Fandom - Wikipedia

A fandom is a subculture composed of fans characterized by a feeling of empathy and camaraderie with others who share a common interest. Fandom FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Subculturecomposedoffanssharingacommoninterest Thisarticleisaboutsubculturesrelatedtoaspecifictopic.Forthewebsite,seeFandom(website).Forotheruses,seeFandom(disambiguation). CosplayerdressedasKatnissEverdeenduringtheMontrealComiccon,July2015 Afandomisasubculturecomposedoffanscharacterizedbyafeelingofempathyandcamaraderiewithotherswhoshareacommoninterest.Fanstypicallyareinterestedinevenminordetailsoftheobjectsoftheirfandomandspendasignificantportionoftheirtimeandenergyinvolvedwiththeirinterest,oftenasapartofasocialnetworkwithparticularpractices,differentiatingfandom-affiliatedpeoplefromthosewithonlyacasualinterest. Afandomcangrowaroundanyareaofhumaninterestoractivity.Thesubjectoffaninterestcanbenarrowlydefined,focusedonsomethinglikeanindividualcelebrity,orencompassingentirehobbies,genresorfashions.Whileitisnowusedtoapplytogroupsofpeoplefascinatedwithanysubject,thetermhasitsrootsinthosewithanenthusiasticappreciationforsports.Merriam-Webster'sdictionarytracestheusageofthetermbackasfaras1903.[1] Manyfandomsoverlap.Thereareanumberoflargeconventionsthatcatertofandomsuchasfilm,comics,anime,televisionshows,cosplay,andtheopportunitytobuyandsellrelatedmerchandise.AnnualconventionssuchasComicConInternational,Wondercon,DragonConandNewYorkComicConaresomeofthemorewellknownandhighlyattendedeventsthatcatertooverlappingfandoms. Contents 1Organizedsubculture 2Fanactivities 3Infilm 4Inbooks 5Relationshipwiththemediaindustry 6Fandomandtechnology 7Negativepotential 8Seealso 8.1Fandomsbymedium 8.2Listofnotablefandoms 9References 10Externallinks Organizedsubculture FansoftheliterarydetectiveSherlockHolmesarewidelyconsideredtohavecomprisedthefirstmodernfandom,[2]holdingpublicdemonstrationsofmourningafterHolmeswas"killedoff"in1893,andcreatingsomeofthefirstfanfictionasearlyasabout1897to1902.[2][3]Outsidethescopeofmedia,railwayenthusiastsareanotherearlyfandomwithitsrootsinthelate19thcenturythatbegantogaininpopularityandincreasinglyorganizeinthefirstdecadesoftheearly20thcentury.[4][5] AwidevarietyofWesternmodernorganizedfannishsubculturesoriginatedwithsciencefictionfandom,thecommunityoffansofthesciencefictionandfantasygenres.Sciencefictionfandomdatesbacktothe1930sandmaintainsorganizedclubsandassociationsinmanycitiesaroundtheworld.FanshaveheldtheannualWorldScienceFictionConventionsince1939,alongwithmanyothereventseachyear,andhascreateditsownjargon,sometimescalled"fanspeak".[6]Inaddition,theSocietyforCreativeAnachronism,amedievalistre-creationgroup,hasitsrootsinsciencefictionfandom.[7]Itwasfoundedbymembersthereof;andmanysciencefictionandfantasyauthorssuchasMarionZimmerBradley,[8]PoulAnderson,[9]RandallGarrett,[9]DavidD.Friedman,[10]andRobertAsprin[11]havebeenmembersoftheorganization. Banquetatthe14thWorldScienceFictionConventioninNewYorkCityin1956 Mediafandomsplitfromsciencefictionfandomintheearly1970swithafocusonrelationshipsbetweencharacterswithinTVandmoviemediafranchises,suchasStarTrekandTheManfromU.N.C.L.E..[12]Fansofthesefranchisesgeneratedcreativeproductslikefanartandfanfictionatatimewhentypicalsciencefictionfandomwasfocusedoncriticaldiscussions.TheMediaWestconventionprovidedavideoroomandwasinstrumentalintheemergenceoffanvids,oranalyticmusicvideosbasedonasource,inthelate1970s.[13]Bythemid-1970s,itwaspossibletomeetfansatsciencefictionconventionswhodidnotreadsciencefiction,butonlyvieweditonfilmorTV. Animeandmangafandombeganinthe1970sinJapan.InAmerica,thefandomalsobeganasanoffshootofsciencefictionfandom,withfansbringingimportedcopiesofJapanesemangatoconventions.[14]BeforeanimebegantobelicensedintheU.S.,fanswhowantedtogetaholdofanimewouldleakcopiesofanimemoviesandsubtitlethemtoexchangewithfriendsinthecommunity,thusmarkingthestartoffansubs. WhilesciencefictionandanimegrewfandominmediatheGratefulDeadsubculturethatemergedinthelate1960s-early1970screatedaglobalfandomaroundhippieculturethatwouldhavelastingimpactsonsocietyandtechnology.[15] Furryfandomreferstothefandomforfictionalanthropomorphicanimalcharacterswithhumanpersonalitiesandcharacteristics.Theconceptoffurryoriginatedatasciencefictionconventionin1980,[16]whenadrawingofacharacterfromSteveGallacci'sAlbedoAnthropomorphicsinitiatedadiscussionofanthropomorphiccharactersinsciencefictionnovels,whichinturninitiatedadiscussiongroupthatmetatsciencefictionandcomicsconventions. Additionalsubjectswithsignificantfandomsincludecomics,animatedcartoons,videogames,sports,music,films,televisionshows,pulpmagazines,[17]soapoperas,[18]celebrities,andgameshows.[19] Fanactivities FanartfortheSherlockTVseriesonanEnglishtelephonebooth Membersofafandomassociatewithoneanother,oftenattendingfanconventionsandpublishingandexchangingfanzinesandnewsletters.Amateurpressassociationsareanotherformoffanpublicationandnetworking.Originallyusingprint-basedmedia,thesesub-cultureshavemigratedmuchoftheircommunicationsandinteractionontotheInternet,whichtheyalsouseforthepurposeofarchivingdetailedinformationpertinenttotheirgivenfanbase.Often,fanscongregateonforumsanddiscussionboardstosharetheirloveforandcriticismofaspecificwork.Thiscongregationcanleadtoahighleveloforganizationandcommunitywithinthefandom,aswellasinfighting.Althoughthereissomelevelofhierarchyamongmostofthediscussionboardsinwhichcertaincontributorsarevaluedmorehighlythanothers,newcomersaremostoftenwelcomedintothefold.Mostimportantly,thesesortsofdiscussionboardscanhaveaneffectonthemediaitselfaswasthecaseinthetelevisionshowGlee.Trendsonthediscussionboardshavebeenknowntoinfluencethewritersandproducersoftheshow.[20]ThemediafandomfortheTVseriesFireflywasabletogenerateenoughcorporateinteresttocreateamovieaftertheserieswascanceled.[21] Somefanswritefanfiction("fanfic"),storiesbasedontheuniverseandcharactersoftheirchosenfandom.Thisfictioncantaketheformofvideo-makingaswellaswriting.[22]Fanfictionmayormaynottieinwiththestory'scanon;sometimesthefansusethestory'scharactersindifferentsituationsthatdonotrelatetotheplotlineatall. Especiallyatevents,fansmayalsopartakeincosplay(aportmanteaubetweencostumeandplay) –thecreationandwearingofcostumesdesignedinthelikenessofcharactersfromasourcework –whichcanalsobecombinedwithrole-playing,reenactingscenesorinventinglikelybehaviorinspiredbytheirchosensources.[23] Otherscreatefanvids,oranalyticalmusicvideosfocusingonthesourcefandom,andyetotherscreatefanart.Suchactivitiesaresometimesknownas"fanlabor"or"fanac",anabbreviatedformofthephrase"fanactivity".TheadventoftheInternethassignificantlyfacilitatedfanassociationandactivities.ActivitiesthathavebeenaidedbytheInternetincludesthecreationoffan"shrines"dedicatedtofavoritecharacters,computerscreenwallpapers,avatars.Furthermore,theadventoftheInternethasresultedinthecreationofonlinefannetworkswhohelpfacilitatetheexchangeoffanworks.[24] Somefanscreatepicturesknownasedits,whichconsistofpicturesorphotoswiththeirchosenfandomcharactersindifferentscenarios.TheseeditsareoftensharedonsocialmedianetworkssuchasInstagram,Tumblr,orPinterest.[25]Insomeedits,onemayseecontentrelatingtoseveraldifferentfandoms.Fansincommunitiesonlineoftenmakegifsorgifsetsabouttheirfandoms.Gifsorgifsetscanbeusedtocreatenon-canonscenariosmixingactualcontentoraddinginrelatedcontent.Gifsetscanalsocaptureminuteexpressionsormoments.[26]Fansusegifstoshowhowtheyfeelaboutcharactersoreventsintheirfandom;thesearecalledreactiongifs.[27] TheTempleoftheJediOrder,aself-proclaimed"realliving,breathingreligion"viewsitselfasseparatefromtheJediasportrayedintheStarWarsfranchise.[28]Despitethis,sociologistsviewtheconflationofreligionandfandomaslegitimateinsomesense,classifyingbothasparticipatoryphenomena.[29] Therearealsoactivefanorganizationsthatparticipateinphilanthropyandcreateapositivesocialimpact.Forexample,theHarryPotterAllianceisacivicorganizationwithastrongonlinecomponentwhichrunscampaignsaroundhumanrightsissues,ofteninpartnershipwithotheradvocacyandnonprofitgroups;itsmembershipskewscollegeageandabove.Nerdfighters,anotherfandomformedaroundVlogbrothers,aYouTubevlogchannel,aremainlyhighschoolstudentsunitedbyacommongoalof"decreasingworldsuck".[30] Infilm Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(April2021) Notablefeature-lengthdocumentariesaboutfandom(somemorerespectfulofthesubjectsthanothers)includeTrekkies[31]andABronyTale.[32]Slashisamoviereleasedin2016aboutayoungboywhowritesslashfanfiction.[33]TheSiriusXM-producedaudiodocumentaryComic-ConBeginswaslaunchedasasix-partseriesstartingJune22,2021andpresentsthehistoryofboththeSanDiegoComic-Conandthemodernfandomsceneithelpedtospawnastoldbynearly50survivingfoundationalSDCCmembers,fandomexperts,andspecialguestssuchas:KevinSmith,NeilGaiman,FrankMiller,FeliciaDay,TrinaRobbins,MaggieThompson,theRussobrothers,andBruceCampbell.Cosplaypioneer,screamqueen,andfoundationalSDCCmemberBrinkeStevenshoststheseries.[34] Inbooks FangirlisanovelwrittenbyRainbowRowellaboutacollegestudentwhoisafanofabookseriescalledSimonSnow,whichiswrittenbyafictionalauthornamedGemmaT.Leslie.OnOctober6,2015RainbowRowellpublishedafollow-upnoveltoFangirl.CarryOnisstand-alonenovelsetinthefictionalworldthatCath,themaincharacterofFangirlwritesfanfictionin.[35] Relationshipwiththemediaindustry Acartoonofan"anthrovixen"furry Thefilmandtelevisionentertainmentindustryreferstothetotalityoffansdevotedtoaparticularareaofinterest,whetherorganizedornot,asthe"fanbase". Mediafans,have,onoccasion,organizedonbehalfofcanceledtelevisionseries,withnotablesuccessincasessuchasStarTrekin1968,Cagney&Laceyin1983,Xena:WarriorPrincess,in1995,Roswellin2000and2001(itwascanceledwithfinalityattheendofthe2002season),Farscapein2002,Fireflyin2002,andJerichoin2007.(InthecaseofFireflytheresultwasthemovieSerenity,notanotherseason.)ItwaslikewisethefanswhofacilitatedthepushtocreateaVeronicaMarsfilmthroughaKickstartercampaign.[36]FansoftheshowChucklaunchedacampaignedtosavetheshowfrombeingcanceledusingaTwitterhashtagandbuyingproductsfromsponsorsoftheshow.[37]FansofArrestedDevelopmentfoughtforthecharacterSteveHolttobeincludedinthefourthseason.TheSaveSteveHolt!campaignincludedaTwitterandFacebookaccount,ahashtag,andawebsite.[38] Suchoutcries,evenwhenunsuccessful,suggestsagrowingself-awarenessonthepartofentertainmentconsumers,whoappearincreasinglylikelytoattempttoasserttheirpowerasabloc.[39]Fanactivisminsupportofthe2007WritersGuildofAmericastrikethroughFans4Writersappearstobeanextensionofthistrend. Insciencefiction,alargenumberofthepractitionersandotherprofessionalsinthefield,notonlywritersbuteditorsandpublishers,traditionallyhavethemselvescomefromandparticipateinsciencefictionfandom,fromRayBradburyandHarlanEllisontoPatrickNielsenHaydenandToniWeisskopf.EdBrubakerwasafanoftheCaptainAmericacomicsasakidandwassoupsetthatBuckyBarneswaskilledoffheworkedonwaystobringhimback.TheWinterSoldierarcbeganin2004andinthe2005sixthissueitwasreviledthattheWinterSoldierwasBuckyBarnes.[40]Manyauthorswritefanfictionunderpseudonyms.LevGrossmanhaswrittenstoriesintheHarryPotter,AdventureTime,andHowtoTrainYourDragonuniverses.S.E.HintonhaswrittenaboutbothSupernaturalandherownbooks,TheOutsiders.[41]Movieactorsoftencosplayasothercharacterstoenjoybeingaregularfanatcons.DanielRadcliffecosplayedasSpider-Manatthe2014SanDiegoComic-Con.[42]BeforethereleaseofTheAmazingSpider-Man,AndrewGarfielddressedupasSpider-ManandgaveanemotionalspeechaboutwhatSpider-Manmeanttohimandthankingfansfortheirsupport.[43] TherelationshipbetweenfansandprofessionalshaschangedbecauseofaccesstosocialmediaplatformslikeTwitterandFacebook.Thesegivefansgreateraccesstopublicfiguressuchascreators,authors,andactors.Onlineplatformsalsogivefansmorewaystoconnectandparticipateinfandoms.[44] Somefanshavemadetheworktheydoinfandomintocareers.ThebookFiftyShadesofGreybyE.L.JameswasoriginallyafanfictionoftheTwilightseriespublishedonFanFiction.Net.Thestorywastakendownformaturecontentthatviolatedthesite'stermsofservice.JamesrewrotethestorytotakeoutanyreferencestoTwilightandself-publishedonTheWriter'sCoffeeShopinMay2011.ThebookwaspublishedbyRandomHousein2012andwasverypopularsellingover100 millioncopies.[45]ManyfanswerenothappyaboutJamesusingfanfictiontomakemoneyandfeltitwasnotinthespiritofthecommunity.[46]Thereiscontentionoverfansnotbeingpaidfortheirtimeorwork.Gamingcompaniesusefanstoalphaandbetatesttheirgamesinexchangeforearlyaccessorpromotionalmerchandise.[47]TheTVshowGleeusedfanstocreatepromotionalmaterials,thoughtheydidnotcompensatefans.[48] Theentertainmentindustryhaspromoteditsworkdirectlytomembersofthefandomcommunitybysponsoringandpresentingateventsandconventionsdedicatedtofandom.[49]Studiosfrequentlycreateelaborateexhibits,[50]organizepanelsthatfeaturecelebritiesandwritersoffilmandtelevision(topromotebothexistingworkandworksyettobereleased),andengagefansdirectlybywithQ&Asessions,screeningsneakpreviews,andsupplyingbrandedgiveawaymerchandise.Theinterest,receptionandreactionofthefandomcommunitytotheworksbeingpromotedhasamarkedinfluenceonhowfilmstudiosandothersproceedwiththeprojectsandproductstheyexhibitandpromote.[51] Fandomandtechnology TheriseoftheInternetcreatednewandpowerfuloutletsforfandom.ThisbeganwithearlyengineerstradingGratefulDeadsetlistsanddiscussingthesetupoftheband'sconcertspeakersystem,calledthe"WallofSound,"onARPANET,aprecursortotheInternet.[52]ThisledtotapetradingoverFTP,andtheInternetArchivebegantoaddGratefulDeadshowsin1995.[52]OnlinetapetradingcommunitiessuchasetreeevolvedintoP2Pnetworkstradingshowsthroughtorrents.AfterthebirthoftheWorldWideWeb,manycommunitiesadoptedthepracticesofDeadheadfandomonline. Negativepotential Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(December2021) Fandomscanleadtotoxicbehavior,includinghatingonotherfansormediacreators.[53] Seealso Akiba-kei Anorak(slang) Anti-fan Fanactivism Fanclub Fanfilm Fanstudies Geek Listoffandomnicknames Otaku StanTwitter Fandomsbymedium Animeandmangafandom Furryfandom K-popfans Viddingfandom Listofnotablefandoms ASongofIceandFirefandom(fansofGeorgeR.R.Martin'sASongofIceandFireincludingAGameofThrones) Beatlemaniacs(fansoftheBeatles) Bondians(JamesBond) Bronies(fansofMyLittlePony:FriendshipIsMagic) Browncoats(fansofFirefly) FandomcultureinSouthKorea,fansofKoreanpopidolsandanime Juggalos(fansofInsaneClownPosse) Madonnawannabes(fansofMadonna) MSTies(fansofMysteryScienceTheater3000) Parrotheads(fansofJimmyBuffett) Potterheads(fansofHarryPotter) Sherlockians(fansofSherlockHolmes) Stargatefandom StarWarsfandom Tifosi(fansofItaliansportsteamsormotorvehicles) Tolkienfandom Trekkies(fansofStarTrek) Ultras,fanaticsportssupporters 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^Savage,Christina.2014"ChuckversustheRatings:SavvyFansand'SaveOurShow'Campaigns."In"Fandomand/asLabor,"editedbyMelStanfillandMeganCondis,specialissue,TransformativeWorksandCultures,no.15.https://dx.doi.org/10.3983/twc.2014.0497. ^Locker,Melissa."SaveSteveHolt!ArrestedDevelopmentFansRallyforBitPlayer".Time.ISSN 0040-781X.Retrieved2016-12-02. ^Chin,Bertha,Jones,Bethan,McNutt,MylesandLukePebler(2014)."VeronicaMarsKickstarterandCrowdFunding."TransformativeWorksandCultures ^"TheStoryBehindBucky'sGroundbreakingComic-BookReinventionAstheWinterSoldier".Vulture.2016-05-06.Retrieved2016-12-02. ^"LevGrossman,S.E.Hinton,andOtherAuthorsontheFreedomofWritingFanfiction".Vulture.2015-03-13.Retrieved2016-12-02. ^Reporter,TylerMcCarthyTrendingNews(2014-07-28)."DanielRadcliffeDisguisedHimselfAsSpider-ManDuringComic-Con".TheHuffingtonPost.Retrieved2016-12-02. ^"WatchAndrewGarfield'sEarnestSpider-ManSpeechatComic-Con".Vulture.2011-07-23.Retrieved2016-12-02. ^Bennett,Lucy(2014)."TracingTextualPoachers:Reflectionsonthedevelopmentoffanstudiesanddigitalfandom".TheJournalofFandomStudies.2.1:5–20. ^"'FiftyShadesofGrey'startedoutas'Twilight'fanfictionbeforebecominganinternationalphenomenon".BusinessInsider.Retrieved2016-12-02. ^Stanfill,Mel,andMeganCondis.2014."Fandomand/asLabor.".In"Fandomand/asLabor,"editedbyMelStanfillandMeganCondis,specialissue,TransformativeWorksandCultures,no.15. ^Stanfill,Mel,andMeganCondis.2014."Fandomand/asLabor"[editorial].In"Fandomand/asLabor,"editedbyMelStanfillandMeganCondis,specialissue,TransformativeWorksandCultures,no.15.https://dx.doi.org/10.3983/twc.2014.0593. ^Stork.Matthias(2014)."Theculturaleconomicsofperformancespace:Negotiatingfan,labor,andmarketingpracticeinGlee'stransmediageography".Transformativeworksandcultures.15. ^Graser,Marc(2013-07-15)."Comic-Con:UniversalDestroysSanDiegoConventionCenterfor'Oblivion'".Variety.Retrieved2018-08-20. ^Maass,ArturoGarcia,Dave(2018-07-23)."25BestThingsWeSawatSanDiegoComicCon2018".RollingStone.Retrieved2018-08-20. ^Yamato,Jen."InsideComic-Con'sHallH,themostimportantroominHollywood".latimes.com.Retrieved2018-08-20. ^abScottBeauchamp(2017-06-14)."TheInternetIstheGratefulDead".PacificStandard.Retrieved2020-03-05. ^Carson,Erin."Comic-Con2018isallaboutthefans.Sowhyaresomanyofthemmad?".CNET. Externallinks WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoFandom. LookupfandominWiktionary,thefreedictionary. "Whoownsfandom?"–Salon.comDecember13,2000 "RankandPhile"–ArtsHubfeature,August12,2005 WhyI'mNotaFanbyJohnRoderick HomeStuck-officialwebsite OrganizationforTransformativeWorks–Non-profitorganizationpromotingfandomandarchivingfanworks. "SurvivingFandom"–MookychickJune24,2013 HarryPotterAlliance-officialwebsite vteFandomBytypeGenre Fantasyfandom Furryfandom Sciencefictionfandom Yaoifandom Medium-specific Animeandmangafandom Bibliophilia Cinephilia Gamer Sportsfan Production-specific ASongofIceandFire Beatlemania Deadhead DoctorWho EarthBound HarryPotter JamesBond Juggalo Moonwalker MST3K MLP:FIM Parrothead Shrek SherlockHolmes StarWars Stargate StevenUniverse Tolkien Trekkie Twilight Demographics Anorak Anti-fan Cultfollowing Fan Furry Geek Groupie Nerd Otaku Sasaeng Shipper Stan Tifosi Ultras Organizationsandevents Amateurpressassociation Carclub Boyracer Cruise Imports Hotrod KustomKulture Lowrider Supercar Cosplay Fanclub Fanconvention Fannicknames Gameclub Historicalreenactment Liveactionrole-playinggame Motorcycleclub HarleyOwnersGroup OrganizationforTransformativeWorks Railfan StanTwitter Publicationsandactivities Animemusicvideo Autographcollecting Doujin Doujinmusic Doujinshi Fanart Fanedit Fanfiction Fanfilm Fanlabor Fanmail Fantranslation Fanac Fangame Doujinsoft Mod Fansite Fanspeak Fanzine Filkmusic Realpersonfiction Vidding Zine Conventions Anime list Comicbook list Doujinshi Furry Gaming list Horror Multigenre Professionalwrestling Sciencefiction list bydateofestablishment Topics Autograph Fanloyalty Fanservice Odagirieffect Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fandom&oldid=1061983554" Categories:FandomHugoGernsbackHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataWikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedpagesArticlestobeexpandedfromApril2021AllarticlestobeexpandedArticlesusingsmallmessageboxesArticlestobeexpandedfromDecember2021CommonscategorylinkfromWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةCatalàČeštinaDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFrysk한국어BahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתJawaLietuviųBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語PolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSuomiSvenskaไทยУкраїнськаTiếngViệtייִדיש中文 Editlinks