Transport in Singapore - Wikipedia

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) TransportinSingapore FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch LifeinSingapore Art Conscription Culture Dance Demographics Driving Economy Education Film Holidays Humanrights Languages LGBT Literature Music Politics Religion SingaporeEnglish Sports Transport vte TransportwithinSingaporeismainlyland-based.ManypartsofSingapore,includingislandssuchasSentosaandJurongIslandareaccessiblebyroad.TheothermajorformoftransportationwithinSingaporeisrail:theMassRapidTransitwhichrunsthelengthandwidthofSingapore,andtheLightRailTransitwhichrunswithinafewneighbourhoods.ThemainislandofSingaporeisconnectedtotheotherislandsbyferryboatservices. TherearetwobridgeswhichlinkSingaporetoMalaysia–theCauseway,andtheSecondLink.TheSingaporeChangiAirportisamajoraviationhubinAsia.Singaporeisalsonotableforbeingoneoftheworld'sbusiesttransshipmentports. McKinsey’sUrbanTransportationreportrankSingapore'stransportsystemworld'sbestoverallbasedonfivecriteria-availability,affordability,efficiency,convenience,sustainability.[1]Singaporealsohasoneofthemostcost-efficientpublictransportnetworksintheworld,accordingtoastudybyLondonconsultingfirmCredo.[2]Withtheemergenceofdriverlessvehicles,Singaporeisnowamongthefavouritelocationsforautonomousvehiclesdevelopmenttestinglocationforthebigplayersintheautomotiveindustry.[3] Contents 1Roadtransport 1.1Buses 1.2TaxisandPHVs 1.3Privatecars 1.4Roadsandexpressways 1.5Causewayandlinkbridge 1.6Trishaws 2Railtransport 2.1MassRapidTransit(MRT) 2.2LightRailTransit(LRT) 2.3Internationalraillinks 3Airtransport 3.1Airlines 3.2Airports 3.3Heliports 4Aeriallifttransport 4.1Cablecar 5Maritimetransport 5.1Portsandharbours 5.2Passengertransport 6References 7Furtherreading 8Externallinks Roadtransport[edit] Buses[edit] Mainarticle:PublicbusesofSingapore Seealso:BuscontractingmodelofSingapore NewpublicbusesinSingaporearepaintedlushgreenforeasieridentificationofpublicbuses BustransportformsasignificantpartofpublictransportinSingapore,withover4.0millionridestakenperdayonaverageasof2019.[4]Therearemorethan365scheduledbusservices,operatedbySBSTransit,SMRTBuses,TowerTransitSingaporeandGo-AheadSingapore.Therearealsoaround5,800buses,majorityofwhicharesingle-deckanddouble-deck,andaminorityofarticulatedbusescurrentlyinoperation. Since2016,theLandTransportAuthorityregulatesthepublicbusservicestandardsandownsrelevantassetswhereasbusoperatorsbidforoperatingbusservicesviacompetitivetendering,underitsBusContractingModel. TaxisandPHVs[edit] Mainarticle:TaxisofSingapore AHyundaii40taxiasoperatedbyComfortDelgro Taxisandprivatehirevehicles(PHV)areapopularformoftransport,withfaresconsideredlowcomparedtothoseinmostcitiesindevelopedcountries.Startingrateswere$3.20-$3.90.AsofMarch2019,thetaxiandprivatehirecarpopulationhasbeenincreasedto83,037. TaxismaybeflaggeddownatanytimeofthedayalonganypublicroadoutsideoftheCentralBusinessDistrict(CBD),whileprivatehirecarsmaybebookedviaridesharingapps. Privatecars[edit] Asof2018,therewasatotalof957,006motorvehiclesinSingapore,with509,302ofthembeingprivatecars.[5] Roadsandexpressways[edit] Mainarticles:DrivinginSingaporeandExpresswaysofSingapore AsectionoftheAyerRajahExpressway SingaporepioneeredthemodernuseoftollroadstoenterthemostcongestedcitycentreareawiththeSingaporeAreaLicensingScheme,whichhassincebeenreplacedwiththeElectronicRoadPricing,aformofelectronictollcollection. Totallengthofexpressways:164 km Totallengthofmajorarterialroads:576 km Totallengthofcollectorroads:704 km Totallengthoflocalaccessroads:2056 km(asof2017)[6] TrafficdrivesontheleftwhichistypicalinCommonwealthcountries. Allexpressways,plusthesemi-expresswaysinSingapore Theplanning,constructionandmaintenanceoftheroadnetworkisoverseenbytheLandTransportAuthority(LTA),andthisextendstoexpresswaysinSingapore.TheseformkeytransportarteriesbetweenthedistincttownsandregionalcentresaslaidoutinSingapore'surbanplanning,withthemainpurposeofallowingvehiclestotravelfromsatellitetownstothecitycentreandviceversaintheshortestpossibledistance.Theseexpresswaysinclude: AyerRajahExpressway(AYE) BukitTimahExpressway(BKE) CentralExpressway(CTE) EastCoastParkway(ECP) MarinaCoastalExpressway(MCE) Kallang–PayaLebarExpressway(KPE) KranjiExpressway(KJE) PanIslandExpressway(PIE) SeletarExpressway(SLE) TampinesExpressway(TPE) North–SouthCorridor(scheduledopeningin2026) TheinfluenceofexpresswaysonSingapore'stransportpolicydevelopedshortlyafterindependenceduringthehistoryofSingaporebecauseoffrequenttrafficcongestionintheCentraldistrict.Theaimwastoencourageresidentialdevelopmentinotherpartsoftheislandandgiveresidentsinthesenew"satellitetowns"aconvenientlinkbetweentheirhomesandtheirworkplaces(whichweremostlysituatedaroundthecitycentre.) Causewayandlinkbridge[edit] TuasSecondLink SingaporehastwolandlinkstoMalaysia.TheJohor-SingaporeCauseway,builtinthe1920stoconnectJohorBahruinJohor,MalaysiatoWoodlandsinSingapore,carriesaroadandarailwayline.TheTuasSecondLink,abridgefurtherwest,wascompletedin1996andlinksTuasinSingaporetoTanjungKupanginJohor. Trishaws[edit] BeforeWorldWarII,rickshawswereanimportantpartofurbanpublictransportation.In1947theywerebannedonhumanitariangrounds,andreplacedbytrishaws(cyclerickshaws).[7] Usageoftrishawsasameansoftransportationhaddiedoutby1983.[8]However,therearesometrishawsleftwhichnowserveastouristattractions,takingtouristsforaridearoundthedowntowndistrict. Railtransport[edit] Mainarticle:RailtransportinSingapore MassRapidTransit(MRT)[edit] Mainarticle:MassRapidTransit(Singapore) MassRapidTransit TheMassRapidTransit,whichopenedin1987,isaheavyrailmetrosystemthatservesasthemajorbackboneofSingapore'spublictransportsystemalongwithpublicbuses;asofAugust2021,thenetworkhasalengthof216 km(134.22 mi)and187stations.TheLandTransportAuthority,themainplanningauthorityoftheMRT,planstoprovideamorecomprehensiverailtransportsystembyexpandingtherailsystemtoatotalof360 km(223.69 mi)bytheyear2030,witheightintenhouseholdslivingwithina10-minutewalkingdistanceofanMRTstation.[9] ThecurrentMRTnetworkconsistsofsixmainlines:theNorthSouthLine,EastWestLine,CircleLineandpartially-openedThomson–EastCoastLineoperatedbySMRTTrains(SMRTCorporation)andtheNorthEastLineandDowntownLineoperatedbySBSTransit.andtwomorelines,theJurongRegionLineandtheCrossIslandLine,willopeninstagesfrom2027and2030respectively.[10][11] LightRailTransit(LRT)[edit] Mainarticle:LightRailTransit(Singapore) LightRailTransit Inseveralnewtowns,automatedrubber-tyredlightrailtransitsystemsfunctionasfeederstothemainMRTnetworkinlieuoffeederbuses.ThefirstLRTline,whichisoperatedbySMRTLightRail,openedinBukitPanjangin1999toprovideaconnectiontoChoaChuKanginneighbouringChoaChuKangNewTown.Althoughsubsequentlyhitbyover50incidents,someofwhichresultedinseveraldaysofsystemsuspension,similarsystemsalbeitfromadifferentcompanywereintroducedinSengkangandPunggolin2003and2005respectively,bothoperatedbySBSTransit. Internationalraillinks[edit] TheinternationalrailwaylinetoMalaysiaisanextensionoftheMalaysianrailnetworkoperatedbyKeretapiTanahMelayu(MalayanRailways).Since1July2011,WoodlandsTrainCheckpointservesasthesouthernterminusoftheKTMrailnetwork.Previously,KTMtrainsterminatedatTanjongPagarrailwaystationincentralSingapore.Onemoreraillinkisbeingplanned:theJohorBahru-SingaporeRapidTransitSystembetweenWoodlandsNorthandBukitChagar,JohorBahru. Airtransport[edit] Airlines[edit] SingaporeAirlineswasthelaunchcustomeroftheAirbusA380. Scootisthelow-costarmofSingaporeAirlines. ThenationalflagcarrierisSingaporeAirlines.Intotal,therearethreelocalairlines,alloperatingoutofChangiAirport: JetstarAsiaAirways Scoot SingaporeAirlines Malaysia'sFireflyisthesoleoperatorwithscheduledservicesoutofSeletarAirport. Airports[edit] Mainarticle:ListofairportsinSingapore ControltowerofSingaporeChangiAirport TheaviationindustryisregulatedbytheCivilAviationAuthorityofSingapore,astatutoryboardoftheSingaporegovernmentundertheMinistryofTransport. AnopenskiesagreementwasconcludedwiththeUnitedKingdominOctober2007permittingunrestrictedservicesfromSingaporebyUKcarriers.SingaporecarrierswereallowedtooperatedomesticUKservicesaswellasservicesbeyondLondonHeathrowtoanumberofdestinations,includingtheUnitedStatesalongwithCanada.[12] SingaporeChangiAirport,withitsfourterminals,isoneofthemostimportantairhubsintheregion.Theinternationalairportissituatedattheeasternmosttipofthemainisland,andserves185citiesin58countries.[13]Withtherecentopeningofthefourthterminal,Changiisnowcapableofhandlingmorethan70millionpassengerseveryyear. SeletarAirportisSingapore'sfirstcivilaviationairportandisprimarilyusedforprivateaviation. Airportandairbasetechnicaldata Airport ICAO IATA Usage Runway Length(ft) Length(m) Remarks PayaLebarAirBase WSAP QPG Military Paved 12400 3800 Formercivilian SeletarAirport WSSL XSP Civilian/Military Paved 6023 1836 Mainlynon-scheduledflights SembawangAirBase WSAG Military Paved 3000 914 SingaporeChangiAirport WSSS SIN Civilian Paved 13200 4000 TengahAirBase WSAT TGA Military Paved 8900 2713 Heliports[edit] Mainarticle:ListofheliportsinSingapore Aeriallifttransport[edit] Cablecar[edit] TheSingaporeCableCarspansacrosstheKeppelHarbourbetweenSingaporeandSentosa. TheSingaporeCableCarisathree-stationgondolaliftsystemthatpliesbetweenMountFaberonthemainislandofSingaporeandtheresortislandofSentosaviaHarbourFront.Openedin1974,itwasthefirstaerialropewaysystemintheworldtospanaharbour.ThecablecarsystemunderwentarevampthatwascompletedinAugust2010. Inaddition,asimilargondolaliftsystemalsooperateswithinSentosaastheSentosaLinewereopenedin2015.ThislinelinksSilosoPointtoImbiah.[14] Maritimetransport[edit] Portsandharbours[edit] KeppelContainerTerminalinSingapore ThePortofSingapore,runbytheportoperatorsPSAInternational(formerlythePortofSingaporeAuthority)andJurongPort,istheworld'sbusiestintermsofshippingtonnagehandled.1.04billiongrosstonswerehandledin2004,crossingtheonebillionmarkforthefirsttimeinSingapore'smaritimehistory.Singaporealsoemergedasthetopportintermsofcargotonnagehandledwith393milliontonnesofcargointhesameyear,beatingthePortofRotterdamforthefirsttimeintheprocess.In2019,ithandledatotalof626milliontonnesofcargo.[15] In2018,Singaporewasrankedsecondgloballyintermsofcontainerisedtraffic,with36.6millionTwenty-FootEquivalentUnits(TEUs)handled,[16]andisalsotheworld'sbusiesthubfortransshipmenttraffic.Additionally,Singaporeistheworld'slargestbunkeringhub,with49.8milliontonnessoldin2018.[17] In2007,thePortofSingaporewasrankedtheworld'sbusiestport,surpassingHongKongandShanghai.[18]ThePortofSingaporeisalsorankedtheBestSeaportinAsia. PortsandHarboursData Port Operator Type Berths Quaylength(m) Quaycranes Area(m2) Capacity(kTEUs) AsiaAutomobile(Singapore)(AATS)[19] KLine/NipponYusen/PSAInternational Car 2 Brani(BT)[20] PSAInternational Container 8 2,325 26 790,000 Cosco-PSA(CPT) Cosco/PSAInternational Container 5 720 228,000 5,000 Jurong JTC Multi-Purpose 23 4,486 1,200,028 Keppel(KT)[20] PSAInternational Container 14 3,164 27 1,025,000 MagentaSingapore(MST)[19] ONE/PSAInternational Container 4 4,000 MSC-PSAAsia(MPAT)[19] MSC/PSAInternational 7 14 PasirPanjangAutomobile(PPT)[20] PSAInternational Ro-Ro 3 1,010 250,000 PasirPanjang(PPT1) PSAInternational Container 6 2,145 19 850,000 PasirPanjang(PPT2) PSAInternational Container 9 2,972 36 1,390,000 PasirPanjang(PPT3) PSAInternational Container 8 2,655 31 940,000 PasirPanjang(PPT4) PSAInternational Container 3 1,264 13 700,000 PasirPanjang(PPT5) PSAInternational Container 6 2,160 24 830,000 PasirPanjang(PPT6) PSAInternational Container 6 2,251 24 800,000 PIL-PSASingapore(PPST)[19] PIL/PSAInternational Container 3 SembawangWharves[20] PSAInternational General 4 660 280,000 TanjongPagar(TPT)[20] PSAInternational Container 7 2,097 0 795,000 Passengertransport[edit] BumboatontheSingaporeRiver WatertransportwithinthemainislandislimitedtotheRiverTaxialongtheSingaporeRiver.TheservicewasintroducedinJanuary2013,withlowridership.[21][22]TherearealsodailyscheduledferryservicesfromtheMarinaSouthPiertotheSouthernIslandssuchasKusuIsland,LazarusIsland&SaintJohn'sIslandandSisters'Islands.[23]ChangiPointFerryTerminalintheeastoffersdailyferryservicestoPulauUbinandsomedestinationsinJohor,Malaysia. SingaporeCruiseCentre(SCC)runsTanahMerahandHarbourFrontFerryTerminalswhichareconnectedbyferryservicestoIndonesianRiauIslandsofBatam,BintanandKarimun.[24] Inadditiontotheferryterminals,theSingaporeCruiseCentre(SCC)alsooperatesacruiseterminalwhichishandledbytheInternationalPassengerTerminal(IPT),andhastwoberthsof310metresand270metreswithaheightlimitof52metres.Ithasadraftof12metres.Itunderwentanupgradein2005toimproveitspassengerhandlingfacilities.Anadditionalcruiseterminal,theMarinaBayCruiseCentreSingapore,beganconstructionin2009andwascompletedin2012inordertoaccommodatebiggercruiseshipsthatarenotabletodockattheSingaporeCruiseCentre. References[edit] ^Singaporepublictransportsystemtopsgloballist[1]23August2018.Retrieved2016-01-31 ^CNNGo[2]2June2014.Retrieved2016-01-31 ^UmarZakirAbdul,Hamid;et al.(2019)."CurrentLandscapeoftheAutomotiveFieldintheASEANRegion:CaseStudyofSingapore,MalaysiaandIndonesia-ABriefOverview".ASEANJournalofAutomotiveTechnology.1(1).Retrieved5October2019. ^"Bus,trainridershiprisestonewhigh".TheStraitsTimes.13February2020.Retrieved13February2020. ^"AnnualVehicleStatistics2018:MOTORVEHICLEPOPULATIONBYVEHICLETYPE"(PDF).LandTransportAuthority.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on19January2017.Retrieved7March2020. ^"LengthofRoadsMaintainedbyLTA".LandTransportAuthority.6April2018.Retrieved7March2020. ^"Infopedia:Rickshaw".Retrieved27October2019. ^Lim,Jason(2012).ASlowRideintothePast:TheChineseTrishawIndustryinSingapore,1942-1983.MonashUniversityPublishing.ISBN 978-1921867385. ^"TwoNewRailLinesandThreeNewExtensionstoExpandRailNetworkby2030".www.lta.gov.sg.Retrieved8April2019. ^"JurongRegionLinetoserveNTU,Tengahestate,JurongIndustrialEstate".CNA.Retrieved8April2019. ^"FirstphaseofCrossIslandMRTlinefinalised;willhave12stations".TheStraitsTimes.25January2019.Retrieved8April2019. ^"Singapore,UKconcludelandmarkOpenSkiesAgreement".Channelnewsasia.com.3October2007. ^"AirNetwork".changiairport.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25March2008.Retrieved26March2008. ^"NewcablecarservicetohelpvisitorsgetaroundSentosa".TheStraitsTimes.14July2015.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7July2019.Retrieved7July2019. ^"CargoThroughput,Monthly".Data.gov.sg.28January2020.Retrieved7March2020. ^"Top50WorldContainerPorts".WorldShippingCouncil.Retrieved7March2020. ^"Singapore's2018MaritimePerformance".MaritimeandPortAuthorityofSingapore.14January2019.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29September2019.Retrieved7March2020. ^"Singaporeremainsworld'sbusiestport".Xinhuanet.12January2006. ^abcd"OurBusiness:Joint-VentureTerminals".www.singaporepsa.com.Retrieved7March2020. ^abcde"OurBusiness:Terminals".www.singaporepsa.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14January2020.Retrieved7March2020. ^"WatertaxistomakeasplashinSingapore".Telegraph.27December2011.Retrieved6April2014. ^"Fewusingwatertaxisasregularmodeofcommute".TODAY.2August2013.Retrieved6April2014. ^"SingaporeIslandCruise".islandcruise.Retrieved6April2014. ^"wowgetaways.com".SCC.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13March2018.Retrieved13March2018. Furtherreading[edit] ArchivesandOralHistoryDepartment(Singapore)(1984).TheLandTransportofSingapore,FromEarlyTimestothePresent.Singapore:EducationalPublicationsBureau.ISBN 9971001365. Davis,Mike;Phillips,Ron;York,F.W.(2005).SingaporeBuses.Vol. One,PartOne:SingaporeBusService–EarlySingle-DeckBusesandtheFirstDouble-Deckers.Croydon,UK:DTSPublishing.ISBN 190051575X. Davis,Mike;Phillips,Ron(2005).SingaporeBuses.Vol. One,PartTwo:SingaporeBusService–DoubleandSingle-DeckBusesfromthe1980sto2005.Croydon,UK:DTSPublishing.ISBN 1900515261. Davis,Mike(2012).SingaporeBuses.Vol. Two:SingaporeShuttleBusandTrans-IslandBusService.Croydon,UK:DTSPublishing.ISBN 9781900515276. Fwa,TienFang(2016).50YearsofTransportationinSingapore:AchievementsandChallenges.Singapore:WorldScientificPublishingCompany.ISBN 9789814651608. Teo,Eisen(2019).JalanSingapura :700YearsofMovementinSingapore.Singapore:MarshallCavendish.ISBN 9789814828741. York,F.W.;Phillips,A.R.(1996).Singapore:AHistoryofItsTramsTrolleybusesandBuses.Vol. 1:1880'sto1960's.Croydon,UK:DTSPublishing.ISBN 1900515008. York,F.W.;Davis,Mike;Osborne,Julian(2009).Singapore:AHistoryofItsTramsTrolleybusesandBuses.Vol. 2:Busesandbusservices1970sand1990s.Croydon,UK:DTSPublishing.ISBN 9781900515016. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoTransportinSingapore. Singaporeportal Railwaysportal MinistryofTransport PublicTransportCouncil LandTransportAuthority TransitLink PublicTransport@SGattheLibraryofCongressWebArchives(archived2012-04-18) TaxiSingaporeandTransportGuide trafficmanagementsystem vteMajorroadsandexpresswaysofSingaporeRoadnamesinSingaporeExpressways AyerRajah BukitTimah Central EastCoastParkway Kallang-PayaLebar Kranji MarinaCoastal North–SouthCorridor Pan-Island Seletar Tampines Semi-expressways BukitTimahRoad JurongIslandHighway NicollHighway OuterRingRoadSystem WestCoastHighway Majorroads Alexandra Balestier Bartley Beach BoonLayWay Boundary BrasBasah BuangkokGreen BukitBatok BukitPanjang CentralBoulevard Changi ChoaChuKang Clementi CollyerQuay CommonwealthAvenueWest Dunearn EastCoast EastCoastParkService EuTongSenStreet Geylang Henderson HillStreet Holland JalanAhmadIbrahim JalanBahar JalanBesar JalanBoonLay JalanBukitMerah JalanBuroh JalanEunos JalanKayu Jurong JurongTownHall Kallang LimChuKang LorongChuan MacPherson Mandai MarinaBoulevard MarineParade Mountbatten Napier NewBridge NorthBridge NorthBuonaVista OldChoaChuKang Orchard PasirPanjang PayaLebar Punggol Queensway RiverValley Robinson Scotts Sembawang Serangoon ShentonWay SimeiAvenue SimsAvenue SouthBridge Sungei Tanglin TelokBlangah Thomson UpperBukitTimah UpperChangiRoadEast UpperPayaLebar UpperSerangoon UpperThomson VictoriaStreet Woodlands YioChuKang Cancelled SingaporeUndergroundRoadSystem vteSingapore articlesHistory Archaeology Earlyhistory(pre–1819) FoundingofmodernSingapore(1819–1826) StraitsSettlements(1826–1942) Japaneseoccupation(1942–1945) BritishMilitaryAdministration(1945–1946) Post-warSingapore(1946–1955) Self-governanceofSingapore(1955–1962) MergerwithMalaysia(1962–1965) RepublicofSingapore(1965–present) Geography Beaches Environmentalissues Geology Islands Parks Reservoirs Rivers Urbanplanning Urbanrenewal Waterways Wildlife Politics Administrativedivisions TownCouncils Constitution Elections Foreignrelations Government Cabinet PrimeMinister Humanrights Law Military Parliament Police Politicalparties President Economy Economicstatistics Agriculture Aviation MonetaryAuthority China–SingaporeSuzhouIndustrialPark Dollar(currency) Energy Labour Proposeddevelopments SingaporeExchange SingaporeStandard(SS) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Communitarianism Caning Crime Disability Women Education Demographics EatFrozenPork FiveCs Health LonghairinSingapore NationalCourtesyCampaign NationalDayParade NoU-turnsyndrome OBmarker Populationplanning Prostitution Publichousing Publicholidays Sextrafficking Smoking Socialfund Watersupplyandsanitation Culture Art Architecture Cinema Cuisine Gambling Languages LGBT Literature Massmedia Music Religion Sports Singaporeans Symbols Anthem Coatofarms Flag Flower Lionhead Merlion Pledge OutlineIndexBibliography Category Portal vteTransportinAsiaSovereignstates Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus EastTimor(Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan NorthKorea SouthKorea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia SaudiArabia Singapore SriLanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan UnitedArabEmirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Stateswithlimitedrecognition Abkhazia Artsakh NorthernCyprus Palestine SouthOssetia Taiwan Dependenciesandotherterritories BritishIndianOceanTerritory ChristmasIsland Cocos(Keeling)Islands HongKong Macau Category Asiaportal Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Singapore&oldid=1079006850" Categories:TransportinSingaporeHiddencategories:CS1:longvolumevalueCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataWebarchivetemplateotherarchivesEngvarBfromJuly2014UsedmydatesfromJuly2014 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages বাংলা한국어BahasaIndonesiaLietuvių日本語РусскийSimpleEnglishதமிழ்ไทยУкраїнська中文 Editlinks