History of Taiwan (1945–present) - Wikipedia

Authoritarianism, martial rule and cold war HistoryofTaiwan(1945–present) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch HistoryofTaiwansince1945 Partofaseriesonthe HistoryofTaiwan Chronological Prehistoryto1624DutchFormosa1624–1662SpanishFormosa1626–1642KingdomofTungning1662–1683Qingrule1683–1895RepublicofFormosa1895Japaneserule1895–1945RepublicofChinarule1945–present Topical Cultural Economic Educational Television Local Kaohsiung Taipei KingdomofMiddag Lists Timeline Rulers Archaeologicalsites  Taiwanportalvte HistoryoftheRepublicofChina(ROC) 1912–1949Mainlandrule 1911Revolution ProvisionalGov't BeiyangGovernment WarlordEra NorthernExpedition Shanghaimassacre ChineseCivilWar NationalistGovernment SecondSino-JapaneseWar NanjingMassacre Constitutionalgovernment 1945–presentTaiwan RetrocessionofTaiwan February28Incident WhiteTerror ExodustoTaiwan KoreanWar FirstTaiwanStraitCrisis VietnamWar SecondTaiwanStraitCrisis ProjectNationalGlory ThreeNoes Lieyumassacre WildLilystudentmovement ThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis Anti-SecessionLaw 100thanniversary SunflowerStudentMovement 2015Ma–Ximeeting 2017SummerUniversiade Historyof China thePRC(1949–present) Taiwan(geographical) Taipei Kaohsiung Beiping Kuomintang Taiwanissue Culture Economy Education Geography Politics  Taiwanportalvte AsaresultofthesurrenderandoccupationofJapanattheendofWorldWarII,theislandofTaiwanwasplacedunderthegovernanceoftheRepublicofChina(ROC),[note1]ruledbytheKuomintang(KMT),on25October1945.FollowingtheFebruary28massacrein1947,martiallawwasdeclaredin1949bytheGovernorofTaiwanProvince,ChenCheng,andtheROCMinistryofNationalDefense.FollowingtheendoftheChineseCivilWarin1949,theROCgovernmentretreatedfromthemainlandastheCommunistsproclaimedtheestablishmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.TheKMTretreatedtoTaiwananddeclaredTaipeithetemporarycapitaloftheROC.Formanyyears,theROCandPRCeachcontinuedtoclaiminthediplomaticarenatobethesolelegitimategovernmentof"China".In1971,theUnitedNationsexpelledtheROCandreplaceditwiththePRC. In1987,martiallawwasliftedandTaiwanbeganademocratisationprocess,beginningwiththeabolitionoftheTemporaryProvisionsandculminatingwiththefirstdirectpresidentelectionin1996.By2000,theDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)cametopowerandbegantopursueTaiwaneseindependenceandidentitybuteffortstodosoareblockedbythePRC. DuetoTaiwan'sambiguouspoliticalstatus,theROChasparticipatedinanumberofinternationalorganizationsunderthename"ChineseTaipei".DuetotheOne-ChinapolicyimposedbythePRCgovernment,thePRCholdsthattheROCceasedtoexistandthatTaiwanisaninseparablepartofChina;thePRCrefusesdiplomaticrelationswithanycountrythatrecognizestheROC.However,theROCstillcontrolsTaiwan,Penghu,Quemoy,Lienchiang,andotherminorislands. Contents 1Chronology 1.1Earlypostwarsociety 1.2Authoritarianism,martialruleandcoldwar 1.3Democraticreforms 1.4Democraticperiod 2Cross-straitsrelationsandinternationalposition 3Economicgrowth 4Sports 5Seealso 6Notes 7References Chronology[edit] Earlypostwarsociety[edit] TheSecondWorldWar'shostilitiescametoacloseon2September1945,withthedefeatoftheEmpireofJapanandNaziGermany.Taiwan,whichhadbeencededtoJapanbytheTreatyofShimonosekiin1895,wasplacedunderthecontroloftheKuomintang-ledRepublicofChina(ROC)withthepromulgationofGeneralOrderNo.1andthesigningoftheInstrumentofSurrenderonthatday. HeYingqin,theROCrepresentativeattheJapanesesurrenderceremoniesestablishedtheOfficeoftheChiefExecutiveofTaiwanProvince [zh]separatefromtheprovincial-levelexecutivesystemonmainlandChina.Aftertheestablishmentoftheprovincialexecutiveoffice,ChenYiwasappointedChiefExecutive.Chenproclaimed25OctobertobeRetrocessionDay.However,becauseJapanhadnotformallyrelinquishedthesovereigntyofTaiwanatthattime,AlliesofWorldWarIIdidnotrecognizetheunilateralannexationofTaiwanbytheRepublicofChina. ChenYi'sadministrationwasmarredbycorruption,aswellasalackofdisciplineinthemilitarypoliceassignedtooccupationduties,resultinginasevereunderminingofthechainofcommand.Withtherampantcorruptioninhisadministration,ChenYibegantomonopolizepower.Inadditiontothis,theisland'spost-wareconomywasfailingandheadedintoarecession,causingpeopleontheislandtoendureeconomichardship.Thegovernment'sprogramof"De-Japanization"alsocreatedculturalestrangement,alongwithtensionsbetweenthegrowingpopulationofmigrantsfromthemainlandandthepre-warresidentsoftheisland.Thebuildingtensionseruptedin1947,whenthearrestofacigarettevendorbygovernmentagentsledtothedeathofabystander.Theclashesbetweenpoliceandresidentsthatfollowedquicklyspreadacrosstheisland,andgrewintoageneralrebellionagainstChenYiandtheChiefExecutive'sOfficeinwhatcametobeknownastheFebruary28incident.Severalweekslater,governmenttroopsweresenttoTaiwanfromthemainlandtohandlethecrisisandtosuppressanyoppositionorresistancetothegovernment.ManyprominentindividualsinTaiwanesesociety,aswellasotherresidentsoftheisland,manyofwhomhadnothingtodowiththeincident,wereeitherkilled,imprisonedwithouttrial,orsimplydisappeared.TheFebruary28IncidentwasapreludetotheWhiteTerrorofthe1950s,resultinginethnictensionsbetweenpre-andpost-warresidents,aswellasthegenesisoftheTaiwaneseindependencemovement. Non-KuomintangTaiwanesepoliticianWuSan-lien(2L)celebratedhislandslidevictory(65.5%)inthefirst-timeelectionformayorofTaipeiinJanuary1951withhissupporters. AftertheFebruary28Incident,theKuomintang-ledROCgovernmentreorganizedthelocalgovernment,abolishingtheChiefExecutive'sOffice,whileestablishinganewprovincialgovernment.WeyDaw-ming,whoseparentswerescholars,becamethefirstGovernorofTaiwanProvinceand,duringhisadministration,reducedthescopeofthepublicenterprises,whichhadgrownsignificantlyunderChenYi. WeywassucceededasgovernorbyChenChengin1949.Weyreformedthecurrencysystem,replacingthedevaluedOldTaiwandollarwiththeNewTaiwandollar,ata40,000:1exchangerate,andimplementedthe375RentReductionAct [zh],[1]easingtheinflationarysituation. TheKMTviewedthepopulationofTaiwanascorruptedbyJapaneseinfluenceandneitherfullyChineseorfullytrustworthy.ThisperceivedinfluenceledtheKMTtobelievethatthepopulationofTaiwanwasbackwardsandrequiredre-education.TheKMTsoughttoremoveanytraceofJapaneseinfluenceandtoforceanewChineseidentityonthepeopleofTaiwan.[2]TheKMTalsoseizedpropertiesfromJapanesecolonistseitherforsaleorfortheirownuse.InmodernTaiwantheseappropriatedpropertiesareconsideredill-gottenassets.[3]TheKMTalsotookassetswhichhadbelongedtotheJapanesecolonialauthorities.In2017acourtorderedtheKMTtopaycompensationfor458propertieswhichhadbeenexpropriatedinthisway.[4] Authoritarianism,martialruleandcoldwar[edit] Furtherinformation:WhiteTerror(Taiwan) WithPresidentChiangKai-shek,U.S.PresidentDwightD.EisenhowerwavedtocrowdsduringhisvisittoTaipei,TaiwaninJune1960. On20July1946,ChiangKai-sheklaunchedalarge-scaleassaultonCommunistterritoryinHuabeiwith113brigades(atotalof1.6milliontroops),startinganewphaseoftheChineseCivilWar.[5]ChenCheng,whoservedasthechairmanofTaiwanProvincialGovernmentandcommanderofTaiwanGarrisonCommand,declaredmartiallawontheislandon19May1949.[6] InDecember1949,theRepublicofChinaArmedForcesandtheKuomintangweredefeatedintheChineseCivilWar,forcingtheGovernmentoftheRepublicofChinatorelocatetoTaiwan.ThisallowedtheChineseCommunistPartytodeclaretheestablishmentofanewChinesestate:thePeople'sRepublicofChina.[7][8] AftertheFebruary28Incident,theNationalistgovernmentlaunchedacampaignofsuppressionagainstpoliticaldissents.[9]TheKMTmostlyimprisonedTaiwan'sintellectualandsocialeliteoutoffearthattheymightresisttheirruleorsympathizewithcommunism.[10] Upanduntil1958,small-scalemilitarycampaignsbetweentheROCforcesandthePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)werecarriedoutacrossthestrait.AnattemptbythecommunistgovernmenttotaketheROC-controlledislandofQuemoywaswasthwartedinOctober1949,haltingthePLAadvancetowardsTaiwan.[11] InApril1950,amphibiousoperationsweresuccessfulinconqueringHainanIslandinApril1950,leadingtothecaptureofWanshanIslandsofftheGuangdongcoast(May–August1950)andZhoushanIslandoffZhejiang(May1950).[12] ThisperiodoftensionlasteduntiltheSecondStraitCrisis,[13]inwhichtheUnitedStatespledgedtoprotecttheislandfromthemainland.[14]Fromthatpointon,bothsidesofthestraithaveceasedallmajorhostilitiesagainsteachother,withtheROCNavyhavingresumedunilateralcombatandescortdutieswhiletheUSNavysecretlyandquietlyremovedtheirextrawarshipsfromtheTaiwanStrait.[15] Democraticreforms[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(May2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TheRepublicofChinaenteredintothedevelopmentphaseofConstitutionalDemocracywiththepromulgationoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinain1947.Subsequently,theNationalRevolutionaryArmywasalsorenamedasRepublicofChinaArmedForcesandwasnationalized.However,duetotheChineseCivilWar,theTemporaryProvisionsEffectiveDuringthePeriodofCommunistRebellionwerepassedasanamendmenttotheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina.ThisestablishedmartiallawinTaiwanandcurtailedcivillibertiesanddemocracy.TheofficialrationalefortheProvisionswastheongoingChineseCivilWarandROCwaseffectivelyunderthemilitaryruleoftheKMTduringtheperiodofmobilization.Taiwanwaseffectivelyundermartiallaw. However,withthedemiseoftheKMTsingle-partysystemanddemocratizationmovementduringthe1980s,martiallawwaseventuallyliftedin1987(anditsprovisionswereeventuallyrescindedin1991).ConstitutionalDemocracywasrestoredinROCafter1987. WhentheRepublicofChinarelocatedtoTaiwanin1949,theChineseYouthParty,ChinaDemocraticSocialistParty,andKMTweretheonlylegalpoliticalpartiesinTaiwan.TheotherestablishedpartiesoperatedundertheTangwaimovement. Untiltheearly1970s,theRepublicofChinawasrecognizedasthesolelegitimategovernmentofChinabytheUnitedNationsandmostWesternnations,whichrefusedtorecognizethePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)onaccountoftheColdWar.TheKMTruleofTaiwanundermartiallawuntilthelate1980shadthestatedgoalsofbeingvigilantagainstCommunistinfiltrationandpreparingtoretakemainlandChina.Therefore,politicaldissentwasnottolerated. Thelate1970sandearly1980swereaturbulenttimefortheTaiwan-bornasmanyofthepeoplewhohadoriginallybeenoppressedandleftbehindbyeconomicchangesbecamemembersofTaiwan'snewmiddleclass.FreeenterprisehadallowednativeTaiwanesetogainapowerfulbargainingchipintheirdemandsforrespectfortheirbasichumanrights.TheKaohsiungIncidentwouldbeamajorturningpointfordemocracyinTaiwan. Taiwanalsofacedsetbacksintheinternationalsphere.In1971,theROCgovernmentwalkedoutoftheUnitedNationsshortlybeforeitrecognizedthePRCgovernmentinBeijingasthelegitimateholderofChina'sseatintheUnitedNations.TheROChadbeenoffereddualrepresentation,butChiangKai-shekdemandedtoretainaseatontheUNSecurityCouncil,whichwasnotacceptabletothePRC.Chiangexpressedhisdecisioninhisfamous"theskyisnotbigenoughfortwosuns"speech.InOctober1971,Resolution2758waspassedbytheUNGeneralAssemblyand"therepresentativesofChiangKai-shek"(andthustheROC)wereexpelledfromtheUNandreplacedas"China"bythePRC.In1979,theUnitedStatesswitchedrecognitionfromTaipeitoBeijing. ChiangKai-shekdiedinApril1975attheageof87,andwassucceededinthepresidencybyYenChia-kanwhilehissonChiangChing-kuosucceededtotheleadershipoftheKuomintang(optingtotakethetitle"Chairman"ratherthantheelderChiang'stitleof"Director-General").Formerlytheheadofthefearedsecretpolice,ChiangChing-kuorecognizedgainingforeignsupporttosecuringtheROC'sfuturesecurityrequiredreform.Hisadministrationsawagraduallooseningofpoliticalcontrols,atransitiontowardsdemocracy,andmovestowardTaiwanizationoftheregime.OpponentsoftheNationalistswerenolongerforbiddentoholdmeetingsorpublishpapers.Thoughoppositionpoliticalpartieswerestillillegal,whentheDemocraticProgressivePartywasestablishedasthefirstoppositionpartyin1986,PresidentChiangdecidedagainstdissolvingthegrouporpersecutingitsleaders.ItscandidatesofficiallyraninelectionsasindependentsintheTangwaimovement.Inthefollowingyear,ChiangendedmartiallawandallowedfamilyvisitstomainlandChina. ChiangselectedLeeTeng-hui,aTaiwanborntechnocrattobehisvicepresident,firstinthelineofsuccessiontothepresidency.Themovefollowedotherreformsgivingmorepowertonative-borncitizensandcalmedanti-KMTsentimentsduringaperiodinwhichmanyotherAsianautocracieswerebeingchallenged. AfterChiangChing-kuodiedin1988,hissuccessor,PresidentLeeTeng-hui,continuedtodemocratizethegovernment.LeetransferredmoregovernmentauthoritytoTaiwanese-borncitizens,andTaiwanunderwentaprocessoflocalization.Inthislocalizationprocess,localcultureandhistorywaspromotedoverapan-Chinaviewpoint.Lee'sreformsincludedprintingbanknotesfromtheCentralBankinsteadoftheusualProvincialBankofTaiwan.HealsolargelysuspendedtheoperationoftheTaiwanProvincialGovernment.In1991theLegislativeYuanandNationalAssembly,electedin1947,wereforcedtoresign.ThesegroupswereoriginallycreatedtorepresentmainlandChinaconstituencies.AlsoliftedweretherestrictionsontheuseofTaiwaneselanguagesinthebroadcastmediaandinschools. AttemptingtomaintaingoodrelationswiththePRC,TaiwanavoidedanycriticismoftheTiananmenSquareMassacreandthemediawaslargelybarredfromreportingonit.AgroupofstudentswhoattemptedtosailacharteredshipintotheFormosaStraitandbeampro-democracybroadcastsintoChinaviaamateurradiowerefoiledbythegovernmentbyputtingvariousobstaclesintheirwaythatcausedthemtoabandontheattempt. However,LeefailedtocrackdownonthemassivecorruptionthatpervadedthegovernmentandmanyKMTloyalistsfeltthatLeebetrayedtheROCbytakingreformstoofar,whilethoseintheoppositionfelthedidnottakereformsfarenough. Democraticperiod[edit] LeeranastheincumbentinTaiwan'sfirstdirectpresidentialelectionin1996againstDPPcandidateandformerdissident,PengMin-ming.ThiselectionpromptedthePRCtoconductaseriesofmissiletestsintheTaiwanStraittointimidatetheTaiwaneseelectoratesothatelectorateswouldvoteforpro-unificationcandidates,ChenLi-anandLinYang-kang.TheaggressivetacticpromptedU.S.PresidentClintontoinvoketheTaiwanRelationsActanddispatchtwoaircraftcarrierbattlegroupsintotheregionoffTaiwan'ssoutherncoasttomonitorthesituation,andPRC'smissiletestswereforcedtoendearlierthanplanned.Thisincidentisknownasthe1996TaiwanStraitsCrisis. OneofLee'sfinalactsaspresidentwastodeclareonGermanradiothattheROCandthePRChaveaspecialstate-to-staterelationship.Lee'sstatementwasmetwiththePLAconductingmilitarydrillsinFujianandafrighteningisland-wideblackoutinTaiwan,causingmanytofearanattack. The2000presidentialelectionmarkedtheendoftheKuomintang'sstatusastherulingparty.DPPcandidateChenShui-bianwonathree-wayracethatsawthePan-BluevotesplitbyindependentJamesSoong(formerlyoftheKuomintang)andKuomintangcandidateLienChan.Chengarnered39%ofthevote.Aftertheelection,SoongformedthePeopleFirstParty(PFP). Inthe2000presidentialelection,ChenShui-bianoftheDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)waselectedpresidentwithAnnetteLuasvice-president.ThiswasthefirstpoliticalpartyrotationinthehistoryoftheROC.ThesplittingofKuomintangvotewaswhatapparentlyledtothisresult.InAugust2002,PresidentChenopenlyindicatedthattherelationshipbetweenTaiwanandthemainlandis"OneCountryonEachSide".ThisdeclarationledtodisputationsthroughoutTaiwan,inmainlandChinaandintheUnitedStates.In2004,thedaybeforethe2004presidentialelection,therewasasupposedassassinationattemptonPresidentChenandVice-presidentLu.Theywerere-electedthenextday,althoughthePan-BlueCoalitiondisputedthelegalityoftheresultduetotheclosemarginoftheelectionandtheshootingincident.In2005,anadhocNationalAssemblypassedconstitutionalamendmentsrulingthatelectionsfortheLegislativeYuanchangetouseofparallelvoting,aidingtheformationofatwo-partysystem.[16]AsaresultofscandalsintheDPPadministration,on9September2006,formerchairpersonoftheDPP,ShihMing-teh,ledananti-ChenShui-biancampaigncalledtheMillionVoicesAgainstCorruption,PresidentChenMustGobutdidnotachievethedesiredresultofPresidentChen'sresignation.[citationneeded] TheKMTalsoretainedcontrolofthelegislatureintheLegislativeYuanelectionsinJanuary2008.InthepresidentialelectioninMay2008,KMTcandidateMaYing-jeouranonaplatformsupportingfriendlierrelationswithmainlandChinaandeconomicreformsanddefeatedDPPcandidateFrankHsiehwith58.48%ofthevote.[17] Mawasre-elected,andtheKMTretaineditsmajorityintheLegislativeYuan,incombinedelectionsinJanuary2012.[18]Inthe2016elections,theDPPregainedpowerwithTsaiIng-wenbecomingTaiwan'sfirstfemalepresident.[19] On24May2017,theConstitutionalCourtruledthatsame-sexcoupleshavearighttomarry,andgavetheLegislatureYuantwoyearstoadequatelyamendTaiwanesemarriagelaws.Accordingtothecourtruling,ifamendmentsarenotpassedwithintwoyears,same-sexmarriageswillautomaticallybecomelegal.[20]Ineffect,Taiwan(ROC)becamethefirstcountryinAsiaandthefirstnon-UNsovereignstatetoallowsame-sexmarriageinMay2019.[21] ThelocalelectionsheldonNovember24,2018resultedinamajorsetbackfortheDPPmajorityandledtoPresidentTsaiIng-wenresignationasleaderoftheparty.[22]TheDPPlostatotalofninelegislativeseats,givingtheKMTcontrolofthemajorityofthe22seats.[23]KMTmayoralcandidateswoninNewTaipeiCity,TaichungandKaohsiung,thelatterofwhichhasbeenapoliticalstrongholdfortheDPPfor20years.[24] InJanuary,2020,TsaiIng-wenwasre-electedinthepresidentialelection.IntheparliamentaryelectionPresidentTsai'sDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wonmajority61outof113seats.TheKuomintang(KMT)won38seats.[25] Cross-straitsrelationsandinternationalposition[edit] Mainarticles:PoliticalstatusofTaiwanandCross-Straitrelations Attheendof1943,theCairoDeclarationwasissued,includingamongitsclausesthatallterritoriesofChina,includingFormosa(Taiwan),thatJapanhadoccupiedwouldbereturnedtoRepublicofChina.ThisdeclarationwasreiteratedinthePotsdamDeclaration,issuedin1945.Laterthatyear,WorldWarIIended,andJapanacceptedthePotsdamDeclaration,surrenderingunconditionally.TheSupremeCommanderoftheAlliedForcescommandedthattheJapaneseforcesinTaiwansurrendertothegovernmentoftheRepublicofChina,whichactedastherepresentativeoftheAlliedForces.[26]On25October1945inTaipeiZhongshanHall,theJapanesegovernmentinTaiwansurrenderedtotherepresentativeoftheRepublicofChina,ChenYi,theRepublicofChinaformallyreceivingTaiwan.In1951,JapanformallysignedtheTreatyofSanFrancisco,but,duetotheunclearsituationoftheChinesecivilwar,thepeacetreatydidnotclearlyindicatetowhomTaiwan'ssovereigntybelonged.Inthesecondarticleofthe1952TreatyofTaipei,followingtheTreatyofSanFrancisco,JapanreiterateditsabandonmentofsovereigntyofTaiwan,thePescadores,theSpratlysandtheParacels. ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)andtheRepublicofChina(ROC)continuedastateofwaruntil1979.InOctober1949aPRCattempttotaketheROCcontrolledislandofKinmenwasthwartedintheBattleofKuningtouhaltingthePLAadvancetowardsTaiwan.[11]TheCommunists'otheramphibiousoperationsof1950weremoresuccessful:theyledtotheCommunistconquestofHainanIslandinApril1950, captureofWanshanIslandsofftheGuangdongcoast(May–August1950)andofZhoushanIslandoffZhejiang(May1950).[12] InJune1949theROCdeclareda"closure"ofallmainlandChinaportsanditsnavyattemptedtointerceptallforeignships.TheclosurecoveredfromapointnorthofthemouthofMinRiverinFujianProvincetothemouthoftheLiaoRiverinManchuria.[27]SincemainlandChina'srailroadnetworkwasunderdeveloped,north–southtradedependedheavilyonsealanes.ROCnavalactivityalsocausedseverehardshipformainlandChinafishermen. AfterlosingmainlandChina,agroupofapproximately12,000KMTsoldiersescapedtoBurmaandcontinuedlaunchingguerrillaattacksintosouthChina.Theirleader,GeneralLiMi,waspaidasalarybytheROCgovernmentandgiventhenominaltitleofGovernorofYunnan.Initially,theUnitedStatessupportedtheseremnantsandtheCentralIntelligenceAgencyprovidedthemwithaid.AftertheBurmesegovernmentappealedtotheUnitedNationsin1953,theU.S.beganpressuringtheROCtowithdrawitsloyalists.Bytheendof1954,nearly6,000soldiershadleftBurmaandLiMideclaredhisarmydisbanded.However,thousandsremained,andtheROCcontinuedtosupplyandcommandthem,evensecretlysupplyingreinforcementsattimes. DuringtheKoreanWar,somecapturedCommunistChinesesoldiers,manyofwhomwereoriginallyKMTsoldiers,wererepatriatedtoTaiwanratherthanmainlandChina.AKMTguerrillaforcecontinuedtooperatecross-borderraidsintosouth-westernChinaintheearly1950s.TheROCgovernmentlaunchedanumberofairbombingraidsintokeycoastalcitiesofmainlandChinasuchasShanghai. ThoughviewedasamilitaryliabilitybytheUnitedStates,theROCvieweditsremainingislandsinFujianasvitalforanyfuturecampaigntodefeatthePRCandretakemainlandChina.On3September1954,theFirstTaiwanStraitCrisisbeganwhenthePLAstartedshellingQuemoyandthreatenedtotaketheDachenIslands.[27]On20January1955,thePLAtooknearbyYijiangshanIsland,withtheentireROCgarrisonof720troopskilledorwoundeddefendingtheisland.OnJanuary24ofthesameyear,theUnitedStatesCongresspassedtheFormosaResolutionauthorizingthePresidenttodefendtheROC'soffshoreislands.[27]TheFirstTaiwanStraitscrisisendedinMarch1955whenthePLAceaseditsbombardment.ThecrisiswasbroughttoacloseduringtheBandungConference.[27] TheSecondTaiwanStraitCrisisbeganon23August1958withairandnavalengagementsbetweenthePRCandtheROCmilitaryforces,leadingtointenseartillerybombardmentofQuemoy(bythePRC)andAmoy(bytheROC),andendedonNovemberofthesameyear.[27]PLApatrolboatsblockadedtheislandsfromROCsupplyships.ThoughtheUnitedStatesrejectedChiangKai-shek'sproposaltobombmainlandChinaartillerybatteries,itquicklymovedtosupplyfighterjetsandanti-aircraftmissilestotheROC.Italsoprovidedamphibiousassaultshipstolandsupply,asasunkenROCnavalvesselwasblockingtheharbor.OnSeptember7,theUnitedStatesescortedaconvoyofROCsupplyshipsandthePRCrefrainedfromfiring.OnOctober25,thePRCannouncedan"even-dayceasefire"—thePLAwouldonlyshellQuemoyonodd-numbereddays. Despitetheendofthehostilities,thetwosideshaveneversignedanyagreementortreatytoofficiallyendthewar. Afterthe1950s,the"war"becamemoresymbolicthanreal,representedbyon-again,off-againartillerybombardmenttowardsandfromKinmen.Inlateryears,liveshellswerereplacedwithpropagandasheets.Thebombardmentfinallyceasedin1979aftertheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStates. Duringthisperiod,movementofpeopleandgoodsvirtuallyceasedbetweenPRC-andROC-controlledterritories.Therewereoccasionaldefectors.Onehigh-profiledefectorwasJustinYifuLin,whoswamacrosstheKinmenstraittomainlandChinaandisnowChiefEconomistandSeniorVicePresidentoftheWorldBank. MostobserversexpectedChiang'sgovernmenttoeventuallyfallinresponsetoaCommunistinvasionofTaiwan,andtheUnitedStatesinitiallyshowednointerestinsupportingChiang'sgovernmentinitsfinalstand.ThingschangedradicallywiththeonsetoftheKoreanWarinJune1950.Atthispoint,allowingatotalCommunistvictoryoverChiangbecamepoliticallyimpossibleintheUnitedStates,andPresidentHarryS.TrumanorderedtheUnitedStatesSeventhFleetintotheTaiwanStraittopreventtheROCandPRCfromattackingeachother.[28] AftertheROCcomplainedtotheUnitedNationsagainsttheSovietUnionsupportingthePRC,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution505wasadoptedon1February1952tocondemntheSovietUnion. In1987,theMarch7Incident(Lieyumassacre)inLesserKinmencastaprofoundrippleonthecross-straitrelationbetweenChinaandTaiwan—4monthslateronJuly15,themartiallawinTaiwanwaslifted;and5monthslateronDecember15,theROCgovernmentbegantoallowvisitstomainlandChina.Thisbenefitedmany,especiallyoldKMTsoldiers,whohadbeenseparatedfromtheirfamilyinmainlandChinafordecades.Thisalsoprovedacatalystforthethawingofrelationsbetweenthetwosides.Problemsengenderedbyincreasedcontactnecessitatedamechanismforregularnegotiations. InordertoeffectnegotiationswithmainlandChinaonoperationalissueswithoutcompromisingthegovernment'spositionondenyingtheotherside'slegitimacy,theROCgovernmentunderChiangChing-kuocreatedthe"StraitsExchangeFoundation"(SEF),anominallynon-governmentalinstitutiondirectlyledbytheMainlandAffairsCouncil,aninstrumentoftheExecutiveYuan.ThePRCrespondedtothisinitiativebysettinguptheAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits(ARATS),directlyledbytheTaiwanAffairsOfficeoftheStateCouncil.Thissystem,describedas"whitegloves",allowedthetwogovernmentstoengagewitheachotheronasemi-officialbasiswithoutcompromisingtheirrespectivesovereigntypolicies. LedbyhighlyrespectedelderstatesmenKooChen-fuandWangDaohan,thetwoorganizationsbeganaseriesoftalksthatculminatedinthe1992meetings,which,togetherwithsubsequentcorrespondence,establishedthe1992Consensus,underwhichbothsidesagreedtodeliberateambiguityonquestionsofsovereignty,inordertoengageonoperationalquestionsaffectingbothsides. Alsoduringthistime,however,therhetoricofROCPresidentLeeTung-huibegantoturnfurthertowardsTaiwanindependence.Priortothe1990s,theROChadbeenaone-partyauthoritarianstatecommittedtoeventualreunificationwithmainlandChina.However,withdemocraticreformstheattitudesofthegeneralpublicbegantoinfluencepolicyinTaiwan.Asaresult,theROCgovernmentshiftedawayfromitscommitmenttotheOne-ChinapolicyandtowardsaseparatepoliticalidentityforTaiwan.JiangZemin,GeneralSecretaryoftheChineseCommunistParty,wasalsounwillingtocompromise.Jiangnotoriouslyattemptedtoinfluencethe1996ROCelectioninTaiwanbyconductingamissileexercisedesignedtointimidateTaiwanesevotersandinterferewithinternationalshipping,leadingtotheThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis.By1998,semi-officialtalkshadbrokendown. ChenShui-bianwaselectedPresidentoftheROCin2000.Politically,Chenispro-Taiwanindependence.Chen'srepudiationofthe1992ConsensuscombinedwiththePRC'sinsistencethattheROCagreetoa"OneChina"principlefornegotiationstooccurpreventedimprovementincross-straitrelations. Upuntilthe1970s,theinternationalcommunitygenerallyconsideredtheKuomintangonTaiwantobethelegalrepresentativeofChina,butacknowledgmentofthenationofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaslowlyincreased.In1954,theRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStatessignedtheMutualDefenseTreatybetweentheUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheRepublicofChina.In1971,theUnitedNationsacknowledgedthePeople'sRepublicofChinatobethesolelegalrepresentativeofChina(UnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution2758).TheKMTgovernmentstrengthenedtheir"Hanandthethiefcannotbothstand"(漢賊不兩立)stanceandannouncedwithdrawalfromtheUnitedNations.Afterthis,theinternationalpositionoftheRepublicofChinaslidtoalargeextent.In1979,whentheUnitedStatesbrokerelations,itcreatedanevenmoresevereattackonthediplomaticplightoftheROC.Inrecentyears,theROCgovernmenthastriedseveraltimestoapplyanewtoenterinternationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNationsandtheWorldHealthOrganization,but,undertheopposingside'spowerfulobstruction,therehasbeennosuccess. ThequestionofthepoliticalstatusofTaiwanorwhetherthetwosidesaremovingtowardunificationorseekingdejureindependenceisstillunresolved.TheassertionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinabothdomesticallyandinternationallyis"Whetherfromtheperspectiveofhistory,governmentorinternationallaw,TaiwanisaninseparablepartofChina.ThepoliticalstatusofTaiwanisaChinesedomesticaffair,and,underthepremiseofnohopeforunificationaswellascertainother(conditions),(theChinesegovernment)doesnotabandon(thepossibilityof)theuseofforcetoresolveit."[29]ThosepersonspromotingTaiwanindependencefeelthat,becauseoftheTreatyofSanFranciscosignedbyJapanandtheUnitedStatesandtheunclearindicationofthehandoverofTaiwan'ssovereignty(thestatusofTaiwanwasnotdecidedon),Taiwan'sfuturedirectionshouldbedecideduponbythepeopleofTaiwanandthatthePeople'sRepublicofChinanotbepermittedtothreatentheuseofforce.[30] On14March2005,theNationalPeople'sCongressofthePeople'sRepublicofChinapassedtheAnti-SecessionLaw,makingclearforthefirsttimeinlegalformtheOne-Chinaprinciple.SomepeopleinTaiwanfeltdissatisfiedaboutthis,and,onMarch26,hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewenttothestreetsofTaipei,participatinginthe326ProtectTaiwanDemonstration,indicatingtheirstrongdissatisfactionwithandprotestofthelaw.[31][32]Beginningon26April2005,KMT,andvariousPan-BluepoliticalpartiesvisitedmainlandChina,creatinganupsurgeinthepoliticaldialoguebetweenthetwosides(see2005Pan-BluevisitstomainlandChina),butcross-straitsrelationsarestillfullofuncertainty. FlightCAL581,firstdirectTPE–PEKflight,alsofirstdirectflightbetweenMainlandChinaandTaiwan,29January2005. Seealso:Cross-straitcharter MainlandChinaandTaiwanresumedregularweekendcross-straitcharterdirectflightson4July2008,forthefirsttimein6decades,asa"newstart"intheirtenserelations.LiuShaoyong,theChinaSouthernAirlineschair,pilotedthefirstflightfromGuangzhoutotheTaipeiSongshanAirport.Simultaneously,aTaiwan-basedChinaAirlinesflewtoShanghai.5mainlandChinesecitieswillbeconnectedwith8Taiwanairports,with4daysaweek,36round-tripflightsacrosstheTaiwanStrait,therebyeliminatingtime-consumingHongKongstopovers.[33][34] On7November2015,ameetingwasheldbyROCpresidentMaYing-jeouandCommunistParty'sGeneralSecretaryXiJinpinginSingapore. RecognitionoftheROChasdwindledovertheyears.TheGambiawithdrewrecognitionoftheROCin2013.[35]ThiswasfollowedbySãoToméandPríncipeon21December2016[36][37]andFijiwiththeclosuretotheTaipeiofficeinMay2017(FijiandROChadunofficialrelationsfrom1996onwards).[38]ThiswasalsofollowedbyPanamarecognizingthePRConJune13,2017,thentheDominicanRepubliconMay1,2018,BurkinaFasoonMay24,2018,ElSalvadoronAugust20,2018,KiribatiandtheSolomonIslandsinSeptember2019,andfinallyNicaraguainDecember2021.Today,only13UNmemberstates(Guatemala,Belize,Honduras,Haiti,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Paraguay,Swaziland,Nauru,Tuvalu,MarshallIslandsandPalau)andtheHolySeemaintainrelationswiththeROC. Economicgrowth[edit] Seealso:EconomichistoryofTaiwan Duringthepost-warperiod,Taiwanwaslackingingoodsandmaterials,theeconomywasdepressed,andinflationwassevere.AfterthenationalgovernmentmovedtoTaiwan,agriculturewasfirsttogrow,and,in1953,Taiwan'seconomyreturnedtoitspre-warlevel.Afterthis,thegovernmentpursuedapolicyof"Nurtureindustrywithagriculture"(以農養工)onthefoundationestablishedduringJapaneserule.Withthecapital,manpower,andskilledlaborthatwasinTaiwan,Americanaid,[39]etc.,Taiwan'seconomyprogressivelymovedtowardrapidgrowth.Inthe1950s,thegovernmentcarriedoutanimportsubstitutionpolicy,takingwhatwasobtainedbyagriculturetogivesupporttotheindustrialsector,tradingagriculturalproductexportsforforeigncurrencytoimportindustrialmachinery,thusdevelopingtheindustrialsector.Thegovernmentraisedtariffs,controlledforeignexchangeandrestrictedimportsinordertoprotectdomesticindustry.Bythe1960s,Taiwan'simportexchangeindustrywasfacedwiththeproblemofsaturatingthedomesticmarket.Atthesametime,thefactoriesofsomeindustrializednations,becauseofrisingwagesandotherreasons,slowlymovedtocertainareasthathadbothbasicindustryandlowlaborcosts.Consequently,theeconomicpolicyofTaiwanchangedtopursueexportexpansion.In1960,thegovernmentenactedthe"RegulationsforEncouragingInvestment,"activelycompetingforforeignbusinessinvestmentinTaiwan.In1966,thegovernmentestablishedtheKaohsiungExportProcessingZone,Asia'sfirstexportprocessingzone,toexpandthemanufacturingproduction.Intheroleofamanufacturingrelaystation,Taiwanbecamealinkintheinternationalsystemofdivisionoflabor.In1963,theproportionofTaiwan'seconomyoccupiedbyindustryexceededthatofagriculture.From1968,Taiwanmaintainedtwo-digitlong-termannualaverageeconomicgrowthupuntilthe1973oilcrisis.[40]In1971,Taiwanhadaforeigntradesurplusandcontinuedfromthenoninanexportstateandamajorproducerofelectronicsgoods. Sports[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(May2017) Mainarticle:SportinTaiwan Furtherinformation:ChineseTaipei Taiwan(ROC)competesasChineseTaipeisince1984andhaswontheirfirstOlympicmedalin1960,andtheirfirstgoldmedalsin2004.Todate,theyhave24medalsintheOlympicGames. Seealso[edit] Taiwanportal Historyportal HanTaiwanese HistoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChina Notes[edit] ^NottobeconfusedwiththePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)establishedin1949. 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