Imprinting (psychology) - Wikipedia

In psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour. Imprinting(psychology) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Kindsoflearningoccurringataparticularageoraparticularlifestage Forotheruses,seeImprinting(disambiguation). Inpsychologyandethology,imprintingisanykindofphase-sensitivelearning(learningoccurringataparticularageoraparticularlifestage)thatisrapidandapparentlyindependentoftheconsequencesofbehaviour.Itwasfirstusedtodescribesituationsinwhichananimalorpersonlearnsthecharacteristicsofsomestimulus,whichisthereforesaidtobe"imprinted"ontothesubject.Imprintingishypothesizedtohaveacriticalperiod. Contents 1Filialimprinting 2Sexualimprinting 3Limbicimprinting 4Westermarckeffect 5Babyducksyndrome 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Filialimprinting[edit] Thebest-knownformofimprintingisfilialimprinting,inwhichayounganimalnarrowsitssocialpreferencestoanobject(typicallyaparent)asaresultofexposuretothatobject.Itismostobviousinnidifugousbirds,whichimprintontheirparentsandthenfollowthemaround.[1]Itwasfirstreportedindomesticchickens,bySirThomasMorein1516asdescribedinhistreatiseUtopia,350 yearsearlierthanbythe19th-centuryamateurbiologistDouglasSpalding.ItwasrediscoveredbytheearlyethologistOskarHeinroth,andstudiedextensivelyandpopularizedbyhisdiscipleKonradLorenzworkingwithgreylaggeese.[2] Lorenzdemonstratedhowincubator-hatchedgeesewouldimprintonthefirstsuitablemovingstimulustheysawwithinwhathecalleda"criticalperiod"between13and16hoursshortlyafterhatching.Forexample,thegoslingswouldimprintonLorenzhimself(tobemorespecific,onhiswadingboots),andheisoftendepictedbeingfollowedbyagaggleofgeesewhohadimprintedonhim.Lorenzalsofoundthatthegeesecouldimprintoninanimateobjects.Inonenotableexperiment,theyfollowedaboxplacedonamodeltrainincirclesaroundthetrack.[2]Filialimprintingisnotrestrictedtonon-humananimalsthatareabletofollowtheirparents,however. ThefilialimprintingofbirdswasaprimarytechniqueusedtocreatethemovieWingedMigration(LePeupleMigrateur),whichcontainsagreatdealoffootageofmigratorybirdsinflight.Thebirdsimprintedonhandlers,whoworeyellowjacketsandhonkedhornsconstantly.Thebirdswerethentrainedtoflyalongwithavarietyofaircraft,primarilyultralights. ImprintedCanadageese(Brantacanadensis)andcommoncrane(Grusgrus)flyingwithanultralightaircraft TheItalianhang-gliderpilotAngelod'Arrigoextendedthistechnique.D'Arrigonotedthattheflightofanon-motorisedhang-gliderisverysimilartotheflightpatternsofmigratorybirds;bothuseupdraftsofhotair(thermalcurrents)togainaltitudethatthenpermitssoaringflightoverdistance.Heusedthistoreintroducethreatenedspeciesofraptors.[3]Becausebirdshatchedincaptivityhavenomentorbirdstoteachthemtraditionalmigratoryroutes,D'Arrigohatchedchicksunderthewingofhisgliderandtheyimprintedonhim.Then,hetaughtthefledglingstoflyandtohunt.Theyoungbirdsfollowedhimnotonlyontheground(aswithLorenz)butalsointheairashetookthepathofvariousmigratoryroutes.HeflewacrosstheSaharaandovertheMediterraneanSeatoSicilywitheagles,fromSiberiatoIran(5,500 km)withaflockofSiberiancranes,andoverMountEverestwithNepaleseeagles.In2006,heworkedwithacondorinSouthAmerica.[3] Inasimilarproject,orphanedCanadageeseweretrainedtotheirnormalmigrationroutebytheCanadianultralightenthusiastBillLishman,asshowninthefact-basedmoviedramaFlyAwayHome. Chicksofdomesticchickensprefertobenearlargegroupsofobjectsthattheyhaveimprintedon.Thisbehaviourwasusedtodeterminethatveryyoungchicksofafewdaysoldhaverudimentarycountingskills.Inaseriesofexperiments,theyweremadetoimprintonplasticballsandcouldfigureoutwhichoftwogroupsofballshiddenbehindscreenshadthemostballs.[4] Americancootmothershavetheabilitytorecognizetheirchicksbyimprintingoncuesfromthefirstchickthathatches.Thisallowsmotherstodistinguishtheirchicksfromparasiticchicks. Theperegrinefalconhasalsobeenknowntoimprintonspecificstructuresfortheirbreedinggroundssuchascliffsidesandbridgesandthuswillfavourthatlocationforbreeding.[5] Sexualimprinting[edit] Seealso:Westermarckeffect Sexualimprintingistheprocessbywhichayounganimallearnsthecharacteristicsofadesirablemate.Forexample,malezebrafinchesappeartoprefermateswiththeappearanceofthefemalebirdthatrearsthem,ratherthanthatofthebirthparentwhentheyaredifferent.[6] Sexualattractiontohumanscandevelopinnon-humanmammalsorbirdsasaresultofsexualimprintingwhenrearedfromyoungbyhumans.OneexampleisLondonZoofemalegiantpandaChiChi.WhentakentoMoscowZooformatingwiththemalegiantpandaAnAn,sherefusedhisattemptstomatewithher,butmadeafullsexualself-presentationtoazookeeper.[7][8] Itcommonlyoccursinfalconrybirdsrearedfromhatchingbyhumans.Suchbirdsarecalled"imprints"infalconry.Whenanimprintmustbebredfrom,thebreederletsthemalebirdcopulatewiththeirheadwhiletheyarewearingaspecialhatwithpocketsontocatchthemalebird'ssemen.Thebreederthencourtsasuitableimprintfemalebird(includingofferingfood,ifitispartofthatspecies'snormalcourtship).At"copulation",thebreederputstheflatofonehandonthefemalebird'sbacktorepresenttheweightofamalebird,andwiththeotherhandusesapipette,orahypodermicsyringewithoutaneedle,tosquirtthesemenintothefemale'scloaca.[9][10] Sexualimprintingoninanimateobjectsisapopulartheoryconcerningthedevelopmentofsexualfetishism.[11]Forexample,accordingtothistheory,imprintingonshoesorboots(aswithKonradLorenz'sgeese)wouldbethecauseofshoefetishism.[citationneeded] Limbicimprinting[edit] Mainarticle:Limbicimprint Somesuggestthatprenatal,perinatalandpost-natalexperiencesleaveimprintsuponthelimbicsystem,causinglifelongeffectsandthisprocessisidentifiedaslimbicimprinting.[12]Thetermisalsodescribedasthehumanemotionalmap,deep-seatedbeliefs,andvaluesthatarestoredinthebrain'slimbicsystemandgovernpeople'slivesatthesubconsciouslevel.[13]It isoneofthesuggestedexplanationsfortheclaimthattheexperiencesofaninfant,particularlyduringthefirsttwoyearsofhislife,contributetohislifelongpsychologicaldevelopment.[14]Imprintedgenescanhaveastoundingeffectsonbodysize,brainsize,andtheprocessinwhichthebrainorganizesitsprocesses.Evolutionarytrendswithintheanimalkingdomhavebeenshowntoshowsubstantiveincreaseinthefore-brainparticularlytowardsthelimbicsystem,thisevolutionhasevenbeenthoughtoftohaveamutativeeffectonthebrainsizetricklingdownthehumanancestry.[15] Westermarckeffect[edit] Mainarticle:Westermarckeffect Reversesexualimprintingisalsoseenininstanceswheretwopeoplewholiveindomesticproximityduringthefirstfewyearsinthelifeofeitheronebecomedesensitizedtolaterclosesexualattraction.Thisphenomenon,knownastheWestermarckeffect,wasfirstformallydescribedbyFinnishanthropologistEdvardWestermarckinhisbookTheHistoryofHumanMarriage(1891).TheWestermarckeffecthassincebeenobservedinmanyplacesandcultures,includingintheIsraelikibbutzsystem,andtheChineseshim-puamarriagecustoms,aswellasinbiological-relatedfamilies. InthecaseoftheIsraelikibbutzim(collectivefarms),childrenwererearedsomewhatcommunallyinpeergroups,basedonage,notbiologicalrelation.Astudyofthemarriagepatternsofthesechildrenlaterinliferevealedthatoutofthenearly3,000marriagesthatoccurredacrossthekibbutzsystem,onlyfourteenwerebetweenchildrenfromthesamepeergroup.Ofthosefourteen,nonehadbeenrearedtogetherduringthefirstsixyearsoflife.ThisresultprovidesevidencenotonlythattheWestermarckeffectisdemonstrablebutthatitoperatesduringtheperiodfrombirthtotheageofsix.[16]However,EranShorandDalitSimchaiclaimedthatthecaseofthekibbutzimactuallyprovideslittlesupportfortheWestermarckeffect.[17] Whenproximityduringthiscriticalperioddoesnotoccur—forexample,whereabrotherandsisterarebroughtupseparately,nevermeetingoneanother—theymayfindoneanotherhighlysexuallyattractivewhentheymeetasadults.[18]Thisphenomenonisknownasgeneticsexualattraction.ThisobservationsupportsthehypothesisthattheWestermarckeffectevolvedbecauseitsuppressedinbreeding.Thisattractionmayalsobeseenwithcousincouples. SigmundFreudarguedthataschildren,membersofthesamefamilynaturallylustforoneanother,makingitnecessaryforsocietiestocreateincesttaboos,[19]butWestermarckarguedthereverse,thatthetaboosthemselvesarisenaturallyasproductsofinnateattitudes.StevenPinkerhaswrittenthatFreud'sconceptionofanurgetoincestmayhavederivedfromFreud'sowneroticreactiontohismotherasaboy(attestedinFreud'sownwritings),andspeculatesthatFreud'sreactionmayhavebeenduetolackofintimacywithhismotherinearlychildhood,asFreudwaswet-nursed.[20] Babyducksyndrome[edit] Ducklingsfollowingtheirmother. Inhuman–computerinteraction,babyducksyndromedenotesthetendencyforcomputerusersto"imprint"onthefirstsystemtheylearn,thenjudgeothersystemsbytheirsimilaritytothatfirstsystem.Theresultisthat"usersgenerallyprefersystemssimilartothosetheylearnedonanddislikeunfamiliarsystems".[21]Theissuemaypresentitselfrelativelyearlyinacomputeruser'sexperience,andithasbeenobservedtoimpedeeducationofstudentsinnewsoftwaresystemsoruserinterfaces.[22] Seealso[edit] IvanPavlov Kinrecognition Kinselection Attachmenttheory Imprinting(organizationaltheory) Psychicalinertia References[edit] ^Harding,Naomi(June13,2016)."Howdoesanimalimprintingwork?".animalanswers.co.uk.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober12,2016. ^abT.L.Brink.(2008)Psychology:AStudentFriendlyApproach."Unit12:DevelopmentalPsychology."pp.268 ^abDavidson,Phil(March31,2006)."Angelod'Arrigo".TheGuardian. ^Rugani,Rosa;Fontanari,Laura;Simoni,Eleonora;Regolin,Lucia;Vallortigara,Giorgio(2009-04-01)."Arithmeticinnewbornchicks".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB.276(1666):2451–60.doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0044.PMC 2690459.PMID 19364746. ^Devine,Ann(1994–2013)."PeregrineFalconDispersalandHabitatImprinting"(PDF):20.Retrieved24January2018.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Immelmann,Klaus(1972).Sexualandotherlong-termaspectsofimprintinginbirdsandotherspecies.AdvancesintheStudyofBehavior.Vol. 4.NewYork:AcademicPress.pp. 147–174.doi:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60009-1.ISBN 978-0-12-004504-4.ISSN 0065-3454. ^Nicholls,Henry(2011).TheWayofthePanda:TheCuriousHistoryofChina'sPoliticalAnimal.OpenRoadMedia,ISBN 978-1-4532-1773-3 ^Dobbin,Muriel(April24,1975)."D.C.zooencouragesgiantpandastoobservenation'sbirthwithown".BaltimoreSun ^"ModernCaptiveBreeding–PartII–Falconryrelatedinformation,laws,suppliesforsale".falconers.com.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonApril24,2017. ^"Beholdthefalconsexhat,aspecies-savinghumphelmet".EarthTouchNewsNetwork.Retrieved2019-08-21. ^Koksal,Falih(October2,2003)."Ananimalmodeloffetishism".BehaviourResearchandTherapy.42(12):1421–34.doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.001.PMID 15500813.RetrievedOctober2,2003. ^Tonetti-Vladimirova,Elena(2008)."LimbicImprint".InDenniston,GeorgeC.;Hodges,FrederickMansfield;Milos,MarilynFayre.CircumcisionandHumanRights.Springer.ISBN 9781402091674. ^Desjardins,Liliane(2012).TheImprintJourney:APathofLastingTransformationIntoYourAuthenticSelf.AnnArbor,MI:LovingHealingPress.pp. xiii.ISBN 9781615990870. ^Siegel,DanielJ.;Solomon,Marion(2003).HealingTrauma:Attachment,Mind,BodyandBrain.NortonSeriesonInterpersonalNeurobiology.NewYork:W.W.Norton&Company.p. 118.ISBN 9780393709179. ^Keverne,E.B.(1996)."Primatebrainevolution:geneticandfunctionalconsiderations".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesB:BiologicalSciences.263(1371):689–696.Bibcode:1996RSPSB.263..689K.doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0103.PMID 8763791.S2CID 5542058. ^Shepher,Joseph(1983).Incest:ABiosocialView.StudiesinAnthropology.NewYork:AcademicPress.ISBN 978-0-12-639460-3.LCCN 81006552. ^Shor,Eran;Simchai,Dalit(2009)."IncestAvoidance,theIncestTaboo,andSocialCohesion:RevisitingWestermarckandtheCaseoftheIsraeliKibbutzim".AmericanJournalofSociology.114(6):1803–1842.doi:10.1086/597178.PMID 19852254.S2CID 27854996. ^MANDAL,FATIKBARAN(2012-01-17).TEXTBOOKOFANIMALBEHAVIOUR.PHILearningPvt.Ltd.ISBN 9788120345195. ^Freud,S.(1913)TotemandTabooinTheStandardeditionoftheCompletePsychologicalworksofSigmundFreud,VolXIII ^StevenPinker,HowtheMindWorks. ^"Babyducksyndrome:Imprintingonyourfirstsystemmakeschangeaveryhardthing",PeterSeebach,IBMDeveloperWorks,2March2005 ^TomJ.vanWeert;RobertK.Munro(28February2003).Informaticsandthedigitalsociety:social,ethical,andcognitiveissues.Springer.pp. 121–122.ISBN 978-1-4020-7363-2. Furtherreading[edit] Paul,RobertA.(1988)."PsychoanalysisandthePropinquityTheoryofIncestAvoidance".JournalofPsychohistory.15(3):255–261. Spain,DavidH.(1987)."TheWestermarck–FreudIncest-TheoryDebate:AnEvaluationandReformation".CurrentAnthropology.28(5):623–635,643–645.doi:10.1086/203603.JSTOR 2743359.S2CID 145420633. Westermarck,EdvardA.(1921).TheHistoryofHumanMarriage(5th ed.).London:Macmillan. Externallinks[edit] Cardoso,SHandSabbatini,RME.Learningwhoisyourmother.Thebehaviorofimprinting.Brain&MindMagazine. NancyT.Burley,aresearcherintoimprintinginzebrafinches DebraLieberman,JohnToobyandLedaCosmides."Doesmoralityhaveabiologicalbasis?Anempiricaltestofthefactorsgoverningmoralsentimentsrelatingtoincest."AcceptedforpublicationinProc.R.Soc.Lond.BNovember2002.AvailableonlineatCiteseer vteLearningSimplenon-associativelearning Habituation Sensitization Associativelearning Operantconditioning Classicalconditioning Imprinting Observationallearning Insightlearning Deductivereasoning Inductivereasoning Abductivereasoning Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imprinting_(psychology)&oldid=1066311678" Categories:HumandevelopmentLearningSexualattractionHiddencategories:CS1errors:missingperiodicalArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2019Articlescontainingvideoclips Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilge한국어ՀայերենBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתҚазақшаKreyòlayisyenКыргызчаLigureMagyarNederlands日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaУкраїнськаTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks