemocraticRevolutionandthesuccessesinitssocialistcausehavebeenachievedbytheChinesepeopleofallnationalities,undertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheguidanceofMarxism-LeninismandMaoZedongThought,byupholdingtruth,correctingerrorsandsurmountingnumerousdifficultiesandhardships.Thebasictaskofthenationintheyearstocomeistoconcentrateitseffortonsocialistmodernization.UndertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheguidanceofMarxism-LeninismandMaoZedongThought,theChinesepeopleofallnationalitieswillcontinuetoadheretothepeople'sdemocraticdictatorshipandthesocialistroad,steadilyimprovesocialistinstitutions,developsocialistdemocracy,improvethesocialistlegalsystemandworkhardandself-reliantlytomodernizethecountry'sindustry,agriculture,nationaldefenceandscienceandtechnologystepbysteptoturnChinaintoasocialistcountrywithahighlevelofcultureanddemocracy.　　Theexploitingclassesassuchhavebeenabolishedinourcountry.However,classstrugglewillcontinuetoexistwithincertainboundsforalongtimetocome.TheChinesepeoplemustfightagainstthoseforcesandelements,bothathomeandabroad,thatarehostiletoChina'ssocialistsystemandtrytoundermineit.　　TaiwanispartofthesacredterritoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.ItistheinviolabledutyofallChinesepeople,includingourcompatriotsinTaiwan,toaccomplishthegreattaskofreunifyingthemotherland.　　Inbuildingsocialismitisessentialtorelyonworkers,peasantsandintellectualsandtouniteallforcesthatcanbeunited.Inthelongyearsofrevolutionandconstruction,therehasbeenformedundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaabroadpatrioticunitedfrontwhichiscomposedofthedemocraticpartiesandpeople'sorganizationsandwhichembracesallsocialistworkingpeople,allpatriotswhosupportsocialism,andallpatriotswhostandforthereunificationofthemotherland.Thisunitedfrontwillcontinuetobeconsolidatedanddeveloped.TheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference,abroadlybasedrepresentativeorganizationoftheunitedfrontwhichhasplayedasignificanthistoricalrole,willplayastillmoreimportantroleinthecountry'spoliticalandsociallife,inpromotingfriendshipwithothercountriesandinthestruggleforsocialistmodernizationandforthereunificationandunityofthecountry.　　ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaisaunitarymulti-nationalStatecreatedjointlybythepeopleofallitsnationalities.Socialistrelationsofequality,unityandmutualassistancehavebeenestablishedamongthenationalitiesandwillcontinuetobestrengthened.Inthestruggletosafeguardtheunityofthenationalities,itisnecessarytocombatbig-nationchauvinism,mainlyHanchauvinism,andtocombatlocalnationalchauvinism.TheStatewilldoitsutmosttopromotethecommonprosperityofallthenationalities.　　China'sachievementsinrevolutionandconstructionareinseparablefromthesupportofthepeopleoftheworld.ThefutureofChinaiscloselylinkedtothefutureoftheworld.Chinaconsistentlycarriesoutanindependentforeignpolicyandadherestothefiveprinciplesofmutualrespectforsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity,mutualnon-aggression,non-interferenceineachother'sinternalaffairs,equalityandmutualbenefit,andpeacefulcoexistenceindevelopingdiplomaticrelationsandeconomicandculturalexchangeswithothercountries.Chinaconsistentlyopposesimperialism,hegemonismandcolonialism,workstostrengthenunitywiththepeopleofothercountries,supportstheoppressednationsandthedevelopingcountriesintheirjuststruggletowinandpreservenationalindependenceanddeveloptheirnationaleconomies,andstrivestosafeguardworldpeaceandpromotethecauseofhumanprogress.　　ThisConstitution,inlegalform,affirmstheachievementsofthestrugglesoftheChinesepeopleofallnationalitiesanddefinesthebasicsystemandbasictasksoftheState;itisthefundamentallawoftheStateandhassupremelegalauthority.Thepeopleofallnationalities,allStateorgans,thearmedforces,allpoliticalpartiesandpublicorganizationsandallenterprisesandinstitutionsinthecountrymusttaketheConstitutionasthebasicstandardofconduct,andtheyhavethedutytoupholdthedignityoftheConstitutionandensureitsimplementation. ChapterIGeneralPrinciples　　Article1ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaisasocialiststateunderthepeople'sdemocraticdictatorshipledbytheworkingclassandbasedontheallianceofworkersandpeasants.　　ThesocialistsystemisthebasicsystemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Disruptionofthesocialistsystembyanyorganizationorindividualisprohibited.　　Article2AllpowerinthePeople'sRepublicofChinabelongstothepeople.　　TheNationalPeople'sCongressandthelocalpeople'scongressesatvariouslevelsaretheorgansthroughwhichthepeopleexercisestatepower.　　ThepeopleadministerStateaffairsandmanageeconomicandculturalundertakingsandsocialaffairsthroughvariouschannelsandinvariouswaysinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw.　　Article3TheStateorgansofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaapplytheprincipleofdemocraticcentralism.　　TheNationalPeople'sCongressandthelocalpeople'scongressesatvariouslevelsareconstitutedthroughdemocraticelections.Theyareresponsibletothepeopleandsubjecttotheirsupervision.　　Alladministrative,judicialandprocuratorialorgansoftheStatearecreatedbythepeople'scongressestowhichtheyareresponsibleandbywhichtheyaresupervised.　　ThedivisionoffunctionsandpowersbetweenthecentralandlocalStateorgansisguidedbytheprincipleofgivingfullscopetotheinitiativeandenthusiasmofthelocalauthoritiesundertheunifiedleadershipofthecentralauthorities.　　Article4AllnationalitiesinthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareequal.TheStateprotectsthelawfulrightsandinterestsoftheminoritynationalitiesandupholdsanddevelopsarelationshipofequality,unityandmutualassistanceamongallofChina'snationalities.Discriminationagainstandoppressionofanynationalityareprohibited;anyactwhichunderminestheunityofthenationalitiesorinstigatesdivisionisprohibited.　　TheStateassistsareasinhabitedbyminoritynationalitiesinacceleratingtheireconomicandculturaldevelopmentaccordingtothecharacteristicsandneedsofthevariousminoritynationalities.　　Regionalautonomyispractisedinareaswherepeopleofminoritynationalitiesliveinconcentratedcommunities;intheseareasorgansofself-governmentareestablishedtoexercisethepowerofautonomy.AllnationalautonomousareasareintegralpartsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.　　Allnationalitieshavethefreedomtouseanddeveloptheirownspokenandwrittenlanguagesandtopreserveorreformtheirownfolkwaysandcustoms.　　Article5TheStateupholdstheuniformityanddignityofthesocialistlegalsystem.　　NolawsoradministrativeorlocalregulationsmaycontravenetheConstitution.　　AllStateorgans,thearmedforces,allpoliticalpartiesandpublicorganizationsandallenterprisesandinstitutionsmustabidebytheConstitutionandotherlaws.AllactsinviolationoftheConstitutionorotherlawsmustbeinvestigated.　　NoorganizationorindividualisprivilegedtobebeyondtheConstitutionorotherlaws.　　Article6ThebasisofthesocialisteconomicsystemofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaissocialistpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction,namely,ownershipbythewholepeopleandcollectiveownershipbytheworkingpeople.　　Thesystemofsocialistpublicownershipsupersedesthesystemofexploitationofmanbyman;itappliestheprincipleof"fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohiswork."　　Article7TheStateeconomyisthesectorofsocialisteconomyunderownershipbythewholepeople;itistheleadingforceinthenationaleconomy.TheStateensurestheconsolidationandgrowthoftheStateeconomy.　　Article8Ruralpeople'scommunes,agriculturalproducerscooperativesandotherformsofcooperativeeconomy,suchasproducers',supplyandmarketing,creditandconsumerscooperatives,belongtothesectorofsocialisteconomyundercollectiveownershipbytheworkingpeople.Workingpeoplewhoaremembersofruraleconomiccollectiveshavetheright,withinthelimitsprescribedbylaw,tofarmplotsofcroplandandhillylandallottedfortheirprivateuse,engageinhouseholdsidelineproductionandraiseprivatelyownedlivestock.　　Thevariousformsofcooperativeeconomyincitiesandtowns,suchasthoseinthehandicraft,industrial,building,transport,commercialandservicetrades,allbelongtothesectorofsocialisteconomyundercollectiveownershipbytheworkingpeople.　　TheStateprotectsthelawfulrightsandinterestsoftheurbanandruraleconomiccollectivesandencourages,guidesandhelpsthegrowthofthecollectiveeconomy.　　Article9Allmineralresources,waters,forests,mountains,grasslands,unreclaimedland,beachesandothernaturalresourcesareownedbytheState,thatis,bythewholepeople,withtheexceptionoftheforests,mountains,grasslands,unreclaimedlandandbeachesthatareownedbycollectivesasprescribedbylaw.　　TheStateensurestherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandprotectsrareanimalsandplants.Appropriationordamagingofnaturalresourcesbyanyorganizationorindividualbywhatevermeansisprohibited.　　Article10LandinthecitiesisownedbytheState.　　LandintheruralandsuburbanareasisownedbycollectivesexceptforthoseportionswhichbelongtotheStateasprescribedbylaw;housesitesandprivatelyfarmedplotsofcroplandandhillylandarealsoownedbycollectives.　　TheStatemay,inthepublicinterest,requisitionlandforitsuseinaccordancewithlaw.　　Noorganizationorindividualmayappropriate,buy,sellorleaselandorotherwiseengageinthetransferoflandbyunlawfulmeans.　　Allorganizationsandindividualsusinglandmustensureitsrationaluse.　　Article11Theindividualeconomyofurbanandruralworkingpeople,operatingwithinthelimitsprescribedbylaw,isacomplementtothesocialistpubliceconomy.TheStateprotectsthelawfulrightsandinterestsoftheindividualeconomy.　　TheStateguides,assistsandsupervisestheindividualeconomybyadministrativecontrol.　　Article12Socialistpublicpropertyisinviolable.　　TheStateprotectssocialistpublicproperty.AppropriationordamagingofStateorcollectivepropertybyanyorganizationorindividualbywhatevermeansisprohibited.　　Article13TheStateprotectstherightofcitizenstoownlawfullyearnedincome,savings,housesandotherlawfulproperty.　　TheStateprotectsaccordingtolawtherightofcitizenstoinheritprivateproperty.　　Article14TheStatecontinuouslyraiseslabourproductivity,improveseconomicresultsanddevelopstheproductiveforcesbyenhancingtheenthusiasmoftheworkingpeople,raisingtheleveloftheirtechnicalskill,disseminatingadvancedscienceandtechnology,improvingthesystemsofeconomicadministrationandenterpriseoperationandmanagement,institutingthesocialistsystemofresponsibilityinvariousformsandimprovingtheorganizationofwork.　　TheStatepractisesstricteconomyandcombatswaste.　　TheStateproperlyapportionsaccumulationandconsumption,concernsitselfwiththeinterestsofthecollectiveandtheindividualaswellasoftheStateand,onthebasisofexpandedproduction,graduallyimprovesthematerialandculturallifeofthepeople.　　Article15TheStatepractisesplannedeconomyonthebasisofsocialistpublicownership.Itensurestheproportionateandcoordinatedgrowthofthenationaleconomythroughoverallbalancingbyeconomicplanningandthesupplementaryroleofregulationbythemarket.　　Disturbanceofthesocio-economicorderordisruptionoftheStateeconomicplanbyanyorganizationorindividualisprohibited.　　Article16Stateenterpriseshavedecision-makingpowerwithregardtooperationandmanagementwithinthelimitsprescribedbylaw,onconditionthattheysubmittounifiedleadershipbytheStateandfulfilalltheirobligationsundertheStateplan.　　Stateenterprisespractisedemocraticmanagementthroughcongressesofworkersandstaffandinotherwaysinaccordancewithlaw.　　Article17Collectiveeconomicorganizationshavedecision-makingpowerinconductingindependenteconomicactivities,onconditionthattheyaccepttheguidanceoftheStateplanandabidebytherelevantlaws.　　Collectiveeconomicorganizationspractisedemocraticmanagementinaccordancewithlaw.Theentirebodyoftheirworkerselectsorremovestheirmanagerialpersonnelanddecidesonmajorissuesconcerningoperationandmanagement.　　Article18ThePeople'sRepublicofChinapermitsforeignenterprises,otherforeigneconomicorganizationsandindividualforeignerstoinvestinChinaandtoenterintovariousformsofeconomiccooperationwithChineseenterprisesandotherChineseeconomicorganizationsinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelawsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.　　Allforeignenterprises,otherforeigneconomicorganizationsaswellasChinese-foreignjointventureswithinChineseterritoryshallabidebythelawsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.TheirlawfulrightsandinterestsareprotectedbythelawsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.　　Article19TheStateundertakesthedevelopmentofsocialisteducationandworkstoraisethescientificandculturallevelofthewholenation.　　TheStateestablishesandadministersschoolsofvarioustypes,universalizescompulsoryprimaryeducationandpromotessecondary,vocationalandhighereducationaswellaspre-schooleducation.　　TheStatedevelopseducationalfacilitiesinordertoeliminateilliteracyandprovidepolitical,scientific,technicalandprofessionaleducationforworkers,peasants,Statefunctionariesandotherworkingpeople.Itencouragespeopletobecomeeducatedthroughindependentstudy.　　TheStateencouragesthecollectiveeconomicorganizations,Stateenterprisesandinstitutionsandothersectorsofsocietytoestablisheducationalinstitutionsofvarioustypesinaccordancewithlaw.　　TheStatepromotesthenationwideuseofPutonghua[commonspeechbasedonBeijingpronunciation--Tr.].　　Article20TheStatepromotesthedevelopmentofthenaturalandsocialsciences,disseminatesknowledgeofscienceandtechnology,andcommendsandrewardsachievementsinscientificresearchaswellastechnologicalinnovationsandinventions.　　Article21TheStatedevelopsmedicalandhealthservices,promotesmodernmedicineandtraditionalChinesemedicine,encouragesandsupportsthesettingupofvariousmedicalandhealthfacilitiesbytheruraleconomiccollectives,Stateenterprisesandinstitutionsandneighbourhoodorganizations,andpromoteshealthandsanitationactivitiesofamasscharacter,allfortheprotectionofthepeople'shealth.　　TheStatedevelopsphysicalcultureandpromotesmasssportsactivitiestoimprovethepeople'sphysicalfitness.　　Article22TheStatepromotesthedevelopmentofartandliterature,thepress,radioandtelevisionbroadcasting,publishinganddistributionservices,libraries,museums,culturalcentresandotherculturalundertakingsthatservethepeopleandsocialism,anditsponsorsmassculturalactivities.　　TheStateprotectssitesofscenicandhistoricalinterest,valuableculturalmonumentsandrelicsandothersignificantitemsofChina'shistoricalandculturalheritage.　　Article23TheStatetrainsspecializedpersonnelinallfieldswhoservesocialism,expandstheranksofintellectualsandcreatesconditionstogivefullscopetotheirroleinsocialistmodernization.　　Article24TheStatestrengthensthebuildingofasocialistsocietywithanadvancedcultureandideologybypromotingeducationinhighideals,ethics,generalknowledge,disciplineandthelegalsystem,andbypromotingtheformulationandobservanceofrulesofconductandcommonpledgesbyvarioussectionsofthepeopleinurbanandruralareas.　　TheStateadvocatesthecivicvirtuesofloveofthemotherland,ofthepeople,oflabour,ofscienceandofsocialism.Itconductseducationamongthepeopleinpatriotismandcollectivism,ininternationalismandcommunismandindialecticalandhistoricalmaterialism,tocombatcapitalist,feudalandotherdecadentideas.　　Article25TheStatepromotesfamilyplanningsothatpopulationgrowthmayfittheplansforeconomicandsocialdevelopment.　　Article26TheStateprotectsandimprovestheenvironmentinwhichpeopleliveandtheecologicalenvironment.Itpreventsandcontrolspollutionandotherpublichazards.　　TheStateorganizesandencouragesafforestationandtheprotectionofforests.　　Article27AllStateorganscarryouttheprincipleofsimpleandefficientadministration,thesystemofresponsibilityforworkandthesystemoftrainingfunctionariesandappraisingtheirperformanceinorderconstantlytoimprovethequalityofworkandefficiencyandcombatbureaucratism.　　AllStateorgansandfunctionariesmustrelyonthesupportofthepeople,keepinclosetouchwiththem,heedtheiropinionsandsuggestions,accepttheirsupervisionanddotheirbesttoservethem.　　Article28TheStatemaintainspublicorderandsuppressestreasonableandothercounter-revolutionaryactivities;itpenalizescriminalactivitiesthatendangerpublicsecurityanddisruptthesocialisteconomyaswellasothercriminalactivities;anditpunishesandreformscriminals.　　Article29ThearmedforcesofthePeople'sRepublicofChinabelongtothepeople.Theirtasksaretostrengthennationaldefence,resistaggression,defendthemotherland,safeguardthepeople'speacefullabour,participateinnationalreconstructionanddotheirbesttoservethepeople.　　TheStatestrengthenstherevolutionization,modernizationandregularizationofthearmedforcesinordertoincreasenationaldefencecapability.　　Article30TheadministrativedivisionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisasfollows:　　(1)Thecountryisdividedintoprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;　　(2)Provincesandautonomousregionsaredividedintoautonomousprefectures,counties,autonomouscounties,andcities;and　　(3)Countiesandautonomouscountiesaredividedintotownships,nationalitytownships,andtowns.　　MunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandotherlargecitiesaredividedintodistrictsandcounties.Autonomousprefecturesaredividedintocounties,autonomouscounties,andcities.　　Allautonomousregions,autonomousprefecturesandautonomouscountiesarenationalautonomousareas.　　Article31TheStatemayestablishspecialadministrativeregionswhennecessary.ThesystemstobeinstitutedinspecialadministrativeregionsshallbeprescribedbylawenactedbytheNationalPeople'sCongressinthelightofspecificconditions.　　Article32ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaprotectsthelawfulrightsandinterestsofforeignerswithinChineseterritory;foreignersonChineseterritorymustabidebythelawsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.　　ThePeople'sRepublicofChinamaygrantasylumtoforeignerswhorequestitforpoliticalreasons. ChapterIITheFundamentalRightsandDutiesofCitizens　　Article33AllpersonsholdingthenationalityofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaarecitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.　　AllcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareequalbeforethelaw.　　EverycitizenisentitledtotherightsandatthesametimemustperformthedutiesprescribedbytheConstitutionandotherlaws.　　Article34AllcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhohavereachedtheageof18havetherighttovoteandstandforelection,regardlessofethnicstatus,race,sex,occupation,familybackground,religiousbelief,education,propertystatusorlengthofresidence,exceptpersonsdeprivedofpoliticalrightsaccordingtolaw.　　Article35CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaenjoyfreedomofspeech,ofthepress,ofassembly,ofassociation,ofprocessionandofdemonstration.　　Article36CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaenjoyfreedomofreligiousbelief.　　NoStateorgan,publicorganizationorindividualmaycompelcitizenstobelievein,ornottobelievein,anyreligion;normaytheydiscriminateagainstcitizenswhobelievein,ordonotbelievein,anyreligion.　　TheStateprotectsnormalreligiousactivities.Noonemaymakeuseofreligiontoengageinactivitiesthatdisruptpublicorder,impairthehealthofcitizensorinterferewiththeeducationalsystemoftheState.　　Religiousbodiesandreligiousaffairsarenotsubjecttoanyforeigndomination.　　Article37FreedomofthepersonofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisinviolable.　　Nocitizenmaybearrestedexceptwiththeapprovalorbydecisionofapeople'sprocuratorateorbydecisionofapeople'scourt,andarrestsmustbemadebyapublicsecurityorgan.　　Unlawfuldetentionordeprivationorrestrictionofcitizens'freedomofthepersonbyothermeansisprohibited,andunlawfulsearchofthepersonofcitizensisprohibited.　　Article38ThepersonaldignityofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisinviolable.Insult,libel,falseaccusationorfalseincriminationdirectedagainstcitizensbyanymeansisprohibited.　　Article39TheresidencesofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareinviolable.Unlawfulsearchof,orintrusioninto,acitizen'sresidenceisprohibited.　　Article40FreedomandprivacyofcorrespondenceofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareprotectedbylaw.Noorganizationorindividualmay,onanyground,infringeuponcitizens'freedomandprivacyofcorrespondence,exceptincaseswhere,tomeettheneedsofStatesecurityorofcriminalinvestigation,publicsecurityorprocuratorialorgansarepermittedtocensorcorrespondenceinaccordancewiththeproceduresprescribedbylaw.　　Article41CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavetherighttocriticizeandmakesuggestionsregardinganyStateorganorfunctionary.CitizenshavetherighttomaketorelevantStateorganscomplaintsorchargesagainst,orexposuresof,anyStateorganorfunctionaryforviolationoflaworderelictionofduty;butfabricationordistortionoffactsforpurposesoflibelorfalseincriminationisprohibited.　　TheStateorganconcernedmust,inaresponsiblemannerandbyascertainingthefacts,dealwiththecomplaints,chargesorexposuresmadebycitizens.Noonemaysuppresssuchcomplaints,chargesandexposuresorretaliateagainstthecitizensmakingthem.　　CitizenswhohavesufferedlossesasaresultofinfringementoftheircivicrightsbyanyStateorganorfunctionaryhavetherighttocompensationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw.　　Article42CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavetherightaswellasthedutytowork.　　Throughvariouschannels,theStatecreatesconditionsforemployment,enhancesoccupationalsafetyandhealth,improvesworkingconditionsand,onthebasisofexpandedproduction,increasesremunerationforworkandwelfarebenefits.　　Workisamatterofhonourforeverycitizenwhoisabletowork.AllworkingpeopleinStateenterprisesandinurbanandruraleconomiccollectivesshouldapproachtheirworkasthemastersofthecountrythattheyare.TheStatepromotessocialistlabouremulation,andcommendsandrewardsmodelandadvancedworkers.TheStateencouragescitizenstotakepartinvoluntarylabour.　　TheStateprovidesnecessaryvocationaltrainingforcitizensbeforetheyareemployed.　　Article43WorkingpeopleinthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavetherighttorest.　　TheStateexpandsfacilitiesfortherestandrecuperationoftheworkingpeopleandprescribesworkinghoursandvacationsforworkersandstaff.　　Article44TheStateappliesthesystemofretirementforworkersandstaffmembersofenterprisesandinstitutionsandforfunctionariesoforgansofStateaccordingtolaw.ThelivelihoodofretiredpersonsisensuredbytheStateandsociety.　　Article45CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavetherighttomaterialassistancefromtheStateandsocietywhentheyareold,illordisabled.TheStatedevelopssocialinsurance,socialreliefandmedicalandhealthservicesthatarerequiredforcitizenstoenjoythisright.　　TheStateandsocietyensurethelivelihoodofdisabledmembersofthearmedforces,providepensionstothefamiliesofmartyrsandgivepreferentialtreatmenttothefamiliesofmilitarypersonnel.　　TheStateandsocietyhelpmakearrangementsforthework,livelihoodandeducationoftheblind,deaf-mutesandotherhandicappedcitizens.　　Article46CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavethedutyaswellastherighttoreceiveeducation.　　TheStatepromotestheall-rounddevelopmentofchildrenandyoungpeople,morally,intellectuallyandphysically.　　Article47CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavethefreedomtoengageinscientificresearch,literaryandartisticcreationandotherculturalpursuits.TheStateencouragesandassistscreativeendeavoursconducivetotheinterestsofthepeoplethataremadebycitizensengagedineducation,science,technology,literature,artandotherculturalwork.　　Article48WomeninthePeople'sRepublicofChinaenjoyequalrightswithmeninallspheresoflife,inpolitical,economic,cultural,socialandfamilylife.　　TheStateprotectstherightsandinterestsofwomen,appliestheprincipleofequalpayforequalworktomenandwomenalikeandtrainsandselectscadresfromamongwomen.　　Article49Marriage,thefamilyandmotherandchildareprotectedbytheState.　　Bothhusbandandwifehavethedutytopractisefamilyplanning.　　Parentshavethedutytorearandeducatetheirchildrenwhoareminors,andchildrenwhohavecomeofagehavethedutytosupportandassisttheirparents.　　Violationofthefreedomofmarriageisprohibited.Maltreatmentofoldpeople,womenandchildrenisprohibited.　　Article50ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaprotectsthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofChinesenationalsresidingabroadandprotectsthelawfulrightsandinterestsofreturnedoverseasChineseandofthefamilymembersofChinesenationalsresidingabroad.　　Article51CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,inexercisingtheirfreedomsandrights,maynotinfringeupontheinterestsoftheState,ofsocietyorofthecollective,oruponthelawfulfreedomsandrightsofothercitizens.　　Article52ItisthedutyofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinatosafeguardtheunificationofthecountryandtheunityofallitsnationalities.　　Article53CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinamustabidebytheConstitutionandotherlaws,keepStatesecrets,protectpublicproperty,observelabourdisciplineandpublicorderandrespectsocialethics.　　Article54ItisthedutyofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinatosafeguardthesecurity,honourandinterestsofthemotherland;theymustnotcommitactsdetrimentaltothesecurity,honourandinterestsofthemotherland.　　Article55ItisthesacreddutyofeverycitizenofthePeople'sRepublicofChinatodefendthemotherlandandresistaggression.　　ItisthehonourabledutyofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinatoperformmilitaryserviceandjointhemilitiainaccordancewithlaw.　　Article56ItisthedutyofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinatopaytaxesinaccordancewithlaw. ChapterIIITheStructureoftheState Section1TheNationalPeople'sCongress　　Article57TheNationalPeople'sCongressofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisthehighestorganofstatepower.ItspermanentbodyistheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　Article58TheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommitteeexercisethelegislativepoweroftheState.　　Article59TheNationalPeople'sCongressiscomposedofdeputieselectedfromtheprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandofdeputieselectedfromthearmedforces.Alltheminoritynationalitiesareentitledtoappropriaterepresentation.　　ElectionofdeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressisconductedbytheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　ThenumberofdeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressandtheprocedureoftheirelectionareprescribedbylaw.　　Article60TheNationalPeople'sCongressiselectedforatermoffiveyears.　　TheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressmustensurethecompletionofelectionofdeputiestothesucceedingNationalPeople'sCongresstwomonthspriortotheexpirationofthetermofofficeofthecurrentNationalPeople'sCongress.Shouldextraordinarycircumstancespreventsuchanelection,itmaybepostponedandthetermofofficeofthecurrentNationalPeople'sCongressextendedbythedecisionofavoteofmorethantwo-thirdsofallthoseontheStandingCommitteeofthecurrentNationalPeople'sCongress.TheelectionofdeputiestothesucceedingNationalPeople'sCongressmustbecompletedwithinoneyearaftertheterminationofsuchextraordinarycircumstances.　　Article61TheNationalPeople'sCongressmeetsinsessiononceayearandisconvenedbyitsStandingCommittee.AsessionoftheNationalPeople'sCongressmaybeconvenedatanytimetheStandingCommitteedeemsitnecessaryorwhenmorethanone-fifthofthedeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongresssopropose.　　WhentheNationalPeople'sCongressmeets,itelectsaPresidiumtoconductitssession.　　Article62TheNationalPeople'sCongressexercisesthefollowingfunctionsandpowers:　　(1)toamendtheConstitution;　　(2)tosupervisetheenforcementoftheConstitution;　　(3)toenactandamendbasiclawsgoverningcriminaloffences,civilaffairs,theStateorgansandothermatters;　　(4)toelectthePresidentandtheVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina;　　(5)todecideonthechoiceofthePremieroftheStateCounciluponnominationbythePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,andonthechoiceoftheVice-Premiers,StateCouncillors,Ministersinchargeofministriesorcommissions,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCounciluponnominationbythePremier;　　(6)toelecttheChairmanoftheCentralMilitaryCommissionand,uponnominationbytheChairman,todecideonthechoiceofallothermembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission;　　(7)toelectthePresidentoftheSupremePeople'sCourt;　　(8)toelecttheProcurator-GeneraloftheSupremePeople'sProcuratorate;　　(9)toexamineandapprovetheplanfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthereportonitsimplementation;　　(10)toexamineandapprovetheStatebudgetandthereportonitsimplementation;　　(11)toalterorannulinappropriatedecisionsoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress;　　(12)toapprovetheestablishmentofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;　　(13)todecideontheestablishmentofspecialadministrativeregionsandthesystemstobeinstitutedthere;　　(14)todecideonquestionsofwarandpeace;and　　(15)toexercisesuchotherfunctionsandpowersasthehighestorganofstatepowershouldexercise.　　Article63TheNationalPeople'sCongresshasthepowertoremovefromofficethefollowingpersons:　　(1)thePresidentandtheVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina;　　(2)thePremier,Vice-Premiers,StateCouncillors,Ministersinchargeofministriesorcommissions,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncil;　　(3)theChairmanoftheCentralMilitaryCommissionandothermembersoftheCommission;　　(4)thePresidentoftheSupremePeople'sCourt;and　　(5)theProcurator-GeneraloftheSupremePeople'sProcuratorate.　　Article64AmendmentstotheConstitutionaretobeproposedbytheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressorbymorethanone-fifthofthedeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressandadoptedbyavoteofmorethantwo-thirdsofallthedeputiestotheCongress.　　LawsandresolutionsaretobeadoptedbyamajorityvoteofallthedeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　Article65TheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressiscomposedofthefollowing:　　theChairman;　　theVice-Chairmen;　　theSecretary-General;and　　themembers.　　MinoritynationalitiesareentitledtoappropriaterepresentationontheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　TheNationalPeople'sCongresselects,andhasthepowertorecall,membersofitsStandingCommittee.　　NooneontheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressshallholdofficeinanyoftheadministrative,judicialorprocuratorialorgansoftheState.　　Article66TheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressiselectedforthesametermastheNationalPeople'sCongress;itshallexerciseitsfunctionsandpowersuntilanewStandingCommitteeiselectedbythesucceedingNationalPeople'sCongress.　　TheChairmanandVice-ChairmenoftheStandingCommitteeshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.　　Article67TheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressexercisesthefollowingfunctionsandpowers:　　(1)tointerprettheConstitutionandsuperviseitsenforcement;　　(2)toenactandamendlaws,withtheexceptionofthosewhichshouldbeenactedbytheNationalPeople'sCongress;　　(3)topartiallysupplementandamend,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,lawsenactedbytheNationalPeople'sCongress,providedthatthebasicprinciplesoftheselawsarenotcontravened;　　(4)tointerpretlaws;　　(5)toreviewandapprove,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,partialadjustmentstotheplanfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentortotheStatebudgetthatprovenecessaryinthecourseoftheirimplementation;　　(6)tosupervisetheworkoftheStateCouncil,theCentralMilitaryCommission,theSupremePeople'sCourtandtheSupremePeople'sProcuratorate;　　(7)toannulthoseadministrativeregulations,decisionsorordersoftheStateCouncilthatcontravenetheConstitutionorotherlaws;　　(8)toannulthoselocalregulationsordecisionsoftheorgansofstatepowerofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentthatcontravenetheConstitution,otherlawsoradministrativeregulations;　　(9)todecide,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,onthechoiceofMinistersinchargeofministriesorcommissions,theAuditor-GeneralortheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCounciluponnominationbythePremieroftheStateCouncil;　　(10)todecide,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,onthechoiceofothermembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommissionuponnominationbytheChairmanoftheCommission;　　(11)toappointorremove,attherecommendationofthePresidentoftheSupremePeople'sCourt,theVice-PresidentsandJudgesoftheSupremePeople'sCourt,membersofitsJudicialCommitteeandthePresidentoftheMilitaryCourt;　　(12)toappointorremove,attherecommendationoftheProcurator-GeneraloftheSupremePeople'sProcuratorate,theDeputyProcurators-GeneralandprocuratorsoftheSupremePeople'sProcuratorate,membersofitsProcuratorialCommitteeandtheChiefProcuratoroftheMilitaryProcuratorate,andtoapprovetheappointmentorremovalofthechiefprocuratorsofthepeople'sprocuratoratesofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;　　(13)todecideontheappointmentorrecallofplenipotentiaryrepresentativesabroad;　　(14)todecideontheratificationorabrogationoftreatiesandimportantagreementsconcludedwithforeignstates;　　(15)toinstitutesystemsoftitlesandranksformilitaryanddiplomaticpersonnelandofotherspecifictitlesandranks;　　(16)toinstituteStatemedalsandtitlesofhonouranddecideontheirconferment;　　(17)todecideonthegrantingofspecialpardons;　　(18)todecide,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,ontheproclamationofastateofwarintheeventofanarmedattackonthecountryorinfulfillmentofinternationaltreatyobligationsconcerningcommondefenceagainstaggression;　　(19)todecideongeneralorpartialmobilization;　　(20)todecideontheimpositionofmartiallawthroughoutthecountryorinparticularprovinces,autonomousregions,ormunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;and　　(21)toexercisesuchotherfunctionsandpowersastheNationalPeople'sCongressmayassigntoit.　　Article68TheChairmanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressdirectstheworkoftheStandingCommitteeandconvenesitsmeetings.TheVice-ChairmenandtheSecretary-GeneralassisttheChairmaninhiswork.　　TheChairman,theVice-ChairmenandtheSecretary-GeneralconstitutetheCouncilofChairmenwhichhandlestheimportantday-to-dayworkoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　Article69TheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressisresponsibletotheNationalPeople'sCongressandreportsonitsworktotheCongress.　　Article70TheNationalPeople'sCongressestablishesaNationalitiesCommittee,aLawCommittee,aFinanceandEconomicCommittee,anEducation,Science,CultureandPublicHealthCommittee,aForeignAffairsCommittee,anOverseasChineseCommitteeandsuchotherspecialcommitteesasarenecessary.ThesespecialcommitteesworkunderthedirectionoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongresswhentheCongressisnotinsession.　　Thespecialcommitteesexamine,discussanddrawuprelevantbillsanddraftresolutionsunderthedirectionoftheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee.　　Article71TheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommitteemay,whentheydeemitnecessary,appointcommitteesofinquiryintospecificquestionsandadoptrelevantresolutionsinthelightoftheirreports.　　AllorgansofState,publicorganizationsandcitizensconcernedareobligedtofurnishthenecessaryinformationtothecommitteesofinquirywhentheyconductinvestigations.　　Article72DeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressandmembersofitsStandingCommitteehavetheright,inaccordancewithproceduresprescribedbylaw,tosubmitbillsandproposalswithinthescopeoftherespectivefunctionsandpowersoftheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee.　　Article73DeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressandmembersoftheStandingCommitteehavetheright,duringthesessionsoftheCongressandthemeetingsoftheCommittee,toaddressquestions,inaccordancewithproceduresprescribedbylaw,totheStateCouncilortheministriesandcommissionsundertheStateCouncil,whichmustanswerthequestionsinaresponsiblemanner.　　Article74NodeputytotheNationalPeople'sCongressmaybearrestedorplacedoncriminaltrialwithouttheconsentofthePresidiumofthecurrentsessionoftheNationalPeople'sCongressor,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,withouttheconsentofitsStandingCommittee.　　Article75DeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressmaynotbeheldlegallyliablefortheirspeechesorvotesatitsmeetings.　　Article76DeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressmustplayanexemplaryroleinabidingbytheConstitutionandotherlawsandkeepingStatesecretsand,inpublicactivities,productionandotherwork,assistintheenforcementoftheConstitutionandotherlaws.　　DeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressshouldmaintainclosecontactwiththeunitswhichelectedthemandwiththepeople,heedandconveytheopinionsanddemandsofthepeopleandworkhardtoservethem.　　Article77DeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongressaresubjecttosupervisionbytheunitswhichelectedthem.Theelectoralunitshavethepower,throughproceduresprescribedbylaw,torecalldeputiestheyelected.　　Article78TheorganizationandworkingproceduresoftheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommitteeareprescribedbylaw. Section2ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina　　Article79ThePresidentandVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareelectedbytheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　CitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhohavetherighttovoteandtostandforelectionandwhohavereachedtheageof45areeligibleforelectionasPresidentorVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.　　ThetermofofficeofthePresidentandVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,andtheyshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.　　Article80ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,inpursuanceofthedecisionsoftheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee,promulgatesstatutes,appointsorremovesthePremier,Vice-Premiers,StateCouncillors,Ministersinchargeofministriesorcommissions,theAuditor-GeneralandtheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncil;confersStatemedalsandtitlesofhonour;issuesordersofspecialpardons;proclaimsmartiallaw;proclaimsaStateofwar;andissuesmobilizationorders.　　Article81ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinareceivesforeigndiplomaticrepresentativesonbehalfofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaand,inpursuanceofthedecisionsoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress,appointsorrecallsplenipotentiaryrepresentativesabroad,andratifiesorabrogatestreatiesandimportantagreementsconcludedwithforeignStates.　　Article82TheVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaassiststhePresidentinhiswork.　　TheVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinamayexercisesuchfunctionsandpowersofthePresidentasthePresidentmayentrusttohim.　　Article83ThePresidentandVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaexercisetheirfunctionsandpowersuntilthenewPresidentandVice-PresidentelectedbythesucceedingNationalPeople'sCongressassumeoffice.　　Article84IntheeventthattheofficeofthePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinafallsvacant,theVice-PresidentsucceedstotheofficeofthePresident.　　IntheeventthattheofficeoftheVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinafallsvacant,theNationalPeople'sCongressshallelectanewVice-Presidenttofillthevacancy.　　IntheeventthattheofficesofboththePresidentandtheVice-PresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinafallvacant,theNationalPeople'sCongressshallelectanewPresidentandanewVice-President.Priortosuchelection,theChairmanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressshalltemporarilyactasthePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina. Section3TheStateCouncil　　Article85TheStateCouncil,thatis,theCentralPeople'sGovernment,ofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaistheexecutivebodyofthehighestorganofstatepower;itisthehighestorganofStateadministration.　　Article86TheStateCounciliscomposedofthefollowing:　　thePremier;　　theVice-Premiers;　　theStateCouncillors;　　theMinistersinchargeofministries;　　theMinistersinchargeofcommissions;　　theAuditor-General;and　　theSecretary-General.　　ThePremierassumesoverallresponsibilityfortheworkoftheStateCouncil.Theministersassumeoverallresponsibilityfortheworkoftheministriesandcommissions.　　TheorganizationoftheStateCouncilisprescribedbylaw.　　Article87ThetermofofficeoftheStateCouncilisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　ThePremier,Vice-PremiersandStateCouncillorsshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.　　Article88ThePremierdirectstheworkoftheStateCouncil.TheVice-PremiersandStateCouncillorsassistthePremierinhiswork.　　ExecutivemeetingsoftheStateCouncilaretobeattendedbythePremier,theVice-Premiers,theStateCouncillorsandtheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncil.　　ThePremierconvenesandpresidesovertheexecutivemeetingsandplenarymeetingsoftheStateCouncil.　　Article89TheStateCouncilexercisesthefollowingfunctionsandpowers:　　(1)toadoptadministrativemeasures,enactadministrativeregulationsandissuedecisionsandordersinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandotherlaws;　　(2)tosubmitproposalstotheNationalPeople'sCongressoritsStandingCommittee;　　(3)toformulatethetasksandresponsibilitiesoftheministriesandcommissionsoftheStateCouncil,toexerciseunifiedleadershipovertheworkoftheministriesandcommissionsandtodirectallotheradministrativeworkofanationalcharacterthatdoesnotfallwithinthejurisdictionoftheministriesandcommissions;　　(4)toexerciseunifiedleadershipovertheworkoflocalorgansofStateadministrationatvariouslevelsthroughoutthecountry,andtoformulatethedetaileddivisionoffunctionsandpowersbetweentheCentralGovernmentandtheorgansofStateadministrationofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;　　(5)todrawupandimplementtheplanfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandtheStatebudget;　　(6)todirectandadministereconomicaffairsandurbanandruraldevelopment;　　(7)todirectandadministertheaffairsofeducation,science,culture,publichealth,physicalcultureandfamilyplanning;　　(8)todirectandadministercivilaffairs,publicsecurity,judicialadministration,supervisionandotherrelatedmatters;　　(9)toconductforeignaffairsandconcludetreatiesandagreementswithforeignStates;　　(10)todirectandadministerthebuildingofnationaldefence;　　(11)todirectandadministeraffairsconcerningthenationalitiesandtosafeguardtheequalrightsofminoritynationalitiesandtherighttoautonomyofthenationalautonomousareas;　　(12)toprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofChinesenationalsresidingabroadandprotectthelawfulrightsandinterestsofreturnedoverseasChineseandofthefamilymembersofChinesenationalsresidingabroad;　　(13)toalterorannulinappropriateorders,directivesandregulationsissuedbytheministriesorcommissions;　　(14)toalterorannulinappropriatedecisionsandordersissuedbylocalorgansofStateadministrationatvariouslevels;　　(15)toapprovethegeographicdivisionofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment,andtoapprovetheestablishmentandgeographicdivisionofautonomousprefectures,counties,autonomouscounties,andcities;　　(16)todecideontheimpositionofmartiallawinpartsofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment;　　(17)toexamineanddecideonthesizeofadministrativeorgansand,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw,toappointorremoveadministrativeofficials,trainthem,appraisetheirperformanceandrewardorpunishthem;and　　(18)toexercisesuchotherfunctionsandpowersastheNationalPeople'sCongressoritsStandingCommitteemayassigntoit.　　Article90MinistersinchargeoftheministriesorcommissionsoftheStateCouncilareresponsiblefortheworkoftheirrespectivedepartmentsandtheyconveneandpresideoverministerialmeetingsorgeneralandexecutivemeetingsofthecommissionstodiscussanddecideonmajorissuesintheworkoftheirrespectivedepartments.　　Theministriesandcommissionsissueorders,directivesandregulationswithinthejurisdictionoftheirrespectivedepartmentsandinaccordancewithlawandtheadministrativeregulations,decisionsandordersissuedbytheStateCouncil.　　Article91TheStateCouncilestablishesanauditingbodytosupervisethroughauditingtherevenueandexpenditureofalldepartmentsundertheStateCouncilandofthelocalgovernmentsatvariouslevels,andtherevenueandexpenditureofallfinancialandmonetaryorganizations,enterprisesandinstitutionsoftheState.　　UnderthedirectionofthePremieroftheStateCouncilandinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw,theauditingbodyindependentlyexercisesitspowerofsupervisionthroughauditing,subjecttonointerferencebyanyotheradministrativeorganoranypublicorganizationorindividual.　　Article92TheStateCouncilisresponsibleandreportsonitsworktotheNationalPeople'sCongressor,whentheNationalPeople'sCongressisnotinsession,toitsStandingCommittee. Section4TheCentralMilitaryCommission　　Article93TheCentralMilitaryCommissionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinadirectsthearmedforcesofthecountry.　　TheCentralMilitaryCommissioniscomposedofthefollowing:　　theChairman;　　theVice-Chairmen;and　　themembers.　　TheChairmanassumesoverallresponsibilityfortheworkoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　ThetermofofficeoftheCentralMilitaryCommissionisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.　　Article94TheChairmanoftheCentralMilitaryCommissionisresponsibletotheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee. Section5TheLocalPeople'sCongressesandLocalPeople'sGovernmentatVariousLevels　　Article95People'scongressesandpeople'sgovernmentsareestablishedinprovinces,municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment,counties,cities,municipaldistricts,townships,nationalitytownships,andtowns.　　Theorganizationoflocalpeople'scongressesandlocalpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevelsisprescribedbylaw.　　Organsofself-governmentareestablishedinautonomousregions,autonomousprefecturesandautonomouscounties.Theorganizationandworkingproceduresoforgansofself-governmentareprescribedbylawinaccordancewiththebasicprincipleslaiddowninSections5and6ofChapterIIIoftheConstitution.　　Article96Localpeople'scongressesatvariouslevelsarelocalorgansofstatepower.　　Localpeople'scongressesatorabovethecountylevelestablishstandingcommittees.　　Article97Deputiestothepeople'scongressesofprovinces,municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandcitiesdividedintodistrictsareelectedbythepeople'scongressesatthenextlowerlevel;deputiestothepeople'scongressesofcounties,citiesnotdividedintodistricts,municipaldistricts,townships,nationalitytownships,andtownsareelecteddirectlybytheirconstituencies.　　Thenumberofdeputiestolocalpeople'scongressesatvariouslevelsandthemanneroftheirelectionareprescribedbylaw.　　Article98Thetermofofficeofthepeople'scongressesofprovinces,municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandcitiesdividedintodistrictsisfiveyears.Thetermofofficeofthepeople'scongressesofcounties,citiesnotdividedintodistricts,municipaldistricts,townships,nationalitytownships,andtownsisthreeyears.　　Article99Localpeople'scongressesatvariouslevelsensuretheobservanceandimplementationoftheConstitutionandotherlawsandtheadministrativeregulationsintheirrespectiveadministrativeareas.Withinthelimitsoftheirauthorityasprescribedbylaw,theyadoptandissueresolutionsandexamineanddecideonplansforlocaleconomicandculturaldevelopmentandforthedevelopmentofpublicservices.　　Localpeople'scongressesatorabovethecountylevelshallexamineandapprovetheplansforeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthebudgetsoftheirrespectiveadministrativeareasandexamineandapprovethereportsontheirimplementation.Theyhavethepowertoalterorannulinappropriatedecisionsoftheirownstandingcommittees.　　Thepeople'scongressesofnationalitytownshipsmay,withinthelimitsoftheirauthorityasprescribedbylaw,takespecificmeasuressuitedtothecharacteristicsofthenationalitiesconcerned.　　Article100Thepeople'scongressesofprovinces,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment,andtheirstandingcommitteesmayadoptlocalregulations,whichmustnotcontravenetheConstitutionandotherlawsandadministrativeregulations,andtheyshallreportsuchlocalregulationstotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressfortherecord.　　Article101Localpeople'scongressesattheirrespectivelevelselectandhavethepowertorecallgovernorsanddeputygovernors,ormayorsanddeputymayors,orheadsanddeputyheadsofcounties,districts,townshipsandtowns.　　Localpeople'scongressesatorabovethecountylevelelect,andhavethepowertorecall,presidentsofpeople'scourtsandchiefprocuratorsofpeople'sprocuratoratesatthecorrespondinglevel.Theelectionorrecallofchiefprocuratorsofpeople'sprocuratoratesshallbereportedtothechiefprocuratorsofthepeople'sprocuratoratesatthenexthigherlevelforsubmissiontothestandingcommitteesofthepeople'scongressesatthecorrespondinglevelforapproval.　　Article102Deputiestothepeople'scongressesofprovinces,municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentandcitiesdividedintodistrictsaresubjecttosupervisionbytheunitswhichelectedthem;deputiestothepeople'scongressesofcounties,citiesnotdividedintodistricts,municipaldistricts,townships,nationalitytownships,andtownsaresubjecttosupervisionbytheirconstituencies.　　Theunitsandconstituencieswhichelectdeputiestolocalpeople'scongressesatvariouslevelshavethepowertorecallthedeputiesaccordingtoproceduresprescribedbylaw.　　Article103Thestandingcommitteeofalocalpeople'scongressatorabovethecountyleveliscomposedofachairman,vice-chairmenandmembers,andisresponsibleandreportsonitsworktothepeople'scongressatthecorrespondinglevel.　　Alocalpeople'scongressatorabovethecountylevelelects,andhasthepowertorecall,membersofitsstandingcommittee.　　Nooneonthestandingcommitteeofalocalpeople'scongressatorabovethecountylevelshallholdofficeinStateadministrative,judicialandprocuratorialorgans.　　Article104Thestandingcommitteeofalocalpeople'scongressatorabovethecountyleveldiscussesanddecidesonmajorissuesinallfieldsofworkinitsadministrativearea;supervisestheworkofthepeople'sgovernment,people'scourtandpeople'sprocuratorateatthecorrespondinglevel;annulsinappropriatedecisionsandordersofthepeople'sgovernmentatthecorrespondinglevel;annulsinappropriateresolutionsofthepeople'scongressatthenextlowerlevel;decidesontheappointmentorremovaloffunctionariesofStateorganswithinthelimitsofitsauthorityasprescribedbylaw;and,whenthepeople'scongressatthecorrespondinglevelisnotinsession,recallsindividualdeputiestothepeople'scongressatthenexthigherlevelandelectsindividualdeputiestofillvacanciesinthatpeople'scongress.　　Article105Localpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevelsaretheexecutivebodiesoflocalorgansofstatepoweraswellasthelocalorgansofStateadministrationatthecorrespondinglevels.　　Governors,mayorsandheadsofcounties,districts,townshipsandtownsassumeoverallresponsibilityforlocalpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevels.　　Article106Thetermofofficeoflocalpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevelsisthesameasthatofthepeople'scongressesatthecorrespondinglevels.　　Article107Localpeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevel,withinthelimitsoftheirauthorityasprescribedbylaw,conductadministrativeworkconcerningtheeconomy,education,science,culture,publichealth,physicalculture,urbanandruraldevelopment,finance,civilaffairs,publicsecurity,nationalitiesaffairs,judicialadministration,supervisionandfamilyplanningintheirrespectiveadministrativeareas;issuedecisionsandorders;appointorremoveadministrativefunctionaries,trainthem,appraisetheirperformanceandrewardorpunishthem.　　People'sgovernmentsoftownships,nationalitytownships,andtownsexecutetheresolutionsofthepeople'scongressesatthecorrespondinglevelsaswellasthedecisionsandordersoftheStateadministrativeorgansatthenexthigherlevelandconductadministrativeworkintheirrespectiveadministrativeareas.　　People'sgovernmentsofprovinces,andofmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentdecideontheestablishmentandgeographicdivisionoftownships,nationalitytownships,andtowns.　　Article108Localpeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountyleveldirecttheworkoftheirsubordinatedepartmentsandofpeople'sgovernmentsatlowerlevels,andhavethepowertoalterorannulinappropriatedecisionsoftheirsubordinatedepartmentsandofthepeople'sgovernmentsatlowerlevels.　　Article109Auditingbodiesareestablishedbylocalpeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevel.Localauditingbodiesatvariouslevels,independentlyandinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw,exercisetheirpowerofsupervisionthroughauditingandareresponsibletothepeople'sgovernmentatthecorrespondinglevelandtotheauditingbodyatthenexthigherlevel.　　Article110Localpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevelsareresponsibleandreportontheirworktopeople'scongressesatthecorrespondinglevels.Localpeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevelareresponsibleandreportontheirworktothestandingcommitteesofthepeople'scongressesatthecorrespondinglevelswhenthecongressesarenotinsession.　　Localpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevelsareresponsibleandreportontheirworktotheStateadministrativeorgansatthenexthigherlevel.Localpeople'sgovernmentsatvariouslevelsthroughoutthecountryareStateadministrativeorgansundertheunifiedleadershipoftheStateCouncilandaresubordinatetoit.　　Article111Theresidentscommitteesandvillagerscommitteesestablishedamongurbanandruralresidentsonthebasisoftheirplaceofresidencearemassorganizationsofself-managementatthegrass-rootslevel.Thechairman,vice-chairmenandmembersofeachresidentsorvillagerscommitteeareelectedbytheresidents.Therelationshipbetweentheresidentsandvillagerscommitteesandthegrass-rootsorgansofstatepowerisprescribedbylaw.　　Theresidentsandvillagerscommitteesestablishsub-committeesforpeople'smediation,publicsecurity,publichealthandothermattersinordertomanagepublicaffairsandsocialservicesintheirareas,mediatecivildisputes,helpmaintainpublicorderandconveyresidents'opinionsanddemandsandmakesuggestionstothepeople'sgovernment. Section6TheOrgansofSelf-GovernmentofNationalAutonomousAreas　　Article112Theorgansofself-governmentofnationalautonomousareasarethepeople'scongressesandpeople'sgovernmentsofautonomousregions,autonomousprefecturesandautonomouscounties.　　Article113Inthepeople'scongressofanautonomousregion,autonomousprefectureorautonomouscounty,inadditiontothedeputiesofthenationalityexercisingregionalautonomyintheadministrativearea,theothernationalitiesinhabitingtheareaarealsoentitledtoappropriaterepresentation.　　Amongthechairmanandvice-chairmenofthestandingcommitteeofthepeople'scongressofanautonomousregion,autonomousprefectureorautonomouscountythereshallbeoneormorecitizensofthenationalityornationalitiesexercisingregionalautonomyintheareaconcerned.　　Article114Thechairmanofanautonomousregion,theprefectofanautonomousprefectureortheheadofanautonomouscountyshallbeacitizenofthenationalityexercisingregionalautonomyintheareaconcerned.　　Article115Theorgansofself-governmentofautonomousregions,autonomousprefecturesandautonomouscountiesexercisethefunctionsandpowersoflocalorgansofStateasspecifiedinSection5ofChapterIIIoftheConstitution.Atthesametime,theyexercisethepowerofautonomywithinthelimitsoftheirauthorityasprescribedbytheConstitution,theLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonRegionalNationalAutonomyandotherlawsandimplementthelawsandpoliciesoftheStateinthelightoftheexistinglocalsituation.　　Article116Thepeople'scongressesofnationalautonomousareashavethepowertoenactregulationsontheexerciseofautonomyandotherseparateregulationsinthelightofthepolitical,economicandculturalcharacteristicsofthenationalityornationalitiesintheareasconcerned.TheregulationsontheexerciseofautonomyandotherseparateregulationsofautonomousregionsshallbesubmittedtotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressforapprovalbeforetheygointoeffect.Thoseofautonomousprefecturesandcountiesshallbesubmittedtothestandingcommitteesofthepeople'scongressesofprovincesorautonomousregionsforapprovalbeforetheygointoeffect,andtheyshallbereportedtotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressfortherecord.　　Article117Theorgansofself-governmentofthenationalautonomousareashavethepowerofautonomyinadministeringthefinancesoftheirareas.AllrevenuesaccruingtothenationalautonomousareasunderthefinancialsystemoftheStateshallbemanagedandusedbytheorgansofself-governmentofthoseareasontheirown.　　Article118Theorgansofself-governmentofthenationalautonomousareasindependentlyarrangeforandadministerlocaleconomicdevelopmentundertheguidanceofStateplans.　　Inexploitingnaturalresourcesandbuildingenterprisesinthenationalautonomousareas,theStateshallgivedueconsiderationtotheinterestsofthoseareas.　　Article119Theorgansofself-governmentofthenationalautonomousareasindependentlyadministereducational,scientific,cultural,publichealthandphysicalcultureaffairsintheirrespectiveareas,protectandsiftthroughtheculturalheritageofthenationalitiesandworkforavigorousdevelopmentoftheircultures.　　Article120Theorgansofself-governmentofthenationalautonomousareasmay,inaccordancewiththemilitarysystemoftheStateandpracticallocalneedsandwiththeapprovaloftheStateCouncil,organizelocalpublicsecurityforcesforthemaintenanceofpublicorder.　　Article121Inperformingtheirfunctions,theorgansofself-governmentofthenationalautonomousareas,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheregulationsontheexerciseofautonomyinthoseareas,employthespokenandwrittenlanguageorlanguagesincommonuseinthelocality.　　Article122TheStateprovidesfinancial,materialandtechnicalassistancetotheminoritynationalitiestohelpacceleratetheireconomicandculturaldevelopment.　　TheStatehelpsthenationalautonomousareastrainlargenumbersofcadresatvariouslevelsandspecializedpersonnelandskilledworkersofvariousprofessionsandtradesfromamongthenationalityornationalitiesinthoseareas. Section7ThePeople'sCourtsandthePeople'sProcuratorates　　Article123Thepeople'scourtsofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaarethejudicialorgansoftheState.　　Article124ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaestablishestheSupremePeople'sCourtandthepeople'scourtsatvariouslocallevels,militarycourtsandotherspecialpeople'scourts.　　ThetermofofficeofthePresidentoftheSupremePeople'sCourtisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.ThePresidentshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.　　Theorganizationofthepeople'scourtsisprescribedbylaw.　　Article125Exceptinspecialcircumstancesasspecifiedbylaw,allcasesinthepeople'scourtsareheardinpublic.Theaccusedhastherighttodefence.　　Article126Thepeople'scourtsexercisejudicialpowerindependently,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw,andarenotsubjecttointerferencebyanyadministrativeorgan,publicorganizationorindividual.　　Article127TheSupremePeople'sCourtisthehighestjudicialorgan.　　TheSupremePeople'sCourtsupervisestheadministrationofjusticebythepeople'scourtsatvariouslocallevelsandbythespecialpeople'scourts.People'scourtsathigherlevelssupervisetheadministrationofjusticebythoseatlowerlevels.　　Article128TheSupremePeople'sCourtisresponsibletotheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee.Localpeople'scourtsatvariouslevelsareresponsibletotheorgansofstatepowerwhichcreatedthem.　　Article129Thepeople'sprocuratoratesofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaareStateorgansforlegalsupervision.　　Article130ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaestablishestheSupremePeople'sProcuratorateandthepeople'sprocuratoratesatvariouslocallevels,militaryprocuratoratesandotherspecialpeople'sprocuratorates.　　ThetermofofficeoftheProcurator-GeneraloftheSupremePeople'sProcuratorateisthesameasthatoftheNationalPeople'sCongress;theProcurator-Generalshallservenomorethantwoconsecutiveterms.　　Theorganizationofthepeople'sprocuratoratesisprescribedbylaw.　　Article131Thepeople'sprocuratoratesexerciseprocuratorialpowerindependently,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoflaw,andarenotsubjecttointerferencebyanyadministrativeorgan,publicorganizationorindividual.　　Article132TheSupremePeople'sProcuratorateisthehighestprocuratorialorgan.　　TheSupremePeople'sProcuratoratedirectstheworkofthepeople'sprocuratoratesatvariouslocallevelsandofthespecialpeople'sprocuratorates.People'sprocuratoratesathigherlevelsdirecttheworkofthoseatlowerlevels.　　Article133TheSupremePeople'sProcuratorateisresponsibletotheNationalPeople'sCongressanditsStandingCommittee.People'sprocuratoratesatvariouslocallevelsareresponsibletotheorgansofstatepowerwhichcreatedthemandtothepeople'sprocuratoratesathigherlevels.　　Article134CitizensofallChina'snationalitieshavetherighttousetheirnativespokenandwrittenlanguagesincourtproceedings.Thepeople'scourtsandpeople'sprocuratoratesshouldprovidetranslationforanypartytothecourtproceedingswhoisnotfamiliarwiththespokenorwrittenlanguagescommonlyusedinthelocality.　　Inanareawherepeopleofaminoritynationalityliveinaconcentratedcommunityorwhereanumberofnationalitieslivetogether,courthearingsshouldbeconductedinthelanguageorlanguagescommonlyusedinthelocality;indictments,judgments,noticesandotherdocumentsshouldbewritten,accordingtoactualneeds,inthelanguageorlanguagescommonlyusedinthelocality.　　Article135Thepeople'scourts,thepeople'sprocuratoratesandthepublicsecurityorgansshall,inhandlingcriminalcases,dividetheirfunctions,eachtakingresponsibilityforitsownwork,andtheyshallcoordinatetheireffortsandcheckeachothertoensurethecorrectandeffectiveenforcementoflaw. ChapterIVTheNationalFlag,theNationalEmblemandtheCapital　　Article136ThenationalflagofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisaredflagwithfivestars.　　Article137ThenationalemblemofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaconsistsofanimageofTian'anmeninitscentreilluminatedbyfivestarsandencircledbyearsofgrainandacogwheel.　　Article138ThecapitalofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisBeijing. 责任编辑：余晨 <