Sally–Anne test - Wikipedia

The Sally–Anne test is a psychological test, used in developmental psychology to measure a person's social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs to ... Sally–Annetest FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Psychologicaltest TheoriginalSally-AnnecartoonusedinthetestbyBaron-Cohen,LeslieandFrith(1985) TheSally–Annetestisapsychologicaltest,usedindevelopmentalpsychologytomeasureaperson'ssocialcognitiveabilitytoattributefalsebeliefstoothers.[1]TheflagshipimplementationoftheSally–AnnetestwasbySimonBaron-Cohen,AlanM.Leslie,andUtaFrith(1985);[2]in1988,LeslieandFrithrepeatedtheexperimentwithhumanactors(ratherthandolls)andfoundsimilarresults.[3] Contents 1Testdescription 2Outcomes 3Criticism 4Inotherhominids 5References Testdescription[edit] Todevelopanefficacioustest,Baron-Cohenetal.modifiedthepuppetplayparadigmofWimmerandPerner(1983),inwhichpuppetsrepresenttangiblecharactersinastory,ratherthanhypotheticalcharactersofpurestorytelling.IntheBaron-Cohen,Leslie,andFrithstudyoftheoryofmindinautism,61children—20ofwhomwerediagnosedautisticunderestablishedcriteria,14withDownsyndromeand27ofwhomweredeterminedasclinicallyunimpaired—weretestedwith"Sally"and"Anne".[2] Inthetestprocess,afterintroducingthedolls,thechildisaskedthecontrolquestionofrecallingtheirnames(theNamingQuestion).Ashortskitisthenenacted;Sallytakesamarbleandhidesitinherbasket.Shethen"leaves"theroomandgoesforawalk.Whilesheisaway,AnnetakesthemarbleoutofSally'sbasketandputsitinherownbox.Sallyisthenreintroducedandthechildisaskedthekeyquestion,theBeliefQuestion:"WherewillSallylookforhermarble?"[2] Outcomes[edit] Foraparticipanttopassthistest,theymustanswertheBeliefQuestioncorrectlybyindicatingthatSallybelievesthatthemarbleisinherownbasket.ThisansweriscontinuouswithSally'sperspective,butnotwiththeparticipant'sown.Iftheparticipantcannottakeanalternativeperspective,theywillindicatethatSallyhascausetobelieve,astheparticipantdoes,thatthemarblehasmoved.PassingthetestisthusseenasthemanifestationofaparticipantunderstandingthatSallyhasherownbeliefsthatmaynotcorrelatewithreality;thisisthecorerequirementoftheoryofmind.[4] IntheBaron-Cohenetal.(1985)study,23ofthe27clinicallyunimpairedchildren(85%)and12ofthe14childrenwithDownSyndrome(86%)answeredtheBeliefQuestioncorrectly.However,onlyfourofthe20childrenwithAutism(20%)answeredcorrectly.Overall,childrenundertheageoffour,alongwithmostautisticchildren(ofolderages),answeredtheBeliefQuestionwith"Anne'sbox",seeminglyunawarethatSallydoesnotknowhermarblehasbeenmoved.[2] Thetestisbynomeansfullyconclusive;however,itsapplicationistellingaboutsocialdevelopmenttrendsinautism. Criticism[edit] WhileBaron-Cohenetal.'sdatahavebeenpurportedtoindicatealackoftheoryofmindinautisticchildren,thereareotherpossiblefactorsaffectingthem.Forinstance,autisticindividualsmaypassthecognitivelysimplerrecalltask,butlanguageissuesinbothautisticchildrenanddeafcontrolstendtoconfoundresults.[5] Ruffman,Garnham,andRideout(2001)furtherinvestigatedlinksbetweentheSally–Annetestandautismintermsofeyegazeasasocialcommunicativefunction.Theyaddedathirdpossiblelocationforthemarble:thepocketoftheinvestigator.Whenautisticchildrenandchildrenwithmoderatelearningdisabilitiesweretestedinthisformat,theyfoundthatbothgroupsansweredtheBeliefQuestionequallywell;however,participantswithmoderatelearningdisabilitiesreliablylookedatthecorrectlocationofthemarble,whileautisticparticipantsdidnot,eveniftheautisticparticipantansweredthequestioncorrectly.[6]Theseresultsmaybeanexpressionofthesocialdeficitsrelevanttoautism. Tager-Flusberg(2007)statesthatinspiteoftheempiricalfindingswiththeSally-Annetask,thereisagrowinguncertaintyamongscientistsabouttheimportanceoftheunderlyingtheory-of-mindhypothesisofautism.Inallstudiesthathavebeendone,somechildrenwithautismpassfalse-belieftaskssuchasSally-Anne.[7] Inotherhominids[edit] Eyetrackingofchimpanzees,bonobos,andorangutanssuggeststhatallthreeanticipatethefalsebeliefsofasubjectinaKingKongsuit,andpasstheSally–Annetest.[8][9] References[edit] ^Wimmer,Heinz;Perner,Josef(January1983)."Beliefsaboutbeliefs:Representationandconstrainingfunctionofwrongbeliefsinyoungchildren'sunderstandingofdeception".Cognition.13(1):103–128.doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5.PMID 6681741.S2CID 17014009. ^abcdBaron-Cohen,Simon;Leslie,AlanM.;Frith,Uta(October1985)."Doestheautisticchildhavea"theoryofmind"?".Cognition.21(1):37–46.doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8.PMID 2934210.S2CID 14955234.Pdf. ^Leslie,AlanM.;Frith,Uta(November1988)."Autisticchildren'sunderstandingofseeing,knowingandbelieving".BritishJournalofDevelopmentalPsychology.6(4):315–324.doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1988.tb01104.x. ^Premack,David;Woodruff,Guy(December1978)."Doesthechimpanzeehaveatheoryofmind?".BehavioralandBrainSciences.1(4):515–526.doi:10.1017/S0140525X00076512. ^"AutismandTheoryofMind:ATheoryinTransition".www.jeramyt.org.Retrieved9October2016. ^Ruffman,Ted;Garnham,Wendy;Rideout,Paul(November2001)."Socialunderstandinginautism:eyegazeasameasureofcoreinsights".JournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry.42(8):1083–1094.doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00807.PMID 11806690. ^Tager-Flusberg,Helen(December2007)."Evaluatingthetheory-of-mindhypothesisofautism".CurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience.16(6):311–315.doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00527.x.S2CID 16474678. ^Krupenye,Christopher;Kano,Fumihiro;Hirata,Satoshi;Call,Josep;Tomasello,Michael(2016-10-07)."Greatapesanticipatethatotherindividualswillactaccordingtofalsebeliefs".Science.354(6308):110–114.Bibcode:2016Sci...354..110K.doi:10.1126/science.aaf8110.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 27846501. ^Devlin,Hannah(2016-10-06)."Apescanguesswhatothersarethinking-justlikehumans,studyfinds".TheGuardian.ISSN 0261-3077.Retrieved2016-10-09. 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