David Pawson - Wikipedia

John David Pawson (25 February 1930 – 21 May 2020) was an evangelical minister, writer and prominent Bible teacher based in the United Kingdom. DavidPawson FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Britishminister(1930–2020) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "DavidPawson" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(May2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) DavidPawsonBorn(1930-02-25)25February1930NortheastEnglandDied21May2020(2020-05-21)(aged 90)OccupationInternationalbibleexpositor,theologian,pastor,previouslychaplainNationalityBritishAlma materDurhamUniversityCambridgeUniversityGenreChristianapologetics,EvangelistSubjectBiblestudy(Christian)Websitewww.davidpawson.org JohnDavidPawson(25February1930–21May2020)[1][2]wasanevangelicalminister,writerandprominentBibleteacherbasedintheUnitedKingdom. Contents 1Biography 2Teachings 3Works 4References 4.1Sources 5Externallinks Biography[edit] Accordingtohisautobiography,[2]Pawson'simmediateancestorswereallfarmers,Methodistpreachersorboth,datingbacktoJohnPawson,afriendandfollowerofJohnWesley.Hisfather,HenryCecilPawsonFRSE(1897–1978),washeadofAgricultureatDurhamUniversityandVicePresidentoftheMethodistconference.[3]FromhischildhoodinthenorthofEnglandDavidPawsonhadwantedtobeafarmer,butbythetimehehadcompletedhisstudiesforaBachelorofScience(BSc)degreeinagricultureatDurhamUniversity,hefeltGodwascallinghimintofull-timeChristianministry.HethenstudiedforaBachelorofArts(BA)[4]orMasterofArts(MA)[5]intheologyatWesleyHouse,aMethodisttheologicalcollegeinCambridge.On1September1956,aftertraining,hewascommissionedintheChaplainsBranch,RoyalAirForceasachaplainwiththerelativerankofflightlieutenant.[4]HeservedinAden,andrelinquishedhiscommission(therebyleavingtheRAF)on1September1959.[6] AfterleavingtheRAFheservedasaMethodistminister,[2]butbecameincreasinglyuncomfortablewiththeideaofinfantbaptism.AfterappearingbeforeadoctrinalcommitteeoftheMethodistchurch,hevolunteeredtoleavethedenomination,anddidso.ShortlythereafterheacceptedaninvitationtobecomethepastorofGoldHillBaptistChurchinBuckinghamshire.[2] Later,aspastorofGuildfordBaptistChurch('Millmead',whichhehelpedtodesign),[7]heestablishedareputationamongbothevangelicalsandcharismaticsasaBibleteacher.Fromherehisteachingtapes–originallymadeforthechurch'ssickandelderlymembers–becamepopularworldwide.Underhisministry,MillmeadbecameoneofthelargestBaptistchurchesintheUnitedKingdom. PawsonleftMillmeadin1979andengagedinanitinerantworldwideBibleteachingministrypredominantlythroughseminarsforchurchleadersinAsia,Australia,[8]Africa,England,Europe,andtheUnitedStates.Millionsofcopiesofhisteachingshavebeendistributedinmorethan120countries.Hewasawriterandspeakerwithareputationofurgency,clarity,andfaithfulnesstotheScriptures.HisoverviewsofthebooksoftheBiblehavebeenpublishedandrecordedinUnlockingtheBible,availableonCDs,DVDs,andYouTube. Pawsondiedon21May,2020attheageof90. Teachings[edit] InTheNormalChristianBirth,PawsonarguedthatabiblicalinitiationintoChristianityshouldinvolvemorethanthesimple"Sinner'sPrayer".Whilstacceptingthefundamentalbasisofsalvationbyfaith,hearguedthattheBiblicalmodelofaperson's"birth"intoGod'skingdomincludedaspectswhicharefrequentlyignoredorforgottentoday.Heproposedfourprincipalsteps:repentancetowardsGod;believinginJesus;baptisminwater;andreceivingtheHolySpirit.This,accordingtoPawson,isthebiblicalpatternfora"normalChristianbirth".Accordingtothebookitself,"DavidPawsonadvocatesasynthesisofthe'liberal'emphasisonrepentance,the'evangelical'onfaith,the'sacramental'onbaptismandthe'pentecostal'ontheSpirit."Thisbookhasbeeninfluentialandistaughtatanumberoftheologicalseminariesandmissionstations. InLeadershipisMale,heteachesthatleadershipisarolegivenbyGodtomen.Insodoing,hecriticizesmenfornottakingproperresponsibilityinimportantaspectsoffamilyandchurchlife.HearguesthatmodernmentoooftenneglecttheirsocialobligationsandshouldreturntotheBiblicalmodelofmanhood.Thisbook'sforewordwaswrittenbyawoman,ElisabethElliot. InTheRoadtoHell,PawsoniscriticalofAnnihilationism,theteachingthatthepunishmentofhellisnoteternal.Heteachesthatpeoplewhogotohellexperienceeternalsuffering.Accordingtothebookitself,by"challengingthemodernalternativesofliberal'universalism'andevangelical'annihilationism',DavidPawsonpresentsthetraditionalconceptofendlesstormentassoundlybiblical." InUnlockingtheBible,PawsonpresentsabookbybookstudyofthewholeBible.ThebookisbasedonhisbeliefthattheBibleshouldbestudied,asitwaswritten,"abookatatime"(certainlynotaverse,orevenachapteratatime),andthateachbookisbestunderstoodbydiscoveringwhyandforwhomitwaswritten.Itisbasedonanarrangedseriesoftalksinwhichhesetoutthebackground,purpose,meaningandrelevanceofeachbookoftheBible,andwastranscribedintowrittenformbyAndyPeck.Thegroundworkforthisstudywaslaidinthe1960sand70s,whenPawsontookhiscongregationthroughnearlyhalfoftheOldTestamentandalloftheNewTestamentlinebyline(recordingsofthosestudiesarestilldistributed). InWhenJesusReturns,hecriticallyconsidersinthelightofscripturethemajorviewsoneschatologypopularinthechurchtoday,specificallythepreterist,historicist,futuristandidealistschoolsofinterpretingtheBookofRevelation.HerejectspostmillennialisminfavourofapremillennialunderstandingoftheSecondComing,sothatJesuswillreturnbodilyinpowerimmediatelybeforehisreignovertheworldforamillenniumfromJerusalem.Heassertsthatthesupernaturaltakingupofbelieversaliveatthistime(followingthe'tribulation'periodofpersecution),soastojointhereturningChrist,fulfilstheRaptureprophecies;hearguesagainstapre-tribulationtimingoftherapture.HefurtherarguesthatthereturnoftheJewstotheHolyLandisafulfilmentofscripturalprophecy,andthatpropheciesspokenaboutIsraelrelatespecificallytoIsrael(nottothechurch),sothattheoutstandingpropheciesaboutIsraelwillbefulfilledbeforetheendoftheage. InJesusBaptisesinOneHolySpirit,PawsondiscussestheevidencefortheBaptismintheHolySpiritasaseparateeventfrombelieving,repentanceandwaterbaptism.HearguesthatabelieverdoesnotreceivetheindwellingHolySpirituntils/heisbaptizedintheSpirit,adistinctexperienceevidencedbycharismaticgiftssuchasprophecyortongues.ThisdiffersfromtheevangelicalviewthattheSpiritisautomaticallyreceivedwhenapersonbelieves,andthePentecostalviewthatreceivingtheindwellingSpirit(atconversion)andreceivingtheBaptismintheSpiritaretwoexperienceswithdifferentpurposes. InTheChallengeofIslamtoChristians,PawsondocumentsthepresentrapidriseofIslamintheWest.HeexplainswhatIslamis,arguingthatitsrejectionofJesusChrist'sdivinitymeanthetwofaithscannotbereconciled,andheproposesaChristianresponse,basedonthechurchpurifyingitself.ThebookdetailsPawson'stestingofhispremonitionthatBritainwouldbecomeIslamic.IncomparingthesituationtothatportrayedbytheHebrewprophetHabakkuk,PawsonimpliesthattheriseofIslamcouldbeimpendingjudgementfortheimmoralityintowhichWesternchurchesandsecularhumanistsocietyhassunk. InOnceSaved,AlwaysSaved?,PawsonusesscripturetoquestionthefrequentevangelicalclaimthatsomeonewhohasoncebelievedinJesusChristwillendupwithChristinheavenwhateverthatpersonsubsequentlybelievesordoes.(Twelveyearsearlier,anotherevangelical,RTKendall,summedupthisclaiminabookhavingthesametitlewithoutaquestionmark.)Pawsonpointstotheneedtopersevereinfaith,andtotherepeatedexhortationsinscripturetodoso. InWordandSpiritTogether:UnitingCharismaticsandEvangelicals(arevisionofFourthWave),PawsoncallsforanendtothedivisionbetweencharismaticandEvangelicalChristiansovertheissueofSpiritualBaptismandcharismaticgifts.Hearguesthatthecharismaticgiftsareforthechurchtodaybutthattheirpracticeshouldbebuiltonasolidscripturalbasis.Hethereforearguesthatthetwogroupsshouldlearnfromeachother,tothebenefitofboth. InDefendingChristianZionism,PawsonputsthecasethatthereturnoftheJewstotheHolyLandisafulfilmentofscripturalprophecy,andthatChristiansshouldsupporttheexistenceoftheJewishState(althoughnotunconditionallyitsactions)ontheologicalgrounds.HealsoarguesthatpropheciesspokenaboutIsraelrelatespecificallytoIsrael(nottothechurch,asin"replacementtheology").HoweverhecriticisesDispensationalism,alargelyAmericanmovementholdingsimilarviewsaboutIsrael.Pawson'sbookIsraelintheNewTestamentcontinuestheChristianZionisttheme. PawsonwroteanumberofCommentarieswherehewentthroughanentirebookoftheBibleindetail.ThisseriesisbasedonthepreachingofDavidPawsontohiscongregationbackinthe60sand70s.Thisseries,whichincludesalmostallofthebooksoftheNewTestamentBooksandselectedbooksoftheOldTestament,wasaddedtoonaregularbasis. Works[edit] Pawsonwastheauthorofmorethan80books,producedmorethan300teachingvideosandmorethan1500audiorecordings. Pawson,David;Buchanan,ColinO.(1976).Infantbaptismundercross-examination.Grovebookletsonministryandworship.Vol. 24.Bramcote,UK:GroveBooks.ISBN 9780901710895.OCLC 2875351. ———(1977).Truthtotell.HodderChristianpaperbacks.London:HodderandStoughton.ISBN 9780340212912.OCLC 14561915. ———(1988).LeadershipisMale.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-67-4. ———(1989).TheNormalChristianBirth.Hodder.ISBN 978-0-340489-72-7. ———(1992).TheRoadtoHell.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-59-9. ———(1993).UnderstandingWaterBaptism.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-24-3. ———(1993).Fourthwave:charismaticsandevangelicals,arewereadytocometogether?.London:Hodder&Stoughton.ISBN 9780340580424.OCLC 28114208.-laterpublishedasWordandspirittogether :unitingCharismaticsandEvangelicals ———(1993).ExplainingtheResurrection:TheHeartofChristianity.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-30-4. ———(1995).IstheblessingBiblical? :thinkingthroughtheTorontophenomenon.London:Hodder&Stoughton.ISBN 9780340661475.OCLC 34788723. ———(1995).WhenJesusReturns.Hodder.ISBN 978-0-340612-11-8. ———(1996).OnceSaved,AlwaysSaved?.Hodder.ISBN 978-0-340610-66-4. ———(1997).JesusBaptisesinOneHolySpirit:Who?How?When?Why?.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-66-7. ———(2003).UnlockingtheBible.HarperCollins.ISBN 978-0-007166-66-4. ———(2003).TheChallengeofIslamtoChristians.Hodder.ISBN 978-0-340861-89-9. ———(2008).DefendingChristianZionism.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-31-5. ———(2008).LivinginHope.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-65-0. ———(2009).IsraelintheNewTestament.BradfordonAvon,UK:TerraNova.ISBN 9781901949643.OCLC 352935544. ———(2009).WhydoesGodallowNaturalDisasters?.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-58-2. ———(2006).ChristianityExplained.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-64-3. ———(2010).ComewithmethroughIsaiah.BradfordonAvon,UK:TerraNova.ISBN 9781901949681.OCLC 670190108. ———(2017).UnlockingtheBible-Charts,DiagramsandImages.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-17-5. ———(n.d.).Notasbadasthetruth.Hodder.ISBN 978-0-340864-27-2. ———(n.d.).Angels.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-02-5. ———(n.d.).'ByGod,IWill'–TheBiblicalCovenants.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-21-6. ———(n.d.).TheCharacterofGod.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-34-6. ———(n.d.).CompletingLuther'sReformation.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-26-7. ———(n.d.).TheGodandtheGospelofRighteousness.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-68-1. ———(n.d.).IsJohn3:16theGospel?.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-62-9. ———(n.d.).Jesus:theSevenWondersofHIStory.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-24-7. ———(n.d.).Kingdomsinconflict.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-04-9. ———(n.d.).LooseLeavesfrommyBible.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-55-1. ———(n.d.).TheLord'sPrayer.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-71-1. ———(n.d.).TheMaker'sInstructions.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-30-8. ———(n.d.).PractisingthePrinciplesofPrayer.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-63-6. ———(n.d.).APreacher'sLegacy.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-27-4. ———(n.d.).RemarriageisAdulteryUnless….AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-22-3. ———(n.d.).SimonPeter–theReedandtheRock.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-23-0. ———(n.d.).WhattheBiblesaysabouttheHolySpirit.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-54-4. ———(n.d.).WhereisJesusNow?Andwhatishedoing?.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-78-6. ———(n.d.).WherehastheBodybeenfor2000Years?.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-20-9. ———(n.d.).UnderstandingtheSecondComing.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-23-6. ———(n.d.).UnderstandingtheResurrection.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-22-9. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryontheGospelofMARK.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-26-1. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryontheGospelofLuke.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-21-2. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryontheGospelofJohn.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-27-8. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonACTS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-38-4. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonROMANS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-78-0. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryon1&2CORINTHIANS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-95-7. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonGALATIANS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-29-2. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonEPHESIANS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-98-8. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonPHILIPPIANS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-74-2. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryon1&2THESSALONIANS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-73-5. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonThePersonalLetters:1&2Timothy,Titus,Philemon.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-70-4. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonHEBREWS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-33-9. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonJAMES.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-72-8. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryon1&2PETER.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-79-7. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryontheLETTERSOFJOHN.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-69-8. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonJUDE.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-28-5. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryontheBOOKOFREVELATION.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-25-4. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonGENESIS1–25.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-82-3. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonEXODUS.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-85-4. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonDANIEL.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-06-9. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonZECHARIAH.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-38-0. ———(n.d.).ACommentaryonJEREMIAH.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-76-2. ———(n.d.).ComewithmethroughISAIAH.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-61-2. ———(n.d.).ExplainingBuildingaNewTestamentChurch.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-69-4. ———(n.d.).ExplainingtheKeyStepstoBecomingaChristian–SecondEdition.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-87-8. ———(n.d.).ExplainingtheAmazingStoryofJesus.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-29-8. ———(n.d.).ExplainingBeingAnointedandFilledwiththeHolySpirit.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-18-2. ———(n.d.).ExplainingDe-GreecingtheChurch.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-20-5. ———(n.d.).ExplainingEndTimes.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-46-5. ———(n.d.).ExplainingEternallySecure?.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-19-9. ———(n.d.).ExplainingGrace.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-84-1. ———(n.d.).ExplainingHowtoStudyaBookoftheBible:Jude.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-34-2. ———(n.d.).ExplainingNewTestamentBaptismAnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-33-5. ———(n.d.).ExplainingStudyingtheBible.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-31-1. ———(n.d.).ExplainingtheTrinity.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-07-6. ———(n.d.).ExplainingtheTruthaboutChristmas–RevisedEdition.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-77-9. ———(n.d.).ExplainingThreetextsoftentakenoutofcontext.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-909886-85-8. ———(n.d.).ExplainingWhattheBiblesaysaboutmoney.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-35-9. ———(n.d.).ExplainingWhattheBiblesaysaboutwork.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-36-6. ———(n.d.).IntroducingGenesis.AnchorRecordingsLtd.ISBN 978-1-911173-80-9.     References[edit] ^"DavidPawson,FEB1930-MAY2020".DavidPawson.com.May2020.Retrieved3January2021. ^abcdPawson2006. ^Pawson1973. ^ab"No.40907".TheLondonGazette(Supplement).19October1956.p. 5980. ^"AboutDavidPawson".DavidPawson.12August2009.Retrieved31May2021. ^"No.41815".TheLondonGazette(Supplement).11September1959.p. 5794. ^GuildfordBaptistChurch2012. ^Mullaly1985. Sources[edit] GuildfordBaptistChurch(2012)."AhistoryofGuildfordBaptistChurch".GuildfordBaptistChurch.Retrieved4September2019. Mullaly,Rosemary(1985)."VisitingEnglishministersaysAustraliansareignoringGod".TheAge. Pawson,HCecil(1973).HandtothePlough:APersonalRecord.DenholmHouse.ISBN 0-85213-066-X. Pawson,David(2006).NotasBadastheTruth:MemoirsofanUnorthodoxEvangelical.HodderHeadline.ISBN 0-340-86427-3. Externallinks[edit] DavidPawsonTeachingLibrarywebsite-availabletolisten,watch,ordownloadfreeofchargeviatheInternet. DavidPawsonTeachingTrust,UK–anon-profitmakingtrustdesignedtoprotectandpromotetheteachingforfutureyears. www.davidpawsonbooks.com www.explainingbiblicaltruth.global DavidPawson'schannelonYouTube vteArminianismBackground Protestantism SynodofDort Remonstrants Calvinist–Arminiandebate Documents FiveArticlesofRemonstrance RemonstrantConfession Doctrine Totaldepravity Conditionalelection Unlimitedatonement Prevenientgrace Conditionalpreservationofthesaints Historicaltheologians JacobusArminius SimonEpiscopius HugoGrotius JohnGoodwin ThomasGrantham JohnWesley JohnWilliamFletcher RichardWatson ThomasOsmondSummers JohnMiley WilliamBurtPope Moderntheologians HenryOrtonWiley J.KennethGrider DavidPawson ThomasC.Oden GrantR.Osborne BenWitheringtonIII RogerE.Olson CraigS.Keener Movements ArminianismintheChurchofEngland GeneralBaptists Methodism Wesleyantheology Adventistchurch Holinessmovement Pentecostalism AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates CzechRepublic Korea Netherlands Poland Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology SocialNetworksandArchivalContext Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Pawson&oldid=1104375977" Categories:1930births2020deathsEnglishBaptistministersAlumniofDurhamUniversityRoyalAirForcechaplainsEnglishmilitarychaplainsAlumniofWesleyHouseArminianwritersArminiantheologiansArminianministersFormerMethodistsHiddencategories:PagescontainingLondonGazettetemplatewithparametersuppsettoyArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromMay2020AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesUsedmydatesfromMarch2020UseBritishEnglishfromMay2016ArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithNLKidentifiersArticleswithNTAidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiersArticleswithSNAC-IDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages تۆرکجهBân-lâm-gúDeutschFrançaisNederlandsPolskiSimpleEnglishSuomiSvenska中文 Editlinks