Balloon Analogue Risk Task - International Society for ...

The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) is a computerized measure of risk taking behavior. The BART models real-world risk behavior through the conceptual ... Home About Meetings News Membership Publications Measurement Sitemap Contact Menu Home About Meetings News Membership Publications Measurement Sitemap Contact Measurement BarrattImpulsiveness BIS11Translations BalloonAnalogueRiskTask CuedGoNo-Go ImmediateandDelayedMemoryTasks UPPS-PImpulsiveBehaviorScale Menu Measurement BarrattImpulsiveness BIS11Translations BalloonAnalogueRiskTask CuedGoNo-Go ImmediateandDelayedMemoryTasks UPPS-PImpulsiveBehaviorScale BalloonAnalogueRiskTask TheBalloonAnalogueRiskTask(BART)isacomputerizedmeasureofrisktakingbehavior.TheBARTmodelsreal-worldriskbehaviorthroughtheconceptualframeofbalancingthepotentialforrewardversusloss.Inthetask,theparticipantispresentedwithaballoonandofferedthechancetoearnmoneybypumpingtheballoonupbyclickingabutton.Eachclickcausestheballoontoincrementallyinflateandmoneytobeaddedtoacounterupuntilsomethreshold,atwhichpointtheballoonisoverinflatedandexplodes.Thus,eachpumpconfersgreaterrisk,butalsogreaterpotentialreward.Iftheparticipantchoosestocash-outpriortotheballoonexplodingthentheycollectthemoneyearnedforthattrail,butifballoonexplodesearningsforthattrialarelost.Participantsarenotinformedabouttheballoonsbreakpoints;theabsenceofthisinformationallowsfortestingbothparticipants’initialresponsestothetaskandchangesinrespondingastheygainexperiencewiththetaskcontingencies.Risktakingisarelated,butphenomenologicallydistinctprocessfromimpulsivity. BART instrumentreference: Evaluationofabehavioralmeasureofrisktaking: theBalloonAnalogueRiskTask(BART).     LejuezCW,ReadJP,KahlerCW,RichardsJB,RamseySE,StuartGL,StrongDR,BrownRA(2002)     JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Applied,8,75-84. PubMedID12075692 ScoringtheBalloonAnalogueRiskTask TheprimaryscoreusedtomeasureBARTperformanceistheadjustedaveragenumberofpumpsonunexplodedballoons,withhigherscoresindicativeofgreaterrisk-takingpropensity(Bornovalovaetal.2005;Lejuezetal.2002).Intheoriginalversionofthetask,eachpumpwasworth$.05andtherewere30totalballoonsacrossarangeofdifferentcontingencies.Balloonbreakpointsrangefrom1-8,1-32,or1-128pumps.Forexample,fora1-128breakpoint,theprobabilitythataballoonwouldexplodeonthefirstpumpis1/128.Iftheballoondidnotexplodeonthefirstpump,theprobabilitythattheballoonwouldexplodeonthesecondpumpis1/127,andsono.Accordingtothisalgorithm,theaveragebreakpointforthe1-128breakpointwouldbethemidpointoftherange,or64pumps. MethodologicalConsiderations Numberoftrials. Studydesignoftenlimitstheadministrationtimeforanysingletaskandthereisinterestinknowingthemostappropriatetaskdurationthatmaximizesqualityofdatawhileminimizingparticipantburden.Studieshavevariedthenumberofballoontrials,withthemostcommondurationbeing30trials.Instudiesusing30balloons,thescoreacrossallballoonsistypicallymorereliablethananysingle10balloonblock.Howeverundertimeconstraints,usingfewerballoonsmaybenecessary.Researchindicatesthatcorrelationswiththetotalscoreareacceptableforthefirst10balloons(~.6)andaregoodforballoons11-20(~.8)withlittlechangeforballoons21-30(~.8).Thus,anargumentcanbemadeforanychoicebetween10and30balloonstobalancetimeresearchtestingtimeconstrains. AverageresponseratesfortheBARTtendtobelessriskythanwouldproducemaximalearnings.Participantstypicallyexhibitadjustedscoresbetween26and35pumpswithfewscoringatorabovetheoptimalnumberofpumps(i.e.64)tomaximizeearningsonthetask.Thisraisestheconcernthemostriskyindividualsalsoaremakingthemostoverallprofitonthetaskanditisunclearwhythislowlevelofpumpingoccurs.OnehypothesisisthatthelowpumpingbehaviormightbetheresultofinsufficientexperiencewiththeBART,butmathematicalmodelingsuggeststhataddingadditionaltrialsbeyond30balloonsresultinlittlechangeinpumpingrates(Wallstenetal.2005).     Modelingbehaviorinaclinicallydiagnosticsequentialrisk-takingtask.     WallstenTS,PleskacTJ,LejuezCW.(2005)     PsychologicalReview,112,862-880. PubMedID16262471 Rewarddensityandcategory.  TheBARTallowsformanipulationofthemagnitudeofrewardassignedtoeachpump.Thismaybeusefulforstudiesofrewardsensitivity.Forinstance,risk-takingdeclineswithincreasingreward/lossvalue(1,5,and25centsperpump),andthiseffectisspecifictothosewithlowtraitimpulsivity.Thehighlyimpulsiveindividualsdidnotadjusttorisk-takinginresponsetoincreasesinreward/lossvalue.Thisisoneexampleofhowitisimportantforresearcherstoconsiderthevalueofreinforcerswheninterpretingoutcomesofrisktakingandpersonality.     MeasuringRiskingTakingamongChildrenandAdolescents.  AyouthversionoftheBART(BART-Y)hasalsobeendevelopedwhichusesapointmeterratherthanamoneycountertoreinforcebehavior.Participantsareinstructedthatpointsmaybeexchangedforprizesattheendofthetestingsession.ReliabilityandvaliditydataontheBART-YyieldedsimilarfindingstotheoriginalBART,suggestingthatdisseminationofprizesasopposedtocashisadevelopmentallyappropriatereward. TheBART-Yinstrumentreferenceis: ReliabilityandvalidityoftheyouthversionoftheBalloonAnalogueRiskTask(BART-Y) intheassessment ofrisk-takingbehavioramonginner-cityadolescents.     LejuezCW,AklinW,DaughtersS,ZvolenskyM,KahlerC,GwadzM(2007) JournalofClinicalChildandAdolescentPsychology,36,106-111. PubMedID17206886 PsychometricPropertiesoftheBalloonAnalogueRiskTask Reliability.   ReliabilityoftheBARThasbeenestablishedacrossarangeofsamplesandtestingconditions. WithinSessionReliability.Split-thirdreliabilityhasbeenexamined(i.e.comparingscoresacrossthefirstblock,middle,andthirdblocksof10balloonseach),whichindicatestrongreliability(>0.7).Adultstendtodemonstratemodestincreasesinrisk-takingacrosstheblocks(typicallybetweenoneandthreepumps),whileadolescentstendtoreducerisk-takingrespondingfromthefirsttothethirdblocks. Test-RetestReliability. Analysesofperformanceacrosssessionsindicatesareasonablyrobusttest-retestcorrelation(T1/T2r=.77).Likethewithinsessiondata,thereisamodestyetsignificantincreasesinrisk-takingwithrepeatedadministrationswithinasingleday(T2–T1Δ=2.2adjustedaveragepumps,T3–T1Δ=2.3adjustedaveragepumps)althoughtheseareincreasesaresmallerbetweentestingdays(two-weekbetweenT2–T1Δ=1.2adjustedaveragepumps). CitationsforReliabilityStudies:     Test-retestcharacteristicsoftheBalloonAnalogueRiskTask(BART).     WhiteTL,LejuezCW,deWitH.(2008)     ExperimentalandClinicalPsychopharmacology,16,565-570. PubMedID19086777 Evaluationofabehavioralmeasureofrisktaking:theBalloonAnalogueRiskTask(BART).     LejuezCW,ReadJP,KahlerCW,RichardsJB,RamseySE,StuartGL,StrongDR,BrownRA(2002)     JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Applied,8,75-84. PubMedID12075692 CriterionValidity.  Withinadolescentstudies,BARTscoreisrelatedtoself-reportedengagementinreal-workrisk-takingbehaviorsincludingsubstanceuseanddelinquency/safetybehaviorsfrommiddleadolescentstoyoungadultsincommunitysamplesaswellasstudiescomparingclinicalandnonclinicalsamples.Additionally,BART-Yscorewasshowntovarywithalcoholuseacrossthreeyearswithearlytomiddleadolescents.Thus,BARTperformanceappearstoberelatedtoearlyengagementinsubstanceuseaswellastoriskbehaviorsrelatedtosubstanceuse.ConsiderationofmoderatorsintherelationshipbetweenBARTscoreandriskbehaviormayalsobeimportant.Inonestudy,BART-Yscorewasprospectivelyrelatedtonumberofrisk-takingbehaviorsinthepastyear,butonlyforadolescentswhowerelowintheabilitytotoleratedistress.Importantlythisfindingpersistedaftercontrollingforgenderandsensationseeking. CitationsforValidityStudies: Evaluationofbehavioralmeasuresofrisktakingpropensitywithinnercityadolescents. AklinWM,LejuezCW,ZvolenskyMJ,KahlerCW,GwadzM(2005) BehaviorResearchandTherapy,43,215-228. PubMedID15629751 Risk-takingbutnotresponseinhibitionordelaydiscountingpredictalcoholconsumption insocialdrinkers. FernieG,ColeJC,GoudieAJ,FieldM(2010) DrugandAlcoholDependence,112,54-61. PubMedID20580495 Arisk-taking“set”inanoveltaskamongadolescentswithseriousconduct andsubstanceproblems. CrowleyTJ,RaymondKM,Mikulich-GilbertsonSK,ThompsonLL,LejuezCW.(2006) JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofChildandAdolescentPsychiatry,45,175-183.  PubMedID16429088 Changesinsensationseekingandrisk-takingpropensitypredictincreasesinalcoholuse amongearlyadolescents MacPhersonL,MagidsonJF,ReynoldsEK,KahlerCW,LejuezCW(2010) Alcoholism:ClinicalandExperimentalResearch,34,1400-1408. PubMedID 20491737     PubMed Central Positiveandnegativereinforcementunderlyingriskbehaviorinearlyadolescents MacPhersonL,ReynoldsEK,DaughtersSB,WangF,CassidyJ,MayesLC,LejuezCW(2010) PreventionScience,11,331-342. PubMedID 20309633    PubMedCentral BARTPerformanceandBiologicalOutcomes PreviousresearchhasexaminedBARTmeasuresofrisktakinginrelationtofunctionalpolymorphismintheregulatoryregion(5-HTTLPR)ofthehuman5-HTtransporter(5-HTT)gene.Thisresearchhasfoundthatcarriersoftheshort5-HTTLPRallelehadsignificantlylowernumberofadjustedaveragenumberofpumpsthanthosethatwherehomozygotesofthelongallele. CitationsforBiologicalStudies: Geneticcontributionsoftheserotonintransportertosociallearningoffear andeconomicdecisionmaking CrişanLG,PanaS,VulturarR,HeilmanRM,SzekelyR,DruğaB,DragoşN,MiuAC(2009) SocialCognitiveandAffectiveNeuroscience,4,399-408. PubMedID 19535614     PubMedCentral Neuralcorrelatesofvoluntaryandinvoluntaryrisktakinginthehumanbrain: anfMRIStudyoftheBalloonAnalogRiskTask(BART).      RaoH,KorczykowskiM,PlutaJ,HoangA,DetreJA(2008)     Neuroimage,42,902-910. PubMedID18582578 Acknowledgements SomematerialpresentedherewasadaptedbyCarlLejuezandeditedbyCharlesMathias fromtheforthcomingbookchapter: BehavioralMeasuresofRisk-takingandtheirRelevancetoAddictiveBehaviors.     Dahne,J.,Richards,J.M.,Ernst,M.,MacPherson,L.,&Lejuez,C.W.(inpress)     Wiley-BlackwellHandbookofAddictionPsychopharmacology(J.MacKillop&H.DeWit,Eds.). Formoreinformationortoobtainthisinstrument,please contactDr.CarlLejuezat: [email protected]  CopyrightInternationalSocietyforResearchonImpulsivityandit’slicensor’s. AllRightsReserved.|WebsitebyCCCommunicationsPrivacyPolicy | RefundPolicy | ContactUs