Glossary of Islam - Wikipedia

"submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity. ʾIsnād (إسناد): chain of transmitters of ... GlossaryofIslam FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch ListofdefinitionsoftermsandconceptsusedinIslam PartofaseriesonIslam Beliefs OnenessofGod Prophets RevealedBooks Angels DayofResurrection Predestination Practices ProfessionofFaith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage TextsFoundations Quran Sunnah(Hadith,Sirah) Tafsir(exegesis) Aqidah(creed) Fiqh(jurisprudence) Sharia(law) History Timeline Muhammad Ahlal-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Caliphate Imamate MedievalIslamicscience SpreadofIslam SuccessiontoMuhammad Cultureandsociety Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Circumcision Demographics Denominations Economics Education Spiritpossessionandexorcism Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moralteachings Mosque Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Slavery Socialwelfare Women Relatedtopics Apostasy Criticism Muhammad Quran Hadith Otherreligions Islamism Violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Lawsofwar Glossary  Islamportalvte Thisarticleincludesalistofgeneralreferences,butitlackssufficientcorrespondinginlinecitations.Pleasehelptoimprovethisarticlebyintroducingmoreprecisecitations.(January2015)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ThefollowinglistconsistsofnotableconceptsthatarederivedfromIslamicandassociatedcultural(Arab,Persian,Turkish)traditions,whichareexpressedaswordsinArabicorPersianlanguage.Themainpurposeofthislististodisambiguatemultiplespellings,tomakenoteofspellingsnolongerinusefortheseconcepts,todefinetheconceptinoneortwolines,tomakeiteasyforonetofindandpindownspecificconcepts,andtoprovideaguidetouniqueconceptsofIslamallinoneplace. SeparatingconceptsinIslamfromconceptsspecifictoArabculture,orfromthelanguageitself,canbedifficult.ManyArabicconceptshaveanArabicsecularmeaningaswellasanIslamicmeaning.Oneexampleistheconceptofdawah.Arabic,likealllanguages,containswordswhosemeaningsdifferacrossvariouscontexts. Arabiciswritteninitsownalphabet,withletters,symbols,andorthographicconventionsthatdonothaveexactequivalentsintheLatinalphabet(seeArabicalphabet).ThefollowinglistcontainstransliterationsofArabictermsandphrases;variationsexist,e.g.dininsteadofdeenandaqidahinsteadofaqeedah.MostitemsinthelistalsocontaintheiractualArabicspelling. Contents:  Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A[edit] ʿAbd(عبد)(formale)ʾAmah(أمة)(forfemale) Servantorworshipper.MuslimsconsiderthemselvesservantsandworshippersofGodasperIslam.CommonMuslimnamessuchasAbdullah(ServantofGod),Abdul-Malik(ServantoftheKing),Abdur-Rahmān(SlaveoftheMostBeneficent),Abdus-Salām(Slaveof[theoriginatorof]Peace),Abdur-Rahîm(SlaveoftheMostMerciful),allrefertonamesofAllah.[1] ʾAdab(أدب) Traditionallydescribesgoodmanners,asinetiquette.Forexample,beingcourteousisgoodʾadab.However,thetermcanbeusedverybroadly,andthepropertranslationwouldbe"theproperwaytogoaboutsomething,"asintheexample,ʾĀdābalQitāl,or,"TheProperWaysofFightinginWar,"(QitālinArabicmeansmortalcombat)inwhichtheword"etiquette"doesnotbefitthecontext.AsecondarymeaningofʾAdabis"literature".[2] ʾAdhān(أذان) calltosalat(prayer),sometimesalternativelyspelledandpronouncedAzaan,AthaanandAdhan.[3] ʿAdl(عدل) justice,especiallydistributivejustice:social,economic,political,proprietary. AH(هجرية) AnnoHegiraeTheIslamiccalendarstartscountingyearsstartingfromthetimewhenMuhammadhadtoleaveMeccaandgotoMedina,aneventknownastheHijra.ThefirstdayofthefirstIslamicyearis1Muḥarram1(AH)andcorrespondsto16July622(CE). ʾAḥad(أحد) literally"one."Islamically,ahadmeansOneAlone,unique,nonelikeGod.Al-AhadisoneofthenamesofGod. ʾAḥkām(أحكام) ThesearerulingsandordersoftheQu'ranandSunnah.AsinglerulingiscalledaḤukm.Fivekindsoforders:WajiborFard(obligatory),Mustahab(preferredandrecommended),HalalorMubah(permissible),Makruh(dislikedandnotrecommended),andHaram(forbidden) ʾAhlal-Bayt(أهلالبيت) membersofMuhammad'sHousehold.AlsoknownamongShiaastheMaʿṣūmūn(معصومون)(infallibles;spirituallypure). ʾAhlal-Fatrah(الفترة) peoplewholiveinignoranceoftheteachingsofarevealedreligion,butaccordingtothe"Fitra",the"NaturalReligion"innatetohumannatureascreatedbyGod. ʾAhlal-Kitāb(أهلالكتاب) "PeopleoftheBook",orfollowersofpre-IslamicmonotheisticreligionswithsomeformofscripturebelievedtobeofdivineoriginwhichwerementionedinQuran:Jews,Christians. ʾĀkhirah(الآخرة) hereafteroreternallife ʾAkhlāq(أخلاق) Thepracticeofvirtue.Morals. Al-ʾIkhlāṣ(الإخلاص) Sincerityandgenuinenessinreligiousbeliefs. Al-Bir(البّر) PietyandrighteousnessandeveryactofobediencetoAllah. ʿĀlamīn(عالمين) Literally"worlds",humankind,jinn,angelsandallthatexists. AlHijr(Kaaba)(الكعبة) Asemi-circularwallnorth-westofKaaba. ʿalayhi-s-salām(عليهالسلام) "Peacebeuponhim"Thisexpressionnormallyfollowsafternamingaprophet(otherthanMuhammad),oroneofthenobleAngels(i.e.Jibreel(Gabriel),Meekaal(Michael),etc.) al-ḥamduli-llāh(لله) "PraisebetoGod!"Qur'anicexclamationandalsosamemeaningashallelujah. Allāh(الله) ThenameofGodaccordingtoIslam.AlsousedastheArabicwordforGodingeneral. Allāhumma(اللَّهُمَّ) "OAllah,myLord"-usedinaphraseorsalutation,invocationsorsupplications(dua). AllāhuʾAkbar(أكبر) "Allahis[the]greatest".Greaterthananythingoranyone,imaginableorunimaginable. ʿĀlim(عالِم) lit.Onewhoknows.Ascholar(inanyfieldofknowledge) ;ajuristorscientist(whoknowsscience)oratheologian(whoknowsreligion);similartoJapanesesensei,"teacher". Amān,lit. 'safety,protection,safeconduct' ʾAmānah(أمانة) thetrust.Ofallcreation,onlyhumanbeings&jinnscarrythe"trust",whichisfreewill. ʾĀmīn(آمين) Amen. ʾAmīrul-Muʾminīn(المؤمنين) "CommanderoftheFaithful"HistoricallythetitleoftheCaliph.InsomemoderncountrieslikeMorocco,aʾAmīrul-MuʾminīnorCommanderofthefaithfulisthereligiouschief. ʾĀminah(آمنة) Muhammad'smother.AminahfellsickanddiedinAbwa,nearMadina(thenYathrib)whenMuhammadwassixyearsold. Al-ʾAmrBi'lMaʿrūf(بالمعروف) Islamicdoctrineofenjoiningright.ThereexistsinIslamthe(obligatory)principleofencouragingotherpeopletodotherightthing. ʾAnfāl(أنفال) Spoilsofwar.(SeeSūratal-ʾAnfāl(8:1))(الأنفال)[4] ʾAnṣār(أنصار) "Helpers."TheMuslimconvertsatMedinawhohelpedtheMuslimsfromMeccaaftertheHijrah. ʿAqīdah(عقيدة) Articleoffaith,tenet,creed,ordogma. ʿAqīqah(عقيقة) Islamicpracticeofshavingtheheadofthenewbornmaleandcontributingtheweightinsilverforcharityaswellas2lambs. ʿAql(عقل) Intelligence,intellect,mind,understanding ʾArkānsingularrukn(ركن/أركان) Thefiverukn"pillars"ofIslam.(Seerukn) A.S.(ʿAlayhis-salām)(السلام) ThisacronymevokesablessingandisappendedtothenamesoftheprophetswhocamebeforeMuhammad.Itwillalsobeappliedtothemothersofthoseprophets.Whenfollowingawoman'sname,thefeminineformisʿAlayhas-salām. aṣaḥḥ Arabicelativeterm,“morecorrect.”UsedbyMuslimscholarstointroducetheirownviewwhilenotentirelydismissingthatofothers.[5] ʾAṣl(أصل)(pl.ʾuṣūl) Root,origin,source;principle. ʾaslimtaslam(أسلِمتسلَم) "SubmittoIslam"(Seedawah) ʾAsmāʾAllāhal-Ḥusnā(الحسنى) ListofGod's99names.Accordingtoahadith,theonewhoenumeratesthemallwillenterParadise. ʿAṣr(العصر) Thethirdsalatprayer.Thetimeofthedaybeforesunsetandafternoon.Alsomeans"era". Aṣ-Ṣirāṭ(الصراط) Thebridgebycrossingwhichitisdetermined(judged)whetherapersonwouldgotoheavenorhell.HowapersoncrossestheSiratdependsonwhattheyhavedoneintheirlifeandwhattheyhavebelievedin. al-ʿAsharatuMubashsharunbil-JannahorjustʿAsharatuMubashsharah(Arabic العشرةالمبشّرونبالجنة,romanized: ʿAsharatul-mubashshirūnorArabic:عشرةالمبشّر,romanized: Asharatul-mubashshirūnabilJannah):ThetencompanionsofMuhammadwhowerepromisedparadise(onlyinSunniIslam) ʿĀshūrāʾ(عاشوراء) TenthdayofthemonthofMuharram.ItisthedayGodsavedMosesandthechildrenofIsraelfromthePharaoh.ThegrandsonofMuhammad,ImamHussaynsacrificedhislifealongwith72ofhiscompanionsonthesanddunesofKarbala.SunniScholarsrecommendedtofastduringthisday.TotheShias,itisalsoadayonwhichtheymournthedeathofthethirdShiaImam,HusaynibnAli,alongwithhisfamilyandcompanions,whowerekilledinthefamousbattleinKarbala.TheycryandweepandorganizelamentatingprogrammeswheretheynotonlylearnhowtoliveaproperIslamiclifeandimprovetheirSpiritualSelfbutalsocryattheendoftheritualtoshowtheirtrueloveandfaithtowardsimamHussayn. As-SalāmuʿAlaykum(السلامعليكم) TheIslamicgreeting;literally"Peacebeuponyou";Inaddition,wa-Raḥmatullāhiwa-Barakātuhu(وبركاته)means"andtheMercyofGodandHisblessing".Theresponsetothisgreetingiswa-ʿAlaykumas-Salāmwa-Raḥmatullāhiwa-Barakātuhu(وبركاته)--"AndonyoubethePeaceandMercyofGodandHisBlessing". ʾAstaghfirallāh(الله) "IseekforgivenessfromGod."Islamicexpression. Aʿudhubillah(باللهʾAʿūdhubillāh) "IseekrefugeinGod".ThisisaparaphraseonthebeginningsofthetwolastsurasintheQur'an. ʾAwliyāʾ(أولياء) Friends,protectors,helpers,caretaker,maintainer.(singular:wali) ʿAwrah(عورة) Thepartsofthebody,maleorfemale,mustbecoveredinpublicbutnotbetweenspouses,suchas,bodypartsmustbeconcealedofawomanbeforenon-relatedmen.(Non-relatedmenmeansthoseshecanmarrylawfully). ʾĀyah(آية),pluralʾāyāt(آيات) Asign.Morespecifically,averseintheQur'an. Āyatullāh(الله,alsospelledAyatollah) SignofGodTitlegiventohighlyrankedreligiousscholarsinSh'iasect. B[edit] Baiʿa(بيعة) SeeBay'ah Baatil(باطل) seeBāṭil Baitullāh(اللهbaytu-llāh) Amosque,literally"houseofGod".SpecificallymeanstheKa'abaatMakkah(Mecca). Bakka'in agroupknownastheWeepers,whoweptbecausetheycouldnotaccompanyMuhammadtoTabuk. Barakah(بركة) aformofblessing,thoughtderivefromGodandpassedonothersviaprophets,angelsandsaints. BārakAllāhuFīkum(فيكم) mayAllahblessyou;responsetoexpressionofthanks. Barzakh(برزخ) Barrier.UsedintheQur'antodescribethebarrierbetweensweetandsaltywater.Intheology,theone-waybarrierbetweenthemortalrealmandthespiritworldwhichthedeceasedsoulcrossesandwaitsforqiyamahjudgment. Bashar(بشر) humankind,mankind,man,human(s),etc. Baṣīrah(بصيرة) Insight,discernment,perceptivity,deepknowledge.SometimesusedbySufistodenotetheabilitytodirectlyperceiveatranscendentalTruth. Bāṭil(باطل) void Bāṯin(باطن) Theinteriororhiddenmeaning.Apersonwhodevoteshimselftostudyingsuchhiddenmeaningsisabatini. B.B.H.N.(والسلام) BlessedbeHisName–acronymforS.A.W.S.SeeP.B.U.H(PeaceBeUponHim). Bidʿah(بدعة) Innovationinreligion,i.e.inventingnewmethodsofworship.BadBidʿahsinIslamareconsideredadeviationandaserioussinbymanyMuslims. Bidʿahsayyiʾah(سيئة) InquiryprohibitedinIslam. Bismi-llāhir-raḥmānir-raḥīmi(الرحيم) "InthenameofAllah,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful".[6] Burda(بردة) Ingeneralterms,itmeansa"cloak"or"outergarment".Specificreferenceistothe"burda"ofMuḥammad(seeQaṣīdaal-Burda). Bayʿah(بيعة) anoathofallegiancetoaleader,traditionallytheCaliph,aSheikhoranImam. C[edit] Caliph(خَليفة)khalīfah literallysuccessor;referstothesuccessorofMuhammad,therulerofanIslamictheocracy. D[edit] Dahri(دهري) atheist–fromtherootaddahrmeaningtime.InIslam,atheistsareseenasthosewhothinkthattimeonlydestroys,hencethetermaddahriyyahorsimplydahriyafortheconceptofatheism. Dajjāl(دجّال) TheIslamicequivalentoftheAntichrist;means"liar"or"deceiver". Ḍallāl(ضلال) goingastray. Dāral-ʿAhd(دارالعهد) theOttomanEmpire'srelationshipwithitsChristiantributarystates. Dāral-ʾAmn(الأمن) meanshouseofsafety. Dārad-daʿwa(الدعوة) aregionwhereIslamhasrecentlybeenintroduced. Dāral-ḥarb(الحرب) meanshouseofwar;referstoareasoutsideMuslimrulewhichaMuslimstatecangotowarwith Dāral-Islām(الإسلام) theabode,orland,ofIslam. Dāral-Kufr(الكفر) meansdomainofdisbelief;thetermoriginallyreferstotheQuraish-dominatedsocietyofMeccabetweenMohammed'sflighttoMedina(theHijra)andthecity'sconquest. Dāraṣ-Ṣulḥ(دارالصلح) domainofagreement Dārash-shahāda(الشهادة) SeeDaral-Amn Darūd(الدرود،الصلاةعلىالنبي) blessing Daʿwah(الدعوة) thecalltoIslam,proselytizing. Darwīš(درويش) aninitiateoftheSufiPath,onewhopracticesSufism Dhikr(ذكر) AdevotionalpracticewherebythenameofGodisrepeatedinarhythmicalmanner.RemembranceofGod;spiritualexercise;MuslimsbelievethattheprimaryfunctionofprophetsistoremindpeopleofGod.Itisalsopronouncedzikr. Dhimmi(ذمّي)(pl.dhimam) "protectedperson";JewsandChristians(andsometimesothers,[7]suchasBuddhists,Sikhs,Hindus,andZoroastrians),livinginanIslamicstatewhomustpayaseparatetaxinsteadofthezakahpaidbyMuslimsandthisexemptsnon-MuslimsfrommilitaryserviceunderIslamiclaw. Dhuhr(ظهر)(ẓuhr) thesecondobligatorydailyprayer. Dīn(الدين) (literally'religion')thewayoflifebasedonIslamicrevelation;thesumtotalofaMuslim'sfaithandpractice.DīnisoftenusedtomeanthefaithandreligionofIslam. Diyyah(دية) "bloodmoney",recompenseforlossofalife. Duʿāʾ(دعاء) personalprayer,supplication Dunya(دنيا) ThephysicalUniverse,asopposedtotheHereafter;sometimesspelledDunia. E[edit] Eidal-Fitr(الفطر) MarkstheendofRamaadaan[Ramzaan],theIslamicholymonthoffasting(sawm). Eidal-Adha HonoursthewillingnessofIbrahimtosacrificehissonIsmaelasanactofobediencetoGod'scommand. F[edit] Fadl divinegrace Fajarah(فجرة)(alsofujjār(فجّار)) Wickedevildoers.Pluralof"fājir"(فاجر). fajr(فجر) dawn,earlymorning,andthemorningprayer.Thetimeofthedaywhenthereislightinthehorizonbeforesunrise. Falāḥ(فلاح) deliverance,salvation,well-being. Falsafah(فلسفة) "philosophy"ThemethodsandcontentofGreekphilosophywhichwerebroughtintoIslam.ApersonwhotriestointerpretIslamthroughrationalistphilosophywascalledafaylasuf(فيلسوف),"philosopher". Fanā'(فناء) Sufitermmeaningextinction–aspiritualdeathofthelowerself(Nafs)withassociatedbadcharacteristics.HavingnoexistenceoutsideofGod. Faqīh(فقيه)(pl.fuqahāʾ)(فقهاء) OnewhohasadeepunderstandingofIslam,itslaws,andjurisprudence.(seefiqh) Al-Faraj(الفرج) thereturnoftheShiaMahdi Farḍ(فرض),pluralfurūḍ(فروض) areligiousduty,oranobligatoryaction:praying5timesadayisfardNeglectingafardwillresultinapunishmentinthehereafter.(Seewajib) Farḍʿain(عين) obligatoryoneveryindividualMuslimtoaidinanywayhecan. Farḍkifāyah(كفاية) anobligationontheMuslimcommunityasawhole,fromwhichsomearefreedifotherstakeitupsuchasforjihad. Fāsid(فاسد) corrupt,invalid/violable(inIslamicfinance) Fāsiq(فاسق) anyonewhohasviolatedIslamiclaw;usuallyreferstoonewhosecharacterhasbeencorrupted(plural"fāsiqūn");intheQuranitreferstounbelieverswhoderidedGodforusingsimilesandparables(intheQuran).[8] Fātiḥa(الفاتحة) theshort,openingsuraoftheQur'an,whichbegins"InthenameofGod,theMerciful,theCompassionate.PraisebetoGod,theLordoftheWorlds..."ThesewordsholdanimportantplaceinMuslimliturgiesandformsthecoreofthesalat. Fatwā(فتوى) anon-bindinglegalopinionofascholar(alim).However,bindingonhimforthosewhofollowhistaqlid FīʾAmānallāh(الله) "IntheprotectionofGod".Saidwhenapersondeparts.Cf.aman. Fiqh(فقه) jurisprudencebuiltaroundtheshariahbycustom(al-urf).Literallymeans"deepunderstanding",referstounderstandingtheIslamiclaws.(seefaqih) Fīsabīlallāh(فيسبيلالله) forthesakeofAllah;commonIslamicexpressionforperformingactssuchascharityorJihad Fitna(pl.fitan)(فتنة) trialortribulation;alsoreferstoanyperiodofdisorder,suchasacivilwar,ortheperiodoftimebeforetheendoftheworldoranycivilstrife. Fiṭrah(فطرة) innatedispositiontowardsvirtue,knowledge,andbeauty.Muslimsbelieveeverychildisbornwithfitrah. Furqān(فرقان) thecriterion(ofrightandwrong,trueandfalse);forexample,theQur'anasfurqan. Fuwaysiqah(فويسقة) vermin,evilfromtherootfasaqameaningtodeviatefromtherightway G[edit] Ghafara(غفر) (verbinpasttense)toforgive,tocoverup(sins).AcharacteristicofGod. Ghaflah(غفلة) heedlessness,forgetfulnessofGod,indifference Ghayb(غيب) theunseen,unknown. Ghanīmah(غنيمة) spoilsofwar,booty. Gharar(غرر) excessiveuncertainty;[9]also"thesaleofwhatisnotpresent"suchasfishnotyetcaught,cropsnotyetharvested.[10] Ghasbi(غصب) possessedunlawfully Ghāzi(غازى) (archaic)roughly,"raider":usedforwhosewhoparticipatedinwar.Lateratitleforveterans. Ghusl(غسل) fullablutionofthewholebody(seewudu).Ghusljanabaisthemandatoryshowerafterhavingsexualdischarge. H[edit] Ḥadathakbar(أكبر) majorritualimpuritywhichrequiresNiyyatforcleaning. Ḥadathaṣghar(أصغر) minorritualimpurity Hādhāminfaḍlrabbī(هَذَامِنفَضْلِرَبِّي) Qur'anicexpressionandphrasemeaningThisisbytheGraceofmyLord. Hādī(هادي) aguide,onewhoguides;AMuslimnameforGodisTheGuide,orAl-Hadi. Ḥadīth(حديثḥadīth)pluralahādīth literally"speech";recordedsayingortraditionofMuhammadvalidatedbyisnad;withsirathesecomprisethesunnahandrevealshariah Ḥadīthmashhūr(مشهور) Well-knownhadith;ahadithwhichreportedbyone,two,ormoreCompanionsfromMuhammadorfromanotherCompanion,buthaslaterbecomewell-knownandtransmittedbyanindefinitenumberofpeopleduringthefirstandsecondgenerationofMuslims. Ḥāfiẓ(حافظ) someonewhomemorizedtheentireQur'an.Literaltranslation=memorizerorProtector. Ḥaiḍ(حيض) menstruation Ḥājj(حاجّ)pluralḤujjāj(حجّاج)andḤajīj(حجيج) Pilgrim,onewhohasmadetheHajj. Ḥajj(حجّ)andḤijjah(pluralsḤijjāt(حجّات)andḤijaj(حجج)) pilgrimagetoMecca.SunnisregardthisasthefifthPillarofIslam.SeeDhual-Hijjah. Ḥajjat-Tamattuʿ(التمتع) performingʿUmrahduringtheHajjseason,andontheDayofTarwiahapilgrimgetsintothestateofIhramforHajj.BeforemakingʿUmrah,approachtheMiqatanddeclaretheintention.Endbysacrificingananimal. Ḥajjal-Qirān(القران) AtMiqat,declareintentiontoperformbothHajjand'Umrahtogether.AfterthrowingtheJamrahofAl-'Aqabah,andgettinghairshavedorcutthattakeoffhisIhramgarmentsandsacrificeanimal. Ḥajjal-ʾIfrād(الإفراد) AtMiqat,declareintentionforHajjonly.MaintainIhramgarmentsuptotheDayofSacrifice.Noofferingisrequiredfromhim. Ḥākim(حاكم) aruler'sorgovernor'stitle;insomeMuslimstates,ajudge.SeeAhkam. Ḥākimīya(حاكمية) sovereignty,governance. Ḥalāl(حلال) lawful,permitted,good,beneficial,freefromsinpraiseworthy,honourable.Doingahalalactionwon'tresultinpunishmentinthehereafter(Seemustahabb,mandub) Ḥalaqah(حلقة) AgatheringormeetingfortheprimarypurposeoflearningaboutIslam. Ḥalq(حلق) Shavingofthehead,particularlyassociatedwithpilgrimagetoMecca[11] Ḥanīf(حنيف) pre-Islamicnon-Jewishornon-Christianmonotheists.Plural:ḥunafā'(حنفاء). Ḥaqq(حقّ) truth,reality,right,righteousness.Al-Haqqisoneof99namesofGod. Ḥarām(حرام) sinful Ḥaram(حرم) sanctuary. Ḥasan(حسن) Good,beautiful,admirable.Alsoacategorizationofahadith'sauthenticityas"acceptable".(othercategorizationsincludeauthenticandfabricated). Hawa(هوى)(pl.ʾahwāʾ(أهواء)) Vainoregotisticaldesire;individualpassion;impulsiveness. Hidāyah(هداية) guidancefromGod. Ḥijāb(حجاب) literally"cover".Itdescribesthecoveringofthebodyforthepurposesofmodestyanddignity;broadly,aprescribedsystemofattitudesandbehaviourregardingmodestyanddignity.(Seeabayah,al-amira,burqa,chador,jilbab,khimar,milfeh,niqab,purdah,shayla) Hijra(الهجرة) Muhammadandhisfollowers'emigrationfromMeccatoMedina.Literally,"migration".ThisholidaymarksthebeginningoftheMuslimNewYearonthefirstdayofthemonthofMuharram.SeeRabi'al-awwalandabbreviationAH. Ḥikmah(alsoHikmat)(حكمة) Literallythismeans"wisdom"andreferstothehighestpossiblelevelofunderstandingattainablebyaMuslim.Inparticular,itreferstotheilluminative,mysticalsortofwisdomthataGnosticorSufimightattain. Hilāl(هلال) Crescentmoon. Ḥima(حمى) wildernessreserve,protectedforest,grazingcommons;aconceptofstewardship Ḥizb(حزب) Onehalfofajuz',orroughly1/60thoftheQur'an Hudā(هدى) Guidance. Hudna(هدنة) Truce.Cease-fire(oftentemporary) Ḥudūd(حدود)(sing.hadd) Literally,limitsorboundaries.UsuallyreferstolimitsplacedbyAllahonman;penaltiesoftheIslamiclaw(sharia)forparticularcrimesdescribedintheQur'an–intoxication,theft,rebellion,adulteryandfornication,falseaccusationofadultery,andapostasy.(Seeta'zeer) Ḥukm(حكم) rulingintheQur'anorSunnah.AlsospelledHukum. Ḥūrī(حوريةḥūrīya;pl.ḥūrīyātحوريات) beautifulandpureyoungmenandwomenthatMuslimsbelieveinhabitParadise,orHeaven. I[edit] ʿIbādah(عبادة) submission,worship,butnotlimitedtoritual:allexpressionsofservitudetoAllah,includingthepursuitofknowledge,livingapiouslife,helping,charity,andhumility,canbeconsideredibadah. ʾIblīs(إبليس) DevilbanishedtoHellforhisarroganceanddisobedience;akaSatan. ʿId(عيد) festivalorcelebration.AlternativelytransliteratedEid. ʿIdul-Adha(الأضحى) "theFestivalofSacrifice."Thefour-daycelebrationstartingonthetenthdayofDhul-Hijja. ʿIdul-Fitr(الفطر) "theFestivalofFitr(Breakingthefast)."AreligiousfestivalthatmarkstheendofthefastofRamadan. ʾIfṭār(إفطار) amealeatenbyMuslimsbreakingtheirfastaftersunsetduringthemonthofRamadan. ʾIḥrām(إحرام) stateofconsecrationforhajj.Includesdressandorprayer. ʾIḥsān(إحسان) perfectioninworship,suchthatMuslimstrytoworshipGodasiftheyseeHim,andalthoughtheycannotseeHim,theyundoubtedlybelieveHeisconstantlywatchingoverthem. ʾIḥtiyāṭ(إحتياط) AlsoAhwat.APrecaution,eitherobligatoryoroptional.[12] ʾIḥtiyāṭmustaḥabb(مستحبّ) Apreferredprecaution.[12] ʾIḥtiyāṭwājib(واجب) Anobligatoryprecaution.[12] ʾIʿjāz(إعجاز) miracle,thecharacteroftheQur'aninbothformandcontent. ʾIjāzah(إجازة) acertificateauthorizingonetotransmitasubjectortextofIslamicknowledge ʾIjmā'(إجماع) theconsensusofeithertheummah(orjusttheulema)–oneoffourbasesofIslamicLaw.Moregenerally,politicalconsensusitself.Shi'asubstituteobediencetotheImam;oppositeofikhtilaf ʾIjtihād(اجتهاد) DuringtheearlytimesofIslam,thepossibilityoffindinganewsolutiontoajuridicalproblem.HasnotbeenallowedinconservativeIslamsincetheMiddleAges.However,LiberalmovementswithinIslamgenerallyarguethatanyMuslimcanperformijtihad,giventhatIslamhasnogenerallyacceptedclericalhierarchyorbureaucraticorganization.Theoppositeofijtihadistaqlid(تقليد),Arabicfor"imitation". ʾIkhtilāf(اختلاف) disagreementamongthemadhhabs(scholars)ofareligiousprinciple;oppositeofijma. ʾIkrām(إكرام) honouring,hospitality,generosity–Dhuljalaaliwalikraamisoneofthe99namesofAllah. ʾIkrāh(إكراه) mentalorphysicalforce. ʾIlāh(إله) deity,agod;includinggodsworshipedbypolytheists. ʿIlm(علم) allvarietiesofknowledge,usuallyasynonymforscience ʾImām(إمام) literally,leader;e.g.amanwholeadsacommunityorleadstheprayer;theShi'asectusethetermonlyasatitleforoneofthetwelveAllah-appointedsuccessorsofMuhammad. ʾImāmah(إمامة)orimamate successorshipofMuhammadandtheleadershipofmankind. ʾImān(إيمان) personalfaith ʾInnalilāhiwaʾinnaʾilaihirājiʿūn(إِنَّالِلّهِوَإِنَّـاإِلَيْهِرَاجِعونَ) ToAllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn–saidtomourners ʾInfāq(إنفاق) thehabitualinclinationtogiveratherthantakeinlife;thebasisforcharity ʾInjīl(الإنجيل) ArabictermfortheholybookcalledTheGospelsaidtohavebeengiventoJesus,whoisknownasIsainArabic;Muslimsbelievetheholybookhasbeencorruptedandmodified,andtheNewTestamentgospels(Matthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn)arenotthewordofAllah,onlyChristianstoriesaboutJesus. ʾInshāʾa-llāh(الله) "IfGodwills";Inshallahis"resigned,accepting,neutral,passive.Itisneitheroptimisticnorpessimistic."[1][2] ʾIqāmah(إقامة) thesecondcalltoprayer.Similartotheazhan. ʾIrtidād(ارتداد) apostasy(seemurtadd).Alsoriddahردة ʿĪsā(عيسى) Jesus–'IsaibnMaryam(English:JesussonofMary),(amatronymicsincehehadnobiologicalfather).TheQur'anassertsthatAllahhasnosonsandtherefore,'IsaisnotthesonofAllah.Muslimshonor'Isaasanabiandrasul. ʿIshā'(عشاء) night;thefifthsalatprayer ʾIṣlāḥ(إصلاح) "reform".Thistermmaymeanverydifferentthings,dependingonthecontext.WhenusedinreferencetoreformofIslam,itmaymeanmodernism,suchasthatproposedbyMuhammadAbduh;orSalafiliteralism,suchasthatpreachedbyMuhammadNasiruddinal-Albani[13] ʾIslām[[:Media:ar-al_islam.ogg|(الإسلام)]] (help·info) "submissiontoGod".TheArabicrootwordforIslammeanssubmission,obedience,peace,andpurity. ʾIsnād(إسناد) chainoftransmittersofanygivenhadith ʾIsrāʾ(الإسراء) thenightjourneyduringwhichMuhammad(محمّد)issaidtohavevisitedHeaven.Seemiraj. ʾIstighfār(استغفار) requestingforgiveness ʾIstiḥādah(استحاضة) vaginalbleedingexceptHaidandNifas ʾIstiṣlāḥ(استصلاح) publicinterest–asourceofIslamicLaw. ʾIstishhād(استشهاد) martyrdom. ʾIthm(إثم) Negativerewardforbaddeedsthatistalliedonqiyamah(judgmentday.)Oppositeofthawab. ʾIʿtikāf(إعتكاف) seclusioninthemasjidforthepurposeofworshipusuallyperformedduringthelast10daysofRamadan. ʾItmāmal-hujjah(إتمامالحجة) clarificationoftruthinitsultimateform. Ittaqullah(اتقواالله) commandtofearGodortobepioustoAllah. J[edit] Jāʾiz(جائز) Thatwhichisallowedorpermissible.Asarule,everythingthatisnotprohibitedisallowed.(Seehalal,mustahabb,mandub) Jahannam(جهنم) theHell-fire;Hell Jāhilīyyah(الجاهليّة) thetimeofignorancebeforeIslamwasrealized.Describespolytheisticreligions. Jahl(جهل) ignorance,foolishness. Jalsa(جلسة) sitting. Jāmiʿah(جامعة) "gathering";i.e.auniversity,amosque,ormoregenerally,acommunityorassociation. Janābah(جنابة) Astateofspiritualimpuritythatoccurduetosexualintercourseorejaculationandnecessitatesmajorritualablution(ghusl), Janāzah(جنازة) Funeral.Ṣalātal-Janāzahisafuneralprayer. Jannah(جنة) Paradise,Heaven,theGarden Jazāka-llāhukhayran(جزاكاللهُخيرًا) "MayGodrewardyouwithgood."Islamicexpressionofgratitude. Jihād(جهاد) struggle.AnyearneststrivinginthewayofGod,involvingpersonal,physical,forrighteousnessandagainstwrongdoing; Jihādaṣ-ṣaghīr(الصغير) Offensivejihaddeclaredbycaliph. Jihādaṭ-ṭalab(الطلب) Offensivejihad. Jihādad-dafʿa(الدفعة) Defensivejihad. Jihādbil-māl(بامال) Financialjihad. Jilbāb(جلباب) (pl.jalabib)along,flowing,garmentwornbysomeasamoreconservativemeansoffulfillmentofsartorialhijab.(Seealso:abaya.burka,chador) Jinn(جنّ) Termforinvisiblebeings,consideredtoroamtheearth. Jizya(جزية) AtaxspecifiedintheQuran(9:29)tobepaidbynon-MuslimmaleslivingunderMuslimpoliticalcontrol. Juḥod(جحود) Todeny.Jaahid(thedenier).Disbeliefoutofrejection.Whentherecomestothemthatwhichthey[should]haverecognized,theyrefusetobelievein(kafaru)it.(2:89)Accordingly,juhudincludesrejection(kufrat-taktheeb)andresistance(kufral-'inaad) Jumuʿah(جمعة) FridayprayerorSabbath. Juzʾ(جزء) oneofthirtypartsoftheQur'an. K[edit] Kaʿbah(الكعبة) cube-house;i.e.,thecube-shapedbuildinginMeccawhichMuslimsfacetopray. Kāfir-non-Muslim(كافرkāfirsing.;كفّارkuffārpl.) fromthewordkafara,"tohide."Thosewhodeliberatelyhidethetruth;non-MuslimsinIslamicornon-Islamiccountriesorstates,unbelievers,truth-concealers;onewhoisungratefultoGodasperIslam.CommonderogatorytermusedbydifferentIslamicfactionssuchassunniandshiastodenounceeachotherasnon-Muslims.Plural:Kāfirūn.CommonlyusedasanoffensivetermforblackpeoplebywhiteSouthAfricans. Kalām(الكلام)(ʿilmal-kalām) Literally,"words"or"speech,"andreferringtooration.Thenameappliedtothedisciplineofphilosophyandtheologyconcernedspecificallywiththenatureoffaith,determinismandfreedom,andthenatureofthedivineattributes. Khair(خير) Everykindofgood Khalīfah(خليفة) Caliph,moregenerally,oneperformingthedutiesofkhilafa. Khalīl(خليل) devotedfriend Khalq(خلق) Creation–theactofmeasuring;determining,estimatingandcalculating.Khalqisthenounformoftheverbkhalaqa(seebara,sawwara). Al-khāliq(الخالق) TheCreator,Allah. Khamr(خمر) Intoxicant,wine. Khatīb(خطيب) thespeakerattheFridayMuslimprayer,orJumu'ahprayer. Khatm(ختم) tofinish-referstothecompleterecitationoftheQur'an. Kharāj(خراج) alandtax. Khayr goodness.Seebirr(righteousness)Seeqist(equity)See'adl(equilibriumandjustice)Seehaqq(truthandright)Seema'ruf(knownandapproved)Seetaqwa(piety.) khilāf(خلاف) Controversy,dispute,discord. Khilāfah(خلافة) Man'strusteeshipandstewardshipofEarth;MostbasictheoryoftheCaliphate;Floraandfaunaassacredtrust;Accountabilityto;Godforharmstonature,failuretoactivelycareandmaintain.ThreespecificwaysinwhichkhalifaismanifestedinMuslimpracticearethecreationofharamtoprotectwater,himatoprotectotherspecies(includingthoseusefultoman),andbyresistinginfideldominationoverMuslimlands,injihad. Khilwa,(خلوة) Anoffenseconsistingofbeingcaughtaloneinprivatewithamemberoftheoppositesexwhoisnotanimmediatefamilymember.[14] al-khulafāʾar-rāshidūn(الراشدون) fourfirstcaliphs,believedbymostMuslimstobemostrighteousrulersinhistory Khimār(خمار)(pl.khumur(خُمُر)orʾakhmirah(أخْمِرة)) headcovering(Q.24:31). Khitān(ختان) Malecircumcision. Khuluq(خُلُق)pl.ʾakhlāq(أخلاق) ethics Khushūʿ(خشوع) humility,devotion,concentration(especiallyinprayer). Khuṭbah(خطبة) thesermonatJumu'ahprayer. Kibr(كِبْر) pride,arrogance Kibar(كِبَر) oldage Kitāb(كتاب) book;TheQurʾānisoftenreferredtoas"Al-Kitāb"(TheBook). Kufr(كفر) Unbelief,infidelity,blasphemy;alsohubris.SeeKafirandKuffar Kufral-ḥukm(الحكم) Disbelieffromjudgment. Kufral-ʿInād(العناد) Disbeliefoutofstubbornness Kufral-ʾInkār(الإنكار) Disbeliefoutofarroganceandpride. Kufral-ʾIstibdāl(الإستبدال) DisbeliefbecauseoftryingtosubstituteAllah'sLaws. Kufral-ʾIstiḥlāl(الإستحلال) DisbeliefoutoftryingtomakeHARAMintoHALAL. Kufrul-Istihzaha Disbeliefduetomockeryandderision Kufral-jahl(الجهل) Disbelieffromnotbeingawareofornotunderstanding. Kufral-juhud(الجهد) Disbelieffromobstinacyafterbeingpresentedwithtruth. Kufran-Nifāq(النفاق) Disbeliefoutofhypocrisy. Kufral-ʾIʿrāḍ(الإعراض) Disbeliefduetoavoidance. Kun(كن) God'scommandtotheuniverse,'Be!'issufficienttocreateit. L[edit] Lāilāhaillā-llāh(لَاإِلٰهَإِلَّاالله) "ThereisnogodbutGod."ThemostimportantexpressioninIslam.ItispartofthefirstpillarofIslam.AccordingtoIslam,thisisthemessageofalltheProphets,suchasAbraham,Moses,JesusandMuhammad. Labbayka-llāhumma(لبّيكَاللّهُم) God,Iobeyyou(saidduringhajj) Laghw(لغو) Dirty,false,evilvaintalk Laʿnah(لعنة) Curse,execration,orimprecation. Laylatal-Qadr(القدر) theNightofPower,towardstheendofRamadan,whenMuhammadreceivedthefirstrevelationoftheQur'an. M[edit] Madhhab(مذهب) pl.Madhāhib(مذاهب)schoolofreligiousjurisprudence(fiqh),schoolofthought.Alsoseefiqh. Madrasah(مدرسة) school,university Maghrib(مغرب) thefourthdailysalatprayer Mahdi(مهدي) "aguide".Morespecificallyal-Mahdi(theguide)isafigurewhowillappearwithProphetJesusbeforetheendoftime,whenGodallowsit,tobringworldpeace,orderandjustice,afterithasbeenovercomewithinjusticeandaggression. Mahdūrad-damm(الدم) hewhosebloodmustbewasted Maḥram(محرم) arelativeoftheoppositegenderusuallydescribedasbeing"withintheforbiddenlimits";abetterdescriptionis"withintheprotectedlimits".meansrelativeswhoonecanappearbeforewithoutobservinghijabandwhoonecannotmarry. Maisir(ميسر) gambling,gameofchance Makrūh(مكروه) Means"detested",thoughnotharaam(forbidden);somethingthatisdislikedoroffensive.IfapersoncommitstheMakruh,hedoesnotaccumulateithimbutavoidingtheMakhruhisrewardedwiththawab. Malāʾikah(ملائكة) angels(Sing.Malak).BeliefinangelsisoneoftheFivePillarsofIslamandrequieredforMuslimstobelievein. Māmalakatʾaymānukum(أيمانكم) one'srightfulspouse(literally:whatyourrighthandspossess) Manāsik(مناسك) therulesspecifyingtherequirementsofalegallyvalidhajj Mandūb(مندوب) commendableorrecommended.Failuretodoitwouldnotbeasin.(Seehalalmustahabb) Manhaj(منهج) themethodologybywhichtruthisreached[15] Mansūkh(منسوخ) Thatwhichisabrogated.Thedoctrineofal-Nasikhwal-Mansukh(abrogation)ofcertainpartsoftheQur'anicrevelationbyothers.TheprincipleismentionedintheQur'an(2:106)seenaskh Manzil(منزل) oneofsevenequalpartsoftheQur'an Maʿrūf(معروف) consensusofthecommunity Maqāṣid(مقاصد)sing.maqṣid(مقصد) goalsorpurposes;suchasthepurposesofIslamiclaw Maṣāliḥ(مصالح)sing.maṣlaḥah(مصلحة) publicinterests Masbuq(مَسْبُوق) Apersonwhoislateforsalatandhasnotjoinedtheimaminthefirstrak’at. Māshāʾa-llāh(الله) Allahhaswilledit Masīḥ(مسيح) the(Biblical)Messiah,JesusChrist Masjid(مسجد)pl.masājid,مساجد placeofprayer;mosque Masjidal-Ḥarām(الحرام) themosquesurroundingtheKaʿbahinMecca. Mawālīormawālā(موالي) Non-ArabMuslims Mawlā[mawlan(مولى)][pl.mawālin(موالٍ)] protectorormaster Mawlānā(مولانا) anArabicwordmeaning"ourmaster"(notliterally).Itisusedmostlyasatitleprecedingthenameofarespectedreligiousleader,inparticulargraduatesofreligiousinstitutions.ThetermissometimesusedtorefertoRumi. Maulvi(مولوی) anhonorificIslamicreligioustitleoften,butnotexclusively,giventoMuslimreligiousscholarsorUlemaprecedingtheirnames.Maulvigenerallymeansanyreligiousclericorteacher Mecca(مكّةMakkah) theholiestcityinIslam Medina(مدينةMadīnah) "city";Medinat-un-Nabimeans"theCityoftheProphet."SeeHijra(Islam) Mi'ād(معاد) theResurrection;Godwillresurrectallofhumankindtobejudged.Shi'asregardthisasthefifthPillarofIslam. Miḥrāb(محراب) anicheinthewallofallmosques,indicatingthedirectionofprayer Millah(مِلَّة) InArabic,millahmeans"religion,"butithasonlybeenusedtorefertoreligionsotherthanIslam,whichisdin. Millet (seeMillah)(Turkishwordalsomeaninganation,community,orapeople).InanIslamicstate,"AhlalKitab"maycontinuetopracticetheirformerreligioninasemi-autonomouscommunitytermedthemillet. Minaret(منارة) atowerbuiltontoamosquefromthetopofwhichthecalltoprayerismade Minbar(منبر) araisedpulpitinthemosquewheretheImamstandstodeliversermons Minhaj(منهج) methodology,e.g.methods,rules,system,procedures. Mīqāt(ميقات) intendedplace Miʿrāj(المعراج) theAscensiontotheSevenHeavensduringtheNightJourney(Seealso:Al-Isra) Muʾadhdhin(مأذن) apersonwhoperformsthecalltoprayer Muʿāhadāt(معاهدات) treaties Muʿawwidhatayn(المعوذتين) surasAl-Falaqandan-Nas,the"Surahsofrefuge",shouldbesaidtorelievesuffering(alsoprotectfromBlackMagic) Mubāḥ(مباح) literallypermissible;neitherforbiddennorcommended.Neutral.(Seehalal) Mubaligh(مبلغ) personwhorecitesQur'an Muftī(مفتى) anIslamicscholarwhoisaninterpreterorexpounderofIslamiclaw(Sharia),capableofissuingfatawa(pluralof"fatwa"). Muḥajjabah(محجبة) womanwhowearshijab. Muḥkamāt unequivocalversesofQur'an.(Seemutashabehat.) Muḥāribah(محاربة) apersonwhowageswaragainstGod Muḥammadunrasūlallāh(محمدٌرسولالله) "MuhammadisthemessengerofGod."ThisstatementisthesecondpartofthefirstpillarofIslam.ThisisthesecondmostimportantstatementinIslam. Mufsid(مفسد) evil-doerapersonwhospreadscorruptionnotinaccordancewithIslam.Pluralmufsideen. Muḥsin(محسن) apersonwhoperformsgooddeed.Pluralmuhsineen.OppositeofMufsidun. Muhājirūn(مهاجرون) ThefirstMuslimsthataccompaniedMuhammadwhenhetraveledtoMedina. Muharṭiq(مهرطق) heretic. Mujāhid(مجاهد) afighterforIslam.PluralMujāhidūn(مجاهدون). Mujtahid(مجتهد) ascholarwhousesreasonforthepurposeofforminganopinionormakingarulingonareligiousissue.Plural:Mujtahidun. Mullah(ملا) areIslamicclergy.Ideally,theyshouldhavestudiedtheQur'an,Islamictraditions(hadith),andIslamiclaw(fiqh). Muʾmin(مؤمن) AMuslimwhoobservesthecommandmentsoftheQur'an. Munāfiq(منافق) hypocrite.Plural:Munafiqun Muntaiabah(منتقبة)pl.muntaqibāt(منتقبات) womanwhowearsniqab Murābaḥah(مرابحة) atypeofsharia-compliantmortgage(seeIjara) Murshid(مرشد) aSufiteacher Murtadd(مرتد)femaleapostateisMurtaddah apostate(seeirtidadseemahdurad-damm.) Muṣḥaf(مصحف) acopy,codexorredactionoftheQur'an. Mushrik(مشرك)(pl.mushrikūn)(مشركون) OnewhoassociatesothersinworshipwithGod;apolytheist. Muslim(مسلم) afollowerofthereligionofIslam.OnewhosubmitstheirwilltoGod(Allah) Mustaḥabb(مستحبّ) commendableorrecommended.(Seehalal,mandub) Mutʿah(متعة) literallyenjoyment;compensationpaidtoadivorcedwoman;whenusedinthephrasenikāḥal-mutʿah(المتعة)itreferstotemporarymarriagethatispracticedinTwelverShiaIslam. Mutashābihāt(متشابهات) equivocalversesofQur'an.(SeeMuhakkamat.) Mutaʿaṣṣibūn(متعصّبون) fanatics Muṭawwaʿ(مطوّع)pluralmuṭawwaʿūn(مطوّعون) religiousmanincertainregions,avolunteerteacher Muṭawwaʿūn(مطوّعون)(مطوعين)(singularmuṭawwaʿ) Religiouspolice. Mutawātir(متواتر) "agreedupon"—usedtodescribehadiththatwerenarratedbymanywitnessesthroughdifferentnarrationchains(isnads)leadingbacktoMuhammad N[edit] Nabī(نبي) literally,prophets.IntheIslamiccontext,aNabiisamansentbyGodtogiveguidancetoman,butnotgivenscripture.TheProphetAbrahamwasaNabi.ThisisincontrasttoRasul,orMessenger.Plural:Anbiya.See:Rasul. Nafs(النفس) soul,thelowerself,theego/id Nāfilah(نافلة) Anoptional,supererogatorypracticeofworship,incontrasttofarida Najāsah(نجاسة) Impurity Nājis(ناجس) impure NakīrandMunkar(منكر) twoangelswhotestthefaithofthedeadintheirgraves Namaz RitualPrayerinTurkishandPersianlanguage. Naṣīḥa(نصيحة) advice Naskh(نسخ) Thedoctrineofal-Nasikhwal-Mansukh(abrogation)ofcertainpartsoftheQur'anicrevelationbyothers.TheprincipleismentionedintheQur'an(2:106)seemansukh. Naṣṣ(نصّ) aknown,clearlegalinjunction Nifās(نفاس) thebleedingafterchildbirth(seeHaid) Nifāq(نفاق) falsehood;dishonesty;hypocrisy Nihāļ(نحال) NihalisanArabicnamemeaning"joyful." Nikāḥ(النكاح) thematrimonialcontractbetweenabrideandbridegroomwithinIslamicmarriage Niqāb(نقاب) veilcoveringtheface Niyyah(نية) intention Nubūwwah(نبوّة) prophethood.Shi'aregardthisasthethirdPillarofIslam. Nukrah agreatmunkar–prohibited,evil,dreadfulthing. Nūr(نور) Light,moretheologicalconnotedthandaw',thepropertermforlightinArabic.Nurisoftenassociatedwithbenevolence,asLightofMuhammadandangelsofmercyascreatedfromnur.Thetermiscloselyassociatedwithnar,whichdenotestheburninglightoffire,oftenassociatedwithfierceforces,likeangelsofpunishment,demonsandhell. P[edit] P.B.U.H. anacronymthatstandsfor"peacebeuponhim"ablessingwhichisaffixedtoMuhammad'snamewheneveritiswritten.InsomecirclesandEnglishwritings,SufisregardPBUHtosignify"PeaceandBlessingsUponHim"(theRasulorMessengerofAllah).ThesearetheprimaryEnglishexplicationsoftheP.B.U.H.acronym.TheArabicversionisS.A.W. Q[edit] Qadhf(قذف) falseimputationofunchastityspecificallypunishedbysharia. Qadar(قدر) predestination. Qāḍī(قاضي) judgeofIslamicLaw Qalb(قلب) Heart,consideredthecenteroftheselfinIslamicanthropology Qiblah(قبلة) thedirectionMuslimsfaceduringprayer Qitālfīsabīlallāh(الله) fightinthecauseofAllah. Qiyāmah(قيامة) resurrection;returnofthedeadfortheDayofJudgment Qiṣāṣ(قصاص) equitableretribution–afineformurderiftheheirsforgivetheperpetrator.(Seehudud,tazeer) Qiyām(قيام) tostand,apositionofsalatprayer Qiyās(القياس) analogy–foundationoflegalreasoningandthusfiqh Qudsī(قدسي) classificationofahadiththatarebelievedtobenarratedbyMuhammadfromGod. Qurbah(قربة) closenesstoGod.TermisassociatedwithSufism. Qurʾān(القرآن) ThewordQur'anmeansrecitation.MuslimsbelievetheQur'an(Koran)tobetheliteralwordofGodandtheculminationofGod'srevelationtomankind,revealedtoMuhammadintheyearAD610inthecaveHirabytheangelJibril. R[edit] Rabb(ربّ) Lord,Sustainer,Cherisher,Master. R.A.,raḍiya-llāhuʿanhu(عنه) MayAllahbepleasedwithhim.Variantsareʿanhā(her)andʿanhum(them). Raḥmān(رحمن) Merciful;Ar-Rahman(الرحمن)means"TheMostMerciful" Raḥīm(رحيم) compassionate;Ar-Rahim(الرحيم)means"TheMostCompassionate"asintheBasmala Raḥimaḥullāh(الله) MayAllahhavemercyonhim.UsuallyusedaftermentioningthecompanionsofMuhammad Raḥmatullāh(الله) MercyofAllah.SometimesusedasanalternativetoRahimahullahaftermentioningarighteouspersonbysaying,rahmatullahiʿilayh(رحمةاللهعلیه):MercyofAllahbeuponhim/her Rajm(رجم) stoning,usedasanepithetforthedevilinsomeIslamicprayers. Rakʿah(ركعة) oneunitofIslamicprayer,orSalat.Eachdailyprayerismadeupofadifferentnumberofraka'ah. Ramaḍān(رمضان) monthoffastingwhentheQur'anwasfirstrevealed.SpeltasRamzaan,Ramadhan,orRamathanaswell. Rāshidūn(راشدون) Sunnisconsiderthefirstfourcaliphsasthe"orthodox"or"rightlyguided"caliphs.TheywereAbuBakr,'Umar,'Uthmanand'Ali. Rasūl(رسول) messenger;Unlikeprophets(Nabi),messengersaregivenscripture.Moses(as),David(as),Jesus(as)andMohammed(as)areconsideredmessengers.Allmessengersareconsideredprophets,butnotallprophetsaregivenscripture.See:Nabi. Riba(ربا) interest,thechargingandpayingofwhichisforbiddenbytheQur'an Ribat GuardingMuslimsfrominfidels Riddah(ردة) apostasy,inwhichapersonabandonsIslamforanotherfaithornofaithatall. Risālah(رِسَالَة) literally,messageorletter.Usedbothincommonparlanceformailcorrespondences,andinreligiouscontextasdivinemessage. Rūḥ(روح) spirit;thedivinebreathwhichGodblewintotheclayofAdam.Sometimesusedinterchangeablewithnafs;otherwisedistinguishedandidentifiedwiththesublimepartsofhuman'ssoul. Rukn(ركن)pluralʾArkān(أركان) meanswhatisinevitable.OneofthefivepillarsofIslam.(Seefard,wajib) Rukūʿ(ركوع) thebowingperformedduringsalat. S[edit] Sabb(سَبّ) blasphemy:insultingGod(sabbAllah)orMuhammad(sabbar-rasūlorsabban-nabī). Ṣabr(صبر) patience,endurance,self-restraint Ṣadaqah(صدقة) charity;voluntaryalmsabovetheamountforzakat. Ṣaḥābah(الصحابة)(sing.Ṣāḥib)(صاحب) companionsofMuhammad.Alistofthebest-knownCompanionscanbefoundatListofcompanionsofMuhammad. Ṣāḥīḥ(صحيح) "Soundinisnad."Atechnicalattributeappliedtothe"isnad"ofahadith. Sakīnah(سكينة) divine"tranquility"or"peace"whichdescendsuponapersonwhentheQur'anisrecited. Salaf(الصالح) (righteous)predecessors/ancestors.InIslam,SalafisgenerallyusedtorefertothefirstthreegenerationsofMuslims.Anyonewhodiedafterthisisoneofthekhalafor"latter-dayMuslims". Salafism areformmovement,basingIslamicteachingsonQuranandSunnahalone.ContrarytoClassicalSunnism,itdisregardsformerestablishedconsensusandtheopinionsoftheSahaba. Ṣalāt(صلاة)sala(t) anyoneofthedailyfiveobligatoryprayers.SunnisregardthisasthesecondPillarofIslam Salaatal-Istikharah Prayerforguidanceisdoneinconjunctionwithtworakaahsofsupererogatoryprayer. Salām(سلام) peace(seesulh) Sallallahualayhiwasallam(سلم) "MayAllahblesshimandgranthimpeace."TheexpressionshouldbeusedafterstatingMuhammad'sname.Seeabbreviation:S.A.W.orS.A.W.S.alsoP.B.U.H. Ṣamad(صمد) eternal,absolute;MuslimsbelieveAllahis"TheEternal." Salsabīl(سلسبيل) ariverinheaven(al-firdaus) Sawa awakening,revival S.A.W.(orS.A.W.S.) Sallallahualayhiwasallam(سلم).SeeP.B.U.H. Ṣawm(صَوم) fastingduringthemonthofRamadhan.ThewordsawmisderivedfromSyriacsawmo. Sayyid(سيّد) (ineverydayusage,equivalentto'Mr.')adescendantofarelativeofMuhammad,usuallyviaHusayn. Sema refertosomeoftheceremoniesusedbyvariousSufiorders Shahādah(الشهادة) Thetestimonyoffaith:LailahaillaAllah.Muhammadunrasulullah.("ThereisnogodbutAllah.MuhammadisthemessengerofAllah.").SunnisregardthisasthefirstPillarofIslam.AlsomaybeusedasasynonymforthetermIstish'hādmeaningmartyrdom. Shahīd(شهيد)pl.shuhadāʾ(شهداء) witness,martyr.Usuallyreferstoapersonkilledwhilstfightingin"jihādfīsabīlAllāh"(jihadforthesakeofAllah).Oftenusedinmoderntimesfordeathsinapoliticalcause(includingvictimsofsoldiers,deathsinbattle,etcetera)whichareviewedbysomeMuslimsasaspiritualcausenotjustapoliticalcause.ButtherealmeaningofJihadistodefendIslaminanyway;thus,itcouldbeinaneconomicwayorcouldrefertofightingfortherightsoftheoppressedorthebelievers;mostoftenitreferstomasteringone'sowninclinationforevilandshirk. Shaykh(شيخ) aspiritualmaster,Muslimclergy Sharīʿah(الشريعة) "thepathtoawateringhole";Islamiclaw;theeternalethicalcodeandmoralcodebasedontheQur'an,Sunnah,Ijma,andQiyas;basisofIslamicjurisprudence(fiqh) Sharīf(شريف) atitlebestoweduponthedescendantsofMuhammadthroughHasan,sonofhisdaughterFatimaZahraandson-in-lawAliibnAbiTalib Shayṭān(شيطان) Evilbeing;adevil.WiththearticleAl-itdesignatestheDevil(Iblis)inparticular.Inplural,itdesignatesahostofevilspirits;demons.Alsoappliedtoevilhumansandeviljinn. Shīʿah(الشيعة) AbranchofIslamwhobelieveinImamAliandhissons(HassanandHussayn)ascustodiansofIslambythewillofMohammed. Shirk(شرك) idolatry;polytheism;thesinofbelievinginanydivinityexceptGodandofassociatingothergodswithGod. Shūrā(شورى) consultation Majlisash-shūrā(الشورى) advisorycouncilinaCaliphate Sidratal-Muntaha(المنتهى) alotustreethatmarkstheendoftheseventhheaven,theboundarywherenocreationcanpass. Sīrah(السيرة) lifeorbiographyofMuhammad;hismoralexample–withhadiththiscomprisesthesunnah aṣ-Ṣirāṭal-mustaqīm(المستقيم) theStraightPath SubahSadiq truedawn Subḥānahuwataʿāla(تعالى)(abbreviatedS.W.T.) expressionusedfollowingwrittennameorvocalizationofAllahinArabicmeaninghighlypraisedandglorifiedisHe. Subḥānallāh(الله) "GlorytoGod"–thisphraseisoftenusedwhenpraisingGodorexclaimingaweatHisattributes,bounties,orcreation. Ṣūfī(صوفي) aMuslimmystic;See:Sufism(tasawwuf). Suḥūr(سحور) themealeatenbyfastingMuslimsjustbeforedawn. Sujūd(سجود) kneelingdown,apositionofsalat. Ṣukūk(صكوك) bondthatgeneratesrevenuefromsales,profits,orleasesratherthaninterest. Ṣulḥ(صلح) Aconditionofpeace,anarmistice,ortreaty.Itisrelatedtothewordmuṣālaḥah(مصالحة)whichmeanspeace,conciliation,orcompromise. Sunnah(السنّة)orsunnatan-Nabī(سنّةالنبي) the"path"or"example"ofMuhammad,i.e.,whathedidorsaidoragreedtoduringhislife.HeisconsideredbyMuslimstobethebesthumanmoralexample.Alsoreferringtooptionalgooddeeds,suchaspiousdeedsandvoluntaryritualprayers. Sunni(سنّي) thelargestdenominationofIslam.ThewordSunnicomesfromthewordSunnah(Arabic:سنة),whichmeansthewordsandactionsorexampleoftheIslamicProphetMuhammad. Sūrah(سورة) chapter;theQur'aniscomposedof114suras T[edit] Taʿāla(تعالى) Almighty Tābiʿīn(تابعو/تابعين) followersoftheṢaḥābah Tafsīr(تفسير) exegesis,particularlysuchcommentaryontheQur'an Ṭāghūt(طاغوت)(taghout) originallyAramaic,meaning"falsegod";alsotyranny. Tahajjud(تهجُّد) optional(supererogatory),late-night(pre-dawn)prayer Ṭahārah(طهارة) purificationfromritualimpuritiesbymeansofwuduorghusl Ṭāhir(طاهر) pure,rituallyclean Tahlīl(تهليل) Utteringtheformulaoffaith:"Lāilāhaillā-llāh",(i.e."ThereisnogodbutGod");Tahmid(تحميد):TahmidmeanstopraiseAllahorsaying"Alhamdillah".ItderivesfromthesamerootaseMuhammad,mahmudandhamid(hmd)whichmeanspraiseinArabic. Taḥnīk(تحنيك) 'Tahnik'isanIslamicceremonyoftouchingthelipsofanewbornbabywithhoney,sweetjuiceorpresseddates. Taḥrīf(تحريف) corruption,forgery.MuslimsbelievetheBibleScriptureswerecorruptedbuttheQur'anisinitsoriginalform. Tajdīd(تجديد) topurifyandreformsocietyinordertomoveittowardgreaterequityandjustice,literallymeaningtomakenewinpresenttense Tajdīf(تجديف) blasphemy Tajwīd(تجويد) aspecialmannerofrecitingtheQur'anaccordingtoprescribedrulesofpronunciationandintonation. Takāful(التكتاقل) BasedonshariaIslamiclaw,itisaformofmutualinsurance.Seeretakaful. Takbīr(تكبير) aproclamationofthegreatnessofAllah;aMusliminvocation. takhsis(ثخصص,alsotakhsees) infiqh,aqualificationofageneralruling['aam]sothatitonlyappliesincertaincases.[16] Takfīr(تكفير) declarationofindividualorgroupofpreviouslyconsideredMuslimaskaffir. Takhrīj(الحديث) Thescienceofhadithextractionandauthentication,includingvalidationofchainsoftransmittersofahadithbythisscience'sscholarsandgradinghadithvalidity. Takweeni(تکوینیة) Ontological Ṭalāq(الطلاق) divorce Taqalan accountableones;thosewhoareresponsiblefortheirdeeds.Amongthemarethehumanandthejinn. Taqdīr(تقدير) fate,predestination Taqlīd(تقليد) tofollowthescholarlyopinionofoneofthefourImamsofIslamicJurisprudence. Taqīyyah(تقيّة) 'precaution',thatoneisallowedtohidehistruebeliefsincertaincircumstancesortolietosavehimselfofbeingkilledorharmed. Taqwa(تقوى) righteousness;goodness;Piety:TaqwaistakenfromtheverbeIttaqua,whichmeansAvoiding,FearingthepunishmentfromAllahforcommittingsins.ItispietyobtainedbyfearingthepunishmentofAllah. Tarāwīḥ(تراويح) extraprayersinRamadanaftertheIshaprayer. Tarkīb(تَرْكِيب) thestudyofArabicgrammarissuedfromtheQur'an Ṭarīqah(طريقة) aMuslimreligiousorder,particularlyaSufiorder Tartīl(ترتيل) slow,meditativerecitationoftheQur'an Taṣawwuf(التصوّف)orSufism Tasbīḥ(تسبيح) Utteringtheformula:"SubhanAllah",i.e.(GlorybetoAllah) Taṣdīq(تصديق) "theevaluationofthedegreeofiman"(belief),"proofofiman;Tasdiqisprovedby"acceptanceofwhattheprophetsbroughtdown";byIslamicworksanddeeds"whichinturnareusedtoevaluatethelevelofiman".[17] Tashkīl(تشكيل) vocalizationofArabictextbymeansofdiacriticalmarks.AnintegralpartoftheArabicwritingsystem.Literallymeaningtoformorarrange Taslīm(تسليم) salutationattheendofprayer Taṭbīr(تطبير) ShiaAshuraceremonyofself-flagellationbyhittingheadwithsword. Tawafuq(توافق) God-consciousunderstandingofaphenomenon. Tawakkul(توکل) totalrelianceonAllah. Tawassul(توسُّل) askingAllahAlmightythroughthemediumandintercessionofanotherperson. Ṭawāf(طواف) circumambulatingtheKa'bahduringHajj. Tawfiq(توفیق) Divinehelpingettingtothepurposetoonewhodeserves. Tawbah(توبة) repentance Tawḥīd(توحيد) monotheism;affirmationoftheOnenessofAllah.MuslimsregardthisasthefirstpartofthePillarofIslam,thesecondpartisacceptingMuhammadasrasoul(messenger).TheoppositeofTawheedisshirk Ta'weel(تأويلة) explanationandelucidation,howsomethingwilloccuranditsresult,orfigurativeinterpretation.[18] Tawrāh(توراة) theTorahasrevealedtoMusa(Moses.) Ṭayyib(طيِّب) allthatisgoodasregardsthings,deeds,beliefs,persons,foods,etc.Means"pure."TheShahaddathistayyib. Taʿzīr(تعزير) Discretionarypunishment–asentenceorpunishmentwhosemeasureisnotfixedbytheShari'ah.(Seehudud,qisas) Tazkīyah(تزكية) PurificationoftheSoul. Thawāb(ثواب) Rewardforgooddeedsthatistalliedonqiyamah(judgmentday.)Oppositeofithim. Tilāwah(تلاوة) ritualrecitationofpassagesoftheQur'an. Ṭumaʾnīnah(طمأنينة) stateofmotionlessness,calm U[edit] ʿUbūdīyah(عبودية) worship ʾUḍḥīyah(أضحية) sacrifice ʿUlamāʾ(علماء)orulema theleadersofIslamicsociety,includingteachers,Imamsandjudges.Singularalim. ʾUmmah(الاُمّة)orumma (literally'nation')theglobalcommunityofallMuslimbelievers ʿUmrah(عمرة) thelesserpilgrimageperformedinMecca.Unlikehajj,ʿumrahcanbeperformedthroughouttheyear. ʿUqūbah(عقوبة) thebranchofshariathatdealswithpunishment.(Seehudud,qisas,tazeer) ʿUrf(عرف) customofagivensociety,leadingtochangeinthefiqh ʾUṣūl(أُصول)(sing.ʾaṣl)(أصل) Principles,origins. ʾUṣūlal-Fiqh(الفقه) thestudyoftheoriginsandpracticeofIslamicjurisprudence(fiqh) W[edit] Waʿalaykumas-salām(وعليكمالسلام) Wa'Alaykumas-Salaam!,meaning"anduponyoubepeace".(seeAs-SalamuAlaykum) Wafāt(وفاة) death.(Barah-wafat)MuhammadwasbornonthetwelfthdayofRabi-ul-Awwal,thethirdmonthoftheMuslimyear.Hisdeathanniversaryalsofallsonthesameday,theword'barah'standingforthetwelvedaysofMuhammad'ssickness. Waḥdatal-wujūd(الوجود) "unityofbeing".PhilosophicaltermusedbysomeSufis.Relatedtofanaa Waḥy(وحی) revelationorinspirationofGodtoHisprophetsforallhumankind Wahn(وهن) literalmeaningis"weakness"or"feebleness".Accordingtoonehadith,[19]Muhammadexplaineditas"loveoftheworldanddislikeofdeath" Wājib(واجب) obligatoryormandatoryseefard Walī(ولي) friend,protector,guardian,supporter,helper Waqf(وقف) Anendowmentofmoneyorproperty:thereturnoryieldistypicallydedicatedtowardacertainend,forexample,tothemaintenanceofthepoor,afamily,avillage,oramosque.Plural:awqaf Warrāq(ورّاق) traditionalscribe,publisher,printer,notaryandbookcopier Wasaṭ(وسط) themiddleway,justlybalanced,avoidingextremes,moderation Wasīlah(وسيلة) themeansbywhichoneachievesnearnesstoAllah(seetawassul) Witr(وتر) avoluntary,optionalnightprayerofoddnumbersrakaats. Wuḍūʾ(الوضوء) ablutionforritualpurificationfromminorimpuritiesbeforesalat(seeghusl) Y[edit] YāAllāh(یاالله) O,God! YaRasūlAllāh(یارسولالله) O,MessengerofGod!.TermusedbycompanionswheninteractingwithMuhammad. Yaʾjūjwa-Maʾjūj(ومأجوج) Ya'jūjwa-Ma'jūjistheIslamiccounterpartofGogandMagog Yaqīn(يقين) certainty,thatwhichiscertain Yarḥamuk-Allāh(الله) "MayGodhavemercyonyou",saidwhensomeonesneezes;thesameas"(God)blessyou"inEnglish AllāhYarḥamuhu(يرحمه),fem.yarḥamuhā(يرحمها) "MayGodhavemercyofhis/hersoul",(saidwhensomeonedies) Yawmad-Dīn(الدين) DayofReckoning,Awe Yawmal-Ghaḍab(الغضب) DayofRage,Wrath Yawmal-Qiyāmah(القيامة) "DayoftheResurrection";DayofJudgement Z[edit] Zabūr(زبور) thePsalmsrevealedtoKingDaoud(David)السلام Zabīḥa(Dhabīḥah)(ذَبِيْحَة)seedhabiha Islamicmethodofslaughteringananimal,requiredforthemeattobehalal.Usingasharpknife,theanimal'swindpipe,throat,andbloodvesselsoftheneckareseveredwithoutcuttingthespinalcordtoensurethatthebloodisthoroughlydrainedbeforeremovingthehead. Ẓāhir(ظاهر) Exteriormeaning Zaidi(الزيدية) Islamicsub-sectofShi'ah,popularlyfoundinYemen,withsimilaritiestoSunni Zakāt(زكاة),Al-Māl tax,alms,titheasaMuslimduty;SunnisregardthisasthefourthPillarofIslam.NeithercharitynorderivedfromIslamiceconomics,butareligiousdutyandsocialobligation. Zakātal-Fiṭr(الفطر) CharitygivenattheendofRamadan. Ẓālimūn(ظالمون) polytheists,wrong-doers,andunjust. Zandaqa(زندقة) heresy Zināʾ(زناء,زنى) sexualactivityoutsideofmarriage(coveringtheEnglishwordsadulteryandfornication) Zindīq(زنديق) heretic,atheist Zulfiqar(Dhu-l-fiqār)(الفقار) SwordofAli,presentedtohimbyMuhammad Notes[edit] Arabicwordsarecreatedfromthree-letter"roots"whichconveyabasicidea.Forexample,k-t-bconveystheideaofwriting.Additionofotherlettersbefore,between,andaftertherootlettersproducesmanyassociatedwords:notonly"write"butalso"book","office","library",and"author".TheabstractconsonantalrootforIslamiss-l-m. SomeIslamicconceptsareusuallyreferredtoinPersianorTurkic.Thosearetypicallyoflateroriginthantheconceptslistedhere;forcompletenessitmaybebesttolistPersiantermsandthoseuniquetoShi'aontheirownpage,likewiseTurkictermsandthoseuniquetotheOttomanperiodontheirownpage,astheseareculturallyverydistinct. Theword"crusade"inEnglishisusuallytranslatedinArabicas"ḥamlahṣalībīyah"whichmeansliterally"campaignofCross-holders"(orclosetothatmeaning).InArabictextitis"صليبية"andthesecondwordcomesfrom"ṣalīb"whichmeans"cross." TheversesintheQur'anthatusuallyreferstoasjihādverseshavethephrase"Qitālfīsabīlallāh"(fightingforthesakeofAllah). Seealso[edit] 99NamesofGod HistoryofIslam Islamiceschatology ListofChristiantermsinArabic ListofEnglishwordsofArabicorigin ProphetsofIslam ArabicOntology References[edit] ^"WhatdoesAbdmeaninArabic?".{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"ADABii.AdabinArabicLiterature".{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^"Meaningofazan".{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:url-status(link) ^Sūratal-ʾAnfālcorpus.quran.com ^Reynolds,GSIntroduction:Qur’anicstudiesanditscontroversies ^FirstlineinQurʾān ^USC-MSACompendiumofMuslimTextsArchived2006-07-22attheWaybackMachine ^Timani,HussamS.(November8,2017).TaqfirinIslamicThought.LexingtonBooks.p. 19.ISBN 9780739194263.Retrieved23December2020. ^Khan,MuhammadAkram(2013).WhatIsWrongwithIslamicEconomics?:AnalysingthePresentStateandFutureAgenda.EdwardElgarPublishing.p. 402.ISBN 9781782544159.Retrieved26March2015. ^Qazi,M.A.(1979).AConciseDictionaryofIslamicTerms.Lahore:KaziPublications.p. 15. ^BakriH.S.Al-Azzam(16May2008).CertainTermsRelatingtoIslamicObservances:TheirMeaningswithReferencetoThreeTranslationsoftheQur'anandaTranslationofHadith.Universal-Publishers.p. 247.ISBN 978-1-59942-668-6. ^abc"TheIslamicglossary:Anexplanationofnames,termsandSymbols".Retrieved2007-12-06. ^HabibAliJifrionShaykhal-ButiArchived2013-11-10attheWaybackMachineMarifahforum ^McElroy,Damien(2008-05-12)."Saudimangiven150lashesforunchaperonedmeetingwithwoman".TheTelegraph.Retrieved2017-06-21. ^QuintanWiktorowicz.RadicalIslamrising:MuslimextremismintheWest.Rowman&Littlefield,2005.ISBN 0-7425-3641-6,ISBN 978-0-7425-3641-8.Pg18 ^"TheDifferenceBetweenNaskhandTakhsees".DawahNigeria.DeenCommunicationLimited.10June2014.Retrieved5August2018. ^Timani,HussamS.(November8,2017).TaqfirinIslamicThought.LexingtonBooks.p. 3.ISBN 9780739194263.Retrieved23December2020. ^"MeaningofTa'weelFatwaNo:330607".islamweb.net.10October2016.Retrieved17April2020. ^hadithaboutwahnsearchtruth.com SuzanneHaneef,WhatEveryoneShouldKnowaboutIslamandMuslims,(KaziPublications,Chicago),popularintroduction MuzaffarHaleem,TheSunisRisingIntheWest,(AmanaPublications,Beltsville,MD1999). ZiauddinSardar,MuhammadforBeginners,IconBooks,1994,somefun,fromverymodernSufipointofview. HansWehr,ADictionaryofModernWrittenArabic(SpokenLanguageServices,Ithaca,NY,1976).ed.J.MiltonCowan.ISBN 0-87950-001-8. IslamintheWorldbyMaliseRuthven(GantraPublications,2006)ISBN 1-86207-906-4 Externallinks[edit] LexicographicSearchEngine Freeexpressionswithaudio VoicedDictionaryofIslamicandArabicKeyWords GlossaryofIslamicterms Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_Islam&oldid=1075523423" Categories:ArabicwordsandphrasesGlossariesofreligionIslam-relatedlistsIslamicterminologyHiddencategories:CS1maint:url-statusWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleslackingin-textcitationsfromJanuary2015Allarticleslackingin-textcitationsArticlescontainingArabic-languagetextArticleswithhAudiomicroformats Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةঅসমীয়াবাংলাБашҡортсаБългарскиDanskDeutschEsperantoفارسیFrançaisहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתҚазақшаLatinaLatviešuമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålپښتوPortuguêsРусскийShqipSlovenščinaSundaSuomiSvenskaТатарча/tatarçaไทยУкраїнськаاردو中文Dagbanli Editlinks