Applied psychology - Wikipedia

Applied psychology is the use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior and ... Appliedpsychology FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Applicationofpsychologicaltheoriesorfindings ForAppliedPsychology:AnInternationalReview,seeAppliedPsychology(journal). PartofaseriesonPsychology Outline History Subfields Basictypes Abnormal Behavioral Behavioralgenetics Biological Cognitive/Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psychodynamic Psychometrics Quantitative Social Appliedpsychology Appliedbehavioranalysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Food Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrialandorganizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupationalhealth Political Psychometrics Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Researchmethods Theories Timeline Topics  Psychologyportalvte Appliedpsychologyistheuseofpsychologicalmethodsandfindingsofscientificpsychologytosolvepracticalproblemsofhumanandanimalbehaviorandexperience.Mentalhealth,organizationalpsychology,businessmanagement,education,health,productdesign,ergonomics,andlawarejustafewoftheareasthathavebeeninfluencedbytheapplicationofpsychologicalprinciplesandfindings.Someoftheareasofappliedpsychologyincludeclinicalpsychology,counselingpsychology,evolutionarypsychology,industrialandorganizationalpsychology,legalpsychology,neuropsychology,occupationalhealthpsychology,humanfactors,forensicpsychology,engineeringpsychology,schoolpsychology,sportspsychology,trafficpsychology,communitypsychology,andmedicalpsychology.Inaddition,anumberofspecializedareasinthegeneralfieldofpsychologyhaveappliedbranches(e.g.,appliedsocialpsychology,appliedcognitivepsychology).However,thelinesbetweensub-branchspecializationsandmajorappliedpsychologycategoriesareoftenblurred.Forexample,ahumanfactorspsychologistmightuseacognitivepsychologytheory.Thiscouldbedescribedashumanfactorpsychologyorasappliedcognitivepsychology. Contents 1History 2Advertising 3Clinical 4Counseling 5Educational 6Environmental 7Forensic,legalandcriminal 8Healthandmedicine 8.1Medical 8.2Occupationalhealthpsychology 9Humanfactorsandergonomics 10Industrialandorganizational 11School 12Socialchange 13Sportpsychology 14Trafficpsychology 15Additionalareas 16Seealso 17References 17.1Sources 18Externallinks History[edit] ThefounderofappliedpsychologywasHugoMünsterberg.HecametoAmerica(Harvard)fromGermany(Berlin,LaboratoryofStern),invitedbyWilliamJames,and,likemanyaspiringpsychologistsduringthelate19thcentury,originallystudiedphilosophy.Münsterberghadmanyinterestsinthefieldofpsychologysuchaspurposivepsychology,socialpsychologyandforensicpsychology.In1907hewroteseveralmagazinearticlesconcerninglegalaspectsoftestimony,confessionsandcourtroomprocedures,whicheventuallydevelopedintohisbook,OntheWitnessStand.ThefollowingyeartheDivisionofAppliedPsychologywasadjoinedtotheHarvardPsychologicalLaboratory.Within9yearshehadcontributedeightbooksinEnglish,applyingpsychologytoeducation,industrialefficiency,businessandteaching.EventuallyHugoMünsterbergandhiscontributionswoulddefinehimasthecreatorofappliedpsychology.In1920,theInternationalAssociationofAppliedPsychology(IAAP)wasfounded,asthefirstinternationalscholarlysocietywithinthefieldofpsychology. MostprofessionalpsychologistsintheU.S.workedinanacademicsettinguntilWorldWarII.Butduringthewar,thearmedforcesandtheOfficeofStrategicServiceshiredpsychologistsindrovestoworkonissuessuchastroopmoraleandpropagandadesign.[1]Afterthewar,psychologistsfoundanexpandingrangeofjobsoutsideoftheacademy.[2]Since1970,thenumberofcollegegraduateswithdegreesinpsychologyhasmorethandoubled,from33,679to76,671in2002.Theannualnumbersofmasters'andPhDdegreeshavealsoincreaseddramaticallyoverthesameperiod.Allthewhile,degreesintherelatedfieldsofeconomics,sociology,andpoliticalsciencehaveremainedconstant.[3] Professionalorganizationshaveorganizedspecialeventsandmeetingstopromotetheideaofappliedpsychology.In1990,theAmericanPsychologicalSocietyheldaBehavioralScienceSummitandformedthe"HumanCapitalInitiative",spanningschools,workplaceproductivity,drugs,violence,andcommunityhealth.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationdeclared2000–2010theDecadeofBehavior,withasimilarlybroadscope.[3]Psychologicalmethodsareconsideredapplicabletoallaspectsofhumanlifeandsociety.[4] Advertising[edit] Businessadvertisershavelongconsultedpsychologistsinassessingwhattypesofmessageswillmosteffectivelyinduceapersontobuyaparticularproduct.Usingthepsychologicalresearchmethodsandthefindingsinhuman'scognition,motivation,attitudesanddecisionmaking,thosecanhelptodesignmorepersuasiveadvertisement.Theirresearchincludesthestudyofunconsciousinfluencesandbrandloyalty.[5]However,theeffectofunconsciousinfluenceswascontroversial.[6] Clinical[edit] Mainarticle:Clinicalpsychology Clinicalpsychologyincludesthestudyandapplicationofpsychologyforthepurposeofunderstanding,preventing,andrelievingpsychologically-baseddistressordysfunctionandtopromotesubjectivewell-beingandpersonaldevelopment.[7]Centraltoitspracticearepsychologicalassessmentandpsychotherapy,althoughclinicalpsychologistsmayalsoengageinresearch,teaching,consultation,forensictestimony,andprogramdevelopmentandadministration.[8]Someclinicalpsychologistsmayfocusontheclinicalmanagementofpatientswithbraininjury—thisareaisknownasclinicalneuropsychology.Inmanycountriesclinicalpsychologyisaregulatedmentalhealthprofession. Theworkperformedbyclinicalpsychologiststendstobedoneinsidevarioustherapymodels,allofwhichinvolveaformalrelationshipbetweenprofessionalandclient—usuallyanindividual,couple,family,orsmallgroup—thatemploysasetofproceduresintendedtoformatherapeuticalliance,explorethenatureofpsychologicalproblems,andencouragenewwaysofthinking,feeling,orbehaving.Thefourmajorperspectivesarepsychodynamic,cognitivebehavioral,existential-humanistic,andsystemsorfamilytherapy.Therehasbeenagrowingmovementtointegratethesevarioustherapeuticapproaches,especiallywithanincreasedunderstandingofissuesregardingethnicity,gender,spirituality,andsexual-orientation.Withtheadventofmorerobustresearchfindingsregardingpsychotherapy,thereisgrowingevidencethatmostofthemajortherapiesareaboutofequaleffectiveness,withthekeycommonelementbeingastrongtherapeuticalliance.[9][10]Becauseofthis,moretrainingprogramsandpsychologistsarenowadoptinganeclectictherapeuticorientation. Clinicalpsychologistsdonotusuallyprescribemedication,althoughthereisagrowingnumberofpsychologistswhodohaveprescribingprivileges,inthefieldofmedicalpsychology.[11]Ingeneral,however,whenmedicationiswarrantedmanypsychologistswillworkincooperationwithpsychiatristssothatclientsgettherapeuticneedsmet.[8]Clinicalpsychologistsmayalsoworkaspartofateamwithotherprofessionals,suchassocialworkersandnutritionists. Counseling[edit] Mainarticle:Counselingpsychology Counselingpsychologyisanappliedspecializationwithinpsychology,thatinvolvesbothresearchandpracticeinanumberofdifferentareasordomains.AccordingtoGelsoandFretz(2001),therearesomecentralunifyingthemesamongcounselingpsychologists.Theseincludeafocusonanindividual'sstrengths,relationships,theireducationalandcareerdevelopment,aswellasafocusonnormalpersonalities.[12]Counselingpsychologistshelppeopleimprovetheirwell-being,reduceandmanagestress,andimproveoverallfunctioningintheirlives.TheinterventionsusedbyCounselingPsychologistsmaybeeitherbrieforlong-terminduration.Oftentheyareproblemfocusedandgoal-directed.Thereisaguidingphilosophywhichplacesavalueonindividualdifferencesandanemphasison"prevention,development,andadjustmentacrossthelife-span."[13] Educational[edit] Mainarticle:Educationalpsychology Educationalpsychologyisdevotedtothestudyofhowhumanslearnineducationalsettings,especiallyschools.Psychologistsassesstheeffectsofspecificeducationalinterventions:e.g.,phonicsversuswholelanguageinstructioninearlyreadingattainment.Theyalsostudythequestionofwhylearningoccursdifferentlyindifferentsituations.[5] Anotherdomainofeducationalpsychologyisthepsychologyofteaching.Insomecolleges,educationalpsychologycoursesarecalled"thepsychologyoflearningandteaching".Educationalpsychologyderivesagreatdealfrombasic-sciencedisciplineswithinpsychologyincludingcognitivescienceandbehaviorially-orientedresearchonlearning. Environmental[edit] Mainarticle:Environmentalpsychology Environmentalpsychologyisthepsychologicalstudyofhumansandtheirinteractionswiththeirenvironments.Thetypesofenvironmentsstudiedarelimitless,rangingfromhomes,offices,classrooms,factories,nature,andsoon.However,acrossthesedifferentenvironments,thereareseveralcommonthemesofstudythatemergewithineachone.Noiselevelandambienttemperatureareclearlypresentinallenvironmentsandoftensubjectsofdiscussionforenvironmentalpsychologists.[14]Crowdingandstressorsareafewotheraspectsofenvironmentsstudiedbythissub-disciplineofpsychology.[15]Whenexaminingaparticularenvironment,environmentalpsychologylooksatthegoalsandpurposesofthepeopleintheusingtheenvironment,andtriestodeterminehowwelltheenvironmentissuitingtheneedsofthepeopleusingit.Forexample,aquietenvironmentisnecessaryforaclassroomofstudentstakingatest,butwouldnotbeneededorexpectedonafarmfullofanimals.[16]Theconceptsandtrendslearnedthroughenvironmentalpsychologycanbeusedwhensettinguporrearrangingspacessothatthespacewillbestperformitsintendedfunction.Thetopcommon,morewellknownareasofpsychologythatdrivethisappliedfieldinclude:cognitive,perception,learning,andsocialpsychology. Forensic,legalandcriminal[edit] Mainarticles:Forensicpsychology,Legalpsychology,andCriminalpsychology Forensicpsychologyandlegalpsychologyaretheareasconcernedwiththeapplicationofpsychologicalmethodsandprinciplestolegalquestionsandissues.Mosttypically,forensicpsychologyinvolvesaclinicalanalysisofaparticularindividualandanassessmentofsomespecificpsycho-legalquestion.Thepsycho-legalquestiondoesnothavetobecriminalinnature.Forensicpsychologistsrarelygetinvolvedintheactualcriminalinvestigations,[17]whichfallsunderabroadercategoryofappliedpsychologycalledcriminalpsychology.Custodycasesareanexampleofnon-criminalevaluationsbyforensicpsychologists.[18]Thevalidityandupholdingofeyewitnesstestimonyisanareaofforensicpsychologythatdoesveerclosertocriminalinvestigations,thoughdoesnotdirectlyinvolvethepsychologistintheinvestigationprocess.Psychologistsareoftencalledtotestifyasexpertwitnessesonissuessuchastheaccuracyofmemory,thereliabilityofpoliceinterrogation,andtheappropriatecourseofactioninchildcustodycases.[19] Legalpsychologyreferstoanyapplicationofpsychologicalprinciples,methodsorunderstandingtolegalquestionsorissues.Inadditiontotheappliedpractices,legalpsychologyalsoincludesacademicorempiricalresearchontopicsinvolvingtherelationshipoflawtohumanmentalprocessesandbehavior.However,inherentdifferencesthatarisewhenplacingpsychologyinthelegalcontext.[20]Psychologyrarelymakesabsolutestatements.Instead,psychologiststrafficinthetermslikelevelofconfidence,percentages,andsignificance.Legalmatters,ontheotherhand,lookforabsolutes:guiltyornotguilty.Thismakesforastickyunionbetweenpsychologyandthelegalsystem.SomeuniversitiesoperatedualJD/PhDprogramsfocusingontheintersectionofthesetwoareas.[19] TheCommitteeonLegalIssuesoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationisknowntofileamicuscuraebriefs,asapplicationsofpsychologicalknowledgetohigh-profilecourtcases.[19] Arelatedfield,policepsychology,involvesconsultationwithpolicedepartmentsandparticipationinpolicetraining.[19] Healthandmedicine[edit] Mainarticle:Healthpsychology Healthpsychologyconcernsitselfwithunderstandinghowbiology,behavior,andsocialcontextinfluencehealthandillness.[21]Healthpsychologistsgenerallyworkalongsideothermedicalprofessionalsinclinicalsettings,althoughmanyalsoteachandconductresearch.Althoughitsearlybeginningscanbetracedtothekindredfieldofclinicalpsychology,fourdifferentapproachestohealthpsychologyhavebeendefined:clinical,publichealth,communityandcriticalhealthpsychology.[22] Healthpsychologistsaimtochangehealthbehaviorsforthedualpurposeofhelpingpeoplestayhealthyandhelpingpatientsadheretodiseasetreatmentregimens.ThefocusofhealthpsychologiststendtocenteronthehealthcrisisfacingthewesternworldparticularlyintheUS.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyandbehaviormodificationaretechniquesoftenemployedbyhealthpsychologists.Psychologistsalsostudypatients'compliancewiththeirdoctors'orders.[23] Healthpsychologistsviewaperson'smentalconditionasheavilyrelatedtotheirphysicalcondition.[24]Animportantconceptinthisfieldisstress,amentalphenomenonwithwell-knownconsequencesforphysicalhealth.[23] Medical[edit] Mainarticle:Medicalpsychology Medicalpsychologyinvolvestheapplicationofarangeofpsychologicalprinciples,theoriesandfindingsappliedtotheeffectivemanagementofphysicalandmentaldisorderstoimprovethepsychologicalandphysicalhealthofthepatient.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationdefinesmedicalpsychologyasthebranchofpsychologythatintegratessomaticandpsychotherapeuticmodalities,intothemanagementofmentalillness,healthrehabilitationandemotional,cognitive,behaviouralandsubstanceusedisorders.AccordingtoMuseandMoore(2012),themedicalpsychologist'scontributionsintheareasofpsychopharmacologywhichsetsitapartfromotherofpsychotherapyandpsychotherapists.[25] Occupationalhealthpsychology[edit] Mainarticle:Occupationalhealthpsychology Occupationalhealthpsychology(OHP)isarelativelynewdisciplinethatemergedfromtheconfluenceofhealthpsychology,industrialandorganizationalpsychology,andoccupationalhealth.[26][27][28]OHPhasitsownjournalsandprofessionalorganizations.Thefieldisconcernedwithidentifyingpsychosocialcharacteristicsofworkplacesthatgiverisetohealth-relatedproblemsinpeoplewhowork.Theseproblemscaninvolvephysicalhealth(e.g.,cardiovasculardisease[29])ormentalhealth(e.g.,depression[30]).ExamplesofpsychosocialcharacteristicsofworkplacesthatOHPhasinvestigatedincludeamountofdecisionlatitude[31]aworkercanexerciseandthesupportivenessofsupervisors.[32]OHPisalsoconcernedwiththedevelopmentandimplementationofinterventionsthatcanpreventoramelioratework-relatedhealthproblems.[33]Inaddition,OHPresearchhasimportantimplicationsfortheeconomicsuccessoforganizations.[34]OtherresearchareasofconcerntoOHPincludeworkplaceincivility[35]andviolence,[36]work-homecarryover,[37]unemployment[38]anddownsizing,[39]andworkplacesafety[40]andaccidentprevention.[41]TwoimportantOHPjournalsaretheJournalofOccupationalHealthPsychologyandWork&Stress.ThreeimportantorganizationscloselyassociatedwithOHParetheInternationalCommissiononOccupationalHealth'sScientificCommitteeonWorkOrganisationandPsychosocialFactors(ICOH-WOPS),[42]theSocietyforOccupationalHealthPsychology,andtheEuropeanAcademyofOccupationalHealthPsychology. Humanfactorsandergonomics[edit] Mainarticle:Humanfactorsandergonomics Humanfactorsandergonomicsisthestudyofhowcognitiveandpsychologicalprocessesaffectourinteractionwithtools,machines,andobjectsintheenvironment.Manybranchesofpsychologyattempttocreatemodelsofandunderstandhumanbehavior.Thesemodelsareusuallybasedondatacollectedfromexperiments.HumanFactorpsychologistshowever,takethesamedataanduseittodesignoradaptprocessesandobjectsthatwillcomplementthehumancomponentoftheequation.[43]Ratherthanhumanslearninghowtouseandmanipulateapieceoftechnology,humanfactorsstrivestodesigntechnologytobeinlinewiththehumanbehaviormodelsdesignedbygeneralpsychology.Thiscouldbeaccountingforphysicallimitationsofhumans,asinergonomics,ordesigningsystems,especiallycomputersystems,thatworkintuitivelywithhumans,asdoesengineeringpsychology. Ergonomicsisappliedprimarilythroughofficeworkandthetransportationindustry.Psychologistsheretakeintoaccountthephysicallimitationsofthehumanbodyandattempttoreducefatigueandstressbydesigningproductsandsystemsthatworkwithinthenaturallimitationsofthehumanbody.Fromsimplethingslikethesizeofbuttonsanddesignofofficechairstolayoutofairplanecockpits,humanfactorpsychologists,specializinginergonomics,attempttode-stressoureverydaylivesandsometimesevensavethem. Humanfactorpsychologistsspecializinginengineeringpsychologytendtotakeonslightlydifferentprojectsthantheirergonomiccenteredcounterparts.Thesepsychologistslookathowahumanandaprocessinteract.[44]Oftenengineeringpsychologymaybecenteredoncomputers.Howeveratthebaselevel,aprocessissimplyaseriesofinputsandoutputsbetweenahumanandamachine.Thehumanmusthaveaclearmethodtoinputdataandbeabletoeasilyaccesstheinformationinoutput.Theinabilityofrapidandaccuratecorrectionscansometimesleadtodrasticconsequences,assummedupbymanystoriesinSetPhasersonStun.[45]Theengineeringpsychologistswantstomaketheprocessofinputsandoutputsasintuitiveaspossiblefortheuser. Thegoalofresearchinhumanfactorsistounderstandthelimitationsandbiasesofhumanmentalprocessesandbehavior,anddesignitemsandsystemsthatwillinteractaccordinglywiththelimitations.Somemayseehumanfactorsasintuitiveoralistofdosanddon'ts,butinreality,humanfactorresearchstrivestomakesenseoflargepilesofdatatobringpreciseapplicationstoproductdesignsandsystemstohelppeopleworkmorenaturally,intuitivelywiththeitemsoftheirsurroundings. Industrialandorganizational[edit] Mainarticle:Industrialandorganizationalpsychology Industrialandorganizationalpsychology,orI-Opsychology,focusesonthepsychologyofwork.RelevanttopicswithinI-Opsychologyincludethepsychologyofrecruitment,selectingemployeesfromanapplicantpool,training,performanceappraisal,jobsatisfaction,workmotivation.workbehavior,occupationalstress,accidentprevention,occupationalsafetyandhealth,management,retirementplanningandunemploymentamongmanyotherissuesrelatedtotheworkplaceandpeople'sworklives.Inshort,I-Opsychologyistheapplicationofpsychologytotheworkplace.Oneaspectofthisfieldisjobanalysis,thedetailedstudyofwhichbehaviorsagivenjobentails.[46] Thoughthenameofthetitle"IndustrialOrganizationalPsychology"implies2splitdisciplinesbeingchainedtogether,itisnearimpossibletohaveonehalfwithouttheother.Ifaskedtogenerallydefinethedifferences,IndustrialpsychologyfocusesmoreontheHumanResourcesaspectsofthefield,andOrganizationalpsychologyfocusesmoreonthepersonalinteractionsoftheemployees.Whenapplyingtheseprincipleshowever,theyarenoteasilybrokenapart.Forexample,whendevelopingrequirementsforanewjobposition,therecruitersarelookingforanapplicantwithstrongcommunicationskillsinmultipleareas.Thedevelopingofthepositionrequirementsfallsundertheindustrialpsychology,humanresourcetypework,andtherequirementofcommunicationskillsisrelatedtohowtheemployeewithinteractswithco-workers.Asseenhere,itishardtoseparatetaskofdevelopingaqualificationslistfromthetypesofqualificationsonthelist.ThisisparalleltohowtheIandOarenearlyinseparableinpractice.Therefore,I-Opsychologistsaregenerallyroundedinbothindustrialandorganizationalpsychologythoughtheywillhavesomespecialization.OthertopicsofinterestforI-Opsychologistsincludeleadership,performanceevaluation,training,andmuchmore. Militarypsychologyincludesresearchintotheclassification,training,andperformanceofsoldiers.[5] School[edit] Mainarticle:Schoolpsychology Schoolpsychologyisafieldthatappliesprinciplesofclinicalpsychologyandeducationalpsychologytothediagnosisandtreatmentofstudents'behavioralandlearningproblems.Schoolpsychologistsareeducatedinchildandadolescentdevelopment,learningtheories,psychologicalandpsycho-educationalassessment,personalitytheories,therapeuticinterventions,specialeducation,psychology,consultation,childandadolescentpsychopathology,andtheethical,legalandadministrativecodesoftheirprofession. AccordingtoDivision16(DivisionofSchoolPsychology)oftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA),schoolpsychologistsoperateaccordingtoascientificframework.[citationneeded]Theyworktopromoteeffectivenessandefficiencyinthefield.Schoolpsychologistsconductpsychologicalassessments,providebriefinterventions,anddeveloporhelpdeveloppreventionprograms.Additionally,theyevaluateserviceswithspecialfocusondevelopmentalprocessesofchildrenwithintheschoolsystem,andothersystems,suchasfamilies.Schoolpsychologistsconsultwithteachers,parents,andschoolpersonnelaboutlearning,behavioral,social,andemotionalproblems.Theymayteachlessonsonparentingskills(likeschoolcounselors),learningstrategies,andotherskillsrelatedtoschoolmentalhealth.Inaddition,theyexplaintestresultstoparentsandstudents.Theyprovideindividual,group,andinsomecasesfamilycounseling(StateBoardofEducation2003;NationalClearinghouseforProfessionsinSpecialEducation,n.d.).Schoolpsychologistsareactivelyinvolvedindistrictandschoolcrisisinterventionteams.Theyalsosupervisegraduatestudentsinschoolpsychology.Schoolpsychologistsinmanydistrictsprovideprofessionaldevelopmenttoteachersandotherschoolpersonnelontopicssuchaspositivebehaviorinterventionplansandachievementtests. Onesalientapplicationforschoolpsychologyintoday'sworldisrespondingtotheuniquechallengesofincreasinglymulticulturalclassrooms.Forexample,psychologistscancontributeinsightaboutthedifferencesbetweenindividualisticandcollectivisticcultures.[47] Schoolpsychologistsareinfluentialwithintheschoolsystemandarefrequentlyconsultedtosolveproblems.Practitionersshouldbeabletoprovideconsultationandcollaboratewithothermembersoftheeducationalcommunityandconfidentlymakedecisionsbasedonempiricalresearch. Socialchange[edit] Psychologistshavebeenemployedtopromote"green"behavior,i.e.sustainabledevelopment.Inthiscase,theirgoalisbehaviormodification,throughstrategiessuchassocialmarketing.Tacticsincludeeducation,disseminatinginformation,organizingsocialmovements,passinglaws,andalteringtaxestoinfluencedecisions.[48] Psychologyhasbeenappliedonaworldscalewiththeaimofpopulationcontrol.Forexample,onestrategytowardstelevisionprogrammingcombinessocialmodelsinasoapoperawithinformationalmessagesduringadvertisingtime.Thisstrategysuccessfullyincreasedwomen'senrollmentatfamilyplanningclinicsinMexico.[4]Theprogramming—whichhasbeendeployedaroundtheworldbyPopulationCommunicationsInternationalandthePopulationMediaCenter—combinesfamilyplanningmessageswithrepresentationsoffemaleeducationandliteracy.[49] Sportpsychology[edit] Mainarticle:Sportpsychology Sportpsychologyisaspecializationwithinpsychologythatseekstounderstandpsychological/mentalfactorsthataffectperformanceinsports,physicalactivityandexerciseandapplythesetoenhanceindividualandteamperformance.Thesportpsychologyapproachdiffersfromthecoachesandplayersperspective.[15]Coachestendtonarrowtheirfocusandenergytowardstheend-goal.Theyareconcernedwiththeactionsthatleadtothewin,asopposedtothesportpsychologistwhotriestofocustheplayersthoughtsonjustachievingthewin.Sportpsychologytrainsplayersmentallytopreparethem,whereascoachestendtofocusmostlyonphysicaltraining.Sportpsychologydealswithincreasingperformancebymanagingemotionsandminimizingthepsychologicaleffectsofinjuryandpoorperformance.Someofthemostimportantskillstaughtaregoalsetting,relaxation,visualization,self-talkawarenessandcontrol,concentration,usingrituals,attributiontraining,andperiodization.Theprinciplesandtheoriesmaybeappliedtoanyhumanmovementorperformancetasks(e.g.,playingamusicalinstrument,actinginaplay,publicspeaking,motorskills).Usually,expertsrecommendthatstudentsbetrainedinbothkinesiology(i.e.,sportandexercisesciences,physicaleducation)andcounseling. Trafficpsychology[edit] Mainarticle:Trafficpsychology Trafficpsychologyisanapplieddisciplinewithinpsychologythatlooksattherelationshipbetweenpsychologicalprocessesandcognitionsandtheactualbehaviorofroadusers.Ingeneral,trafficpsychologistsattempttoapplytheseprinciplesandresearchfindings,inordertoprovidesolutionstoproblemssuchastrafficmobilityandcongestion,roadaccidents,speeding.Researchpsychologistsalsoareinvolvedwiththeeducationandthemotivationofroadusers.[50][51] Additionalareas[edit] Communitypsychology Ecologicalpsychology Mediapsychology Operationalpsychology Peacepsychology Seealso[edit] Linguistics Neuroscience Socialwork Outlineofpsychology References[edit] ^Cina,"SocialScienceForWhom?"(1981),pp.186–187. ^Anastasi,FieldsofAppliedPsychology(1979),p.19. ^abStewartI.Donaldson&DaleE.Berger,"TheRiseandPromiseofAppliedPsychologyinthe21stCentury",inDonaldson,Berger,&Pezdek(eds.),AppliedPsychology(2006). 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Sources[edit] Anastasi,Anne.FieldsofAppliedPsychology.Secondedition.NewYork:McGraw-Hill,1979.ISBN 0-07-001602-X Cina,Carol."SocialScienceforWhom?AStructuralHistoryofSocialPsychology."Doctoraldissertation,acceptedbytheStateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook,1981. Donaldson,StewartI.,DaleE.Berger,&KathyPezdek(eds.).AppliedPsychology:NewFrontiersandRewardingCareers.Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,2006.ISBN 0-8058-5349-9 Externallinks[edit] QuotationsrelatedtoAppliedpsychologyatWikiquote LibraryresourcesaboutAppliedpsychology Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries HumanCapitalInitiativedocumentsfromtheAmericanPsychologicalSociety(nowtheAssociationforPsychologicalScience) vtePsychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basicpsychology Abnormal Affectivescience Affectiveneuroscience Behavioralgenetics Behavioralneuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitiveneuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Philosophical Appliedpsychology Anomalistic Appliedbehavioranalysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrialandorganizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupationalhealth Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sportandexercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animaltesting Archivalresearch Behaviorepigenetics Casestudy Contentanalysis Experiments Humansubjectresearch Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitativeresearch Quantitativeresearch Self-reportinventory Statisticalsurveys Psychologists WilhelmWundt (1832–1920) WilliamJames (1842–1910) IvanPavlov (1849–1936) SigmundFreud (1856–1939) EdwardThorndike (1874–1949) CarlJung (1875–1961) JohnB.Watson (1878–1958) ClarkL.Hull (1884–1952) KurtLewin (1890–1947) JeanPiaget (1896–1980) GordonAllport (1897–1967) J.P.Guilford (1897–1987) CarlRogers (1902–1987) ErikErikson (1902–1994) B.F.Skinner (1904–1990) DonaldO.Hebb (1904–1985) ErnestHilgard (1904–2001) HarryHarlow (1905–1981) RaymondCattell (1905–1998) AbrahamMaslow (1908–1970) NealE.Miller (1909–2002) JeromeBruner (1915–2016) DonaldT.Campbell (1916–1996) HansEysenck (1916–1997) HerbertA.Simon (1916–2001) DavidMcClelland (1917–1998) LeonFestinger (1919–1989) GeorgeA.Miller (1920–2012) RichardLazarus (1922–2002) StanleySchachter (1922–1997) RobertZajonc (1923–2008) AlbertBandura (1925–2021) RogerBrown (1925–1997) EndelTulving (b. 1927) LawrenceKohlberg (1927–1987) NoamChomsky (b. 1928) UlricNeisser (1928–2012) JeromeKagan (1929–2021) WalterMischel (1930–2018) ElliotAronson (b. 1932) DanielKahneman (b. 1934) PaulEkman (b. 1934) MichaelPosner (b. 1936) AmosTversky (1937–1996) BruceMcEwen (1938–2020) LarrySquire (b. 1941) RichardE.Nisbett (b. 1941) MartinSeligman (b. 1942) EdDiener (1946–2021) ShelleyE.Taylor (b. 1946) JohnAnderson (b. 1947) RonaldC.Kessler (b. 1947) JosephE.LeDoux (b. 1949) RichardDavidson (b. 1951) SusanFiske (b. 1952) RoyBaumeister (b. 1953) Lists Counselingtopics Disciplines Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Researchmethods Schoolsofthought Timeline Topics Wiktionarydefinition Wiktionarycategory Wikisource WikimediaCommons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries France(data) Germany UnitedStates Latvia Other NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_psychology&oldid=1086908799" Categories:AppliedpsychologyHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:archivedcopyastitleArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2019ArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages العربيةБългарскиCatalàЧӑвашлаDeutschEestiEspañolفارسی한국어हिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoМакедонскиNederlands日本語NorskbokmålPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSlovenščinaSvenskaУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks