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applied psychology - Encyclopedia Britannica

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applied psychology, the use of methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behaviour and experience. appliedpsychology TableofContents appliedpsychology Introduction FastFacts RelatedContent More MoreArticlesOnThisTopic Contributors ArticleHistory Home Health&Medicine Psychology&MentalHealth appliedpsychology Actions Cite verifiedCite Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetofollowcitationstylerules,theremaybesomediscrepancies. Pleaserefertotheappropriatestylemanualorothersourcesifyouhaveanyquestions. SelectCitationStyle MLA APA ChicagoManualofStyle CopyCitation Share Share Sharetosocialmedia Facebook Twitter URL https://www.britannica.com/science/applied-psychology GiveFeedback ExternalWebsites Feedback Corrections?Updates?Omissions?Letusknowifyouhavesuggestionstoimprovethisarticle(requireslogin). FeedbackType Selectatype(Required) FactualCorrection Spelling/GrammarCorrection LinkCorrection AdditionalInformation Other YourFeedback SubmitFeedback Thankyouforyourfeedback Oureditorswillreviewwhatyou’vesubmittedanddeterminewhethertorevisethearticle. JoinBritannica'sPublishingPartnerProgramandourcommunityofexpertstogainaglobalaudienceforyourwork! ExternalWebsites VerywellMind-AppliedPsychologyCareers Print Cite verifiedCite Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetofollowcitationstylerules,theremaybesomediscrepancies. Pleaserefertotheappropriatestylemanualorothersourcesifyouhaveanyquestions. SelectCitationStyle MLA APA ChicagoManualofStyle CopyCitation Share Share Sharetosocialmedia Facebook Twitter URL https://www.britannica.com/science/applied-psychology Feedback ExternalWebsites Feedback Corrections?Updates?Omissions?Letusknowifyouhavesuggestionstoimprovethisarticle(requireslogin). FeedbackType Selectatype(Required) FactualCorrection Spelling/GrammarCorrection LinkCorrection AdditionalInformation Other YourFeedback SubmitFeedback Thankyouforyourfeedback Oureditorswillreviewwhatyou’vesubmittedanddeterminewhethertorevisethearticle. JoinBritannica'sPublishingPartnerProgramandourcommunityofexpertstogainaglobalaudienceforyourwork! ExternalWebsites VerywellMind-AppliedPsychologyCareers By TheEditorsofEncyclopaediaBritannica • EditHistory TableofContents KeyPeople: JamesMcKeenCattell HugoMünsterberg EltonMayo ...(Showmore) RelatedTopics: psychology schoolpsychology ...(Showmore) Seeallrelatedcontent→ appliedpsychology,theuseofmethodsandfindingsofscientificpsychologytosolvepracticalproblemsofhumanandanimalbehaviourandexperience.Amoreprecisedefinitionisimpossiblebecausetheactivitiesofappliedpsychologyrangefromlaboratoryexperimentationthroughfieldstudiestodirectservicesfortroubledpersons.Thesameintellectualstreamswhoseconfluenceproducedpsychologyasanindependentdisciplinetowardtheendofthe19thcenturyledtothelaterdevelopmentofappliedpsychology.In1883thepublicationofInquiriesintoHumanFacultyandItsDevelopmentbyFrancisGaltonforeshadowedthemeasurementofindividualpsychologicaldifferences.In1896attheUniversityofPennsylvania,LightnerWitmerestablishedtheworld’sfirstpsychologicalclinicandinsodoingoriginatedthefieldofclinicalpsychology.IntelligencetestingbeganwiththeworkofFrenchpsychologistsAlfredBinetandThéodoreSimonintheParisschoolsintheearly1900s.Grouptesting,legalproblems,industrialefficiency,motivation,anddelinquencywereamongotherearlyareasofapplication.AttheCarnegieInstituteofTechnology,adivisionofappliedpsychologywasestablishedasateachingandresearchdepartmentin1915.TheJournalofAppliedPsychologyappearedin1917,alongwithAppliedPsychology,thefirsttextbookinthefield,coauthoredbyHarryL.HollingworthandAlbertT.Poffenberger.Earlyemphasesinappliedpsychologyincludedvocationaltesting,teachingmethods,evaluationofattitudesandmorale,performanceunderstress,propagandaandpsychologicalwarfare,rehabilitation,andcounseling.Educationalpsychologistsbegandirectingtheireffortstowardtheearlyidentificationanddiscoveryoftalentedpersons.Theirresearchcomplementedtheworkofcounselingpsychologists,whosoughttohelppersonsclarifyandattaintheireducational,vocational,andpersonalgoals.Concernfortheoptimumutilizationofhumanresourcescontributedtothedevelopmentofindustrial-organizationalpsychology.Thedevelopmentofaviationandspaceexplorationfosteredrapidgrowthinthefieldofengineeringpsychology.Inresponsetosociety’sconcernfortreatmentofthementallyillandfordevelopmentofpreventivemeasuresagainstmentalillness,clinicalpsychologyhasshowntremendousgrowthwithinthebroaderfieldofpsychology.Psychologistshavestudiedtheapplicationandeffectsofautomation,andindevelopingcountriestheyhavehelpedwiththeproblemsofrapidindustrializationandhumanresourcesplanning.Regardlessofappliedpsychologists’professionalfocus,theirjobdescriptionislikelytooverlapwiththoseofotherareas.Theappliedpsychologistmayormaynotteachorengageinoriginalresearch.Inadditiontodrawingonexperimentalfindingsgleanedfrompsychologicalresearch,theappliedpsychologistusesinformationfrommanydisciplines.Thescopeofthefieldiscontinuallybroadeningasnewtypesofproblemsarise.Otherbranchesofappliedpsychologyincludeconsumer,school,andcommunitypsychology.Preventionandtreatmentofemotionalproblemshavereceivedagreatdealofattention,ashavemedicallyrelatedareassuchassportspsychologyandthepsychologyofchronicillness.Psychometrics,orthemeasurementandevaluationofpsychologicalvariablessuchaspersonality,aptitude,orperformance,isanintegralpartofappliedpsychologyfields.Forexample,theclinicalpsychologistmaybeinterestedinmeasuringthetraitsofaggressivenessorobsessiveness;theindustrialpsychologist,workeffectivenessundercertainconditionsoflightingorofficedesign;orthecommunitypsychologist,thepsychologicaleffectsoflivinginahighcrimearea.Seealsoclinicalpsychology;educationalpsychology;industrialpsychology.

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