Ritual purification - Wikipedia

Ritual purification is the ritual prescribed by a religion by which a person is considered to be free of uncleanliness, especially prior to the worship of a ... Ritualpurification FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Ritualprescribedbyareligionbywhichapersonisconsideredtobefreeofuncleanliness Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Ritualpurification" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(November2019)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Takingthebridetothebathhouse,ShalomKoboshvili,1939. MaleAblutionFacilityatUniversityofToronto'sMultifaithCentre Ritualpurificationistheritualprescribedbyareligionbywhichapersonisconsideredtobefreeofuncleanliness,especiallypriortotheworshipofadeity,andritualpurityisastateofritualcleanliness.Ritualpurificationmayalsoapplytoobjectsandplaces.Ritualuncleanlinessisnotidenticalwithordinaryphysicalimpurity,suchasdirtstains;nevertheless,bodyfluidsaregenerallyconsideredrituallyunclean. Mostoftheseritualsexistedlongbeforethegermtheoryofdisease,andfigureprominentlyfromtheearliestknownreligioussystemsoftheAncientNearEast.Somewritersconnecttheritualstotaboos. Somehaveseenbenefitsofthesepracticesasapointofhealthandpreventinginfectionsespeciallyinareaswherehumanscomeinclosecontactwitheachother.Whilethesepracticescamebeforetheideaofthegermtheorywaspublicinareasthatusedailycleaning,thedestructionofinfectiousagentsseemstobedramatic.[1]Othershavedescribeda'dimensionofpurity'thatisuniversalinreligionsthatseekstomovehumansawayfromdisgust,(atoneextreme)andtoupliftustowardspurityanddivinity(attheotherextreme).Awayfromuncleanlinesstopurity,andawayfromdevianttomoralbehavior,(withinone'sculturalcontext).[2] Contents 1BaháʼíFaith 2Buddhism 3Christianity 4Hinduism 5IndigenousAmericanreligions 6Islam 7Judaism 8Kalashpeople 9Mandaeism 10Westernesotericism 10.1Rituals 11Shinto 12Seealso 13References 13.1Citations 13.2Sources 14Externallinks BaháʼíFaith[edit] IntheBaháʼíFaith,ritualablutions(thewashingofthehandsandface)shouldbedonebeforethesayingoftheobligatoryprayers,aswellaspriortotherecitationoftheGreatestName95times.[3]Menstruatingwomenareobligedtopray,buthavethe(voluntary)alternativeofrecitingaverseinstead;ifthelatterchoiceistaken,ablutionsarestillrequiredbeforetherecitalofthespecialverse.Bahá'u'lláh,thefounderoftheBaháʼíFaith,prescribedtheablutionsinhisbookoflaws,theKitáb-i-Aqdas.[3] Theseablutionshaveasignificancebeyondwashingandshouldbeperformedevenifonehasbathedoneselfimmediatelybeforerecitingtheobligatoryprayer;freshablutionsshouldalsobeperformedforeachdevotion,unlesstheyarebeingdoneatthesametime.Ifnowater(orcleanwater)isavailableorifanillnesswouldbeworsenedbytheuseofwater,onemayinsteadrepeattheverse"IntheNameofGod,theMostPure,theMostPure"fivetimesbeforetheprayer.[3] Apartfromthis,Bahá'u'lláhabolishedallformsofritualimpurityofpeopleandthings,followingBábwhostressedtheimportanceofcleanlinessandspiritualpurity.[4] Buddhism[edit] Mainarticle:Tsukubai TsukubaiatRyōan-jitempleinKyoto. InJapaneseBuddhism,abasincalledatsukubaiisprovidedatBuddhisttemplesforablutions.Itisalsousedforteaceremony. Thistypeofritualcleansingisthecustomforguestsattendingateaceremony[5]orvisitingthegroundsofaBuddhisttemple.[6]Thenameoriginatesfromtheverbtsukubaumeaning"tocrouch"[7]or"tobowdown",anactofhumility.[6]Guestsattendingateaceremonycrouchandwashtheirhandsinatsukubaisetintheteagardenbeforeenteringthetearoom.[7] Tsukubaiareusuallyofstone,andareoftenprovidedwithasmallladle,readyforuse.[7]Asupplyofwatermaybeprovidedviaabamboopipe[7]calledakakei. ThefamoustsukubaishownherestandsinthegroundsoftheRyōan-jitempleinKyoto,andwasdonatedbythefeudallordTokugawaMitsukuni.[8]Thekanjiwrittenonthesurfaceofthestonearewithoutsignificancewhenreadalone.Ifeachisreadincombinationwith口(kuchi)-theshapeofthecentralbowl-thenthecharactersbecome吾,唯,足,知whichtranslatesliterallyas"Ionlyknowplenty"(吾=ware=I,唯=tada=only,足=taru=plenty,知=shiru=know).[9]Theunderlyingmeaning,variouslytranslatedas"whatonehasisalloneneeds",[9]or"learnonlytobecontent"[8]reflectsthebasicanti-materialisticteachingsofBuddhism. Christianity[edit] Mainarticle:AblutioninChristianity Seealso:HygieneinChristianity LavabointhePobletMonasteryinSpain. TheBiblehasmanyritualsofpurificationrelatingtomenstruation,childbirth,sexualrelations,nocturnalemission,unusualbodilyfluids,skindisease,death,andanimalsacrifices.TheEthiopianOrthodoxTewahedoChurchprescribesseveralkindsofhandwashingforexampleafterleavingthelatrine,lavatoryorbathhouse,orbeforeprayer,oraftereatingameal.[10]ThewomenintheEthiopianOrthodoxTewahedoChurchareprohibitedfromenteringthechurchtempleduringmenses;andthemendonotenterachurchthedayaftertheyhavehadintercoursewiththeirwives.[11] BaptismalceremonyonEasterSunday. Baptism,asaformofritualpurification,occursinseveralreligionsrelatedtoJudaism,andmostprominentlyinChristianity;Christianityalsohasotherformsofritualpurification.ManyChristianchurchespracticeaceremonyoftheWashingofFeet,[12]followingtheexampleofJesusintheGospel.[John13:1–17]Someinterpretthisasanordinancewhichthechurchisobligedtokeepasacommandment,seealsoBiblicallawinChristianity.[12]Othersinterpretitasanexamplethatallshouldfollow.MostdenominationsthatpracticetheritewillperformitonMaundyThursday.Oftenintheseservices,thebishopwillwashthefeetoftheclergy,andinmonasteriestheAbbotwillwashthefeetofthebrethren. Manyancientchurcheswerebuiltwithalargefountaininthecourtyard.ItwasthetraditionforChristianstowashbeforeenteringthechurchforworship.[13]ThisusageisalsolegislatedintheRuleofSt.Benedict,asaresultofwhich,manymedievalmonasterieswerebuiltwithcommunallaversforthemonksornunstowashupbeforetheDailyOffice.CatholicreligiousordersoftheAugustinians'andBenedictines'rulescontainedritualpurification,[14]andinspiredbyBenedictofNursiaencouragementforthepracticeoftherapeuticbathing;Benedictinemonksplayedaroleinthedevelopmentandpromotionofspas.[15] TheprincipleofwashingthehandsbeforecelebratingtheholyLiturgybeganasapracticalprecautionofcleanness,whichwasalsointerpretedsymbolically.[16]"InthethirdcenturytherearetracesofacustomofwashingthehandsasapreparationforprayeronthepartofallChristians,andfromthefourthcenturyonwardsitappearstohavebeenusualfortheministersattheHolyMassordivineliturgyceremoniallytowashtheirhandsbeforethemoresolemnpartoftheserviceasasymbolofinwardpurity."[17] BishopSebouhChouldjianoftheArmenianApostolicChurchwashingthefeetofchildren. Traditionally,Christianityadheredtothebiblicalregulationrequiringthepurificationofwomenafterchildbirth;thispractice,wasadaptedintoaspecialritualknownasthechurchingofwomen,forwhichthereexistsliturgyintheChurchofEngland'sBookofCommonPrayer,butitsuseisnowrareinWesternChristianity.ThechurchingofwomenisstillperformedinanumberofEasternChristianchurches(EasternOrthodox,OrientalOrthodoxandEasternCatholicchurches). AcantharusisafountainusedbyChristiansforablutionbeforeenteringachurch.[18][19][20]Theseablutionsinvolvethewashingofthehands,face,andfeet.[20]Thecantharusistraditionallylocatedintheexonarthexofthechurch.[19][21]Thewateremittedbyacantharusistoberunningwater.[22]ThepracticeofablutionsbeforeprayerandworshipinChristianitysymbolizes"separationformsinsofthespiritandsurrendertotheLord."[21]Eusebiusrecordedthispracticeofcantharilocatedinthecourtyardsofchurches,forthefaithfultowashthemselvesbeforeenteringaChristianhouseofworship.[20]ThepracticehasitsoriginsJewishpracticeofperformingablutionsbeforeenteringintothepresenceofGod(cf.Exodus30:17–21).[19][18]ThoughcantharusarenotasprevalentanymoreinWesternChristianity,theyarefoundinEasternChristianandOrientalChristianchurches.[18]However,intheLatinriteoftheCatholicChurch,worshipperssprinklethemselveswithholywaterbeforeenteringthenaveoftheChurchorapproachingthealtar. InReformedChristianity,ritualpurityisachievedthroughtheConfessionofSins,andAssuranceofForgiveness,andSanctification.ThroughthepoweroftheHolySpirit,believersoffertheirwholebeingandlaborasa'livingsacrifice';andcleanlinessbecomesawayoflife(SeeRomans12:1,andJohn13:5-10(theWashingoftheFeet)).Priortoprayingthecanonicalhoursatsevenfixedprayertimes,OrientalOrthodoxChristianswashtheirhands,faceandfeet(cf.Agpeya,Shehimo).[23][24][25] TheuseofwaterinmanyChristiancountriesisdueinparttotheBiblicaltoiletetiquettewhichencourageswashingafterallinstancesofdefecation.[26]ThebidetiscommoninpredominantlyCatholiccountrieswherewaterisconsideredessentialforanalcleansing,[27][28]andinsometraditionallyOrthodoxandLutherancountriessuchasGreeceandFinlandrespectively,wherebidetshowersarecommon.[29] Hinduism[edit] DevoteestakingholybathduringfestivalofGangaDashaharaatHarKiPauri,Haridwar VarioustraditionswithinHinduismfollowdifferentstandardsofritualpurityandpurification;inSmartism,forexample,theattitudetoritualpurityissimilartothatofKaraiteJudaism.Withineachtraditionthemoreorthodoxgroupsfollowstricterrules,butthestrictestrulesaregenerallyprescribedforbrahmins,especiallythoseengagedinthetempleworship. AnimportantpartofritualpurificationinHinduismisthebathingoftheentirebody,particularlyinriversconsideredholysuchastheGanges.Itisconsideredauspicioustoperformthismethodofpurificationbeforefestivalsafteradeath,inordertomaintainpurity. Punyahavachanamisaritualmeanttopurifyone'sselfandone'shome,usuallyperformedbeforeimportantoccasions,likeweddings.Duringtheceremony,mantrasarechantedandthenconsecratedwaterissprinkledoveralloftheparticipantsandtheitemsused. Intheritualknownasabhisheka(Sanskrit,"sprinkling;ablution"),thedeity'smurtiorimageisrituallybathedwithwater,curd,milk,honey,ghee,canesugar,rosewater,etc.AbhishekaisalsoaspecialformofpujaprescribedbyAgamicinjunction.Theactisalsoperformedintheinaugurationofreligiousandpoliticalmonarchsandforotherspecialblessings.Themurtisofdeitiesmustnotbetouchedwithoutcleansingthehands,andoneisnotsupposedtoenteratemplewithoutabath. SūtakareHindurulesofimpuritytobefollowedafterthebirthofachild(vṛddhisūtak).[30]Sūtakinvolvesthepracticeofkeepingsociallyisolatedfromrelativesandcommunitybyabstentionofmealtakingwithfamily,engagingincustomaryreligiousactivities,andleavingthehome.Amothermustpracticesūtakfor10to30days,dependinguponhercaste,whilethefathermaybecomepurifiedimmediatelyafterthebirthofhischildbyritualpurification(ritualisticbathing).[31] Therearevariouskindsofpurificatoryritualsassociatedwithdeathceremonies.Aftervisitingahousewhereadeathhasrecentlyoccurred,Hindusareexpectedtotakebaths. Womentakeaheadbathaftercompletingtheirfour-daymenstrualperiod. IndigenousAmericanreligions[edit] ElInfiernito("TheLittleHell")RuinsofanancientMuiscashrine,placeofpurificationrituals InthetraditionsofmanyIndigenouspeoplesoftheAmericas,oneoftheformsofritualpurificationistheablutionaryuseofasauna,knownasasweatlodge,aspreparationforavarietyofotherceremonies.Theburningofsmudgesticksisalsobelievedbysomeindigenousgroupstocleanseanareaofanyevilpresence.Somegroupslikethesoutheasterntribe,theCherokee,practicedand,toalesserdegree,stillpracticegoingtowater,performedonlyinbodiesofwaterthatmovelikeriversorstreams.Goingtowaterwaspracticedbysomevillagesdaily(aroundsunrise)whileotherswouldgotowaterprimarilyforspecialoccasions,includingbutnotlimitedtonamingceremonies,holidays,andballgames.[32]ManyanthropologiststhatstudiedwiththeCherokeeslikeJamesAdairtriedtoconnectthesegroupstotheLostTribesofIsraelbasedonreligiouspracticesincludinggoingtowater,[33]butthisformofhistoriographyismostlyChristian"wishfulfillment"ratherthanrespectableanthropology. YuquotWhalers'ShrineonVancouverIslandwasusedbychiefstopreparerituallyforwhaling. Islam[edit] Mainarticles:MuslimhygienicaljurisprudenceandRitualpurityinIslam PeoplewashingbeforeprayeratBadshahiMosqueinLahore,Pakistan. Islamicritualpurificationisparticularlycentredonthepreparationforsalah,ritualprayer;theoreticallyritualpurificationwouldremainvalidthroughouttheday,butistreatedasinvalidontheoccurrenceofcertainacts,flatulence,sleep,contactwiththeoppositesex(dependingonwhichschoolofthought),unconsciousness,andtheemissionofblood,semen,orvomit.SomeschoolsofthoughtmandatethatritualpurityisnecessaryforholdingtheQuran. Ritualpurificationtakestheformofablution,wuduandghusl,dependingonthecircumstance;thegreaterformisobligatorybyawomanaftersheceasesmenstruation,onacorpsethatdidn'tdieduringbattle,andaftersexualactivity,andisoptionallyusedonotheroccasions,forexamplejustpriortoFridayprayersorenteringihram. Analternativetayammum("dryablution"),involvingcleansandorearth,isusedifcleanwaterisnotavailableorifanillnesswouldbeworsenedbytheuseofwater;thisformisinvalidatedinthesamecircumstancesastheotherforms,andalsowheneverwaterbecomesavailableandsafetouse. Thefardor"obligatoryactivities"ofthelesserformincludebeginningwiththeintentiontopurifyoneself,washingoftheface,arms,head,andfeet.whilesomemustahabb"recommendedactivities"alsoexistsuchasbasmalarecitation,oralhygiene,washingthemouth,noseatthebeginning,washingofarmstotheelbowsandwashingoftheearsattheend;additionallyrecitationoftheShahada.Thegreaterform(ghusl)iscompletedbyfirstperformingwuduandthenensuringthattheentirebodyiswashed.SomeminordetailsofIslamicritualpurificationmayvarybetweendifferentmadhhabs"schoolsofthought". Judaism[edit] Mainarticle:RitualwashinginJudaism Seealso:HandwashinginJudaism PoolofamedievalmikvahinSpeyer,datingbackto1128. Ancientablutionpool(mikvah)unearthedatGamla TheHebrewBiblementionsanumberofsituationswhenritualpurificationisrequired,includingduringmenstruation,followingchildbirth(postpartum),sexualrelations,nocturnalemission,unusualbodilyfluids,skindisease,death(corpseuncleanness),andanimalsacrifices.Theorallawspecifiesothersituationswhenritualpurificationisrequired,suchasafterperformingexcretoryfunctions,meals,andwaking.Thepurificationritualisgenerallyaformofwater-basedritualwashinginJudaismforremovalofanyritualimpurity,sometimesrequiringjustwashingofthehands,andatothertimesrequiringfullimmersion;theorallawrequirestheuseofun-drawnwaterforanyritualfullimmersion-eitheranaturalriver/stream/spring,oraspecialbath(aMikvah)whichcontainsrain-water. TheseregulationswerevariouslyobservedbytheancientIsraelites;contemporaryOrthodoxJewsand(withsomemodificationsandadditionalleniencies)someConservativeJewscontinuetoobservetheregulations,exceptforthosetiedtosacrificeintheTempleinJerusalem,astheTemplenolongerfullyexists.Thesegroupscontinuetoobservemanyofthehand-washingrituals.Ofthoseconnectedwithfullritualimmersion,perhapsthequintessentialimmersionritualsstillcarriedoutarethoserelatedtonidda,accordingtowhichamenstruatingwomanmustavoidphysicalcontactwithherhusband,especiallyavoidingsexualcontact,andmayonlyresumecontactaftershehasfirstimmersedherselffullyinamikvahoflivingwatersevendaysafterhermenstruationhasceased. InDecember2006,theCommitteeonJewishLawandStandardsofConservativeJudaismre-affirmedthetraditionalrequirementthatConservativewomenrituallyimmersefollowingmenstruation.Indoingso,itadoptedmultipleopinionsregardingdetails,includinganopinionre-affirmingtraditional(Orthodox)practicesandconcepts,anopinionadaptingcertainleniencies,includingcountingsevendaysfromstartofmenstruation,ratherthanitsend,andanopinionre-formulatingthetheologicalbasisofthepractice,basingitonconceptsotherthanritualpurity.SeetheNiddaharticlefordetails.ClassicalritualimmersionandassociatedrequirementsaregenerallynotobservedbyReformJudaismorReconstructionistJudaism,withtheexceptionthatbothgenerallyincludeimmersionaspartoftheritualforConversiontoJudaism,althoughReformJudaismdoesnotrequireit. TumatHaMet("Theimpurityofdeath"),comingintocontactwithahumancorpse,isconsideredtheultimateimpurity,onewhichcannotbepurifiedthroughthewatersofthemikvahalone.TumatHaMetrequiredanadditionalpurificationprocessthroughsprinklingoftheashesoftheParahAdumah,theRedHeifer.However,thelawisconsideredinactivetoagreatdegree,sinceneithertheTempleinJerusalemnortheredheiferiscurrentlyinexistence,thoughwithoutthelatter,aJewisforbiddentoascendtothesiteoftheformer.OneofthemaincurrentimplicationsofTumatHaMetistheprohibitiontocauseimpuritytofoodsthatareholyaccordingtoJewishlaw,suchasterumahintheLandofIsrael.Meaningthatoneisforbiddentotouchsuchterumahunlessoneoftwocriteriaaremet:thefoodisdryandwasneverwettedwithwateroranotherofthesevenliquids.thefoodhadpreviouslybeenwettedandtouchedbyanimpureJewbeforeorafteritwasimbuedwiththeholinessofterumah.Regardless,itisregardedasforbiddentodayforanypersontoeattrumah,inpartasaconsequenceofthewidespreadprevalenceofTumatHaMet.Allarecurrentlyassumedtopossesstheimpurityofdeath.[34]However,someonewhoisaKohen,oneofthepriestlyclass,isnotallowedtointentionallycomeintocontactwithadeadbody,norapproachtoocloselytograveswithinaJewishcemetery. PurificationwasrequiredinthenationofIsraelduringBiblicaltimesfortheceremoniallyuncleansothattheywouldnotdefileGod'stabernacleandputthemselvesinapositiontobecutofffromIsrael.AnIsraelitecouldbecomeuncleanbyhandlingadeadbody.Inthissituation,theuncleanlinesswouldlastforsevendays.Partofthecleansingprocesswouldbewashingthebodyandclothes,andtheuncleanpersonwouldneedtobesprinkledwiththewaterofpurification.[35] Kalashpeople[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(September2018)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Kalashtheologyhasverystrongnotionsofpurityandimpurity.Menstruationisconfirmationofwomen'simpurityandwhentheirperiodsbegintheymustleavetheirhomesandenterthevillagemenstrualbuildingor"bashaleni".Onlyafterundergoingapurificationceremonyrestoringtheirpuritycantheyreturnhomeandrejoinvillagelife.Thehusbandisanactiveparticipantinthisritual. Mandaeism[edit] Mainarticle:Mandaeism§ Worshipandrituals Seealso:Masbuta,Tamasha(ablution),andRishama(ablution) OneofthemostimportantceremoniesinMandaeanworshipisbaptism(Masbuta).UnlikeinChristianity,baptismisnotaone-offeventbutisperformedeverySunday,theMandaeanholyday,asaritualofpurification.Baptismusuallyinvolvesfullimmersioninflowingwater,andallriversconsideredfitforbaptismarecalledYardena(aftertheRiverJordan).Afteremergingfromthewater,theworshipperisanointedwithholysesameoilandpartakesinacommunionofsacramentalbreadandwater.OtherritualsforpurificationincludetheRishamaandtheTamashawhich,unlikeMasbuta,canbeperformedwithoutapriest.[36]TheRishama(signing)isperformedbeforeprayersandinvolveswashingthefaceandlimbswhilerecitingspecificprayers.Itisperformeddaily,beforesunrise,withhaircoveredandafterevacuationofbowelsorbeforereligiousceremonies[37](seewudu).TheTamashaisatripleimmersionintheriverwithoutarequirementforapriest.Itisperformedbywomenaftermenstruationorchildbirth,menandwomenaftersexualactivityornocturnalemission,touchingadeadcorpseoranyothertypeofdefilement[37](seetevilah).Ritualpurificationalsoappliestofruits,vegetables,pots,pans,utensils,animalsforconsumptionandceremonialgarments(rasta).[37]Purificationforadyingpersonisalsoperformed.Itincludesbathinginvolvingathreefoldsprinklingofriverwateroverthepersonfromheadtofeet.[37] Westernesotericism[edit] Mainarticle:Westernesotericism Inceremonialmagic,banishingreferstooneormoreritualsintendedtoremovenon-physicalinfluencesrangingfromspiritstonegativeinfluences.[38]Althoughbanishingritualsareoftenusedascomponentsofmorecomplexceremonies,theycanalsobeperformedbythemselves. InWiccaandvariousformsofneopaganism,banishingisperformedbeforecastingacircleinordertopurifytheareawheretheritualormagickisabouttotakeplace.InhisbooksonNocturnalWitchcraft,forexample,Konstantinosrecommendsperformingbanishingsregularly,inordertokeepthemagicalworkspacefreeofnegativity,andtobecomeproficientinbanishingbeforeattemptingactsthataremuchmorespirituallytaxingonthebody,suchasmagicalspellworking.[39]Banishingcanbeviewedasoneofseveraltechniquesofmagick,closelyrelatedtoritualpurificationandatypicalprerequisiteforconsecrationandinvocation. For"actualworkings"AleisterCrowleyrecommendsashort,generalbanishing,withacommentthat"inmoreelaborateceremoniesitisusualtobanisheverythingbyname."[38]CrowleyalsorecommendedthatabanishingritualbedoneatleastoncedailybyThelemitesinLiberAlephvelCXI.[40] IntheHermeticOrderoftheGoldenDawn,thelesserbanishingritualofthepentagram(LBRPforshorthand)mustbelearnedbytheNeophytebeforemovingontothenextgrade(Zelator).[41][42] Rituals[edit] GreaterBanishingRitualofthePentagram[43] LesserBanishingRitualoftheHexagram[44] GreaterBanishingRitualoftheHexagram[45] TheStarRuby,[46]aversionoftheLesserBanishingRitualofthePentagramthatwasmodifiedbyAleisterCrowleyfortheuseofadherentstoThelema. Shinto[edit] Nakedinthesea,Okinoshima(Fukuoka) Mainarticles:HaraeandChōzuya RitualcleanlinessisacentralpartofShintolife.[47]InShinto,acommonformofritualpurificationismisogi,[48][49]whichinvolvesnaturalrunningwater,andespeciallywaterfalls.Ratherthanbeingentirelynaked,menusuallywearJapaneseloinclothsandwomenwearkimono,bothadditionallywearingheadbands.[48][49] Seealso[edit] Bathingthedead Churchingofwomen EleusinianMysteries LadyMacbetheffect Lawofcontagion Leviticus Masbuta Sattva Waterandreligion References[edit] Citations[edit] ^"NittenSojiandthepreventionofinfections"Classicalfightingartsvol2#18 ^Haidt,Johnathan(12February2010).TheHappinessHypothesis.BasicBooks. ^abcSmith,Peter(2000)."ablutions".AConciseEncyclopediaoftheBaháʼíFaith.Oxford:OneworldPublications.pp. 21–22.ISBN 1-85168-184-1. ^Smith,Peter(2000)."purity".AConciseEncyclopediaoftheBaháʼíFaith.Oxford:OneworldPublications.pp. 281–282.ISBN 1-85168-184-1. ^MustSeeinKyoto.Kyoto:JapanTravelBureau,Inc.1991.p. 107.ISBN 4-533-00528-4. ^abEinarsen,John(2004).ZenandKyoto.Kyoto:UniplanCo,Inc.p. 133.ISBN 4-89704-202-X. ^abcdSetsuko,Kojima;Crane,GeneA(1991).DictionaryofJapaneseCulture(1stAmerican ed.).UnionCity,CA:Heian.pp. 369–70.ISBN 0893463361.OCLC 23738000. ^abEinarsen,John(2004).ZenandKyoto.Kyoto:UniplanCo,Inc.pp. 90–91.ISBN 4-89704-202-X. ^ab"TsukubaiandZenibachi,theJapaneseWaterBasins".Retrieved3March2016. ^IsTHECHURCHOFETHIOPIAAJUDAICCHURCH ? ^TheLiturgyoftheEthiopianOrthodoxTewahedoChurch ^abPeterC.Bower(January2003).TheCompaniontotheBookofCommonWorship.GenevaPress.ISBN 9780664502324.Retrieved11April2009.MaundyThursday(orlemandé;ThursdayoftheMandatum,Latin,commandment).Thenameistakenfromthefirstfewwordssungattheceremonyofthewashingofthefeet,"Igiveyouanewcommandment"(John13:34);alsofromthecommandmentofChristthatweshouldimitateHislovinghumilityinthewashingofthefeet(John13:14–17).Thetermmandatum(maundy),therefore,wasappliedtotheriteoffoot-washingonthisday. ^TheHolyRuleofSt.Benedict ^Hembry,Phyllis(1990).TheEnglishSpa,1560-1815:ASocialHistory.FairleighDickinsonUnivPress.ISBN 9780838633915. ^Bradley,Ian(2012).Water:ASpiritualHistory.BloomsburyPublishing.ISBN 9781441167675. ^Fortescue,Adrian."Lavabo."TheCatholicEncyclopediaVol.9.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany,1910.12July2017 ^ReportoftheRoyalCommissiononEcclesiasticalDiscipline(ChurchofEngland)1906 ^abcIanBradley(2November2012).Water:ASpiritualHistory.BloomsburyPublishing.ISBN 978-1-4411-6767-5.ItwasprobablyoutoftheJewishritethatthepracticedevelopedamongearlyChristians,especiallyintheeast,ofwashingtheirhandsandfeetbeforegoingintochurch.EarlyChristianbasilicashadafountainforablutions,knownascantharusorphiala,andusuallyplacedinthecentreoftheatrium.TheyarestillfoundinsomeEasternOrthodoxchurches,notablyatthemonasteryofLauraatMountAthos,wherethephialaisanimposingstructureinfrontoftheentrancecoveredbyadomerestingoneightpillars.InseveralOrthodoxchurchestodayworshipperstakeoffheirshoesandwashtheirfeetbeforeenteringthechurchjustasMuslimsdobeforegoingintoamosque. ^abcSoloviĭ,MeletiĭM.(1970).EasternLiturgicalTheology:GeneralIntroduction.UkrainianCatholicReligionandCultureSocietyofEtobicoke(Toronto)andUkrainianCatholicYouthofCanada.p. 68.IntheBookofExodus(30,18-20)Aaronandhissonswererequiredtowashbeforeapproachingthealtar.Herewaterisusedasasymbolofpurificationandexpiation.Butwaterisalsothemostcommonandmostindispensabledrink....SomuchwasthepracticeapartofthelifeoftheearlyChurch,thatintheperiodafterConstantinethe“cantharus”,orwaterfountain,becameastandardfixtureinthecourtyardbeforethebasilicatopermitthefaithfultopurifythemselvesbeforeenteringthepresenceofGod. ^abcBingham,Joseph(1840).TheantiquitiesoftheChristianChurch.W.Straker.p. 396.InthemiddleofwhichstoodaFountainforwashingastheyenteredintotheChurch,calledCantharusandPhialainsomeauthors.Itisfurthertobenoted,thatinthemiddleoftheatrium,therewascommonlyafountain,oracisternofwater,forpeopletowashtheirhandsandface,beforetheywentintothechurch. ^abFerguson,Everett(8October2013).EncyclopediaofEarlyChristianity:SecondEdition.Routledge.p. 6.ISBN 978-1-136-61158-2. ^Lowrie,Walter(1901).ChristianArtandArchæology:BeingaHandbooktotheMonumentsoftheEarlyChurch.MacmillanPublishers.p. 179.Inthemiddleofthiscourttherewasasaruleafountainofrunningwater(thecantharus)forthesymbolicalpurificationofthosewhoereabouttoenterthechurch. ^Smith,BerthaH.(1909)."TheBathasaReligiousRiteamongMohammedans".ModernSanitation.StandardSanitaryMfg.Co.7(1).TheCopts,descendantsoftheseancientEgyptians,althoughChristians,havethecustomofwashingtheirhandsandfacesbeforeprayer,andsomealsowashtheirfeet. ^MaryCecil,2ndBaronessAmherstofHackney(1906).ASketchofEgyptianHistoryfromtheEarliestTimestothePresentDay.Methuen.p. 399.Prayers7timesadayareenjoined,andthemoststrictamongtheCoptsreciteoneofmoreofthePsalmsofDavideachtimetheypray.Theyalwayswashtheirhandsandfacesbeforedevotions,andturntotheEast. ^Tadros,Emile(2015).ReconstructiontheOriginsoftheCopticChurchthroughitsLiturgy.McMasterDivinityCollege.p. 16.TheCopticChurchobservesstrictpracticesconcerningcircumcision,ritualssurroundingmenstruation,weeklytwo-daysfasting,40ablution,andmanyotherrituals. ^E.Clark,Mary(2006).ContemporaryBiology:ConceptsandImplications.UniversityofMichiganPress.ISBN 9780721625973. ^E.Clark,Mary(2006).ContemporaryBiology:ConceptsandImplications.UniversityofMichiganPress.p. 613.ISBN 9780721625973.DouchingiscommonlypracticedinCatholiccountries.Thebidet...isstillcommonlyfoundinFranceandotherCatholiccountries. ^MadeinNaples.ComeNapolihacivilizzatol'Europa(ecomecontinuaafarlo)[MadeinNaples.HowNaplescivilisedEurope(Andstilldoesit)](inItalian).Addictions-MagenesEditoriale.2013.ISBN 978-8866490395. ^"BidetsinFinland" ^"印度教". ^Textbookofthe'UniversityofSpirituality',Volume61,DeathandPost-DeathRites,byParātparGuru(Dr)AthavaleandH.H.(Mrs.)Anjalihttp://sanatanshop.com/shop/en/booklets/383-death-and-post-death-rites.html ^TheSacredFormulasoftheCherokeebyJamesMooney1891 ^TheHistoryofTheAmericanIndiansbyJamesAdair1775 ^Rutta,Matt(30March2008)."Shemini/Parah(Thesmellofburningdeath)".RabbinicRambling.Retrieved6May2009. ^Rowman,Altamira(2004).TheInclusiveHebrewScriptures:TheTorah.Rowman&LittlefieldPublishers,Inc.p. 241.ISBN 0-9644279-6-6.Retrieved11April2015. ^Drower,EthelStefana.TheMandaeansofIraqandIran.OxfordAtTheClarendonPress,1937 ^abcdMandaeanAwarenessandGuidanceBoard(28May2014)."MandaeanBeliefs&MandaeanPractices".MandaeanAssociationsUnion.Retrieved13November2021. ^abCrowley,Aleister.MagickinTheoryandPractice.pp. 103–6. ^Konstantinos.NocturnalWitchcraft:MagickAfterDark.St.Paul,Minn:LlewellynPublications,2002. ^Crowley,Aleister.LiberAlephvelCXI.A.:.A.:. ^TheGoldenDawnbyI.Regardie 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Sources[edit]  Thisarticleincorporatestextfromapublicationnowinthepublicdomain: Herbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."Lavabo".CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoWaterinreligion. 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