Shuowen jiezi 說文解字

Shuowen jiezi 說文解字is the oldest Chinese character dictionary. It was written during the Later Han period by Xu Shen 許慎. ChinaKnowledge.de-AnEncyclopaediaonChineseHistory,LiteratureandArt HOME History/Politics Literature Language/Script Art Philosophy Religions ConfucianClassics Yijing Shangshu Shijing Zhouli Yili Liji Chunqiu-Zuozhuan Xiaojing Mengzi Lunyu Zhongyong Daxue Commentaries BooksonMusic Erya Lexicography [ElementaryLearning] HistoriographyandStatecraft MastersandPhilosophers Belles-LettresandCollections Literature>ConfucianClassics>LesserLearning Feb2,2018©UlrichTheobald Shuowenjiezi說文解字"Explainingsimpleandanalyzingcompoundcharacters",shortShuowen說文,istheoldestandoneofthemostimportantcharacterdictionariesofancientChina.ItwascompiledbytheLaterHan-period後漢(25-220CE)scholarXuShen許慎(c.58-c.147).Thebookwasfinishedin100CEbutwasonlysubmittedtothecourtin121bytheauthor'sson,XuChong許衝. Thecharactersarearrangedin540so-calledradicals(bushou部首)in14chapters,plusonechapterincludingalistoftheradicalsandXuShen'sownpostface(xu叙). TheinitialpointofXu'sdictionarywasthefactthatduringtheFormerHanperiod前漢(206BCE-8CE)alotofdifferentConfucianbookshadcometolight,writtenindifferentstylesofscript,fromthemodernchanceryscript(lishu隸書)usedfortheso-called"modern-scriptclassics"jinwenjing今文經)totheoldsealscript(zhuanshu篆書),withwhichtheso-called"old-scriptclassics"guwenjing古文經)werewritten.Inordertoprovideatoolforthestudyofthesetexts,especiallytheold-scriptclassics,whichbegantodominateConfucianscholarshipatthebeginningoftheLaterHanperiod,XuShenprovidedadictionarywhichanalysedthesealscriptcharactersandtheirmeaning.Theallegedlymoreoriginalold-scriptversionsseemedtobemorereliablethanthenew-scripttexts. ThelemmataheadsoftheShuowenarewritteninsmall-sealscript(xiaozhuan小篆),whiletheanalyticandexplanatorytextiswrittenincontemporarychanceryscript.FromtheQingperiod清(1644-1911)on,editionsoftheShuowenalsoaddedtranscriptionsoftheseal-scriptcharacters,thelargeseal-scriptcharacters(zhouwen籀文,alsoknownasdazhuan大篆),theoldcharacters(guwen古文)andpopularvariants(suti俗体)whichhadbeenprovidedbyXuShentosomeofthestandardsmallseal-scriptcharacters. Figure1.BeginningoftheShuowenjiezi BeginningoftheShuowenjiezi,Sibucongkan四部叢刊edition,reproducingaprintfromtheNorthernSongperiod北宋(960-1126)fromthecollectionofthefamilyIwasaki岩崎氏inSetagaya世田谷,Tōkyō(SeikadōStudio靜嘉堂). Inhispostface(xu)totheShuowen,XuShengivesanaccountonthedevelopmentoftheChinesescript.ItissaidtohavebeeninventedbyCangJie倉頡,aministerofthemythologicalYellowEmperor黃帝,afterhehadseenthetracesofbirdfeetonthesoil.Thesimplecharactershecreatedaremainlyillustrationsofobjectsandideas,simpleinappearanceandthereforecalled"patterns"(wen文).Inalaterstagethecharactersorideographswerecombinedfromanideographicpart(xing形"shape")andaphoneticpart(sheng聲).Thistypeofcompoundcharactersiscalledzi字.Todaybothtermsarecombinedtothewordwenzi文字,meaning"Chinesecharacter"or"Chinesescript".XuShendiscernssixtheoreticaltypesofcharacters,theliushu六書"sixtypesofscript": Table1.TheSixTypesofCharacters(liushu六書) 象形xiangxing "illustrationofashape",pictogramsofopticallyperceivableorimaginablethings,like木"tree",山"mountain",differentanimalsandplants(馬"horse",羊"sheep",竹"bamboo",米"grain"),手"hand",眉"eyebrow",气"breath",orvariousobjects(戈"halberd",鼎"tripod").Thisgroupalsoincludessymbolsoffigurativemeaning,like交"exchange"(apictureofcrossedlegs) 指事zhishi "pointingatthings",ideogramsofsimplerelationships,oftenderivedfromapictogram.Therelationshiptothepictogramisindicatedwithastroke,like上"above",下"below",刃"blade"ofaknife,本"root"or末"branch"ofatree.Turnedcharactersalsobelongtothistype,like乏deficient"(oppositeof正"correct"),or𠤎"change",aninverted人"man" 會意huiyi "assembledmeanings",combinationoftwopictograms,like武"war"from戈"halberd"and止"base";信"trust"from人"man"and言"spech";喪"funeral"from哭"weeping"and亡"gone,dead";旦"dawn"from日"sun"andthehorizon;or公"public"from八"toseparate"andㄙ"private".Therearenumerouscharactersfromthistype,butonlyinafewcasesXuShenexplicitlymentionsthewordhuiyi. 形聲xingsheng "shapeandsound",combinationofsignificandphoneticpartwhichappliestoabout90percentofallChinesecharacters,isacombinationofpictogramandacharacterofwhichthesoundisused,likeshang賞"tograntareward",from貝"shell,i.e.money",andthephoneticshang尚.Thesamephoneticpart尚isused,forinstance,inthecharacterstang堂"hall"(phonetic尚andradical土"poundedearth")orshang裳"garment"(phonetic尚andradical衣"clothing"). 轉注zhuanzhu "commentbyturning",rarelyunderstoodtype,becauseitisnotsufficientlyexplainedbyXuShen.Inhispreface,hegivestheexampleskao考andlao老.Itseemstobethatbecausebothhaveasimilarmeaning("old","aged")andsimilarpronunciation,thecharactershavebeenconciouslydesignedinaverysimilarway,butwithonepartmirroredhorizontally.Yetintheexplanationofthetwolemmatathemselves(seequotationsbelow),XuShenderivesthecharacterkao考fromanabbreviated老"old"asaradicalandthephoneticpartkao丂(考thusbeingaxingsheng-typecharacter).Thefollowingcharactersalsomightbelongtothisgroup:fan返"giveback"andhuan還"turnback",orbiao標"tipofabranch"andmiao杪"endofastalk" 假借jiajie "wronglyborrowed",loan-charactersborrowedforawordpronouncedsimilarlybutwithadifferentmeaning,likeling令"order"fromming令"command"(laterwritten命)andzhang長"headperson",fromchang長"longhair".Manygrammaticalparticlesareofthistype.TheancientChinesesimplyborrowedanexistingcharacterwiththesameorasimilarpronuncitionforthesenon-semanticwords,likenai乃"breast"fornai"therefore",qi其"basket"forqi"his,her,its",zhi之"togo"foragenetiveparticleandobjectpronoun,orye也"uterus"foranequalizingandstressingparticle.Insomecases,newcharacterswerecreatedfortheoriginalwords,like奶for"breast,milk",and箕for"basket". XuShendevelopedaspecialsyntaxforhisanalysis.HuiyicharactersaregenerallyanalysedwiththesentencecongA,B从甲、乙,orcongA,congB从甲从乙"fromAandB".XingshengcharactersareanalyzedwiththesentencecongA,Bsheng从甲乙聲"fromAandthesoundofB".Onepartofthehuiyicharactersisinmanycasesalsousedphonetically,inwhichcaseXuShenwritescongA,congB,Byisheng从甲从乙，乙亦聲"fromanandB,Bisalsousedphonetically".Inalotofcharactersthephoneticpartisabbreviated,aphenomenonwhichinhuiyitypecharactersalsooccasionallyoccurs.XuShen'sformulaforthisphenomenoniscongBshengsheng从乙省聲"fromabbreviatedB,usedphonetically". Table2.ThesyntaxoftheShuowenjiezi說文解字 从甲、乙 【昶】日長也。

从日、永。

昶means"long-lastingday".From"sun"日,"long-lasting"永.(Note:ThischaracterbelongstothoseaddedinSong-periodeditions.) 从甲从乙 【昌】美言也。

从日、从曰。

一曰，日光也。

昌means"beautifulwords".From"sun"日and"tospeak"曰.One[author]says,[昌]means"sunbeams"/"refulgenceofthesun". 从甲乙聲 【景】光也。

从日、京聲。

景(/ki̯ɐŋ/)meansresplendence.From"sun"andthephonetic京(/ki̯ɐŋ/). 从甲从乙，乙亦聲 【晛】日見也。

从日、从見，見亦聲。

晛(/ɣien/)meansthesunappears(見=現).From"sun"日and"toappear"見(/ɣien/),thelatteralsobeingaphoneticcomponent. 从乙省聲 【晵】雨而晝夝也。

从日、啓省聲。

晵(/kʰiei/)means"rainobscuringthebrightsky".From"sun"日andtheabbreviatedphonetic啓(/kʰiei/). graphicaldescription 【𣅼(早)】晨也。

从日在甲上。

𣅼means"dawn".From"sun"日ontopof"sprouts"甲. 闕(missing) 【㫄(旁)】溥也。

从二，闕，方聲。

㫄(/bʱɑŋ/)means"vast".From"above"二,anunknowncomponent[notindicatedinXuShen'soriginalorthetransmittedversionsofit,orlost],andthephoneticpart方(/bʱiwaŋ/). Thearrangementoftheradicalsfollowsthecontemporaryconceptionsoftheuniverse,whichisbasedon"one"一,"above"上,"religiousmatters"示,thetrinityHeaven,EarthandMan三,andking王,andendswithobjectsofhumancraftsmanship,likecartsandtools,andtheelementearth土,oneoftheFiveAgents(wuxing五行).Thelastradicalsarethehighernumbersandcelestialstemsandterrestrialbranches.ThesequenceoftheradicalswasexplainedbylatercommentatorsoftheShuowen.Itmanycasesthesequenceisgraphically,withthenextcharacterbeingderivedfromapartofthepreceedingone,forinstance: Quotation1.ExamplesforthegraphicalsequenceofradicalsintheShuowenjiezi說文解字 [...]→小→八→釆→半→牛→犛→告→口→凵→吅→哭→𡗱(走)→止→癶→步→此→[...] [...]→日→旦→倝→㫃→冥→晶→月→有→朙→囧→夕→多→毌→𢎘→[...] Figure2.BeginningoftheradicalslistintheShuowenjiezi Beginningoftheradicalslist(biaomu標目)intheShuowenjiezi,Sibucongkanedition.Clicktoenlarge. Figure3.CompletelistoftheShuowenradicals CompletelistoftheShuowenradicals(synopsisofsixleaflets-moderntranscriptionseeTable3),insealscript(zhuanshu篆書),withtranscriptioninstandardchanceryscript(lishu隸書)andindicationofthepronuncationaccordingtothefanqiesystem反切;1873editionofChenChangzhi's陳昌治reprintofSunXingyan孫星衍(1753-1818;Pingjinguancongshu平津館叢書),whohadreproducedaSong-periodedition. Thecharacterslistedundereachradicalarearrangedinaverycomplicatedsequencenoteasilytoperceive.Wordswithpositiveconnotationsarelistedfirst,thosewithnegativemeaningslast.Technicaltermsimportantforstateritualsandintheworldofthoughtarealsolistedrelativelybeforeverycommonwords.Wordswithsimilarmeaningarelistedinonegroup.Withinsuchgroups,tautologiesareverycommon(XisY.//YisX.).Withoutindexitisthereforeverytime-consumingtodetectacharacter.Attheendofeachradicalparagraph,thetotalnumberofcharacterslistedundertheparticularradicalisstated,aswellastheadditionalwritingvariantswitholdandlargesealscriptcharacters.LaterscholarshaveaddedsomecharactersnotlistedintheShuowen.Thesearelistedasnewlyappendend(xinfu新附)attheendofeachradicalsection. Foreachcharacter,themeaningisprovidedfirst.ThenXuShenanalysesthecharacteritself.InmanycaseshequotesfromtheConfucianclassicstoprovidethereaderwithanexamplefromtheliteraturehemightbefamiliarwith.SometimeshealsoaddsaphoneticinstructionofthetypeofduruoX讀若某"readlikeX"(asystemcalledzhiyin直音).Inthelastplacehegivesalternativewritings(oftenanotherradical)ortheancientshapeofthecharacter,whichoftentotallydiffersfromthesmallsealscriptstyle. TheShuowenjiezilists9,353charactersasalemma,and1,163alternativecharacters(oldstyles,andsoon).Thislargenumbercoverspracticallyallwordsoccurringintheancientliterature.Somecharactershavelaterbeenadded,especiallysuchfromHan-periodliteraturenotusedinpre-Hantexts.TheShuowendoesnotcovercharactersfromtheancientstateofChu楚memoryofwhichwaslostduringtheHanperiod,andnotthoseexclusivelyusedonbronzevesselinscriptionsfromtheearlyZhouperiod周(11thcent.-221BCE).ItdoesofcoursealsonotlistthemostancientformofChinesecharactersasusedintheoracleboneinscriptionsfromtheShangperiod商(17th-11thcent.BCE)thatwereonlydiscoveredintheearly20thcentury.Itwas,nevertheless,easiertoreadtheseinscriptionswiththehelpoftheShuowenjiezi.WithoutXuShen'sindications,thiswouldhavebeenfarmoredifficult. Quotation2.ExamplesfromtheShuowenjiezi 1.1.【】【】 【一】惟初太始道立於一。

造分天地，化成萬物。

凡一之屬皆從一。

(於悉切。

)【弌】古文一。

一[Unity,one]iswherethestartoftheGreatBeginningoftheWayisbasedupon.Inunity,HeavenandEarthareseparatedfromeachother[unityoronethusbecomingtwo]andthentransformedintothetenthousandcreations.Allthingsrelatedto"one"arewrittenwiththeradical一[e.g.元"origin",天,"Heaven",丕"grand",吏"administratorofmen"].(Pronounced/ʔ-i̯ĕt/.[Note:PronunciationhintswereaddedduringtheSongperiod.Forthistranslation,BernhardKarlgren'sphoneticreconstructionisused.])弌isanold-scriptcharactervariantfor一. 1.3.【】 【天】顛也。

至高無上。

從一、大。

(他前切。

) 天[Heaven](/tʰien/):isthesummit(/tien/[Note:punswereverypopularduringtheHanperiod]),orthehighestpointwhichnothingcansurpass.Thecharacteriscomposedof"one"and"great".(Prounounced/tʰ-ien/.) 2.1.【】【】 【丄】高也。

此古文上。

指事也。

凡上之屬皆從上。

(時掌切。

)【上】篆文上。

丄[Above,ontop]meanshigh.Itistheold-stylecharacterfor上,charactertype"pointingtosituation".Allthingsrelatedto"above"arewrittenwiththeradical丄[e.g.帝"deifiedancestor",旁"vast",下"below"].(Pronounced/ʑ-i̯aŋ/.)上istheSmallSealscriptcharacterfor丄. 2.2.【】【】 【帝】諦也。

王天下之號也。

從上、朿聲。

(都計切。

)【𢂇】古文帝。

古文諸上字皆從一，篆文皆從二。

【二】古文上字。

辛、示、辰、龍、童、音、章，皆從古文上。

帝[Emperor](/tiei/):iscareful(/tiei/).Denominationforthetrueruleroftheearth.Thecharacteriscomposedof上"above"andthephonetic朿(ceorqi).(Pronounced/ti-ei/.)𢂇isanold-stylecharacterfor帝.Allold-stylecharacterswiththeradical上arewrittenwithasimplestroke一,andtheSmallSealstylecharacterswithadoublestroke二.二isanold-stylecharacterfor上.Thefollowingcharactersarewrittenwiththeold-style上:xin辛(oneoftheCelestialStems),shi示"todisplay",chen辰(oneoftheTerrestrialBranches),long龍"dragon",tong童"young,inferior",yin音"sound"andzhang章"stanza". 287.1.【】 【人】天地之性最貴者也。

此籀文象臂脛之形。

凡人之屬皆從人。

(如鄰切。

) 人[Man]theworthiestofallbeingsbetweenHeavenandEarth.ThisistheLargeSealstylecharacterdepictingofamanwitharmsandlegs.Allthingsrelatedto"man"arewrittenwiththeradical人.(Pronounced/ȵʑ-i̯ĕn/.) 302.1.【】 【老】考也。

七十曰老。

從人、毛、𠤎，言鬚髮變白也。

凡老之屬皆從老。

(盧皓切。

) 老[Old](/lɑu/)means"aged".Seventyyearsisold.Thecharacteriscomposedofthecharacters"man"人,"hair"毛and"change"𠤎,sayingthatbeardandhairhavebecomewhite.Allthingsrelatedto"oldage"arewrittenwiththeradical老[e.g.耆"auld",壽"longlife",孝"obedienttowardstheelder"].(Pronounced/l-ɑu/.) 302.2.【】 【考】老也。

從老省、ㄎ聲。

(苦浩切。

) 考[Aged](/kʰɑu/)means"old".Thecharacteriscomposedofabridged老"old"andthephonetic丂(kǎo).(Pronounced/kʰ-ɑu/.) 480.1.【】 【土】地之吐生物者也。

二象地之下，地之中物出形也。

凡土之屬皆從土。

(它魯切。

) 土[Soil]iswhattheearthproducesoflivingcreatures.Thetwohorizontalstrokesdepictthesurfaceofthesoilandwhatisbelow,[andtheverticalstroke]depictswhatcomesoutoftheearth.Allthingsrelatedto"earth"arewrittehwiththeradical土.(Pronounced/tʰ-uo/.) 480.2.【】【】 【地】元氣初分輕清陽為天，重濁陰為地。

萬物所陳列也。

從土、也聲。

(徒內切。

)【𡒰】籀文地，從䧘。

地[Earth](/dʱi/)means,theprimordialspiritinthebeginningdividedlight,clearandbrightthingsintheshapeofHeavenfromheavy,muddyanddarkthingssymbolizingEarth.[Earth]ishowthetenthousandbeingsarearranged.Thecharacteriscomposedof"soil"andthephonetic也(/jia/)[Note:itseemsratherthattheword"uterus"也hastobetakenliterally-theearthasaproducerofthings-,ratherthanphonetically].(Pronounced/dʱ-i/.)𡒰isaLargeSealstylecharacterfor地,derivedfrom䧘. 513.1.【】【】 【甲】東方之孟陽氣萌動，從木戴孚甲之象。

一曰：人頭空為甲。

甲象人頭。

凡甲之屬皆從甲。

(古狎切。

)【𠇚】古文甲，始於十，見於千，成於木之象。

甲[Shield,orthefirstoftheCelestialStems]means,whentheyoungsunraysfromtheeastimbuethesprouts,theybegintomove.Thecharacterdepictsawoodenhandleheadedwithahardshield.Oneauthorsays,thathollowskullsofhumansweretheusedasshields,thecharacterdepictingaman'shead.Allthingsrelatedto"shield"arewrittenwiththeradical甲[note:thereareactuallynoderivativecharacters].(Pronounced/k-ap/.)𠇚isanold-stylecharacterfor甲,symbolizingthebeginningwithten,apparearancewiththousand,andcompletedinatree.[DuanYucaicomments:shouldread"[sprouts]beginatthebottom/belowthesurfaceoftheearth(下,i.e.alsothelowerpartofthecharacter),becomeapparentontop(上)ofit(i.e.theupperpart),andarecompletedasfull-grownplants."] 525.1.【】【】【】 【子】十一月陽氣動萬物，滋人以為偁。

象形。

凡子之屬皆從子。

李陽冰曰：子在中足併也。

(即里切。

)【㜽】古文子，從川象髮也。

【𢀈】籀文子，囟有髮臂脛在几上也。

子[Son,orthefirstoftheTerrestrialBranches]means,intheeleventhmonth,theyangspiritmovesthetenthousandbeings,nourishingmantofullaccordancewithnature.Thecharacterisapicture(ofachild).Allthingsrelatedto"child"arewrittenwiththeradical子[e.g.孕"pregnant",字"toraiseachild",孺"infant",季"youngestchild",孟"oldestchild",孤"orphan",存"tocarefor",...].LiYangbingsays:Itdepictsababyinitsdiapers,thefeetsidebyside.(Pronounced/ts-i/.)㜽isanold-stylecharacterfor子,threestrokesdepictingthehair.𢀈istheLargeSealScriptcharacter,thefontanelhavinghair,armsandlegsandlyingonasmalltable. XuShen'sanalysisisenormeouslyhelpfulforunderstandingthehistoryofChinesecharactersandtheoriginalmeaningofthem.Withouthisprovidingthesealscriptshapeanditsanalysis,itwouldnotbepossibletoreallyperceivetheacutalmeaningofalotofcharacters,becausethemodernchanceryscriptshapeisoftensimplifiedanddoesnotrevealtheorigionalshape,like夜"night",derivedfrom夕"evening",亦,derivedfromastandingperson大,or春"spring",whichisacompositionof艸"grass",日"sun"and屯"sprout".TheShuowenjieziservedasamodelforalllatercharacterdictionariesbasedonanarrangementofthecharactersaccordingtoradicals. UnfortunatelytheShuowenjiezihassufferedfromanunhappyhistoryoftransmission.TheTang-period唐(618-907)scholarLiYangbing李陽冰(c.750)editedtheShuowenafterhehadmadealotofamendingsconcerningthesmallsealscriptofthelemmas.Healsoaddedhisowncommentary,whichwas,accordingtotestimonyoflaterscholars,veryunreliableandunscholarly.ItwasonlyduringtheFiveDynastiesperiod五代(907-960)thatthebrothersXuXuan徐鉉(916-991)andXuKai徐鍇(920-974)fromthestateofSouthernTang南唐(937-975)startedrecoveringtheancienttextoftheShuowenjiezi.XuKaipublisheditwithhisowncommentaryinthe40-juanlongShuowenjiezixichuan說文解字繫傳. Figure4.BeginningoftheShuowenjiezixichuan BeginningoftheShuowenjiezixichuan,Sibucongkan四部叢刊edition,reproducingacombinationofaSong-periodmanuscriptfromthecollectionofthefamilyZhang張氏inWucheng烏程,Jiangsu(ShugutangStudio述古堂),andaSong-periodprintfromthecollectionofthefamilyQu瞿氏inGuli古里closetoChangshu常熟,Jiangsu.Clicktoenlarge. XuXuanbecameasubjectoftheSongdynasty宋(960-1279)andpresentedhisown,muchshorter,commentarytotheShuowenjiezi,totheSongcourt.HehadeliminatedtheerrorsbyLiYangbingandaddedapronunciationguideaccordingtothefanqiesystem反切usedinSunMian's孫愐(fl.751)characterdictionaryTangyun唐韻fromtheTangperiod,andsomenotestoapartofthecharacters.Hedividedeachofthe15originalchaptersintotwohalf-chapters.ItwasalsoXuXuanwhoaddedthenewcharacterstothetextwhichappearinancientwritings,especiallysuchfromtheHanperiod,butwhichweremissingintheoriginalShuowenjiezi. XuXuan'simperiallyacknowledgedversion(alsocalledDa-Xuben大徐本"VersionoftheolderXu")wasprinted,aswellastheversionofhisbrother(theXiao-Xuben小徐本"VersionoftheyoungerXu").ThefirstisincludedintheseriesSibucongkan四部叢刊.TheoriginalprintfromtheSongperiodwasownedbytheJigugeStudio汲古閣(i.e.MaoJin毛晉,1599-1659),laterbyLuXinyuan陸心源(1834-1894),andnowbytheSeikadōLibrary静嘉堂文库inTokyo.IthasalsobeenincludedinSunXingyan's孫星衍(1753-1818)seriesPingjinguancongshu平津館叢書.Thisversionhasbeenreprintedseveraltimesandisverywidespread.AmanuscriptversionfromtheShugutangStudio述古堂(ownerQianZeng錢曾,1629-1701)ofXuKai'sShuowenjiezixichuanhasbeenreprintedintheseriesSibucongkan.ItwasalsoprintedbytheQing-periodpublisherQiGuizao祁嶲藻(1793-1866). ThereisaTang-periodmanuscriptpreserved,butonlyinaverysmallfragmentof188charactersfromthesectionoftheradical木"tree".IthasbeencommentedandpublishedbytheQing-period清(1644-1911)scholarMoYouzhi莫友芝(1811-1871)withthetitleTangxiebenShuowenjiezimubujianyi唐寫本說文解字木部箋異.TheoriginalisnowkeptintheKyō'ushōkuLibrary杏雨書屋inOsaka.Anotherfragmentfromthesectionoftheradical口"mouth"isamanuscriptwritteninJapan. Figure5.Tang-periodfragmentsoftheShuowenjiezi FirstpageofMoYouzhi's莫友芝(1811-1871)transcriptionoftheTang-periodfragmentoftheShuowenjiezifoundinthepossessionsofZhangLianchen張廉臣,districtmagistrateofYixian黟縣,Anhui.ThefragmenthadbeenpartofthecollectionofMiYouren米友仁(1074-1153),sonofthefamousSong-periodcalligrapherMiFu米芾(1051-1107).XuxiuSikuquanshu續修四庫全書edition. XuKaialsowroteanindextotheShuowenjiezi,theShuowenjieziyunpu說文解字韻譜,inwhichthecharactersarearrangedaccordingtotherhymesystemvalidsincetheTangperiod.TheindexhaslaterbeenamendedbyXuXuan.TheSouthernSong-period南宋(1127-1279)scholarLiTao李燾(1115-1184)wroteanotherindex,Shuowenjieziwuyiyunpu說文解字五音韻譜,whichisgearedtotheSong-periodrhymesystem,whichhasfewerrhymegroupsthanthatoftheTangperiod.Allthreebookswereprinted. ThecorpusofQing-periodstudiesontheShuowenjieziisquitevast.Thedictionaryattractedtheattentionofscholarsofallfields,frompalaeographersandphonologiststobotanists.ThemostimportantstudiesandcommentariesareDuanYucai's段玉裁(1735-1815)Shuowenjiezizhu說文解字注,GuiFu's桂馥(1736-1805)Shuowenjieziyizheng說文解字義證,WangYun's王筠(1784-1854)Shuowenjudu說文句讀,andZhuJunsheng's朱駿聲(1788-1858)Shuowentongxundingsheng說文通訓定聲. ThebookofDuanYucaiisaverydetailedanalysisofthewholetextoftheShuowenjiezi.HequotesalotofancientliteratureinhisanalysisofthemeaningXuShenhasattributedtothecharacter,inordertotracetheexpansionoftheoriginalmeaningofthecharacter.Thiswasoftendonebyborrowingthecharacterforanotherword.Duanalsotriestoestablishtheoriginalpronunciationofthecharacter.Inspiteofsomeerrors,theShuowenjiezizhuisanexcellentearlymodernstandardcommentary. ThebookbyGuiFuisinfirstcaseasourcebookprovidingmaterialfromoriginalsourcessupportingorcontradictingtheanalysisofXuShen.OfsecondaryimportanceisGui'sanalysisofthemaintextandofthecommentariesoftheXubrothers. ThebookofWangYunwascompiledasanextractofthelargeworksofDuanandGui,tomakeiteasierforthereadertodealwiththelargeamountofmaterial.Wangalsomadesomecorrectionstothetext.HealsowrotethebookShuowenshili說文釋例,ananalysisofthebasicguidelineswithwhichtheShuowenhadbeenwritten. ZhuJunshengarrangedthecharactersaccordingtorhymegroups.HeanalysestheoriginaltextofXuShenandtheparticularpartsofthecharacters,theexendedmeaning(whileXuShenonlyprovidestheoriginalmeaningofthecharacter)andforwhichwordsthecharacterwasborrowed.ZhualsoaddedsomemorecharactersfromHan-andWei-period曹魏(220-265)sourcesnotincludedintheShuowenjiezitext. In1928DingFubao丁福保(1874-1952)publishedacompilationofallpreviouscommentariestotheShuoweninalarge,eight-volume(modernreprintshaveevenmorevolumes)editioncalledShuowenjiezigulin說文解字詁林.Thecommentariesareassembledaccordingtothecharacters,sothatitisveryeasytoseeallcommentsunderonesingleheading. Table3.RadicalsoftheShuowenjiezi 1 一 yī one,origin 2 丄(上) shàng highabove 3 示 shì religiousmatters,whatHeavensendsdown 4 三 sān trinityofHeaven,EarthandMan 5 王 wáng king,theonetowardswhomallpeoplehurry 6 玉 yù jade 7 玨 jué doublejade 8 气 qì cloudyormistyair 9 士 shì servant,minister 10 丨 gǔn penetratingvertically 11 屮 chè sprout 12 艸 cǎo grass,herbaceousplants 13 蓐 rù perennialplants 14 茻 mǎng thicket 15 小 xiǎo small 16 八 bā toseparate,numbereight 17 釆 biàn todistinguish 18 半 bàn thingsdividedinthemiddle 19 牛 niú cattle 20 犛 máo Tibetanyak 21 告 gào tomarkadangerousbull 22 口 kǒu mouth 23 凵 kǎn amouthisopenedwidely 24 吅 xuān toshoutinalarm 25 哭 kū toweep 26 𡗱(走) zǒu towalk 27 止 zhǐ base 28 癶 bō blockedfeet(note:topposition) 29 步 bù togo 30 此 cǐ tostop 31 正 zhèng correct 32 是 shì direct 33 辵 chuò goingonce,andhaltingonce 34 彳 chì smallstep 35 廴 yìn towalkalongdistance 36 㢟 chān towalkhesitatingly 37 行 xíng towalk 38 齒 chǐ teeth 39 牙 yá molarteeth 40 足 zú foot 41 疋 shū foot 42 品 pǐn masses,manifold 43 龠 yuè flute 44 𠕋 cè writtenorder 45 㗊 jí manymouths 46 舌 shé tongue 47 干 gān toviolate 48 𧮫 jué roofofthemouth 49 只 zhī fillingwordofspeech 50 㕯 nè clumsyspeech 51 𠯶(句) gōu tobend,ahook 52 丩 jiū tointertwine 53 古 gǔ ancienttimes 54 十 shí thefullnumber,ten 55 卅 sà thirty 56 言 yán tospeakdirectly 57 誩 jìng toquarrel 58 音 yīn tone,sound 59 䇂 qiān crime,fault 60 丵 zhuó denselygrowinggrass 61 菐 pú pettyandmulitudineous 62 𠬞(廾) gǒng tofoldone'shands 63 𠬜(大) pān topull(note:bottomposition) 64 共 gòng together 65 異 yì separate,different 66 舁 yú toliftjointly 67 𦥑 jú tofoldhands 68 䢅 chén earlymorning 69 爨 cuàn tocook(dialectoftheregionofQi) 70 革 gé processedanimalskin 71 鬲 lí akindoftripod 72 䰜 lì cookingpot 73 爪 zhǎo tograsp 74 丮 jǐ tohold 75 鬥 dòu toengagewithweapons 76 又 yòu (right)hand 77 𠂇 zuǒ lefthand 78 史 shǐ officialscribe 79 支 zhī tostripoffleavesfrombambootwigs 80 𦘒 niè theskillsofthehand 81 聿 yù writingtool 82 畫 huà definedborderline 83 隶 lì toreachandcatch 84 臤 qiān solid 85 臣 chén entrustedwithanofficialtask,aminister 86 殳 shū toseparatepersonswithaspear 87 殺 shā tokill 88 𠘧 shū theappearanceofshort-featheredbirdsflying 89 寸 cùn lengthunit,tenfen 90 皮 pí animalskin 91 㼱 ruǎn tannedleather 92 攴 pū slightbeat 93 教 jiào toinstructandtoimitate 94 卜 bǔ divinationcrackontortoiseplastron 95 用 yòng do-able 96 爻 yáo toexchange 97 㸚 lǐ toexchangeseveraltimes 98 𡕥 xuè tolifttheeye,togiveinstructions 99 目 mù eye 100 䀠 qú toseewithbotheyes 101 眉 méi eyebrow 102 盾 dùn shield 103 自 zì nose 104 白 zì(!) nose 105 鼻 bí tobreathe 106 皕 bì twohundred 107 習 xí aflockofbirdsflying 108 羽 yǔ wingfeathers 109 隹 zhuī short-tailedbird 110 奞 xùn along-wingedbirdraises 111 雈 huán atypeofkiteorowl 112 𠁥 guǎi goathorns 113 苜 mò anabnormaleye 114 羊 yáng goat,sheep 115 羴 shān agoat'ssmell 116 瞿 qú thefrighteningsightoffalcons 117 雔 chóu apairofbirds 118 雥 zá aflockofbirds 119 鳥 diǎo along-tailedbird 120 烏 wū abirdrespectfultowardsitsprogenitors,acrow 121 𠦒 bān akindofbasket 122 冓 gòu toexchangeandaccumulatematerials 123 幺 yāo small,young 124 𢆶 yōu minuscule 125 叀 zhuān attentiveandprudent 126 玄 xuán darkandfaraway 127 予 yú topresenttosbd. 128 放 fàng togetridofsth. 129 𠬪 biào tomovedownwards 130 𣦼 cán tocut,tosplit 131 歹 è boneresidualsaftercuttingoffthemeat 132 死 sǐ toexpire,todie 133 冎 guǎ tocutoffaman'sfleshandstorehisbones 134 骨 gǔ bones 135 肉 ròu alargepieceofmeat 136 筋 jīn thepowerofflesh,muscles 137 刀 dāo weapon,sword 138 刃 rèn blade 139 㓞 qì toinciseskilfully 140 丰 jiè denselygrowinggrass 141 耒 lěi thecurvedbeamofahandplow 142 角 jué hornofananimal 143 竹 zhú winter-resistantgrass,bamboo 144 箕 jī winnowingbasket 145 丌 qí base,standofobjects 146 左 zuǒ tohelpwithone'sownhands 147 工 gōng skilled,craftsman 148 㠭 zhǎn intelligent,skilledandheedful 149 巫 wū toinvokespirits 150 甘 gān goodtaste 151 曰 yuē speech,particleindicatingspeech 152 乃 nǎi tospeakwithdifficulty 153 丂 kǎo breathisgoingtobeexhalated 154 可 kě toallow 155 兮 xī speechishalting 156 号 hào tocryforpain 157 亏(于) kuī sameas於(crow,lateraprepositionalverb) 158 旨 zhǐ excellenttaste 159 喜 xǐ joyful 160 壴 zhù toarrangemusicalinstruments 161 鼓 gǔ drum 162 豈 qǐ musictowelcomevictorioustroopsreturning 163 豆 dòu akindofvesselforcookingmeat 164 豊 lǐ aritualvessel 165 豐 fēng acookingvesselfullofmeat 166 䖒 xī anoldtypeofceramicvessel 167 虍 biāo atigerpattern 168 虎 hǔ thelordofmountainanimals,tiger 169 虤 yán atigerinrage 170 皿 mǐn adish 171 凵 qū adishmadeofwillowtwigs 172 去 qù toleaveeachother 173 血 xiě animalbloodofferedinasacrifice 174 丶 zhǔ dot,astoppagemarker 175 丹 dān aredmineralfromthesouthernregions 176 靑 qīng thecolouroftheeast,green 177 井 jǐng thefieldcompartmentsofeightfamilies,avesselforwater-drawing 178 皀 bī theodourofgrain 179 鬯 chàng tobrewblackmilletandfragrantherbstogainsacrificialwine 180 食 shí tobringgraintogether 181 亼 jí threepersonsassembled 182 會 huì toconjoin 183 倉 cāng granary 184 入 rù toenter 185 缶 fǒu ceramicpot 186 矢 shǐ arroworbolt 187 高 gāo lofty 188 冂 jiōng thefarwildneress 189 𩫖(享) guō residence 190 京 jīng artificialhill 191 亯 xiǎng topresent 192 㫗 hòu thick,valued 193 畐 fú full 194 㐭 lǐn granary 195 嗇 sè tocarefor 196 來 lái akindofominousgrain 197 麥 mài grainwithawns 198 夊 suī towalkslowly,draggingaleg(note:bottomposition) 199 舛 chuǎn toliesidebyside 200 䑞(舜) shùn akindofherb 201 韋 wéi backagainstback 202 弟 dì toenvelopthingsinacertainsequence 203 夂 zhǐ toarrivefromtherear(note:topposition) 204 久 jiǔ tobacksomethingfrombehind 205 桀 jié todismemberaman 206 木 mù tocover,tree 207 東 dōng tomove,theeast 208 林 lín forest 209 才 cái shootofatree 210 叒 ruò amiraculoustreethatcomesoutatdawn,mulberry 211 之 zhī togrow,tocomeout 212 帀 zā toencircle 213 出 chū toadvance 214 𣎵(巿) pō luxurianttreesandbushes 215 生 shēng togrow 216 乇 zhé leaves 217 𠂹 chuí inflorescence 218 𠌶 huā flower 219 華 huá blossoming,richlyflowering 220 𥝌 jī benttopofatree 221 稽 jī torest 222 巢 cháo bird'snest 223 桼 qī sapofatree 224 束 shù tobind 225 㯻 hùn totietoabundle 226 囗 wéi encirclement 227 員 yuán acertainnumberofsth. 228 貝 bèi shell 229 邑 yì polity,state 230 𨛜 xiàng lane,street 231 日 rì fruit,fulfilment,thesun 232 旦 dàn dawn 233 倝 gàn themorningsun 234 㫃 yǎn weavingstreamers 235 冥 míng dark 236 晶 jīng brilliant 237 月 yuè alackofsth.,themoon 238 有 yǒu whatshouldbetternotoccur 239 明 míng bright 240 囧 jiǒng interlockingwindowsilluminatetheroom 241 夕 xī evening 242 多 duō endlessrepetition 243 毌 guàn topenetrateandlocktogether 244 𢎘 hàn toincludefirmly 245 𣐺 hàn flowersandfruitshangingdown 246 𠧪 tiáo ripefruitshangingdown 247 齊 qí theearsofgrainleveledonthesameheight 248 朿 cì thornsofatree 249 片 piàn halfatrunk,splitwood 250 鼎 dǐng atripodwithearhandles 251 克 kè toshoulder 252 彔 lù tosplitwood 253 禾 hé grainplant 254 秝 lì rareandsuitable 255 黍 shǔ glutinousmillet 256 香 xiāng fragrantherbs 257 米 mǐ thefruitofgrain 258 毇 huǐ tobruisegrain 259 臼 jiù mortar 260 凶 xiōng badomen 261 朩 pìn theskinofhempstalks 262 𣏟 pài generaltermforhemp 263 麻 má hemp 264 尗 shú bean 265 耑 duān thetipofsprouts 266 韭 jiǔ leek 267 瓜 guā melon,gourd,cucumber 268 瓠 hù calabash 269 宀 mián roofsmutuallycovering 270 宮 gōng largebuilding 271 呂 lǚ dorsalspine 272 穴 xué cavedwelling 273 㝱(夢) mèng todream 274 疒 nè tolaydown,tobesick 275 冖 mì cover 276 𠔼 mǎo doublecover 277 冃 mào headscarfwornbychildrenandthesouthernbarbarians 278 㒳 liǎng again,twotimes 279 网 wǎng fishingnet 280 襾 yà cover,envelope 281 巾 jīn silkengirdle 282 巿 fú kneecover,apron 283 帛 bó silkencloth 284 白 bái colourofthewest,white 285 㡀 bì worn-outclothes 286 黹 zhǐ embroideredcloth 287 人 rén theworthiestbeingonearth,man 288 𠤎 huà tochange 289 匕 bǐ tocompare 290 从 cóng toobey,tofollow 291 比 bǐ near,close 292 北 běi toturnawayfromsby.,north 293 丘 qiū naturalhill 294 㐺(众) yín severalpersonsstandingtogether 295 壬 tǐng(!) good 296 重 zhòng thick,heavy 297 臥 wò torest 298 身 shēn thebody 299 㐆 yǐn torelyonsth. 300 衣 yī torelyon,clothes 301 裘 qiú leatherclothes 302 老 lǎo anoldperson 303 毛 máo hairofanykind 304 毳 cuì thinhairofanimals 305 尸 shī toexhibit,body 306 尺 chǐ teninches 307 尾 wěi small,tail 308 履 lǚ footwear 309 舟 zhōu boat,ship 310 方 fāng boatstiedtogether 311 儿 amanofakindsense 312 兄 xiōng theolderbrother 313 兂 zān hairpin 314 皃 mào appearance 315 𠑹 gǔ blockedandhidden 316 先 xiān tobethefirst 317 禿 tū nohair,bold 318 見 jiàn tosee,tolook 319 覞 yào tolookateachother 320 欠 qiàn toopenthemouthwideandletbreathcomingout 321 㱃(飲) yǐn todrink 322 㳄 xián salivaisdrippingoutofthemouth 323 旡 jì thegulletisobstructed 324 頁 yè head 325 𦣻 shǒu head 326 𡇢(面) miàn face 327 丏 miǎn notabletosee 328 𩠐(首) shǒu head 329 𥄉 jiāo aturnedheadhangingdown 330 須 xū facialhair,beard 331 彡 xiǎn hair,decorationofpaintings,orpatterns 332 彣 wén colouredpattern 333 文 wén crossingpattern 334 髟 biāo longhairhangingdown 335 后 hòu heirofaruler 336 司 sī officialoutsidethecourt 337 卮 zhī winejar 338 卩 jié seal 339 印 yìn sealoftheruler 340 色 sè colourormoodontheface 341 𠨍 qīng asystemofactinginduty 342 辟 bì astandard,arule 343 勹 bāo toembrace,tohold 344 包 bāo apregnantwoman 345 茍 jì toalert,toadmonishoneself 346 鬼 guǐ whatamanturntointheend,aghost 347 甶 fú headofaghost 348 厶 sī intrigant,evil 349 嵬 wéi high,butnoteven 350 山 shān toexalt,amountain 351 屾 shēn twomountains 352 屵 àn ahighcliff 353 广 ān housewithahighroofstructure 354 厂 hàn mountaincliffshieldinghouses 355 丸 wán roundobjects 356 危 wēi tostandonahighpointandbefrightened 357 石 shí mountainstone 358 𨱗(長) cháng longandfaraway 359 勿 wù bannerofaprovince 360 冄(冉) rǎn hairhangingdown 361 而 ér beard 362 豕 shǐ pig 363 㣇 yì wildanimalwithlonghair 364 彑 jì apig'shead 365 豚 tún piglet 366 豸 zhì martenandsimilaranimalswithalongbody 367 𤉡 sì grey-hairedwaterbuffalo 368 易 yì lizard 369 象 xiàng elephant 370 馬 mǎ martialanimal,horse 371 廌 zhì wildbuffalowithonehorn 372 鹿 lù deer 373 麤 cū travellingfar 374 㲋 chuò hare-likeanimalwithgreyhair 375 兔 tù hare,rabbit 376 萈 huán mountaingoatwithsmallhorns 377 犬 quǎn dog,hound 378 㹜 yín quarrelingdogs 379 鼠 shǔ animalslivinginholes,rats 380 能 néng akindofbear 381 熊 xióng bear 382 火 huǒ todestroy,fire 383 炎 yán afire'sbrightnessisraisinghigh 384 𪐗(黑) hēi colourofsoot,black 385 囪 cōng roofwindow 386 焱 yàn sparks 387 炙 zhì toroastmeat 388 𤆍(赤) chì colourofthesouth,red 389 大 tài great(note:topposition) 390 亦 yì aman'sarmpit 391 夨 cè abenthead 392 夭 yāo bent,twisted 393 交 jiāo crossedlegs 394 尣 wāng abentleg 395 壺 hú aroundvessel 396 𡕍(壹) yī non-leakingcan 397 㚔(幸) xìng aninstrumenttointimidatepeople 398 奢 shē tobroaden,toextent 399 亢 kàng theneck 400 𠦍(夲) běn tohastenforward 401 夰 gǎo torelease 402 大 dà sameas大(note:bottomposition) 403 夫 fū husband 404 𡗓(立) lì tostand 405 竝(幷) bìng tostandsidebyside 406 囟 xìn fontanelleofthecranium 407 恖(思) sī toembracethoughts 408 心 xīn theheart 409 惢 suǒ doubts,thoughts 410 水 shuǐ level,water 411 沝 zhuǐ twowaters 412 𩕨(瀕) bīn thebankofariver 413 ㄑ quǎn smallcreekflowing 414 巜 kuài thesoundofgurglingwater 415 巛(川) chuān broadlystreamingwater 416 泉 quán asource 417 灥 xún threesources 418 永 eternallyflowing 419 𠂢 pài sidebranchofariver 420 谷 gǔ rivervalley 421 仌(冫) bīng frozen 422 雨 yǔ rain 423 雲 yún theexhalationofmountainsandrivers,clouds 424 𤉯(魚) yú fish 425 𩺰 yú twofishes 426 㷼(燕) yàn ablackbird,swallow 427 龍 lóng themasterofthescalyanimals,dragon 428 飛 fēi tofly 429 非 fēi tooppose 430 卂 xùn toflyquickly 431 乚 yǐ ablackbird,swallow 432 𠀚(不) bù abirdflieshighanddoesnotcomeback 433 𦤴(至) zhì abirdarrivingattheground 434 㢴(西) xī abird'snest,west 435 鹵 lǔ asalt-producingregioninthewest 436 鹽 yán salt 437 戶 hù tocover,house 438 門 mén wherenewsareheard,door 439 耳 ěr theear 440 𦣝 yí cheeksandchin 441 手 手 fist,hand 442 𠦬 guāi thedorsalspine 443 女 nǚ theonegoingtowhereshebelongs,wife,daughter 444 毋 wú tostopsbdy. 445 民 mín tosproutinmasses,thepeople 446 丿 piě brushstrokefromtheright 447 𠂆 yì averticalstrokepulledaway,clear 448 乀 yí tomove 449 氏 zhī amountaincliffbreakingdown 450 氐 dī toreach,toarrive 451 戈 gē halberd 452 戉 yuè axe 453 我 wǒ I,me 454 亅 jué hook,reversal 455 琴 qín tohalttheimproperbymusic,azither 456 乚 yǐn tocover,tohide 457 亾(亡) wáng toescape,toleave,todie 458 匸 xì tostandinclinedtooneside 459 匚 fāng acontainervessel 460 𠚖(曲) qū acontainer 461 甾 zī amug(dialectword) 462 瓦 wǎ earthenware,ceramics,tile 463 弓 gōng toreachthatfaraway,abow 464 弜 jiàng strong 465 弦 xián abowstring 466 系 xì totietogether 467 糸 mì athinthread 468 素 sù white,uncolouredsilk 469 絲 sī rawsilk 470 率 shuài netofabird-catcher 471 虫 huǐ worm,insect 472 䖵 kūn insectsandworms 473 蟲 chóng crawlinganimals 474 風 fēng wind 475 它 tā snake 476 龜 guī anoldanimal,tortoise 477 黽 mǐn frog 478 卵 luǎn egg 479 二 èr double,two 480 土 tǔ earth,soil 481 垚 yáo highspotofearth 482 堇 jǐn loamysoil 483 里 lǐ livingplace,village 484 田 tián tospreadout,field 485 畕 jiāng neighbouringfields 486 黃 huáng thecolourofthesoil,yellow 487 男 nán husband,man 488 力 lì muscle,power,force 489 劦 xié jointforces 490 金 jīn metal 491 幵 jiān even,leveled 492 勺 sháo toladle 493 几 jī tosquat,alowtable 494 且 qiě toputdown,adish 495 斤 jīn tocuttrees,anaxe 496 斗 dǒu tensheng(litres),avolumemeasure 497 矛 máo alongspear 498 車 chē acart,avehicle 499 𠂤 duī asmallmound 500 𨸏(阜) fù aflatearthenhill 501 𨺅 fù betweentwohills 502 厽 lěi apiled-upearthenwall 503 四 sì theyinnumber,four 504 宁 zhù tostorethingsseparately 505 叕 jué tointertwine 506 亞 yā bad,ugly 507 五 wǔ theFiveAgents 508 六 liù thechangingnumberoftheBookofChanges,six 509 七 qī thecorrectyangnumber,seven 510 九 jiǔ thechangeoftheyang,nine 511 厹(禸) róu thefootofananimaltreadsupontheearth 512 嘼 xù cattle,beast,animal 513 甲 jiǎ inspring,budsopentheiroutershell,armour,crust,firstoftheCelestialStems 514 乙 yǐ sproutscomingoutoftheearth,secondoftheCelestialStems 515 丙 bǐng brillianceinspring,thirdoftheCelestialStems 516 丁 dīng plantsaregrowinginsummer,fourthoftheCelestialStems 517 戊 wù movingtowardsthecentreoftheyear,fifthoftheCelestialStems 518 己 jǐ thefruitsaremovedtowardsthegranaries,sixthoftheCelestialStems 519 巴 bā asnake 520 庚 gēng ripefruitsinautumn,seventhoftheCelestialStems 521 辛 xīn penetratingflavourofautumn,eighthoftheCelestialStems 522 辡 biàn plaintiffanddefendant 523 壬 rén pregnant,fulloffruits,ninthoftheCelestialStems 524 癸 guǐ tosurveybarrenfields,tenthoftheCelestialStems 525 子 zǐ richfruits,son,children,firstoftheTerrestrialBranches 526 了 liǎo tocrosslegswhilewalking 527 孨 zhuǎn totakecare 528 𠫓 tū unexpecteddisobedience 529 丑 chǒu toknot,natureisimpededinwinter,secondoftheTerrestrialBranches 530 寅 yín theyangspiritisdrivendowntotheYellowSources,thirdoftheTerrestrialBranches 531 戼(卯) topenetratetheearthinspring,fourthoftheTerrestrialBranches 532 辰 chén toshaketheearth,fifthoftheTerrestrialBranches 533 巳 sì yanghascomeout,whileyinisbentdown,sixthoftheTerrestrialBranches 534 午 wǔ yinisrevertingagainstyanginautumn,seventhoftheTerrestrialBranches 535 未 wèi fullflavour,eighthoftheTerrestrialBranches 536 𦥔(申) shēn theyinspiritisreachingoutagain,ninthoftheTerrestrialBranches 537 酉 yǒu thefruitshavereachedripeness,tenthoftheTerrestrialBranches 538 酋 qiú alongbreweryprocess 539 戌 xū toextinguishtheyangspirit,eleventhoftheTerrestrialBranches 540 亥 hài theyangspirithasgonedowntotheroots,twelfthoftheTerrestrialBranches Sources: Bottéro,Françoise(1998)."Lavisiondel'écrituredeXuShenʺapartirdesaprésentationdesliushu",CahiersdeLinguistiqueAsieOrientale,27/2:161-191. 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ZhouZumo周祖謨(1999)."Shuowenjiezigailun《說文解字》概論",Zhongguowenhuayanjiu中古文化研究,1997(2). AlphabeticalIndex/Glossary Terms Genres ZhouPeriodLiterature HanPeriodLiterature LiteratureofthePeriodofDivision Sui,Tang,FiveDynastiesLiterature Song,Liao,JinDynastiesLiterature YuanPeriodLiterature MingPeriodLiterature QingPeriodLiterature RepublicanLiterature ModernLiterature