Eurasian tree sparrow - Wikipedia

The Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape, and a black patch on each pure ... Eurasiantreesparrow FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch passerinebirdinthesparrowfamily FortheNorthAmericanbird,seeAmericantreesparrow. Eurasiantreesparrow AdultofsubspeciesP.m.saturatusinJapan Conservationstatus LeastConcern (IUCN3.1)[1] Scientificclassification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Genus: Passer Species: P. montanus Binomialname Passermontanus(Linnaeus,1758) Afro-Eurasiandistribution   Breedingsummervisitor  Residentbreeder  Non-breedingwintervisitor Synonyms FringillamontanaLinnaeus,1758 LoxiascandensHermann1783 PasserarboreusFoster1817 TheEurasiantreesparrow(Passermontanus)isapasserinebirdinthesparrowfamilywitharichchestnutcrownandnape,andablackpatchoneachpurewhitecheek.Thesexesaresimilarlyplumaged,andyoungbirdsareadullerversionoftheadult.ThissparrowbreedsovermostoftemperateEurasiaandSoutheastAsia,whereitisknownasthetreesparrow,andithasbeenintroducedelsewhereincludingtheUnitedStates,whereitisknownastheEurasiantreesparroworGermansparrowtodifferentiateitfromthenativeunrelatedAmericantreesparrow.Althoughseveralsubspeciesarerecognised,theappearanceofthisbirdvarieslittleacrossitsextensiverange. TheEurasiantreesparrow'suntidynestisbuiltinanaturalcavity,aholeinabuildingorthedisusednestofaEuropeanmagpieorwhitestork.Thetypicalclutchisfiveorsixeggswhichhatchinundertwoweeks.Thissparrowfeedsmainlyonseeds,butinvertebratesarealsoconsumed,particularlyduringthebreedingseason.Aswithothersmallbirds,infectionbyparasitesanddiseases,andpredationbybirdsofpreytaketheirtoll,andthetypicallifespanisabouttwoyears. TheEurasiantreesparrowiswidespreadinthetownsandcitiesofeasternAsia,butinEuropeitisabirdoflightlywoodedopencountryside,withthehousesparrowbreedinginthemoreurbanareas.TheEurasiantreesparrow'sextensiverangeandlargepopulationensurethatitisnotendangeredglobally,buttherehavebeenlargedeclinesinwesternEuropeanpopulations,inpartduetochangesinfarmingpracticesinvolvingincreaseduseofherbicidesandlossofwinterstubblefields.IneasternAsiaandwesternAustralia,thisspeciesissometimesviewedasapest,althoughitisalsowidelycelebratedinorientalart. Contents 1Description 2Taxonomy 2.1Subspecies 3Distributionandhabitat 4Behaviourandecology 4.1Breeding 4.2Feeding 4.3Survival 5Status 6Relationshipswithhumans 7References 7.1Workscited 7.2Furtherreading 8Externallinks Description[edit] TheEurasiantreesparrowis12.5–14 cm(5–5+1⁄2 in)long,[2]withawingspanofabout21 cm(8.3 in)andaweightof24 g(0.85 oz),[3]makingitroughly10%smallerthanthehousesparrow.[4]Theadult'scrownandnapearerichchestnut,andthereisakidney-shapedblackearpatchoneachpurewhitecheek;thechin,throat,andtheareabetweenthebillandthroatareblack.Theupperpartsarelightbrown,streakedwithblack,andthebrownwingshavetwodistinctnarrowwhitebars.Thelegsarepalebrown,andthebillislead-blueinsummer,becomingalmostblackinwinter.[5] Thissparrowisdistinctiveevenwithinitsgenusinthatithasnoplumagedifferencesbetweenthesexes;thejuvenilealsoresemblestheadult,althoughthecolourstendtobeduller.[6]Itscontrastingfacepatternmakesthisspecieseasilyidentifiableinallplumages;[4]thesmallersizeandbrown,notgrey,crownareadditionaldifferencesfromthemalehousesparrow.[2]AdultandjuvenileEurasiantreesparrowsundergoaslowcompletemoultintheautumn,andshowanincreaseinbodymassdespiteareductioninstoredfat.Thechangeinmassisduetoanincreaseinbloodvolumetosupportactivefeathergrowth,andagenerallyhigherwatercontentinthebody.[7] Birdscalling(0:11) Eurasiantreesparrowscalling,inMoscowregion,Russia Problemsplayingthisfile?Seemediahelp. TheEurasiantreesparrowhasnotruesong,butitsvocalisationsincludeanexcitedseriesoftschipcallsgivenbyunpairedorcourtingmales.Othermonosyllabicchirpsareusedinsocialcontacts,andtheflightcallisaharshteck.[4]AstudycomparingthevocalisationsoftheintroducedMissouripopulationwiththoseofbirdsfromGermanyshowedthattheUSbirdshadfewersharedsyllabletypes(memes)andmorestructurewithinthepopulationthantheEuropeansparrows.ThismayhaveresultedfromthesmallsizeofthefoundingNorthAmericanpopulationandaconsequentlossofgeneticdiversity.[8] Taxonomy[edit] DescriptionofthehouseandEurasiantreesparrowsfromtheSystemanaturae[9] TheOldWorldsparrowgenusPasserisagroupofsmallpasserinebirdsthatisbelievedtohaveoriginatedinAfrica,andwhichcontains15–25speciesdependingontheauthority.[10]Itsmembersaretypicallyfoundinopen,lightlywooded,habitats,althoughseveralspecies,notablythehousesparrow(P.domesticus)haveadaptedtohumanhabitations.Mostspeciesinthegenusaretypically10–20 cm(3.9–7.9 in)long,predominantlybrownorgreyishbirdswithshortsquaretailsandstubbyconicalbeaks.Theyareprimarilyground-feedingseed-eaters,althoughtheyalsoconsumeinvertebrates,especiallywhenbreeding.[11]GeneticstudiesshowthattheEurasiantreesparrowdivergedfromtheotherEurasianmembersofitsgenusrelativelyearly,beforethespeciationofthehouse,plain-backedandSpanishsparrows.[12][13]TheEurasianspeciesisnotcloselyrelatedtotheAmericantreesparrow(Spizelloidesarborea),whichisinadifferentfamily,theNewWorldsparrows.[14] TheEurasiantreesparrow'sbinomialnameisderivedfromtwoLatinwords:passer,"sparrow",andmontanus,"ofthemountains"(frommons"mountain").[3]TheEurasiantreesparrowwasfirstdescribedbyCarlLinnaeusinhis1758SystemaNaturaeasFringillamontana,[15]but,alongwiththehousesparrow,itwassoonmovedfromthefinches(familyFringillidae)intothenewgenusPassercreatedbyFrenchzoologistMathurinJacquesBrissonin1760.[16]TheEurasiantreesparrow'scommonnameisgivenbecauseofitspreferenceoftreeholesfornesting.Thisname,andthescientificnamemontanus,donotappropriatelydescribethisspecies'shabitatpreferences:theGermannameFeldsperling("fieldsparrow")comesclosertodoingso.[17] Subspecies[edit] P.m.montanus P.m.tibetanus P.m.malaccensis P.m.hepaticus Thisspeciesvarieslittleinappearanceacrossitslargerange,andthedifferencesbetweenthesevenextantsubspeciesrecognisedbyClementareslight.Atleast15othersubspecieshavebeenproposed,buttheyareconsideredtobeintermediatesofthelistedsubspecies.[5][18] TheEuropeantreesparrow(P.m.montanus),thenominatesubspecies,rangesacrossEuropeexceptforthesouthwesternIberianPeninsula,southernGreeceandtheformerYugoslavia.ItalsobreedsinAsiaeasttotheLenaRiverandsouthtothenorthernregionsofTurkey,theCaucasus,KazakhstanandMongoliaandinNorthKorea. TheCaucasiantreesparrow(P.m.transcaucasicus),describedbySergeiAleksandrovichButurlinin1906,breedsfromthesouthernregionsoftheCaucasuseasttonorthernIran.Itisdullerandgreyerthanthenominatesubspecies.[5] TheAfghantreesparrow(P.m.dilutus),describedbyCharlesWallaceRichmondin1856,isresidentinextremenortheasternIran,northernPakistanandnorthwesternIndia.Italsooccursfurthernorth,fromUzbekistanandTajikistaneasttoChina.ComparedtoP.m.montanus,itispaler,withsandy-brownupperparts.[5] TheTibetantreesparrow(P.m.tibetanus),thelargestsubspeciesbysize,wasdescribedbyStuartBakerin1925.ItisfoundinthenorthernHimalayas,fromNepaleastthroughTibettonorthwesternChina.ItresemblesP.m.dilutus,butisdarker.[5] P.m.saturatus,describedbyLeonhardHessStejnegerin1885,breedsinSakhalin,theKurilIslands,Japan,TaiwanandSouthKorea.Itisdeeperbrownthanthenominatesubspeciesandhasalargerbill.[5] P.m.malaccensis,describedbyAlphonseDuboisin1885,isfoundfromthesouthernHimalayaseasttoHainanandIndonesia.Itisadark-colouredsubspecies,likeP.m.saturatus,butissmallerandmoreheavilystreakedonitsupperparts.[5] P.m.hepaticus,describedbySidneyDillonRipleyin1948,breedsfromnortheasternAssamtonorthwesternBurma.ItissimilarinappearancetoP.m.saturatus,butredderonitsheadandupperparts.[5] Distributionandhabitat[edit] TheEurasiantreesparrow'snaturalbreedingrangecomprisesmostoftemperateEuropeandAsiasouthofaboutlatitude68°N(northofthisthesummersaretoocold,withJulyaveragetemperaturesbelow12 °C)andthroughSoutheastAsiatoJavaandBali.ItformerlybredintheFaroes,MaltaandGozo.[4][5]InSouthAsiaitisfoundmainlyinthetemperatezone.[19][20]Itissedentaryovermostofitsextensiverange,butnorthernmostbreedingpopulationsmigratesouthforthewinter,[21]andsmallnumbersleavesouthernEuropeforNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.[4]TheeasternsubspeciesP.m.dilutusreachescoastalPakistaninwinterandthousandsofbirdsofthisracemovethrougheasternChinainautumn.[5] TheEurasiantreesparrowhasbeenintroducedoutsideitsnativerange,buthasnotalwaysbecomeestablished,possiblyduetocompetitionwiththehousesparrow.ItwasintroducedsuccessfullytoSardinia,easternIndonesia,thePhilippinesandMicronesia,butintroductionstoNewZealandandBermudadidnottakeroot.Ship-carriedbirdscolonisedBorneo.ThissparrowhasoccurredasanaturalvagranttoGibraltar,Tunisia,Algeria,Egypt,Israel,theUnitedArabEmirates,[5]MoroccoandIceland.[1] InNorthAmerica,apopulationofabout15,000birdshasbecomeestablishedaroundSt.LouisandneighbouringpartsofIllinoisandsoutheasternIowa.[22]Thesesparrowsaredescendedfrom12birdsimportedfromGermanyandreleasedinlateApril1870aspartofaprojecttoenhancethenativeNorthAmericanavifauna.WithinitslimitedUSrangeofabout22,000squarekilometres(8,500 sq mi),[23]theEurasiantreesparrowhastocompetewiththehousesparrowinurbancentres,andisthereforemainlyfoundinparks,farmsandruralwoods.[8][24]TheAmericanpopulationissometimesreferredtoasthe"Germansparrow",todistinguishitfromboththenativeAmericantreesparrowspeciesandthemuchmorewidespread"English"housesparrow.[25] UrbannestunderarooftileofawoodenhouseinJapan InAustralia,theEurasiantreesparrowispresentinMelbourne,townsincentralandnorthernVictoriaandsomecentresintheRiverinaregionofNewSouthWales.ItisaprohibitedspeciesinWesternAustralia,whereitoftenarrivesonshipsfromSoutheastAsia.[26] Despiteitsscientificname,Passermontanus,thisisnottypicallyamountainspecies,andreachesonly700 m(2,300 ft)inSwitzerland,althoughithasbredat1,700 m(5,600 ft)inthenorthernCaucasusandashighas4,270 m(14,010 ft)inNepal.[4][5]InEurope,itisfrequentlyfoundoncoastswithcliffs,inemptybuildings,inpollardedwillowsalongslowwatercourses,orinopencountrysidewithsmallisolatedpatchesofwoodland.[4]TheEurasiantreesparrowshowsastrongpreferencefornest-sitesnearwetlandhabitats,andavoidsbreedingonintensivelymanagedmixedfarmland.[27] WhentheEurasiantreesparrowandthelargerhousesparrowoccurinthesamearea,thehousesparrowgenerallybreedsinurbanareaswhilethesmallerEurasiantreesparrownestsinthecountryside.[5]Wheretreesareinshortsupply,asinMongolia,bothspeciesmayutiliseman-madestructuresasnestsites.[28]TheEurasiantreesparrowisruralinEurope,butisanurbanbirdineasternAsia;insouthernandcentralAsia,bothPasserspeciesmaybefoundaroundtownsandvillages.[5]InpartsoftheMediterranean,suchasItaly,boththetreeandtheItalianorSpanishsparrowsmaybefoundinsettlements.[29]InAustralia,theEurasiantreesparrowislargelyanurbanbird,anditisthehousesparrowwhichutilisesmorenaturalhabitats.[26] Behaviourandecology[edit] Breeding[edit] Eggs,fromthecollectionoftheMuseumdeToulouse Afledgling TheEurasiantreesparrowreachesbreedingmaturitywithinayearfromhatching,[30]andtypicallybuildsitsnestinacavityinanoldtreeorrockface.Somenestsarenotinholesassuch,butarebuiltamongrootsofoverhanginggorseorsimilarbush.[31]Roofcavitiesinhousesmaybeused,[31]andinthetropics,thecrownofapalmtreeortheceilingofaverandahcanserveasanestsite.[32]ThisspecieswillbreedinthedisuseddomednestofaEuropeanmagpie,[31]oranactiveorunusedsticknestofalargebirdsuchasthewhitestork,[33]white-tailedeagle,osprey,blackkiteorgreyheron.Itwillsometimesattempttotakeoverthenestofotherbirdsthatbreedinholesorenclosedspaces,suchasthebarnswallow,housemartin,sandmartinorEuropeanbee-eater.[34] Pairsmaybreedinisolationorinloosecolonies,[35]andwillreadilyusenestboxes.InaSpanishstudy,boxesmadefromamixtureofwoodandconcrete(woodcrete)hadamuchhigheroccupancyratethanwoodenboxes(76.5%versus33.5%),andbirdsnestinginwoodcretesiteshadearlierclutches,ashorterincubationperiodandmorebreedingattemptsperseason.Clutchsizeandchickconditiondidnotdifferbetweennestboxtypes,butreproductivesuccesswashigherinwoodcrete,perhapsbecausethesyntheticnestswere1.5 °Cwarmerthantheirwoodencounterparts.[36] Themalecallsfromnearthenestsiteinspringtoproclaimownershipandattractamate.Hemayalsocarrynestmaterialintothenesthole.[5]Thedisplayandnestbuildingisrepeatedinautumn.ThepreferredlocationsfortheautumndisplayareoldEurasiantreesparrownests,particularlythosewherenestlingshadhatched.Emptynestboxes,andsitesusedbyhousesparrowsorotherholenestingbirds,suchastits,piedflycatchersorcommonredstarts,arerarelyusedfortheautumndisplay.[37] Awoodcretenestbox Theuntidynestiscomposedofhay,grass,woolorothermaterialandlinedwithfeathers,[31]whichimprovethethermalinsulation.[38]Acompletenestconsistsofthreelayers;base,lininganddome.[37]Thetypicalclutchisfiveorsixeggs(rarelymorethanfourinMalaysia),[32]whitetopalegreyandheavilymarkedwithspots,smallblotches,orspeckling;[39]theyare20 mm× 14 mm(0.79 in× 0.55 in)insizeandweigh2.1 g(0.074 oz),ofwhich7%isshell.[3]Theeggsareincubatedbybothparentsfor12–13daysbeforethealtricial,nakedchickshatch,andafurther15–18dayselapsebeforetheyfledge.Twoorthreebroodsmayberaisedeachyear;[3]birdsbreedingincoloniesproducemoreeggsandfledglingsfromtheirfirstbroodsthansolitarypairs,butthereverseistrueforsecondandthirdclutches.[40]Femaleswhichcopulatefrequentlytendtolaymoreeggsandhaveashorterincubationtime,sowithin-pairmatingmaybeanindicatorofthepairs'reproductiveability.[41]Thereisasignificantlevelofpromiscuity;inaHungarianstudy,morethan9%ofchicksweresiredbyextra-pairmales,and20%ofthebroodscontainedatleastoneextra-pairyoung.[42] HybridisationbetweentheEurasiantreesparrowandthehousesparrowhasbeenrecordedinmanypartsoftheworldwithmalehybridstendingtoresembletheEurasiantreesparrowwhilefemaleshavemoresimilaritieswiththehousesparrow.[43]AbreedingpopulationintheEasternGhatsofIndia,[44]saidtobeintroduced,[5]mayalsohybridisewithhousesparrows.[20]Onatleastoneoccasionamixedpairhasresultedinfertileyoung.[45][46][47]AwildhybridisationwiththeresidentsparrowsofMalta,whichareintermediatebetweentheSpanishsparrow(P.hispaniolensis)andItaliansparrows(P.italiae),wasrecordedinMaltain1975.[5] Feeding[edit] Atafeeder TheEurasiantreesparrowisapredominantlyseedandgraineatingbirdwhichfeedsonthegroundinflocks,oftenwithhousesparrows,finches,orbuntings.Iteatsweedseeds,suchaschickweedsandgoosefoot,spilledgrain,[5]anditmayalsovisitfeedingstations,especiallyforpeanuts.Itwillalsofeedoninvertebrates,especiallyduringthebreedingseasonwhentheyoungarefedmainlyonanimalfood;ittakesinsects,woodlice,millipedes,centipedes,spidersandharvestmen.[48] Adultsuseavarietyofwetlandswhenforagingforinvertebratepreytofeednestlings,andaquaticsitesplayakeyroleinprovidingadequatediversityandavailabilityofsuitableinvertebratepreytoallowsuccessfulchickrearingthroughoutthelongbreedingseasonofthismulti-broodedspecies.Largeareasofformerlyoccupiedfarmlandnolongerprovidetheseinvertebrateresourcesduetotheeffectsofintensivefarming,andtheavailabilityofsupplementaryseedfoodwithin1kilometre(0.62 mi)ofthenest-sitedoesnotinfluencenest-sitechoice,oraffectthenumberofyoungraised.[27] Inwinter,seedresourcesaremostlikelytobeakeylimitingfactor.[27]Atthistimeofyear,individualsinaflockformlineardominancehierarchies,butthereisnostrongrelationbetweenthesizeofthethroatpatchandpositioninthathierarchy.Thisisincontrasttothehousesparrow;inthatspecies,fightstoestablishdominancearereducedbythedisplayofthethroatpatch,thesizeofwhichactsasasignalling"badge"offitness.[49]Althoughthereisevidencethattheblackthroatpatchofmale,butnotfemale,treesparrowspredictsfightingsuccessinforagingflocks.[50] Theriskofpredationaffectsfeedingstrategies.Astudyshowedincreaseddistancebetweenshelterandafoodsupplymeantthatbirdsvisitedafeederinsmallerflocks,spentlesstimeonitandweremorevigilantwhenfarfromshelter.Sparrowscanfeedas"producers",searchingforfooddirectly,or"scroungers",justjoiningotherflockmemberswhohavealreadydiscoveredfood.Scroungingwas30%morelikelyatexposedfeedingsites,althoughthisisnotduetoincreasedanti-predatorvigilance.Apossibleexplanationisthatriskierplacesareusedbyindividualswithlowerfatreserves.[51] Survival[edit] TheEurasiansparrowhawkisawidespreadpredator PredatorsoftheEurasiantreesparrowincludeavarietyofaccipiters,falconsandowls,suchastheEurasiansparrowhawk,[48]commonkestrel,[52]littleowl,[53][54]andsometimeslong-earedowlandwhitestork.[55][56]Itdoesnotappeartobeatanincreasedriskofpredationduringitsautumnmoult,despitehavingfewerflightfeathersatthattime.[57]NestsmayberaidedbyEurasianmagpies,jays,leastweasels,rats,cats,andconstrictingsnakessuchasthehorseshoewhipsnake.[58][59][60] Manyspeciesofbirdlicearepresentonthebirdsandintheirnests,[61][62]andmitesofthegenusKnemidocopteshavebeenknowntoinfestpopulations,resultinginlesionsonthelegsandtoes.[63]ParasitisationofnestlingsbyProtocalliphorablow-flylarvaeisasignificantfactorinnestlingmortality.[64]Eggsizedoesnotinfluencenestlingmortality,butchicksfromlargeeggsgrowfaster.[65] Eurasiantreesparrowsarealsosubjecttobacterialandviralinfections.Bacteriahavebeenshowntobeanimportantfactorinthefailureofeggstohatchandinnestlingmortality,[66]andmassdeathsduetoSalmonellainfectionhavebeennotedinJapan.[67]Avianmalariaparasiteshavebeenfoundinthebloodofmanypopulations,[68]andbirdsinChinawerefoundtoharbourastrainofH5N1thatwashighlyvirulenttochickens.[69] TheimmuneresponseofEurasiantreesparrowsislessrobustthanthatofthehousesparrowandhasbeenproposedasafactorinthegreaterinvasivepotentialofthelatter.[70]ThehousesparrowandEurasiantreesparrowarethemostfrequentvictimsofroadkillontheroadsofCentral,EasternandSouthernEurope.[71]Themaximumrecordedageis13.1years,[30]butthreeyearsisatypicallifespan.[3] Status[edit] Winterstubbleisaseasonalfoodresource.[72] TheEurasiantreesparrowhasalargerangeestimatedas98.3millionsquarekilometres(38.0millionsq mi)andapopulationof190–310 millionindividuals.Althoughthepopulationisdeclining,thespeciesisnotbelievedtoapproachthethresholdsforthepopulationdeclinecriterionoftheIUCNRedList(thatis,decliningmorethan30%in10yearsorthreegenerations).Forthesereasons,thespecies'conservationstatusisevaluatedatthegloballevelasbeingofLeastConcern.[1] AlthoughtheEurasiantreesparrowhasbeenexpandingitsrangeinFennoscandiaandeasternEurope,populationshavebeendeclininginmuchofwesternEurope,[4][73]atrendreflectedinotherfarmlandbirdssuchastheskylark,cornbuntingandnorthernlapwing.From1980to2003,commonfarmlandbirdnumbersfellby28%.[72]ThecollapseinpopulationsseemstohavebeenparticularlysevereinGreatBritain,wheretherewasa95%declinebetween1970and1998,[74]andIreland,whichhadonly1,000–1,500pairsinthelate1990s.[4][75]IntheBritishIsles,suchdeclinesmaybeduetonaturalfluctuations,towhichEurasiantreesparrowsareknowntobeprone.[29]Breedingperformancehasimprovedsubstantiallyaspopulationsizeshavedecreased,suggestingthatdecreasesinproductivitywerenotresponsibleforthedeclineandthatsurvivalwasthecriticalfactor.[76]ThelargedeclineinEurasiantreesparrownumbersisprobablytheresultofagriculturalintensificationandspecialisation,particularlytheincreaseduseofherbicidesandatrendtowardsautumn-sowncrops(attheexpenseofspring-sowncropsthatproducestubblefieldsinwinter).Thechangefrommixedtospecialisedfarmingandtheincreaseduseofinsecticideshasreducedtheamountofinsectfoodavailablefornestlings.[72] Relationshipswithhumans[edit] Ahorticulturalpest,thecommonasparagusbeetleisaregularpreyitem DetailfromHokusai'sSuzumeOdori,depictingtheJapanesetraditionaldanceinspiredbysparrows TheEurasiantreesparrowisseenasapestinsomeareas.InAustralia,itdamagesmanycerealandfruitcropsandspoilscerealcrops,animalfeedandstoredgrainwithitsdroppings.QuarantinerulesprohibitthetransportofthisspeciesintoWesternAustralia.[26] PartofaninkonsilkpaintingbyHuangQuanc.965CEshowingafledglingsolicitingfoodfromanadult ChairmanMaoZedongofChinaattemptedinApril1958toreducecropdamagebyEurasiantreesparrows,estimatedat4.5 kg(9.9 lb)ofgrainperbirdeachyear,bymobilisingmillionsofpeopleandmanyscarecrowstodrivethebirdstodeathbyexhaustion.Althoughinitiallysuccessful,the"Fourpestscampaign"hadoverlookedthenumbersoflocustsandotherinsectpestsconsumedbythebirds,andcropyieldsfell,exacerbatingafaminewhichledtothedeathsof30 millionpeoplebetween1959and1961.[22][77]TheEurasiantreesparrow'sconsumptionofinsectshasledtoitsuseinagriculturetocontrolfruittreepestsandthecommonasparagusbeetle(Criocerisaspergi).[78] TheEurasiantreesparrowhaslongbeendepictedinChineseandJapaneseart,oftenonaplantsprayorinaflyingflock,[77]andrepresentationsbyorientalartistsincludingHiroshigehavefeaturedonthepostagestampsofAntiguaandBarbuda,CentralAfricanRepublic,China,andtheGambia.MorestraightforwardillustrationswereusedonthestampsofBelarus,Belgium,Cambodia,Estonia,andTaiwan.[79]TheflutteringofthebirdgaverisetoatraditionalJapanesedance,theSuzumeOdori,developedinSendai,whichwasdepictedbyartistssuchasHokusai.[80] InthePhilippines,whereitisoneofseveralspeciesreferredtoasmaya,andissometimesspecificallyreferredtoasthe"mayangsimbahan"("churchmaya"or"churchsparrow"),theEurasiantreesparrowisthemostcommonbirdinthecities.ManyurbanFilipinosconfuseitwiththeformernationalbirdofthePhilippines,theblack-headedmunia–alsocalledamaya,butspecificallydifferentiatedinfolktaxaasthe"mayangpula"("redmaya").[81] References[edit] ^abcBirdLifeInternational(2017)."Passermontanus".IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.2017:e.T22718270A119216586.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22718270A119216586.en.Retrieved19November2021. ^abMullarneyetal.1999,p. 342 ^abcde"TreeSparrowPassermontanusLinnaeus,1758".Birdfacts.BritishTrustforOrnithology.Retrieved30January2009. ^abcdefghiSnow&Perrins1998,pp. 1513–1515 ^abcdefghijklmnopqrClement,Harris&Davis1993,pp. 463–465 ^Mullarneyetal.1999,p. 343 ^Lind,Johan;Gustin,Marco;Sorace,Alberto(2004)."CompensatorybodilychangesduringmoultinTreeSparrowsPassermontanusinItaly"(PDF).OrnisFennica.81:1–9.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2015-11-07. ^abLang,A.L.;Barlow,J.C.(1997)."CulturalevolutionintheEurasianTreeSparrow:Divergencebetweenintroducedandancestralpopulations"(PDF).TheCondor.99(2):413–423.doi:10.2307/1369948.JSTOR 1369948. 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WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPassermontanus. Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopædiaBritannicaarticle"Sparrow". PhotographsandvideoonARKive Skullimage Ageingandsexing(PDF)byJavierBlasco-Zumeta&Gerd-MichaelHeinze Treesparrowvideos,photos&soundsontheInternetBirdCollection FeathersoftheEurasiantreesparrowArchived2015-09-24attheWaybackMachine DocumentingPassermontanus'nest,eggs,hatchlings,nestlingsandfledglingsbyIsidroA.T.Savillo vteOldWorldsparrows(family:Passeridae)GenusSpeciesHypocryptadius Cinnamonibon Passer Saxaulsparrow Housesparrow Spanishsparrow Italiansparrow Sindsparrow Somalisparrow Russetsparroworcinnamonsparrow Plain-backedsparroworPegusparrow DeadSeasparrow Greatsparrow Socotrasparrow Abdal-Kurisparrow Kenyasparrow Kordofansparrow Shelley'ssparrow Iagosparrow Capesparrow Northerngrey-headedsparrow Swainson'ssparrow Parrot-billedsparrow Swahilisparrow Southerngrey-headedsparrow Desertsparrow Zarudny'ssparrow Eurasiantreesparrow Sudangoldensparrow Arabiangoldensparrow Chestnutsparrow Passerpredomesticus Carpospiza Palerockfinch Petronia Rocksparrow Gymnoris Yellow-throatedbushsparrow Sahelbushsparrow Yellow-spottedbushsparrow Yellow-throatedsparrow Montifringilla White-wingedsnowfinch Tibetansnowfinch Black-wingedsnowfinch Onychostruthus White-rumpedsnowfinch Pyrgilauda PèreDavid'ssnowfinch Rufous-neckedsnowfinch Blanford'ssnowfinch Afghansnowfinch Taxonidentifiers Wikidata:Q25968 Wikispecies:Passermontanus ABA:eutrsp ADW:Passer_montanus AFD:Passer_montanus ARKive:passer-montanus BioLib:8994 BirdLife:22718270 BOLD:9689 BTO:bob15980 BOW:eutspa eBird:eutspa EoL:17000047 EPPO:PASSMO EUNIS:1187 Euring:15980 FaunaEuropaea:97441 FaunaEuropaea(new):30f61ef1-70b7-4a69-9769-a2075d771798 GBIF:5231198 GNAB:eurasian-tree-sparrow iNaturalist:13851 IRMNG:11084262 ITIS:179630 IUCN:22718270 NBN:NHMSYS0000530539 NCBI:9160 TSA:12979 WoRMS:558571 Xeno-canto:Passer-montanus Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries UnitedStates Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_tree_sparrow&oldid=1060522703" Categories:IUCNRedListleastconcernspeciesPasserBirdsofEurasiaBirdsofJapanBirdsofYunnanBirdsdescribedin1758TaxanamedbyCarlLinnaeusHiddencategories:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslistArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediaindefinitelymove-protectedpagesFeaturedarticlesArticleswith'species'microformatsArticleswithhAudiomicroformatsCS1French-languagesources(fr)CS1Latin-languagesources(la)CS1maint:extratext:authorslistCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksTaxonbarswith25–29taxonIDsArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikispecies Languages Адыгэбзэالعربيةঅসমীয়াAsturianuAzərbaycancaবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБашҡортсаБеларускаяभोजपुरीБългарскиBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschDinébizaadEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFøroysktFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGalego客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaItalianoעבריתಕನ್ನಡKapampanganKaszëbscziҚазақшаKurdîLatinaLatviešuLietuviųLivvinkarjalaMagyarМакедонскиمصرىBahasaMelayuMìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Монголမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsनेपाली日本語NapulitanoNordfriiskNorskbokmålNorsknynorskOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPicardPiemontèisPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусиньскыйРусскийScotsShqipSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaTagalogไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаVahcuenghTiếngViệtWalonWinaray吴语粵語Žemaitėška中文 Editlinks