What is Cognitive Psychology? - Definition & Theories

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, ... forTeachers forSchools forWorkingScholars® forCollegeCredit LogIn SignUp Menu Plans Plans Courses Courses AcademicCourses BusinessCourses EnglishCourses HistoryCourses HumanitiesCourses MathCourses PsychologyCourses ScienceCourses SocialScienceCourses SpanishCourses AllCourses CollegeandProfessionalCourses CollegeCredit TransferCredit ProfessionalDevelopment Exploreover 4,600 videocourses BrowseAllCourses AcademicCourses CollegeandProfessionalCourses ByGrade ByGrade ElementarySchoolCourses MiddleSchoolCourses HighSchoolCourses CollegeCourses TransferCreditsCourses GraduateandPost-GradCourses AdultEducationCourses TestPrep TestPrep TeacherCertification TeacherCertification CollegeCreditandGraduateTests CollegeCreditandGraduateTests Nursing Nursing RealEstate RealEstate AllTestPreparationCourses PRAXIS TExES CSET/CBEST FTCE GACE AllTeacherCertificationTestPrepCourses CLEP DSST AP GRE HESI TEAS NCLEX RealEstateLicenses RealEstateSales RealEstateBrokers RealEstateAppraisal Teach Teach TeachingResourcesandCurriculum StateStandardSkills LessonPlans TeacherCertification TeacherProfessionalDevelopment Tutoring Tutoring MathTutoring MathTutoring ScienceTutoring ScienceTutoring BusinessTutoring BusinessTutoring HumanitiesTutoring HumanitiesTutoring AlgebraTutoring CalculusTutoring GeometryTutoring Pre-calculusTutoring StatisticsTutoring TrigonometryTutoring AllMathTutoring BiologyTutoring ChemistryTutoring PhysicsTutoring AllScienceTutoring AccountingTutoring EconomicsTutoring FinanceTutoring AllBusinessTutoring HistoryTutoring LiteratureTutoring WritingTutoring AllHumanitiesTutoring SignUp AcademicCourses BusinessCourses EnglishCourses HistoryCourses HumanitiesCourses MathCourses PsychologyCourses ScienceCourses SocialScienceCourses SpanishCourses AllCourses CollegeandProfessionalCourses CollegeCredit TransferCredit ProfessionalDevelopment TeacherCertification PRAXIS TExES CSET/CBEST FTCE GACE AllTeacherCertificationTestPrepCourses CollegeReadiness CLEP DSST AP GRE Nursing HESI TEAS NCLEX RealEstate RealEstateLicenses RealEstateSales RealEstateBrokers RealEstateAppraisal MathTutoring AlgebraTutoring CalculusTutoring GeometryTutoring Pre-calculusTutoring StatisticsTutoring TrigonometryTutoring AllMathTutoring ScienceTutoring BiologyTutoring ChemistryTutoring PhysicsTutoring AllScienceTutoring BusinessTutoring AccountingTutoring EconomicsTutoring FinanceTutoring AllBusinessTutoring HumanitiesTutoring HistoryTutoring LiteratureTutoring WritingTutoring AllHumanitiesTutoring LessonTranscript Instructor LisaRoundy Lisahastaughtatalllevelsfromkindergartentocollegeandhasamaster'sdegreeinhumanrelations. Viewbio ExpertContributor ChristianllyCena ChristianllyhastaughtcollegePhysics,Naturalscience,Earthscience,andfacilitatedlaboratorycourses.Hehasamaster'sdegreeinPhysicsandiscurrentlypursuinghisdoctoratedegree. Viewbio Cognitivepsychologyfocusesonthewaypeopleperceive,process,andrespondstoinformation.Explorethedefinitionandtheoriesofcognitivepsychologyandlearnaboutprominentcognitive-derivedtherapies,includingrationalemotivebehaviortherapy(REBT),cognitivetherapy(CT),andcognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT). Updated:08/15/2021 Createanaccount DefinitionofCognitivePsychologyCognitivepsychologyisthebranchofpsychologythatexplorestheoperationofmentalprocessesrelatedtoperceiving,attending,thinking,language,andmemory,mainlythroughinferencesfrombehavior.Itlooksathowweprocessinformationwereceiveandhowthetreatmentofthisinformationleadstoourresponses.Inotherwords,cognitivepsychologyisinterestedinwhatishappeningwithinourmindsthatlinksstimulus(input)andresponse(output).Cognitivepsychologistsstudyinternalprocessesthatincludeperception,attention,language,memory,andthinking.Theyaskquestionslike: Howdowereceiveinformationabouttheoutsideworld? Howdowestoreandprocessinformation? Howdowesolveproblems? Howdoesabreakdowninourperceptionscauseerrorsinourthinking? Howdoerrorsinourthinkingleadtoemotionaldistressandnegativebehaviors? Anerroroccurredtryingtoloadthisvideo. Tryrefreshingthepage,orcontactcustomersupport. YoumustcCreateanaccounttocontinue watching Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher CreateYourAccountToContinueWatching Asamember,you'llalsogetunlimitedaccesstoover84,000 lessonsinmath,English,science,history,andmore.Plus,getpracticetests,quizzes,andpersonalizedcoachingtohelpyou succeed. Getunlimitedaccesstoover84,000lessons. Tryitnow Itonlytakesafewminutestosetupandyoucancancelanytime. Alreadyregistered?Loginherefor access  Back Resourcescreatedbyteachersforteachers Over30,000videolessons &teachingresources‐all inoneplace. Videolessons Quizzes&Worksheets ClassroomIntegration LessonPlans IwoulddefinitelyrecommendStudy.comtomycolleagues.It’slikeateacherwavedamagicwandanddidtheworkforme.Ifeellikeit’salifeline. JenniferB. Teacher Tryitnow Back Comingupnext: TheSocioculturalModelandAtypicalFunctioning You'reonaroll.Keepupthegoodwork! TakeQuiz Watch NextLesson  Replay Justcheckingin.Areyoustillwatching? Yes!Keepplaying. Yournextlessonwillplayin 10seconds 0:00Definitionof… 0:50OverviewofCognitive… 3:00CognitivePsychologyTheories 7:45PhasesofCBM 8:50LessonSummary Save Save Save Wanttowatchthisagainlater? LoginorsignuptoaddthislessontoaCustomCourse. LoginorSignup Timeline Autoplay Autoplay Speed Speed 134Kviews Video Quiz Course 134K views OverviewofCognitivePsychologyTheterm'cognitivepsychology'wasfirstusedbyUlricNeisserin1967.Overall,cognitivepsychologyisconsideredanacademicorresearchbaseddiscipline.However,severalprinciplesfromcognitivepsychologyhavebeenappliedinclinicalsettings(thatis,wheretherapyisdelivered)whichhaveledtothedevelopmentofspecificmethodssuchascognitivetherapy,andcognitivebehavioraltherapy(CBT).Thus,givenit'sscopeandapplicability,aspectsofithavefrequentlybeenusedinotherfieldsincludingmedicine,education,andbusiness.PsychologicalTreatmentDerivedfromCognitivePsychology/TheoriesCognitivepsychologyisgoal-orientedandproblem-focusedfromthebeginning.Imagineyouareenteringtreatmentwithacognitivepsychologist.Oneofthefirstthingsyouwillbeaskedtodoisidentifyyourproblemsandformulatespecificgoalsforyourself.Thenyouwillbehelpedtoorganizeyourproblemsinawaythatwillincreasethechancesofmeetingyourgoals.Supposethatasyouarepreparingforyourpresentationatworktomorrow,youfearyouwillfail.Becauseofthis,youareusingdistractionsaroundyouasawaytoavoidworkingonthepresentation.Thispreventsyoufrompreparingproperly,whichactuallycausesyoutofail.Youbelievethatyoufailedbecauseyouareworthless.Acognitivepsychologistwouldhelpyouexamineandthenrationalizethesituationinordertounderstandthemostvalidreasonforyourfailure.Thentheywouldteachyouhowtomakechangesthatwillhelpyousucceed.Allformsofcognitive-derivedtherapyhavethesefourcharacteristics: Acollaborativerelationshipbetweenclientandtherapist. Thebeliefthatpsychologicaldistressislargelytheresultofadisturbanceincognitiveprocesses. Afocusonchangingcognitiontoproducedesiredchangesinemotionsand/orbehavior. Atime-limitedtreatmentthatfocusesonspecificproblems. Thoughoftengroupedtogether,cognitive-derivedtherapiescanbedividedintotwoareas:cognitivetherapy(CT)andcognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT).CTandCBTareverysimilarintheirtheoryandapplication.Thedifferenceisthatcognitivetherapymostlyfocusesoneliminatingpsychologicaldistress(bydealingwithnegativethoughtsandemotions),whilecognitivebehavioraltherapytargetstheeliminationofnegativebehaviorsaswell.SpecificCognitiveDerivedTherapies/TheoriesTherearethreemajorcontributingtheoriesinthecontextofcognitivetherapy: AlbertEllis'rationalemotivebehaviortherapy(REBT) AaronBeck'scognitivetherapy(CT) DonaldMeichenbaum'scognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT) TheframeworkforREBTwasdevelopedbyAlbertEllis.Previouslycalledrationaltherapyorrationalemotivetherapy,REBTisoneofthefirstcognitivetherapies.Todayitcontinuestobeamajorapproachinthefieldofcognitivepsychology.Itmakesthebasicassumptionthatyoucontributetoyourownpsychologicalproblemsandsymptomsthroughyourinterpretations.Rationalemotivebehaviortherapyfocusesonuncoveringirrationalbeliefsthatmayleadtounhealthynegativeemotions.ItexaminesthisrelationshipthroughwhatiscalledtheA-B-Cframework. Let'sexaminetheA-B-Cframeworkwithanexample: (A)Activatingevent:Youarewalkingdownthestreet.Yourfriendwalksrightpastandignoresyou. (B)Beliefs:Youthink,'Bobmustbeangrywithmeorhewouldhavesaidhello.' (C)Consequences:Youignoreyourfriendthenexttimeyouseehimbecauseyouassumehedoesnotwanttospeaktoyou. InthisexampleyouhavetheirrationalbeliefthatBobisangrywithyou.Anirrationalbeliefisabeliefthathasnofactualbasisandisrationallyunsupported.REBTwouldhelpyoureplacethisirrationalbeliefwithamorerationalalternative.Let'sexaminehowthescenariomightunfoldwiththischange: (A)Activatingevent:Youarewalkingdownthestreet.Yourfriendwalksrightpastandignoresyou. (B)Beliefs:Youthink,'ItisunlikeBobnottosayhello,Iwonderwhatisgoingon?' (C)Consequences:YouturnandcallouttoBob.Heapologizesfornotseeingyou,butexplainsheisreallydistractedbysomething.Youmakeplanstogettogetherlaterandcatchup. AaronT.Beckdevelopedthecognitivetherapyapproachasaresultofhisresearchandclinicalexpertiseondepression.Heobservedthatmostdepressedpeoplehaveanegativeinterpretationoflifeevents.Thiseventuallyledhimtoassumethathowyoufeelisrelatedtothewayyouthinkaboutyourexperiences.Cognitivetherapysuggeststhatpsychologicaldistressiscausedbydistortedthoughtsaboutstimulithattriggeremotionalsuffering. InCT,systematicerrorsinreasoningthatleadtofaultyassumptionsandmisconceptionsarecalledcognitivedistortions.Let'sexaminethiswithanexample. Imagineyoudonotreceiveapromotionyouputinforatwork.Youmaybelievethatyouwerepassedoverforthepromotionbecauseyouareseenasincompetent.Thismaymakeyoulesslikelytoseekfuturepromotionopportunitiesandcouldevenleadtodepression.Thecognitivedistortionisyourbeliefthatyouareincompetent.Let'sexaminethedifferenceifyoureplacethisbeliefwithamorefunctionalone.Ifyoubelievethatyoudidnotreceivethepromotionbecauseyouwereupagainstverystrongcompetition,youmayhaveamoremanageablereaction.Youfeeldisappointedbutnotdepressedandarelikelytocontinueseekingapromotioninthefuture.DonaldMeichenbaumisapsychologistnotedforhiscontributionstocognitivebehaviortherapy.Hedevelopedatherapeutictechniquecalledcognitivebehaviormodification(CBM),whichfocusesonidentifyingnegativeself-talkinordertochangeunwantedbehaviors.Cognitivebehaviormodificationwasdevelopedbymergingbehaviortherapywithcognitivetherapy.Itemphasizestheinterrelatedconnectionsbetweenthoughts,emotions,andbehavior. Forexample,let'ssayyouhavetoattendameetingatworktomorrow.You'reanxiousaboutitandfearfulthatyouwillhaveapanicattackatthemeeting.Youtellyourself,'WhatifIhaveapanicattackandhavetoleavethemeeting?Iwouldbesoembarrassed.'Youcallinsicktoworkthenextdaytoavoidthemeeting.Ifyouareabletochangethesethoughts,youwillbeabletoattendtheworkmeetinginsteadofavoidingit.ChangingthesethoughtsandresultingbehaviorsusingCBMisa3-phaseprocess.Phase1:Self-observationThisphaseinvolveslisteningcloselytoyourinternaldialogue(self-talk)andobservingyourownbehaviors.Phase2:Beginnewself-talkOnceyourecognizeyournegativeself-talk,youcanbegintochangeit.Youlearnto'catch'yourselfinnegativethoughtpatternsandthenyourecreateanewandpositiveinternaldialogue.'Ican't'becomes'Itmaybedifficult,butIcan.'Phase3:LearningnewskillsNewbehaviorswilleventuallyemergeasyouidentifynegativethoughts,changethem,andalteryourresponse.Whenyournegativethoughtscontrolyou,itisdifficulttocontrolyourbehavioralresponsestoanunpleasantsituation.Cognitivebehaviormodification'sgoalistogiveyoubackthislostcontrol.Asyourthoughtschangefromnegativetopositive,youstarttobehavedifferently.Inturn,youfindthatpeoplereactdifferentlytoyouandhaveamorepositiveoutlook.LessonSummaryCognitivepsychologyisthebranchofpsychologythatexplorestheoperationofmentalprocessesrelatedtoperceiving,attending,thinking,language,andmemory,mainlythroughinferencesfrombehavior.Itlooksathowweprocessinformationwereceiveandhowthetreatmentofthisinformationleadstoourresponses.Inotherwords,cognitivepsychologyisinterestedinwhatishappeningwithinourmindsthatlinksstimulus(input)andresponse(output).Thoughoftengroupedtogether,cognitivederivedtherapiescanbedividedintotwoareas:cognitivetherapy(CT)andcognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT).Therearethreemajorcontributingtheoriesincognitive-derivedtherapies: AlbertEllis'rationalemotivebehaviortherapy(REBT) AaronBeck'scognitivetherapy(CT) DonaldMeichenbaum'scognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT) Rationalemotivebehaviortherapy(REBT)examinestherelationshipofbeliefsandemotionsthroughwhatiscalledtheA-B-Cframework,whichstandsforactivatingevent,beliefs,andconsequences.Incognitivetherapy(CT),systematicerrorsinreasoningthatleadtofaultyassumptionsandmisconceptionsarecalledcognitivedistortions.Incognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT),cognitivebehaviormodification(CBM)focusesonidentifyingnegativeself-talkinordertochangeunwantedbehaviors.LearningOutcomesAfteryouarefinishedwiththislesson,youshouldbeableto: Summarizethescopeofcognitivepsychologyandderivedtherapies Recallsomeofthequestionsthatcognitivepsychologistsmayask Statethefourcharacteristicsofthebranchesofcognitivepsychology Listthetwomajorareasofcognitivepsychologyandrelatedtreatments Discussthethreemajorcontributingtheoriesofcognitivepsychology ExplaintheABCframework Understandwhatcognitivedistortionsare OutlineCBM'sthree-phaseprocess TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount AdditionalActivities CognitivePsychologyTrueorFalseActivity Inthisactivity,youwillcheckyourknowledgeregardingthedefinitionandtheoriesofcognitivepsychology,aspresentedfromthelesson. Directions Determinewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Todothis,printorcopythispageonablankpaperandunderlineorroundtheanswer. 1.Aresponseisareactiontoaquestion,experience,orsomeothertypeofstimulus. True|False 2.Cognitivetherapyandrationalemotivebehaviortherapyarethetwomainareasthatmakeupcognitivepsychology. True|False 3.Throughhisobservations,AlbertEllisrealizedthatdepressedpeoplehaveanegativeinterpretationoflifeevents. True|False 4.Crying,ingeneral,isastimulustoeitherbeingextremelyhappyorhurt. True|False 5.Cognitivepsychologistsprovideatime-limited,educationaltreatmentthatfocusesontheunderlyingproblemsinthecognitiveprocess. True|False 6.Stimuliareeventsintheenvironmentthatinfluencebehaviorandareknownasoutputs. True|False 7.Irrationalbeliefsareinaccuratethoughtsthatusuallyreinforcenegativethinkingoremotions. True|False 8.Thethree-phaseprocessesofCBMarenamely:observingyourbehaviors,creatinganewandpositiveinternaldialogue,andacquiringnewskills. True|False 9.Cognitivedistortionstriggeremotionalsufferingleadingtopsychologicaldistress,whichcanberemediedusingcognitivetherapy. True|False 10.Cognitivepsychologyisknownasthescientificstudyofthemindasaninformationprocessor. True|False AnswerKey 1.True 2.False,becausethecorrectstatementis,Cognitivetherapyandcognitivebehaviortherapyarethetwomainareasthatmakeupcognitivepsychology. 3.False,becausethecorrectstatementis,Throughhisobservations,AaronBeckrealizedthatdepressedpeoplehaveanegativeinterpretationoflifeevents. 4.False,becausethecorrectstatementis,Crying,ingeneral,isaresponsetoeitherbeingextremelyhappyorhurt. 5.True 6.False,becausethecorrectstatementis,Stimuliareeventsintheenvironmentthatinfluencebehaviorandareknownasinputs. 7.False,becausethecorrectstatementis,Cognitivedistortionsareinaccuratethoughtsthatusuallyreinforcenegativethinkingoremotions. 8.True 9.True 10.True Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher UnlockYourEducation Seeforyourselfwhy30millionpeopleuseStudy.com BecomeaStudy.commemberandstartlearningnow. BecomeaMember Alreadyamember?LogIn  Back Resourcescreatedbyteachersforteachers Over30,000videolessons &teachingresources‐all inoneplace. 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MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:Psychology IntrotoBiologicalPsychology 2:58 WhatisCognitivePsychology?-Definition&Theories 10:55 5:18 NextLesson TheSocioculturalModelandAtypicalFunctioning PsychodynamicPsychology:Definition&Explanation 7:00 IntrotoPersonality 4:16 InfantCognitiveDevelopment:SensorimotorStage&ObjectPermanence 7:25 WhatIsChildDevelopment?-Definition,Theories&Stages 6:10 ChangesinSenseofSelfFromChildhoodtoAdolescence 5:05 Freud'sTheoryoftheId,Ego&Superego:Definitions&Examples 7:41 HumanisticPsychology&CarlRogers'TheoryofPersonality 3:36 Levinson'sStagesofAdultDevelopmentTheory 5:42 Goto MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:Psychology Ch43. MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:... Goto MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:Behavior&BiologicalSystems Ch44. MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:... Goto MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:Psychology&Emotions Ch45. MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:... Goto MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:Sociology Ch46. MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:... Goto MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content:CulturalAnthropology Ch47. MEGASocialScienceMulti-Content... Goto MEGASocialScienceMulti-ContentFlashcards WhatisCognitivePsychology?-Definition&TheoriesRelatedStudyMaterials RecommendedLessonsandCoursesforYou RelatedLessons RelatedCourses RelatedLessons RelationshipsinLateAdulthood RobertSternbergTheory&Overview|Sternberg'sTheoryofIntelligence CognitivePsychology&UlricNeisser|WhoFoundedCognitivePsychology? AlgorithmPsychologyvs.HeuristicPsychologyOverview&Examples|WhatisanAlgorithminPsychology? IntroductiontoSocialPsychology:KurtLewin&ModernUses CognitiveDevelopmentinLateAdulthood|Facts,Changes&Examples MotorDevelopmentinInfancy,EarlyChildhood&Adolescence|StagesofMotorDevelopment ProblemSpaceOverview&Stages|WhatistheProblemSpace? GrowthNeed:Definition&Concept LevelsofSignificanceConcept&Examples|WhatareLevelsofSignificance? 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