Cross-Strait relations - Wikipedia

Cross-Strait relations (sometimes called Mainland–Taiwan relations, or China–Taiwan relations) are the relations between the following two political ... Cross-Straitrelations FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Thisisthelatestacceptedrevision,reviewedon23August2022. Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch BilateralrelationsbetweenChinaandTaiwan Furtherinformation:PoliticalstatusofTaiwanandHistoryofTaiwan(1945–present) BilateralrelationsCross-Straitrelations China Taiwan Cross-StraitrelationsLeft:theROCflag;Right:thePRCflagTraditional Chinese海峽兩岸關係SimplifiedChinese海峡两岸关系TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinHǎixiáLiǎng'ànguānxìGwoyeuRomatzyhHaeshyaLeang'annguanshihWade–GilesHai³-hsia²Liang³-an⁴kuan¹-hsi⁴TongyongPinyinHǎisiáLiǎng-ànguansìMPS2HǎishiáLiǎng'ànguānshìHakkaRomanizationHói-kia̍pLióng-ngankôan-heYue:CantoneseJyutpingHoi2haap6Loeng5ngon6gwaan1hai6SouthernMinHokkienPOJHái-kiapLióng-gānkoan-hēTâi-lôHái-kiapLióng-gānkuan-hē TerritoriescurrentlyadministeredbythetwogovernmentsthatformallyusethenameChina:thePRC(inpurple)andtheROC(inorange).Thesizeofminorislandshasbeenexaggeratedinthismapforeaseofidentification. 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NationalAssembly(defunct)ControlYuan(chamberdefunct) Judiciary JudicialYuan PresidentandChiefJusticeHsuTzong-li VicePresidentTsaiJeong-duen SupremeCourt HighCourts DistrictCourts Otherbranches ExaminationYuan PresidentHuangJong-tsun VicePresidentChouHung-hsien ControlYuan PresidentChenChu VicePresidentLeeHung-chun Localgovernment MayorsandMagistrates Elections CentralElectionCommission Presidentialelections Legislativeelections Localelections Referendums Politicalparties Nationallyrepresented DemocraticProgressiveParty Kuomintang TaiwanPeople'sParty NewPowerParty TaiwanStatebuildingParty Others PeopleFirstParty TaiwanSolidarityUnion NewParty Non-PartisanSolidarityUnion GreenPartyTaiwan Propaganda Massmedia CentralNewsAgency BroadcastingCorporationofChina VoiceofFreeChina Censorship after1949 Filmcensorship WhiteTerror Foreignrelations ForeignAffairsMinisterJosephWu Cross-Straitrelations Ma–Ximeeting Specialstate-to-staterelations OneCountryonEachSide 1992Consensus Taiwanconsensus Australia–Taiwanrelations Canada–Taiwanrelations France–Taiwanrelations Russia–Taiwanrelations Sino–Sovietrelations Taiwan–UnitedKingdomrelations Taiwan–UnitedStatesrelations Relatedtopics PoliticalstatusofTaiwan ChineseCivilWar One-Chinapolicy ChinaandtheUnitedNations Taiwanindependencemovement ChineseTaipei Chineseunification Taiwanesenationalism Tangwaimovement Taiwanization ThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis  Taiwanportal Othercountries vte Cross-Straitrelations(sometimescalledMainland–Taiwanrelations,[1]orChina–Taiwanrelations[2])aretherelationsbetweenthefollowingtwopoliticalentities,whichareseparatedbytheTaiwanStraitinthewestPacificOcean: thePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC),commonlycalled"China" theRepublicofChina(ROC),commonlycalled"Taiwan" TherelationshiphasbeencomplexandcontroversialduetothedisputeonthepoliticalstatusofTaiwanaftertheadministrationofTaiwanwastransferredfromJapantotheRepublicofChinaattheendofWorldWarIIin1945,andthesubsequentsplitbetweenthePRCandROCasaresultoftheChineseCivilWar.TheessentialquestioniswhetherthetwogovernmentsarestillinacivilwaroverOneChina,eachholdingwithinoneoftwo"regions"orpartsofthesamecountry(e.g."1992Consensus"),whethertheycanbereunifiedasOnecountry,twosystems,orwhethertheyarenowseparatecountries(eitheras"Taiwan"and"China"orTwoChinas).TheEnglishexpression"cross-straitrelations"isconsideredtobeaneutraltermwhichavoidsreferencetothepoliticalstatusofeitherside. AttheendofWorldWarIIin1945,theadministrationofTaiwanwastransferredtotheRepublicofChina(ROC)fromtheEmpireofJapan,thoughlegalquestionsremainregardingthelanguageintheTreatyofSanFrancisco.In1949,withtheChineseCivilWarturningdecisivelyinfavouroftheChineseCommunistParty(CCP),theRepublicofChinagovernment,ledbytheKuomintang(KMT),retreatedtoTaiwanandestablishedtheprovisionalcapitalinTaipei,whiletheCCPproclaimedthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)governmentinBeijing.Noarmisticeorpeacetreatyhaseverbeensignedanddebatecontinuesastowhetherthecivilwarhaslegallyended.[3] Sincethen,therelationsbetweenthegovernmentsinBeijingandTaipeihavebeencharacterizedbylimitedcontact,tensions,andinstability.Intheearlyyears,militaryconflictscontinued,whilediplomaticallybothgovernmentscompetedtobethe"legitimategovernmentofChina".SincethedemocratizationofTaiwan,thequestionregardingthepoliticalandlegalstatusofTaiwanhasshiftedfocustothechoicebetweenpoliticalunificationwithmainlandChinaordejureTaiwaneseindependence.ThePRCremainshostiletoanyformaldeclarationofindependenceandmaintainsitsclaimoverTaiwan. Atthesametime,non-governmentalandsemi-governmentalexchangesbetweenthetwosideshaveincreased.In2008,negotiationsbegantorestoretheThreeLinks(postal,transportation,trade)betweenthetwosides,cutoffsince1949.DiplomaticcontactbetweenthetwosideshasgenerallybeenlimitedtoKuomintangadministrationsonTaiwan.However,duringDemocraticProgressivePartyadministrations,negotiationscontinuetooccuronpracticalmattersthroughinformalchannels.[4] Contents 1Comparisonofthetwostates 2History 2.1Timeline 2.2Before1949 2.3Militarystalematetodiplomaticwar(1949–1979) 2.4Thawingofrelations(1979–1998) 2.5Hostilenon-contact(1998–2008) 2.6Resumptionofhighlevelcontact(2008–2016) 2.7Deterioratingrelations(2016–present) 2.7.12022militaryexercises 3Semi-officialrelations 3.1Interpretationoftherelationsbysittingleaders 3.2Inter-government 3.32008meetings 3.3.1First2008meeting 3.3.2Second2008meeting 3.4Inter-party 3.5Inter-city 3.6Non-governmental 4Publicopinion 4.1SunflowerMovement 4.22016memecampaign 5Informalrelations 5.1TheThreeLinks 5.2Economy 5.3Cultural,educational,religiousandsportingexchanges 5.4Humanitarianactions 6Militarybuild-up 7Seealso 8Explanatorynotes 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks Comparisonofthetwostates[edit] officialname People'sRepublicofChina RepublicofChina Flag Area 9,596,961 km2(3,705,407sqmi)[note1] 36,193 km2(13,974sqmi)[7] Population 1,425,893,465 23,373,517(2014)[7] Populationdensity 139.6/km2(363.3/sqmi) 644/km2(1,664/sqmi) Capital Beijing Taipei Largestcity Shanghai(26,317,104) NewTaipeiCity(4,014,560) Demonym Chinese(MainlandChineseorMainlanders) Taiwanese Nationalanthem MarchoftheVolunteers NationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina Government Unitarysingle-partysocialistrepublic Unitarysemi-presidentialconstitutionalrepublic Supremeleader GeneralSecretaryoftheCommunistParty:XiJinping President:TsaiIng-wen Headofstate President:XiJinping Headofgovernment PremieroftheStateCouncil:LiKeqiang PresidentoftheExecutiveYuan:SuTseng-chang Legislature NationalPeople'sCongress LegislativeYuan Officiallanguages Mandarin(Putonghua) Mandarin(Guoyu)Formosanlanguages[8]TaiwaneseHakka[9] Officialscript SimplifiedChinesecharacters TraditionalChinesecharactersFormosanLatinAlphabet[10] Transliteration HanyuPinyin Mandarin:Bopomofo,Wade–Giles,TongyongPinyin,HanyuPinyinTaiwanese:TaiwanesePhoneticSymbols,Tâi-Lô,Pe̍h-ōe-jī Currency Renminbi,HongKongdollar,Macanesepataca NewTaiwanDollar Countrycode +86,+852,+853 +886 InternetTLD .cn,.hk,.mo .tw GDP(nominal) $19,911trillion(inUSD)[11] $841,209billion(inUSD)[11] GDP(PPP) $30,177trillion(inUSD)[11] $1,603trillion(inUSD)[11] GDP(nominal)percapita $14,096[11] $36,051[11] GDP(PPP)percapita $21,364[11] $68,730[11] Ginicoefficients 46.2(high)[12] 34.2(medium)[13] HumanDevelopmentIndex 0.719(high)[14] 0.882(veryhigh)[15] Foreignexchangereserves 3,341,000(millionsofUSD)[16] 406,062(millionsofUSD)[17] Militaryexpenditures– %ofGDP $261billion(2019)-1.9%(2019)[18] $10.4billion(2019)-1.7%(2019)[18] History[edit] Timeline[edit]  Taiwan↓SiegeofZeelandia↓BattleofPenghu↓OpeningofTaiwaneseports↓TreatyofShimonoseki↓SurrenderofJapan↓DemocratizationDutch&Spanish TungningQingJapanRepublicofChina Mainland↓QingconquestoftheMing↓OpiumWar↓XinhaiRevolution↓CommunistRevolution↓EconomicreformMingQingS.MingQingRepublicofChina People'sRepublicofChina│1625│1650│1675│1700│1725│1750│1775│1800│1825│1850│1875│1900│1925│1950│1975│2000│2025 Leadersofthetwogovernments Before1949[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(May2009)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) A1912mapoftheJapaneseEmpire,showingTaiwan,whichwasunderJapaneserulefrom1895to1945. Mainarticle:HistoryofTaiwan Theearlyhistoryofcross-straitrelationsinvolvedtheexchangeofcultures,people,andtechnology.[19][20][21]However,noChinesedynastyformallyincorporatedTaiwaninancienttimes.[22]Inthe16thand17thcenturies,TaiwancaughttheattentionoffirstPortuguese,thenDutchandSpanishexplorers.In1624,theDutchestablishedtheirfirstsettlementinTaiwan.In1662,Koxinga(ZhengChenggong),aMingdynastyloyalist,defeatedtheDutchrulersofTaiwan,andtooktheisland,establishingthefirstformallyHanChineseregimeinTaiwan.Koxinga'sheirsusedTaiwanasabaseforlaunchingraidsintomainlandChinaagainsttheManchuQingdynasty.However,theyweredefeatedin1683byQingforces.Thefollowingyear,TaiwanwasincorporatedintoFujianprovince.Overthenexttwocenturies,theImperialgovernmentpaidlittleattentiontoTaiwan.[citationneeded] Thesituationchangedinthe19thcentury,withotherpowersincreasinglyeyeingTaiwanforitsstrategiclocationandresources.Inresponse,theadministrationbegantoimplementamodernizationdrive.In1887,Fujian-TaiwanProvincewasdeclaredbyImperialdecree.Within10years,TaiwanhadbecomeoneofthemostmodernprovincesintheEmpire.[citationneeded]However,thefalloftheQingoutpacedthedevelopmentofTaiwan,andin1895,followingitsdefeatintheFirstSino-JapaneseWar,theImperialgovernmentcededTaiwantoJapaninperpetuity.QingloyalistsbrieflyresistedtheJapaneseruleunderthebannerofthe"RepublicofTaiwan",butwerequicklyputdownbyJapaneseauthorities.[23] JapanruledTaiwanuntil1945.Duringthistime,Taiwan,aspartoftheJapaneseEmpire,wasaforeignjurisdictioninrelationtofirsttheQingdynasty,and,after1912,theRepublicofChina.In1945,JapanwasdefeatedinWorldWarIIandsurrendereditsforcesinTaiwantotheAllies,withtheROC,thenruledbytheKuomintang(KMT),takingcustodyoftheisland.Theperiodofpost-warKuomintangruleoverChina(1945–1949)wasmarkedinTaiwanbyconflictbetweenlocalresidentsandthenewKMTauthority.TheTaiwaneserebelledagainston28February1947intheFebruary28incident,whichwasputdownviolentlybytheKMT.TheseedsfortheTaiwanindependencemovementweresowninthistime. Chinawassoonengulfedinfull-scalecivilwar.In1949,thewarturneddecisivelyagainsttheKMTandinfavoroftheCCP.On1October1949,CCPChairmanMaoZedongproclaimedthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChinainBeijing.ThecapitalistROCgovernmentretreatedtoTaiwan,eventuallydeclaringTaipeiitstemporarycapitalinDecember1949.[24] Militarystalematetodiplomaticwar(1949–1979)[edit] U.S.PresidentDwightD.Eisenhower,ridingwithPresidentChiangKai-shek,wavestoonlookersduringhisvisittoTaipei,TaiwaninJune1960. Thetwogovernmentscontinuedinastateofwaruntil1979.InOctober1949,thePRC'sattempttotaketheROC-controlledislandofKinmenwasthwartedintheBattleofKuningtou,haltingthePLAadvancetowardsTaiwan.[25]IntheBattleofDengbuIslandon3November1949,theROCforcesbeatthePRCforces,butwerelaterforcedtoretreatafterthePRCgainedairsuperiority.[26]TheCommunists'otheramphibiousoperationsof1950weremoresuccessful:theyledtotheCommunistconquestofHainanIslandinApril1950, captureofWanshanIslandsofftheGuangdongcoast(May–August1950)andofZhoushanIslandoffZhejiang(May1950).[27]ThesameresulthappenedintheBattleofDongshanIslandon11May1950,aswellastheBattleofNanpengIslandinSeptemberandOctoberofthesameyear.However,supportedbytheUS,theROCwontheBattleofNanriIslandin1952.laterintheyear,thecommunistswontheBattleofNanpengArchipelago,aswellastheBattleofDalushanIslandsandtheDongshanIslandCampaign,bothin1953. InJune1949,theROCdeclareda"closure"ofallChineseportsanditsnavyattemptedtointerceptallforeignships.TheclosurecoveredfromapointnorthofthemouthofMinriverinFujianprovincetothemouthoftheLiaoRiverinManchuria.[28]SinceChina'srailroadnetworkwasunderdeveloped,north–southtradedependedheavilyonsealanes.ROCnavalactivityalsocausedseverehardshipforChinesefishermen. AfterlosingChina,agroupofapproximately12,000KMTsoldiersescapedtoBurmaandcontinuedlaunchingguerrillaattacksintosouthernChina.Theirleader,GeneralLiMi,waspaidasalarybytheROCgovernmentandgiventhenominaltitleofGovernorofYunnan.Initially,theUnitedStatessupportedtheseremnantsandtheCentralIntelligenceAgencyprovidedthemwithaid.AftertheBurmesegovernmentappealedtotheUnitedNationsin1953,theU.S.beganpressuringtheROCtowithdrawitsloyalists.Bytheendof1954,nearly6,000soldiershadleftBurmaandLiMideclaredhisarmydisbanded.However,thousandsremained,andtheROCcontinuedtosupplyandcommandthem,evensecretlysupplyingreinforcementsattimes. TheKuomintangIslamicInsurgencyinChina(1950–1958)wasfoughtbyMuslimKuomintangarmyofficerswhorefusedtosurrendertothecommuniststhroughoutthe1950sand1960s. DuringtheKoreanWar,somecapturedCommunistChinesesoldiers,manyofwhomwereoriginallyKMTsoldiers,wererepatriatedtoTaiwanratherthanChina.AKMTguerrillaforcecontinuedtooperatecross-borderraidsintosouth-westernChinaintheearly1950s.TheROCgovernmentlaunchedanumberofairbombingraidsintokeycoastalcitiesofChinasuchasShanghai. ThoughviewedasamilitaryliabilitybytheUnitedStates,theROCvieweditsremainingislandsinFujianasvitalforanyfuturecampaigntodefeatthePRCandretakeChina.On3September1954,theFirstTaiwanStraitcrisisbeganwhenthePLAstartedshellingQuemoyandthreatenedtotaketheDachenIslands.[28]On20January1955,thePLAtooknearbyYijiangshanIsland,withtheentireROCgarrisonof720troopskilledorwoundeddefendingtheisland.OnJanuary24ofthesameyear,theUnitedStatesCongresspassedtheFormosaResolutionauthorizingthePresidenttodefendtheROC'soffshoreislands.[28]TheFirstTaiwanStraitscrisisendedinMarch1955whenthePLAceaseditsbombardment.ThecrisiswasbroughttoacloseduringtheBandungconference.[28] TheSecondTaiwanStraitCrisisbeganon23August1958withairandnavalengagementsbetweenthePRCandtheROCmilitaryforces,leadingtointenseartillerybombardmentofQuemoy(bythePRC)andAmoy(bytheROC),andendedonNovemberofthesameyear.[28]PLApatrolboatsblockadedtheislandsfromROCsupplyships.ThoughtheUnitedStatesrejectedChiangKai-shek'sproposaltobombChineseartillerybatteries,itquicklymovedtosupplyfighterjetsandanti-aircraftmissilestotheROC.Italsoprovidedamphibiousassaultshipstolandsupply,asasunkenROCnavalvesselwasblockingtheharbor.OnSeptember7,theUnitedStatesescortedaconvoyofROCsupplyshipsandthePRCrefrainedfromfiring.OnOctober25,thePRCannouncedan"even-dayceasefire"—thePLAwouldonlyshellQuemoyonodd-numbereddays. Despitetheendofthehostilities,thetwosideshaveneversignedanyagreementortreatytoofficiallyendthewar. Afterthe1950s,the"war"becamemoresymbolicthanreal,representedbyonagain,offagainartillerybombardmenttowardsandfromKinmen.Inlateryears,liveshellswerereplacedwithpropagandasheets.ThebombardmentfinallyceasedaftertheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStates.[29] Duringthisperiod,movementofpeopleandgoodsvirtuallyceasedbetweenPRC-andROC-controlledterritories.Therewereoccasionaldefectors.Onehigh-profiledefectorwasJustinYifuLin,whoswamacrosstheKinmenstraittoChinaandwasChiefEconomistandSeniorVicePresidentoftheWorldBankfrom2008to2012. MostobserversexpectedChiang'sgovernmenttoeventuallyfallinresponsetoaCommunistinvasionofTaiwan,andtheUnitedStatesinitiallyshowednointerestinsupportingChiang'sgovernmentinitsfinalstand.ThingschangedradicallywiththeonsetoftheKoreanWarinJune1950.Atthispoint,allowingatotalCommunistvictoryoverChiangbecamepoliticallyimpossibleintheUnitedStates,andPresidentHarryS.TrumanorderedtheUnitedStatesSeventhFleetintotheTaiwanstraitstopreventtheROCandPRCfromattackingeachother.[30] AftertheROCcomplainedtotheUnitedNationsagainsttheSovietUnionsupportingthePRC,theUNGeneralAssemblyResolution505wasadoptedon1February1952tocondemntheSovietUnion. Between1961and1972,ChiangKai-shekinitiatedProjectNationalGlory,aplantoretakemainlandChina.On6August1965,thenavalwarshipZhangjiangwassunkbyaPeople'sLiberationArmyNavytorpedoboatonanassignmenttotransportspecialforcestoDongshanIslandforanintelligencegatheringoperation,killing200soldiers.InNovember1965,theCNSLinHuaiwassunkneartheislandofMagongonamissiontopickupwoundedsoldiersfromTaiwan'soffshoreislandsofPenghuandWuqiu.[31]ChiangKai-sheksubsequentlyabandonedtheoperation.[32] Diplomaticallyduringthisperiod,untilaround1971,theROCgovernmentcontinuedtoberecognizedasthelegitimategovernmentofChinaandTaiwanbymostNATOgovernments.ThePRCgovernmentwasrecognizedbySovietBloccountries,membersofthenon-alignedmovement,andsomeWesternnationssuchastheUnitedKingdomandtheNetherlands.BothgovernmentsclaimedtobethelegitimategovernmentofChina,andlabeledtheotherasillegitimate.Civilwarpropagandapermeatedtheeducationcurriculum.Eachsideportrayedthepeopleoftheotheraslivinginhell-likemisery.Inofficialmedia,eachsidecalledtheother"bandits".TheROCalsosuppressedexpressionsofsupportforTaiwaneseidentityorTaiwanindependence. BothROCandPRCengagedinproxywarfareinothercountriestogaininfluenceandallies.Theywouldeitherhaveproxyforcesorprovidemilitaryaidorsupportduringtheconflict,tosupporttheirinterests.Somenotableconflictsinclude:InternalconflictinMyanmar,KoreanWar,LaotianCivilWar,HongKong1956riots,CommunistinsurgencyinThailand,12-3incident,HongKong1967leftistriotsandtheNDFRebellion. Thawingofrelations(1979–1998)[edit] TheTaiwanStrait FollowingthebreakofofficialrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheROCin1979,theROCgovernmentunderChiangChing-kuomaintaineda"ThreeNoes"policyinregardstocommunicatingwiththeChinesegovernment.However,hewasforcedtobreakfromthispolicyduringtheMay1986hijackingofaChinaAirlinescargoplane,inwhichtheTaiwanesepilotsubduedothermembersofthecrewandflewtheplanetoGuangzhou.Inresponse,ChiangsentdelegatestoHongKongtodiscusswithPRCofficialsforthereturnoftheplaneandcrew,whichisseenasaturningpointbetweencross-straitrelations.[citationneeded] In1987,theROCgovernmentbegantoallowvisitstoChina.Thisbenefitedmany,especiallyoldKMTsoldiers,whohadbeenseparatedfromtheirfamilyinChinafordecades.[citationneeded]Thisalsoprovedacatalystforthethawingofrelationsbetweenthetwosides.Problemsengenderedbyincreasedcontactnecessitatedamechanismforregularnegotiations.In1988,aguideline,22pointregulation,wasapprovedbyPRCtoencourageROCinvestmentsinthePRC.ItguaranteedROCestablishmentswouldnotbenationalized,andthatexportswerefreefromtariffs,ROCbusinessmenwouldbegrantedmultiplevisasforeasymovement.[citationneeded] InordertonegotiatewithChinaonoperationalissueswithoutcompromisingthegovernment'spositionondenyingtheotherside'slegitimacy,theROCgovernmentunderLeeTeng-huicreatedthe"StraitsExchangeFoundation"(SEF),anominallynon-governmentalinstitutiondirectlyledbytheMainlandAffairsCouncil,aninstrumentoftheExecutiveYuanin1991.ThePRCrespondedtothisinitiativebysettinguptheAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits(ARATS),directlyledbytheTaiwanAffairsOfficeoftheStateCouncil.Thissystem,describedas"whitegloves",allowedthetwogovernmentstoengagewitheachotheronasemi-officialbasiswithoutcompromisingtheirrespectivesovereigntypolicies.[33]LedbyKooChen-fuandWangDaohan,thetwoorganizationsbeganaseriesoftalksthatculminatedinthe1992meetings,which,togetherwithsubsequentcorrespondence,mayhaveestablishedthe1992Consensus,underwhichbothsidesagreedtodeliberateambiguityonquestionsofsovereignty,inordertoengageonoperationalquestionsaffectingbothsides.[33] Alsoduringthistime,however,therhetoricofROCPresidentLeeTung-huibegantoturnfurthertowardsTaiwanindependence.Priortothe1990s,theROChadbeenaone-partyauthoritarianstatecommittedtoeventualunificationwithChina.However,withdemocraticreformstheattitudesofthegeneralpublicbegantoinfluencepolicyinTaiwan.Asaresult,theROCgovernmentshiftedawayfromitscommitmenttotheoneChinaprincipleandtowardsaseparatepoliticalidentityforTaiwan.ThePeople'sLiberationArmyattemptedtoinfluencethe1996ROCelectioninTaiwanbyconductingamissileexercisedesignedtowarnthepro-independencePan-GreenCoalition,leadingtotheThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis.By1998,semi-officialtalkshadbrokendown.[33] Hostilenon-contact(1998–2008)[edit] UnitedNationsforTaiwanbanneratTaipeiRailwayStation. ChenShui-bianofthepro-independenceDemocraticProgressivePartywaselectedPresidentoftheROCin2000.Inhisinauguralspeech,ChenShui-bianpledgedtotheFourNoesandOneWithout,inparticular,promisingtoseekneitherindependencenorunificationaswellasrejectingtheconceptofspecialstate-to-staterelationsexpressedbyhispredecessor,LeeTeng-hui,aswellasestablishingtheThreeMini-Links.Furthermore,hepursuedapolicyofnormalizingeconomicrelationswiththePRC.[34]Heexpressedsomewillingnesstoacceptthe1992Consensus,apreconditionsetbythePRCfordialogue,butbackeddownafterbacklashwithinhisownparty.[35]ThePRCdidnotengageChen'sadministration,butmeanwhilein2001Chenliftedthe50-yearbanondirecttradeandinvestmentwiththePRC,whichmadethelaterECFApossible.[36]InNovember2001,Chenrepudiated"oneChina"andcalledfortalkswithoutpreconditions.[37] HuJintaobecameGeneralSecretaryoftheChineseCommunistPartyinlate2002,succeedingJiangZeminasdefactotopleaderofChina.Hucontinuedtoinsistthattalkscanonlyproceedunderanagreementofthe"oneChina"principle.Atthesametime,HuandthePRCcontinuedamilitarymissilebuildupacrossthestraitfromTaiwanwhilemakingthreatsofmilitaryactionagainstTaiwanshoulditdeclareindependenceorifthePRCconsidersthatallpossibilitiesforapeacefulunificationarecompletelyexhausted.ThePRCalsocontinuedapplyingdiplomaticpressuretoothernationstoisolatetheROCdiplomatically.[citationneeded]However,duringthe2003Iraqwar,thePRCallowedTaiwaneseairlinesuseofChina'sairspace.[38] Afterthere-electionofChenShui-bianin2004,Hu'sgovernmentchangedthepreviousblanketno-contactpolicy,aholdoverfromtheJiangZeminadministration.Underthenewpolicy,ontheonehand,thePRCgovernmentcontinuedano-contactpolicytowardsChenShui-bian.Itmaintaineditsmilitarybuild-upagainstTaiwan,andpursuedavigorouspolicyofisolatingTaiwandiplomatically.InMarch2005,theAnti-SecessionLawwaspassedbytheNationalPeople'sCongress,formalizing"non-peacefulmeans"asanoptionofresponsetoaformaldeclarationofindependenceinTaiwan.[citationneeded] Ontheotherhand,thePRCadministrationpursuedcontactwithapolitical,orpoliticallynon-independenceleaning,groupsinTaiwan.InhisMay17Statementin2004,HuJintaomadefriendlyoverturestoTaiwanonresumingnegotiationsforthe"threelinks",reducingmisunderstandings,andincreasingconsultation.[citationneeded]However,theAnti-SecessionLawwaspassedin2005,whichwasnotwellreceivedinTaiwan.TheCCPincreasedcontactsonaparty-to-partybasiswiththeKMT,thentheoppositionpartyinTaiwan,duetotheirsupportfortheoneChinaprinciple.[citationneeded]Theincreasedcontactsculminatedinthe2005Pan-BluevisitstoChina,includingameetingbetweenHuandthen-KMTchairmanLienChaninApril2005.[39][40] Resumptionofhighlevelcontact(2008–2016)[edit] LienChan(firstrow,fourthfromleftinbackground)andChiangPin-kung(firstrow,secondfromleftinbackground)touringtheSunYat-senMausoleuminNanjingwiththeKuomintangdelegationtomainlandChinain2005. LienChan'ssecondvisittomainlandChinainApril2006. 7thChen-ChiangSummitinTianjinbetweenARATSandSEFinOctober2011 On22March2008,MaYing-jeouoftheKMTwonthepresidentialelectioninTaiwan.ItalsowonalargemajorityintheLegislature.[41] Aseriesofmeetingsbetweenthetwosideshavefollowed.On12April2008,HuJintaoheldameetingwithROC'sthenvice-presidentelectVincentSiewaschairmanoftheCross-StraitsCommonMarketFoundationduringtheBoaoForumforAsia.On28May2008,HumetwithformerKMTchairmanWuPo-hsiung,thefirstmeetingbetweentheheadsoftheCCPandtheKMTasrulingparties.Duringthismeeting,HuandWuagreedthatbothsidesshouldrecommencesemi-officialdialogueunderthe1992consensus.WucommittedtheKMTagainstTaiwaneseindependence,butalsostressedthata"Taiwanidentity"didnotequateto"Taiwaneseindependence".HucommittedhisgovernmenttoaddressingtheconcernsoftheTaiwanesepeopleinregardtosecurity,dignity,and"internationallivingspace",withaprioritygiventodiscussingTaiwan'swishtoparticipateintheWorldHealthOrganization. BothHuandhisnewcounterpartMaYing-jeouagreethatthe1992ConsensusisthebasisfornegotiationsbetweenthetwosidesoftheTaiwanstrait.On26March2008,HuJintaoheldatelephonetalkwiththeUSPresidentGeorgeW.Bush,inwhichheexplainedthatthe"1992Consensus"sees"bothsidesrecognizethereisonlyoneChina,butagreetodifferonitsdefinition".[42]ThefirstpriorityfortheSEF–ARATSmeetingwillbeopeningofthethreelinks,especiallydirectflightsbetweenChinaandTaiwan. Theseeventssuggestapolicybythetwosidestorelyonthedeliberateambiguityofthe1992Consensustoavoiddifficultiesarisingfromassertingsovereignty.AsWuPo-hsiungputitduringapressconferenceinhis2008Chinavisit,"wedonotrefertothe'RepublicofChina'solongastheothersidedoesnotrefertothe'People'sRepublicofChina'".SincetheMarchelectionsinTaiwan,thePRCgovernmenthasnotmentionedthe"oneChinapolicy"inanyofficialannouncements.TheonlyexceptionhasbeenonebriefaberrationinapressreleasebytheMinistryofCommerce,whichdescribedVincentSiewasagreeingtothe"1992consensusandthe"oneChinapolicy".UponanimmediateprotestfromSiew,thePRCsideretractedthepressreleaseandissuedapologeticstatementsemphasizingthatonlypressreleasespublishedbytheXinhuaNewsAgencyrepresentedtheofficialPRCposition.TheofficialpressreleaseonthiseventdidnotmentiontheOneChinaPolicy.[43] FormerROCPresidentMaYing-jeouhasadvocatedthatcross-straitrelationsshouldshiftfrom"mutualnon-recognition"to"mutualnon-denial".[44] Dialoguethroughsemi-officialorganisations(theSEFandtheARATS)reopenedon12June2008onthebasisofthe1992Consensus,withthefirstmeetingheldinBeijing.NeitherthePRCnortheROCrecognizestheothersideasalegitimateentity,sothedialoguewasinthenameofcontactsbetweentheSEFandtheARATSinsteadofthetwogovernments,thoughmostparticipantswereactuallyofficialsinPRCorROCgovernments.ChenYunlin,PresidentoftheARATS,andChiangPin-kung,PresidentoftheSEF,signedfilesonJune13,agreeingthatdirectflightsbetweenthetwosideswouldbeginonJuly4[45]andthatTaiwanwouldallowentranceofupto3000visitorsfromChinaeveryday.[46] Thefinancialrelationshipbetweenthetwoareasimprovedon1May2009inamovedescribedas"amajormilestone"byTheTimes.[47]TheROC'sfinancialregulator,theFinancialSupervisoryCommission,announcedthatChineseinvestorswouldbepermittedtoinvestinTaiwan'smoneymarketsforthefirsttimesince1949.[47]InvestorscannowapplytopurchaseTaiwansharesthatdonotexceedonetenthofthevalueofthefirm'stotalshares.[47]Themovecameaspartofa“stepbystep”movementwhichissupposedtorelaxrestrictionsonChineseinvestment.TaipeieconomistLiangChi-yuan,commented:“Taiwan'sriskfactorasaflashpointhasdroppedsignificantlywithitsimprovedtieswithChinese.TheChinesewouldbehesitantaboutlaunchingawarastheirinvestmentincreaseshere.”[47]China'sbiggesttelecomscarrier,ChinaMobile,wasthefirstcompanytoavailofthenewmovementbyspending$529milliononbuying12percentofFarEasTone,thethirdlargesttelecomsoperatorinTaiwan.[47] PresidentMahascalledrepeatedlyforthePRCtodismantlethemissilebatteriestargetedonTaiwan'scities,withoutresult.[48] On30January2010,theObamaadministrationannounceditintendedtosell$6.4billionworthofantimissilesystems,helicoptersandothermilitaryhardwaretoTaiwan,anexpectedmovewhichwasmetwithreactionfromBeijing:inretaliation,Chinacutoffallmilitary-to-militarytieswithWashingtonandwarnedthatUS-Chinacooperationoninternationalissuescouldsufferasaresultofthesales.[49] AreportfromTaiwan'sMinistryofNationalDefensesaidthatChina'scurrentcharmoffensiveisonlyaccommodatingonissuesthatdonotundermineChina'sclaimtoTaiwanandthatthePRCwouldinvadeifTaiwandeclaredindependence,developedweaponsofmassdestruction,orsufferedfromcivilchaos.[50] Onthe100thanniversaryoftheRepublicofChina(XinhaiRevolution),PresidentMacalledonthePRCtoembraceSunYat-sen'scallforfreedomanddemocracy.[51] InJune2013,Chinaoffered31newmeasurestobetterintegrateTaiwaneconomically.[52] InOctober2013,inahotellobbyonthesidelinesoftheAPECIndonesia2013meetingsintheIndonesianislandofBali,WangYu-chi,MinisteroftheMainlandAffairsCouncil,spokebrieflywithZhangZhijun,MinisteroftheTaiwanAffairsOffice,eachaddressingtheotherbyhisofficialtitle.Bothcalledfortheestablishmentofaregulardialoguemechanismbetweentheirtwoagenciestofacilitatecross-straitengagement.ZhangalsoinvitedWangtovisitChina.[53][54] 2014Wang-ZhangMeetinginTaiwan. On11February2014,WangmetwithZhanginNanjing,inthefirstofficial,high-level,government-to-governmentcontactbetweenthetwosidessince1949.ThemeetingtookplaceatPurplePalaceNanjing.[55][56]NanjingwasthecapitaloftheRepublicofChinaduringtheperiodinwhichitactuallyruledChina.[57][58]Duringthemeeting,WangandZhangagreedonestablishingadirectandregularcommunicationchannelbetweenthetwosidesforfutureengagementunderthe1992Consensus.TheyalsoagreedonfindingasolutionforhealthinsurancecoverageforTaiwanesestudentsstudyinginMainlandChina,onpragmaticallyestablishingSEFandARATSofficesintheirrespectiveterritoriesandonstudyingthefeasibilityofallowingvisitstodetainedpersonsoncetheseofficeshavebeenestablished.Beforeshakinghands,WangaddressedZhangas"TAODirectorZhangZhijun"andZhangaddressedWangas"MinisterWangYu-chi"withoutmentioningthenameMainlandAffairsCouncil.[59]However,China'sXinhuaNewsAgencyreferredtoWangasthe"ResponsibleOfficialofTaiwan'sMainlandAffairsCouncil"(Chinese:台湾方面大陆委员会负责人;pinyin:TáiwānFāngmiànDàlùWěiyuánhuìFùzérén)[60]initsChinese-languagenewsandas"Taiwan'sMainlandAffairsChief"initsEnglish-languagenews.[61]On25–28June2014,ZhangpaidaretrospectivevisittoTaiwan,makinghimthehighestCCPofficialtoevervisitTaiwan. InSeptember2014,XiJinping,GeneralSecretaryoftheChineseCommunistPartyappeared[clarify]toadoptamoreuncompromisingstancethanhispredecessorsashecalledforthe"onecountry,twosystems"modeltobeappliedtoTaiwan.InTaiwanitwasnotedthatBeijingwasnolongerreferringtothe1992Consensus.[62] 2015Ma–XimeetinginSingapore. On7November2015,XiandMametandshookhandsinSingapore,markingthefirstevermeetingbetweenleadersofbothsidessincetheendofChineseCivilWarin1949.TheymetwithintheircapacityasLeaderofMainlandChinaandLeaderofTaiwanrespectively. On30December2015,ahotlineconnectingtheheadoftheMainlandAffairsCouncilandtheheadoftheTaiwanAffairsOfficewasestablished.[63]Firstconversationviathehotlinebetweenthetwoheadswasmadeon5February2016.[64] InMarch2016,formerROCJusticeMinisterLuoYing-shayembarkedona5-dayhistoricvisittoMainlandChina,makingherthefirstMinisteroftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofChinatovisitMainlandChinaaftertheendofChineseCivilWarin1949.[65] Meanwhile,InterritorialdisputesintheSouthChinaSea,thePRCbuildsaGreatWallofSandintheSpratlyislands. Deterioratingrelations(2016–present)[edit] Inthe2016Taiwangeneralelections,TsaiIng-wenandtheDPPcapturedlandslidevictories.[66]BeijinghasexpresseditsdissatisfactionwithTsai'srefusaltoacceptthe"1992Consensus".[67] On1June2016,itwasconfirmedthatformerPresidentMaYing-jeouwouldvisitHongKongon15JunetoattendanddeliverspeechonCross-StraitrelationsandEastAsiaatthe2016AwardforEditorialExcellencedinneratHongKongConventionandExhibitionCentre.[68]TheTsaiIng-wenadministrationblockedMafromtravelingtoHongKong,[69]andhegavepreparedremarksviateleconferenceinstead.[70] InSeptember2016,eightmagistratesandmayorsfromTaiwanvisitedBeijing,whichwereHsuYao-chang(MagistrateofMiaoliCounty),ChiuChing-chun(MagistrateofHsinchuCounty),LiuCheng-ying(MagistrateofLienchiangCounty),YehHui-ching(DeputyMayorofNewTaipeiCity),ChenChin-hu(DeputyMagistrateofTaitungCounty),LinMing-chen(MagistrateofNantouCounty),FuKun-chi(MagistrateofHualienCounty)andWuCheng-tien(DeputyMagistrateofKinmenCounty).Theirvisitwasaimedtoresetandrestartcross-straitrelationsafterPresidentTsaiIng-wentookofficeon20May2016.TheeightlocalleadersreiteratedtheirsupportofOne-Chinapolicyunderthe1992consensus.TheymetwithTaiwanAffairsOfficeHeadZhangZhijunandChairpersonoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConferenceYuZhengsheng.[71][72][73] ROCPresidentTsaiIng-wen(right)publiclyspokeoutagainsttheEconomicCooperationFrameworkAgreement(ECFA) InNovember2016,FirstLadyPengLiyuan'sbrotherPengLei(彭磊)visitedChiayiCityfromMainlandChinatoattendthefuneraloftheiruncleLeeHsin-kai(李新凱),aveteranKMTmember.ThefuneralwaskeptlowkeyandwasattendedbyKMTChairpersonHungHsiu-chu,KMTViceChairpersonHuangMin-huiandothergovernmentandpartyofficials.[74][75] InOctober2017,TsaiIng-wenexpressedhopesthatbothsideswouldrestarttheircross-straitrelationsafterthe19thNationalCongressoftheChineseCommunistParty,andarguedthatnewpracticesandguidelinesgoverningmutualinteractionshouldbeexamined.[76]Regardingtheoldpractices,Tsaistatedthat"Ifwekeepstickingtothesepastpracticesandwaysofthinking,itwillprobablybeveryhardforustodealwiththevolatileregionalsituationsinAsia".[77]RelationswiththeMainlandhadstalledsinceTsaitookofficein2016.[78] Inhisopeningspeechatthe19thNationalCongressoftheChineseCommunistParty,CCPGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingemphasizedthePRC'ssovereigntyoverTaiwan,statingthat"WehavesufficientabilitiestothwartanyformofTaiwanindependenceattempts."[79]Atthesametime,heofferedthechanceforopentalksand"unobstructedexchanges"withTaiwanaslongasthegovernmentmovedtoacceptthe1992consensus.[79][80]HisspeechreceivedatepidresponsefromTaiwaneseobservers,whoarguedthatitdidnotsignalanysignificantchangesinBeijing'sTaiwanpolicy,andshowed"nosignificantgoodwill,normajormalice."[81][82] Beginninginthemid-to-late2010s,BeijinghassignificantlyrestrictedthenumberofChinesetourgroupsallowedtovisitTaiwaninordertoplacepressureuponPresidentTsaiIng-wen.ApartfromTaiwan,theHolySeeandPalauhavealsobeenpressuredtorecognizethePRCovertheROC.[83] InApril2018,politicalpartiesandorganizationsdemandingareferendumonTaiwan'sindependenceformedanalliancetofurthertheirinitiative.TheFormosaAlliancewasestablished,promptedbyasenseofcrisisinthefaceofgrowingpressurefromChinaforunification.ThealliancewantedtoholdareferendumonTaiwanindependenceinApril2019,changethepolity'sofficialnamefromtheRepublicofChinatoTaiwan,andapplyformembershipintheUnitedNations.[84]InMay2018,thePRCengagedinmilitaryexercisesaroundTaiwaninanattempttopressuretheTaiwanAreaagainstTaiwanindependence.[85] In2018,TheDiplomatreportedthatthePRCconductshybridwarfareagainsttheROC.[86]ROCpoliticalleaders,includingPresidentTsaiandPremierWilliamLai,aswellasinternationalmediaoutlets,haverepeatedlyaccusedthePRCofspreadingfakenewsviasocialmediatocreatedivisionsinTaiwanesesociety,influencevotersandsupportcandidatesmoresympathetictoBeijingaheadofthe2018Taiwaneselocalelections.[87][88][89][90]ResearchershavearguedthatthePRCgovernmentisallowingmisinformationabouttheCOVID-19pandemictoflowintoTaiwan.[91] InJanuary2020,TsaiIng-wenarguedthatTaiwanalreadywasanindependentcountrycalledthe"RepublicofChina(Taiwan)",furtherarguingthatthemainlandChineseauthoritieshadtorecognizethatsituation.[92]Reutersreportsthatsomewherein2020,theTaiwanesepublicturnedfurtheragainstmainlandChina,duetofalloutfromtheHongKongprotestsandalsoduetothePRC'scontinueddeterminationtokeeptheROCoutoftheWorldHealthOrganizationdespitetheongoingCOVID-19pandemic. TheoppositionKMTalsoappearedtodistanceitselffromtheChinesemainlandin2020,statingitwouldreviewitsunpopularadvocacyofclosertieswiththePRC.[93] On9January2021,theUSStateDepartmentannouncedthatitwasLiftingSelf-ImposedRestrictionsontheU.S.-TaiwanRelationship,toprotestsfromthePRC. InMarch2021,KMTchairmanJohnnyChiangrejected"onecountry,twosystems"asafeasiblemodelforTaiwan,citingBeijing'sresponsetoprotestsinHongKongaswellasthevaluethatTaiwaneseplaceinpoliticalfreedoms.[94] In2021,multiplePRCmilitaryplanesenteredtheROC'sADIZ.[95][96][97][98] TheHongKongEconomic,TradeandCulturalOfficeinTaiwansuspendeditsoperationindefinitelyon18May2021,followedbytheMacauOfficestarting19June2021.[99] InJuly2021,theROC'spresidentialofficeextendeditscondolencesandsympathytothoseaffectedbyhistoricfloodinginZhengzhouinmainlandChina.Inaddition,Taiwanesecompaniesandindividualsmadedonationsofmoneyandsuppliestohelpthoseaffected.[100]ThePRCindirectlythankedPresidentTsaiforexpressingconcern,aswellasofferingthankstocompaniesandindividualswhomadecontributionstoreliefefforts.[101] InOctober2021,thePRCdenouncedaspeechbyTsaiduringcommemorationsfortheNationalDayoftheRepublicofChina.ThePRCsaidthatTsai'sspeech"incitedconfrontationanddistortedfacts",andaddedthatseekingTaiwaneseindependencewasclosingdoorstodialogue.[102]TsairespondedbysayingthattheROCwouldnotbeforcedto"bow"downtomainlandChinesepressure,andsaidthattheROCwouldkeepbolsteringitsdefenses.[103] InOctober2021,VictorGao,whoservedasaninterpreterforformerPRCparamountleaderDengXiaoping,calledforethniccleansingofanyTaiwanesewithJapaneseheritageifthePRCweretotakeovertheTaiwanAreainaninterview.[104]LaterinOctoberatweetfromtheGlobalTimescalledfora"finalsolutiontotheTaiwanquestion"whichwascondemnedbyGermanpoliticianFrankMüller-RosentrittforitssimilaritytotheNazis'"FinalSolutiontotheJewishquestion"whichculminatedintheHolocaust.[105] InabiennialreportreleasedinNovember2021,Taiwan'sMinistryofDefensewarnedthatthePRChadobtainedthecapacitytosurroundandblockadetheisland'sharbours,airports,andoutboundflightroutes.[106] On7May2022,TaiwaneseForeignMinisterJosephWustatedthatifBeijinginvadedtheisland,theworldwouldcensureChinaasitdoesRussiaforitsconflictinUkraine.[107] ROCPresidentTsaiIng-wenwithU.S.HouseSpeakerNancyPelosion3August2022 On10June2022,China'sDefenceMinisterWeiFenghewarnedtheUnitedStatesthat"ifanyonedarestosplitTaiwanfromChina,theChinesearmywilldefinitelynothesitatetostartawarnomatterthecost."[108]WeifurthersaidthatthePeople’sLiberationArmy"wouldhavenochoicebuttofight…andcrushanyattemptofTaiwanindependence,safeguardingnationalsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity."[109] FollowingabanontheimportationofpineapplesfromTaiwanandwaxapplesin2021,theChinesegovernmentbannedtheimportofgrouperfishinJune2022,claimingtheyhadfoundbannedchemicalsandexcessivelevelsofothersubstances.[110][111] In10August2022,thePRC'sTaiwanAffairsOfficeandtheStateCouncilInformationOfficejointlypublishedthefirstwhitepaperaboutTaiwan'sstatussince2000called"TheTaiwanQuestionandChina’sReunificationintheNewEra".Init,thePRCurgedagainforTaiwantounifyunderthe"onecountrytwosystems"formula.Notabledifferencesfromthe2000editionincludeclausesthatexplicitlyreserveChina'srighttotheuseofforce,emphasizeChina'swillingnesstotake"allmeansnecessary",blametheDPPforcausingtensionsinandendangeringthepeaceoftheTaiwanStraitthroughits"independence-seekingbehavior",andprohibitthecreationofforeignconsulatesorofficialinstitutionsinTaiwanuntilafterreunificationisachievedandtheremovalofaclausestatingthatmilitaryoradministrativeofficialswouldnotbestationedinTaiwanafterreunification.[112]Inresponse,Taiwan'sMainlandAffairsCouncilsaidthewhitepaperwas"wishfulthinkinganddisregardingfacts”.[113] 2022militaryexercises[edit] Mainarticle:2022ChinesemilitaryexercisesaroundTaiwan On2August2022,inresponsetotheVisitofUSSpeakeroftheHouseNancyPelositoTaiwan,PRCofficialsannounceditwouldconductlive-fireexercisesinsixzonessurroundingTaiwan.[114]DuringthePelosi'svisit,thePRCconductedcyberwarfareagainstTaiwanesegovernmentministries.[citationneeded]Theexerciseswereinitiallyscheduledtoconcludeon7August,butresumedon8August. Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(August2022) Semi-officialrelations[edit] Interpretationoftherelationsbysittingleaders[edit] Seealso:PoliticalstatusofTaiwan PresidentsChiangKai-shekandChiangChing-kuohavesteadilymaintainedthatthereisonlyoneChina,thesolerepresentativeofwhichwastheROC,andthatthePRCgovernmentwasillegitimate,whilePRCleadershavemaintainedtheconversethatthePRCwasthesolerepresentativeofChina.In1979,DengXiaopingproposedamodelfortheincorporationofTaiwanintothePeople'sRepublicofChinawhichinvolvedahighdegreeofautonomywithintheChinesestate,similartothemodelproposedtoHongKongwhichwouldeventuallybecomeonecountry,twosystems.On26June1983,DengproposedameetingbetweentheKuomintangandtheChineseCommunistPartyasequalpoliticalpartiesandon22February,heofficiallyproposedtheonecountry,twosystemsmodel.InSeptember1990,underthepresidencyofLeeTeng-hui,theNationalUnificationCouncilwasestablishedinTaiwanandinJanuary1991,theMainlandAffairsCouncilwasestablished;inMarch1991,the"GuidelinesforNationalUnification"wereadoptedandon30April1991,theperiodofmobilizationforthesuppressionofCommunistrebellionwasterminated.Thereafter,thetwosidesconductedseveralroundsofnegotiationsthroughtheinformalStraitsExchangeFoundationandAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits.[115] On22May1995,theUnitedStatesgrantedLeeTeng-huiavisittohisalmamater,CornellUniversity,whichresultedinthesuspensionofcross-straitexchangesbyChina,aswellasthesubsequentThirdTaiwanStraitCrisis.Leewaslabelledasa"traitor"attemptingto"splitChina"bythePRC.[116][117]Inaninterviewon9July1999,PresidentLeeTeng-huidefinedtherelationsbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinaas"betweentwocountries(國家),atleastspecialrelationsbetweentwocountries,"andthattherewasnoneedfortheRepublicofChinatodeclareindependencesinceithadbeenindependentsince1912(thefoundingdateoftheRepublicofChina),therebyidentifyingtheTaiwanesestatewiththeRepublicofChina.Later,theMACpublishedanEnglishtranslationofLee'sremarksreferringinsteadto"twostatesofonenation,"laterchangedon22Julyto"specialstate-to-staterelations."Inresponse,Chinadenouncedthetheoryanddemandedretractions.Leebegantobackpedalfromhisearliermarks,emphasizingthe1992consensus,wherebyrepresentativesfromthetwosidesagreedthattherewasonlyoneChina,ofwhichTaiwanwasapart.However,theROCmaintainedthatthetwosidesagreedtodisagreeaboutwhichgovernmentrepresentedChina,whereasthePRCmaintainsthatthetwosidesagreedthatthePRCwasthesolerepresentativeofChina.[118] OnAugust3,2002,presidentChenShui-biandefinedtherelationshipasOneCountryonEachSide.ThePRCsubsequentlycutoffofficialcontactwiththeROCgovernment.[119] TheROCpositionunderPresidentMaYing-jeoubackpedalledtoaweakerversionofLeeTeng-hui'sposition.On2September2008,formerROCPresidentMaYing-jeouwasinterviewedbytheMexico-basednewspaperElSoldeMéxicoandhewasaskedabouthisviewsonthesubjectof'twoChinas'andifthereisasolutionforthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwo.MarepliedthattherelationsareneitherbetweentwoChinasnortwostates.Itisaspecialrelationship.Further,hestatedthatthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwocannotberesolvedatpresent,buthequotedthe'1992Consensus'asatemporarymeasureuntilasolutionbecomesavailable.[120]FormerspokesmanfortheROCPresidentialOfficeWangYu-chilaterelaboratedthePresident'sstatementandsaidthattherelationsarebetweentworegionsofonecountry,basedontheROCConstitutionalposition,theStatuteGoverningtheRelationsBetweenthePeoplesoftheTaiwanAreaandMainlandAreaandthe'1992Consensus'.[121]On7October2008MaYing-jeouwasinterviewedbyaJapan-basedmagazine"World".HesaidthatlawsrelatingtointernationalrelationscannotbeappliedregardingtherelationsbetweenTaiwanandthemainland,astheyarepartsofastate.[122][123][124] PresidentTsaiIng-wen,inherfirstinaugurationspeechin2016,acknowledgedthatthetalkssurroundingthe1992Consensustookplacewithoutagreeingthataconsensuswasreached.Shecreditedthetalkswithspurring20yearsofdialogueandexchangebetweenthetwosides.Shehopedthatexchangeswouldcontinueonthebasisofthesehistoricalfacts,aswellastheexistenceoftheRepublicofChinaconstitutionalsystemanddemocraticwilloftheTaiwanesepeople.[125]Inresponse,BeijingcalledTsai'sansweran"incompletetestpaper"becauseTsaididnotagreetothecontentofthe1992Consensus.[126]OnJune25,2016,Beijingsuspendedofficialcross-straitcommunications,[127]withanyremainingcross-straitexchangesthereaftertakingplacethroughunofficialchannels.[128] InJanuary2019,XiJinping,GeneralSecretaryoftheChineseCommunistPartywroteanopenlettertoTaiwanproposingaonecountry,twosystemsformulaforeventualunification.TsairespondedtoXiinaJanuary2019speechbystatingthatTaiwanrejects"onecountry,twosystems"andthatbecauseBeijingequatesthe1992Consensuswith"onecountry,twosystems",Taiwanrejectsthe1992Consensusaswell.[129]Tsairejectedonecountry,twosystemsexplicitlyagaininhersecondinaugurationspeech,andreaffirmedherpreviousstancethatcross-straitexchangesbeheldonthebasisofparitybetweenthetwosides.SheaffirmedtheDPPpositionthatTaiwan,alsoknownastheRepublicofChina,wasalreadyanindependentcountry,andthatBeijingmustacceptthisreality.[130]Shefurtherremarkedthatcross-straitrelationshadreacheda"historicalturningpoint."[131][how?] In2021,theChineseGovernmentstatedthattheywouldnotallowpro-TaiwanindependencepeopleintoChinaandalsoHongKongandMacau.[132] On5March2022,ChinesePremierLiKeqiangcommittedtopromotepeacefulgrowthand"reunification"inrelationswithTaiwan,andstatedhisgovernmentresolutelyrejectsanyseparatistactionsorforeignintervention,bringingasharprebukefromTaipei.[133] Inter-government[edit] StraitsExchangeFoundationheadquarterofficeinTaipei,Taiwan. Semi-governmentalcontactismaintainedthroughtheStraitsExchangeFoundation(SEF)andtheAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits(ARATS).NegotiationsbetweentheSEFandtheARATSresumedon11June2008.[134] Althoughformallyprivatelyconstitutedbodies,theSEFandtheARATSarebothdirectlyledbytheExecutiveGovernmentofeachside:theSEFbytheMainlandAffairsCounciloftheExecutiveYuanoftheROC,andtheARATSbytheTaiwanAffairsOfficeoftheStateCouncilofthePRC.Theheadsofthetwobodies,LinJoin-saneandChenDeming,arebothfull-timeappointeesanddonotholdothergovernmentpositions.However,bothareseniormembersoftheirrespectivepoliticalparties(KuomintangandChineseCommunistPartyrespectively),andbothhavepreviouslyservedasseniormembersoftheirrespectivegovernments.Theirdeputies,whoinpracticeareresponsibleforthesubstantivenegotiations,areconcurrentlyseniormembersoftheirrespectivegovernments.FortheJune2008negotiations,themainnegotiators,whoaredeputyheadsoftheSEFandtheARATSrespectively,areconcurrentlydeputyheadsoftheMainlandAffairsCouncilandtheTaiwanAffairsOfficerespectively.[citationneeded] Todate,the'mostofficial'[citationneeded]representativeofficesbetweenthetwosidesarethePRC'sCross-StraitTourismExchangeAssociation(CSTEA)inTaiwan,establishedon7May2010,andROC'sTaiwanStraitTourismAssociation(TSTA)inChina,establishedon4May2010.However,thedutiesoftheseofficesarelimitedonlytotourism-relatedaffairssofar. 2008meetings[edit] First2008meeting[edit] AseriesofmeetingswereheldbetweentheSEFandtheARATSatDiaoyutaiStateGuesthouseinBeijingfrom11June2008to14June2008.Byconvention,SEF–ARATSnegotiationsproceedinthreerounds:atechnicalroundledbynegotiatorssecondedfromtherelevantgovernmentdepartments,adraftroundledbydeputyheadsofthetwoorganisations,andaformalroundledbytheheadsofthetwoorganisations.Inthiscase,however,bothsideshavealreadyreachedbroadconsensusontheseissuesonboththetechnicalandpoliticallevelsthroughpreviousnegotiationsviathenon-governmentalandinter-partychannels.Asaresult,theinitialtechnicalroundwasdispensedwith,andthenegotiationsbeganwiththesecond,draftround.[134] Thetwosidesagreedtothefollowing: RouteMapoftheweekendcross-straitcharter,forflightsasofAugust2008.(Tomakelineseasytodistinguish,theactualpathbetweencitiesisnotshownaccurately;planestoandfromTaiwanhadtoflythroughHongKongairspaceatthetime.) Initiatedirectpassengerairlineserviceseveryweekendfrom4July2008.Bothpartiesagreedtonegotiatetheroutesofcross-straitdirectflightsandestablishdirectcommunicationproceduresconcerningairtrafficmanagementsystemsassoonaspossible.Butbeforetheroutesofdirectflightsarefinalized,charterflightsmaytemporarilyflyacrossHongKongFlightInformationRegion.[why?]ThereisnoneedtostopinHongKong,butplanesstillhavetoflythroughitsairspace.WeekendcharterflightsshallflyfromeachFridaytothefollowingMondayforatotaloffourfulldays. PRCagreedtoopenthefollowingfivecitiesasdestinations:Beijing,Shanghai(Pudong),Guangzhou,XiamenandNanjing.MainlandChinashallopenChengdu,Chongqing,Hangzhou,Dalian,Guilin,Shenzhenandotherdestinationslateronandothercitiesifsodemandedbythemarket. ROCagreedtoopenthefollowingeightcitiesasdestinations:Taoyuan,Kaohsiung(Siaogang),Taichung(Chingchunkang),Taipei(Sungshan),Penghu(Makung),Hualien,KinmenandTaitung.[135] OpeningTaiwantoChinesetourists.BothpartiesagreedthatMainlandChinesetouristsmusttraveltoTaiwaningroups.Touristsmustenterinto,visit,andexitfromTaiwaningroups.Themaximumquotaoftouristsreceivedbythepartyresponsiblefortouristreceptionshallnotexceedtheaverageof3,000personsperday,andeachgroupshallconsistofaminimumoftenpersonsandfortypersonsatthemaximum,beinginTaiwanforamaximumoftendays.[136] However,in2012,itwasagreedbybothpartiesthatindividualtouristsfromthePRCcitiesofBeijing,Shanghai,andXiamenwereallowedtovisitTaiwan.Later,touristsfromChengdu,Chongqing,Nanjing,Hangzhou,Guangzhou,andTianjinwereallowedtovisitTaiwanindividually.Finally,Fuzhou,Jinan,andXi'anweretojointhelistbytheendof2012.[137]In2019,theChinesegovernmentstoppedissuingpermitsforindividualtouriststovisitTaiwan,amidworseningcross-straitrelations.[138] Tofacilitatetheabove,bothsidesalsoagreedtofurtherdiscussonthepossibilitiesofexchangingrepresentativeoffices,withanSEFofficetobeopenedinBeijingandanARATSofficeinTaipeitoissuetravelpermitstocross-straitvisitors,amongotherduties. Seealso:Cross-straitcharter Second2008meeting[edit] FollowinganinvitationissuedbytheSEFatthefirstmeeting,theheadofARATS,ChenYunlin,beganavisittoTaiwanon3November2008.[139]ItemsontheagendaraisedbySEFChairmanChiangPin-kungincludeddirectmaritimeshipping,charteredcargoflights,directpostalservice,andco-operationinensuringfoodsafety,inresponsetothe2008Chinesemilkscandal,[139]whileARATSchairmanChenYunlinraisedthemattersofdirectfreightservice,andopeningupairroutesthatdirectlycrosstheTaiwanStrait.PreviousroutesavoidedcrossingtheStraitforsecurityreasons,withplanesdetouringthroughHongKongorJapanaircontrolareas.[140] On4November2008,ARATSandSEFsignedanumberofagreementsinTaipei.Theagreementrelatingtodirectpassengerflightsincreasedthenumberofcharterflightsfrom36to108perweek,operatingdailyinsteadofthefourdaysaweekpreviously.Flightswouldnowoperatetoandfrom21Chinesecities.Flightswouldalsotakeamoredirectroute.Privatebusinessjetflightswouldalsobeallowed.Theagreementrelatingtocargoshippingalloweddirectshippingbetween11seaportsinTaiwanand63inChina.Theshippingwouldbetax-free.Theagreementrelatingtocargoflightsprovidedforupto60directcargoflightspermonth.Finally,anagreementwasmadetosetupfoodsafetyalertsbetweenthetwosides. [141] DuringChen'svisittoTaipei,hewasmetwithaseriesofstrongprotestsdirectedathimselfandMaYing-jeou,someofwhichwereviolentwithMolotovcocktailsbeingthrownbytheprotestersatriotpolice.Aseriesofarrestsweremadeaftertheprotests.[142][143]Localpolicereportedthat149ofitsofficerswereinjuredduringtheoppositionprotests.[144]Consistentwiththe1992Consensus,ChendidnotcallMaas"President".[145][146]Similarly,therepresentativesfromTaiwandidnotcallthePRCleaderHuJintaoas"PresidentofChina",butcalledhim"CCPGeneralSecretary"inthepreviousmeetinginBeijing. ChinaPostreportedthatsomepollshaveindicatedthatthepublicmaybepleasedwithChen'svisit,withabout50%oftheTaiwanesepublicconsideringChen'svisittohaveapositiveeffectonTaiwan'sdevelopment,while18to26%oftherespondentsthoughttheeffectwouldbenegative.[147]Inanotherpoll,itsuggestedthat26%oftherespondentsweresatisfiedwiththeDPPChairwomanTsaiIng-wen'shandlingofthecrowdsintheseriesofprotests,while53%oftherespondentswereunsatisfied.Thesamepollalsoshowedthat33%oftherespondentsweresatisfiedwithPresidentMa'sperformanceathismeetingwithChenYunlin,while32%oftherespondentswerenotsatisfied.[148] Inter-party[edit] TheKuomintang(formerrulingpartyofTaiwan)andtheChineseCommunistParty,maintainregulardialogueviatheKMT–CCPForum.Thishasbeencalleda"secondrail"inTaiwan,andhelpstomaintainpoliticalunderstandingandaimsforpoliticalconsensusbetweenthetwoparties. Inter-city[edit] TheShanghai-TaipeiCityForumisanannualforumbetweenthecityofShanghaiandTaipei.Launchedin2010bythen-TaipeiMayorHauLung-pintopromotecity-to-cityexchanges,itledtoShanghai'sparticipationintheTaipeiInternationalFloraExpositionendofthatyear.[149]BothTaipeiandShanghaiarethefirsttwocitiesacrosstheTaiwanStraitthatcarriesoutexchanges.In2015,thenewlyelectedTaipeiMayorKoWen-jeattendedtheforum.HewasaddressedasMayorKoofTaipeibyShanghaiMayorYangXiong.[150] Non-governmental[edit] Thethirdmodeofcontactisthroughprivatebodiesaccreditedbytherespectivegovernmentstonegotiatetechnicalandoperationalaspectsofissuesbetweenthetwosides.Calledthe"Macaumode",thisavenueofcontactwasmaintainedeventhroughtheyearsoftheChenShui-bianadministration.Forexample,ontheissueofopeningTaiwantoChinesetourists,theaccreditedbodiesweretourismindustryrepresentativebodiesfrombothsides.[citationneeded] Publicopinion[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(January2022) AccordingtoanopinionpollreleasedbytheMainlandAffairsCounciltakenafterthesecond2008meeting,71.79%oftheTaiwanesepublicsupportedcontinuingnegotiationsandsolvingissuesbetweenthetwosidesthroughthesemi-officialorganizations,SEFandARATS,18.74%oftheTaiwanesepublicdidnotsupportthis,while9.47%oftheTaiwanesepublicdidnothaveanopinion.[151] In2015,apollconductedbytheTaiwanBraintrustshowedthatabout90percentofthepopulationwouldidentifythemselvesasTaiwaneseratherthanChineseiftheyweretochoosebetweenthetwo.Also,31.2percentofrespondentssaidtheysupportindependenceforTaiwan,while56.2percentwouldprefertomaintainthestatusquoand7.9percentsupportunificationwithChina.[152] In2016,apollbytheTaiwanPublicOpinionFoundationshowedthat51%approvedand40%disapprovedofPresidentTsaiIng-wen'scross-straitpolicy.In2017,asimilarpollshowedthat36%approvedand52%disapproved.[153]In2018,31%weresatisfiedwhile59%weredissatisfied.[154] Taiwanesepollshaveconsistentlyshownrejectionofthenotionof"oneChina"andsupportforthefateofTaiwantobedecidedsolelybytheTaiwanese.AJune2017pollfoundthat70%ofTaiwaneserejecttheideaof"oneChina".[155]InNovember2017,apollbytheMainlandAffairsCouncilshowedthat85%ofrespondentsbelievedthattheTaiwan'sfutureshouldbedecidedonlybythepeopleofTaiwan,while74%wantedChinatorespectthesovereigntyoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan).[156]InJanuary2019,apollbytheMainlandAffairsCouncilshowedthat75%ofTaiwaneserejectedBeijing'sviewthatthe1992Consensusmeantthe"oneChinaprinciple"undertheframeworkof"onecountry,twosystems".Further,89%feltthatthefutureofTaiwanshouldbedecidedbyonlythepeopleofTaiwan.[157] In2020,anannualpollconductedbyAcademiaSinicashowedthat73%ofTaiwanesefeltthatChinawas"notafriend"ofTaiwan,anincreaseof15%fromthepreviousyear.[158]AnannualpollrunbyNationalChengchiUniversityfoundthatarecord67%ofrespondentsidentifiedasTaiwaneseonly,versus27.5%whoidentifiedasbothChineseandTaiwaneseand2.4%whoidentifiedasChineseonly.Thesamepollshowedthat52.3%ofrespondentsfavoredpostponingadecisionormaintainingthestatusquoindefinitely,35.1%ofrespondentsfavoredeventualorimmediateindependence,and5.8%favoredeventualorimmediateunification.[159] OnNovember12,2020,theMainlandAffairsCouncil(MAC)pollwasreleasedandshowedTaiwanesethinkingonasetoftopics.90%ofTaiwaneseopposeChina'smilitaryaggressionagainstTaiwan.80%believemaintainingcross-straitpeaceistheresponsibilityofbothsidesandnotjustTaiwan.76%rejectthe"onecountry,twosystems"approachproposedbyBeijing.86%believeonlyTaiwanesehaverighttochoosethepathofselfdeterminationforTaiwan.[160] SunflowerMovement[edit] In2014,theSunflowerStudentMovementbrokeout.CitizensoccupiedtheTaiwaneselegislaturefor23days,protestingagainstthegovernment'sforcingthroughCross-StraitServiceTradeAgreement.TheprotestersfeltthatthetradepactwithChinawouldleaveTaiwanvulnerabletopoliticalpressurefromBeijing.[161] 2016memecampaign[edit] InJanuary2016,theleaderofthepro-independenceDemocraticProgressiveParty,TsaiIng-wen,waselectedtothepresidencyoftheRepublicofChina.[162]On20JanuarythousandsofmainlandChineseinternetusers,primarilyfromtheforum"LiYiTieba"(李毅貼吧),bypassedtheGreatFirewallofChinatofloodwithmessagesandstickerstheFacebookpagesofthepresident-elect,TaiwanesenewsagenciesAppleDailyandSETNews,andotherindividualstoprotesttheideaofTaiwaneseindependence.[163][164][165] Informalrelations[edit] TheThreeLinks[edit] FlightCI581,thefirstdirectflightbetweenTaipeiandBeijing,andalsothefirstdirectflightbetweenmainlandChinaandTaiwan:29January2005.[166] SpecialTraveldocumentissuedbyPRC,toROCcitizenwhowantstoenterMainlandChina. ExitandEntryPermitissuedbyROC,toPRCcitizenwhowantstoenterTaiwan. Mainarticle:ThreeLinks Regularweekenddirect,cross-straitcharterflightsbetweenmainlandChinaandTaiwanresumedon4July2008forthefirsttimesince1950.LiuShaoyong,ChinaSouthernAirlineschair,pilotedthefirstflightfromGuangzhoutoTaipei.Simultaneously,aTaiwan-basedChinaAirlinesflightflewtoShanghai.Asof2015,61mainlandChinesecitiesareconnectedwitheightairportsinTaiwan.Theflightsoperateeveryday,totaling890round-tripflightsacrosstheTaiwanStraitperweek.[167]Previously,regularpassengers(otherthanfestiveoremergencycharters)hadtomakeatime-consumingstopoveratathirddestination,usuallyHongKong.[168][169] TaiwanresidentscannotusetheRepublicofChinapassporttotraveltomainlandChinaandMainlandChinaresidentscannotusethePeople'sRepublicofChinapassporttotraveltoTaiwan,asneithertheROCnorthePRCconsidersthisinternationaltravel.ThePRCgovernmentrequiresTaiwanresidentstoholdaMainlandTravelPermitforTaiwanResidentswhenenteringmainlandChina,whereastheROCgovernmentrequiresmainlandChineseresidentstoholdtheExitandEntryPermitfortheTaiwanAreaoftheRepublicofChinatoentertheTaiwanArea. Economy[edit] ChinaPostalAirlinesaircraftinTaiwan SincetheresumptionoftradebetweenthetwosidesoftheTaiwanStraitin1979,cross-straiteconomicexchangeshavebecomeincreasinglyclose.Predominantly,thisinvolvesTaiwan-basedfirmsmovingto,orcollaboratinginjointventures,inMainlandChina.ThecollectivebodyofTaiwaneseinvestorsinMainlandChinaisnowasignificanteconomicforceforbothMainlandChinaandTaiwan.In2014,tradevaluesbetweenthetwosidesreachedUS$198.31billion,withimportsfromTaiwantothemainlandcounteduptoUS$152billion.[170] In2015,58%ofTaiwaneseworkingoutsideTaiwanworkedinMainlandChina,withatotalnumberof420,000people.[171] Between2001and2011,thepercentageofTaiwaneseexportstomainlandChinaandHongKonggrewfrom27%to40%.[172]In2020,mainlandChinaaccountedfor24.3%ofTaiwan'stotaltradeand20.1%ofitsimports,whileHongKongaccountedfor6.7%ofitstotaltradevolume.[173]MainlandChineseexportstoTaiwanaccountfor2%oftotalexports,andimportsfromTaiwanaccountfor7%oftotalimports.[174] Sincethegovernmentsonbothsidesofthestraitdonotrecognizetheotherside'slegitimacy,thereisalackoflegalprotectionforcross-straiteconomicexchanges.TheEconomicCooperationFrameworkAgreement(ECFA)wasviewedasprovidinglegalprotectionforinvestments.[175]In2014theSunflowerStudentMovementeffectivelyhaltedtheCross-StraitServiceTradeAgreement(CSSTA). Cultural,educational,religiousandsportingexchanges[edit] TheNationalPalaceMuseuminTaipeiandthePalaceMuseuminBeijinghavecollaboratedonexhibitions.Scholarsandacademicsfrequentlyvisitinstitutionsontheotherside.Bookspublishedoneachsideareregularlyre-publishedintheotherside,thoughrestrictionsondirectimportsandthedifferentwritingsystemsbetweenthetwosidessomewhatimpedetheexchangeofbooksandideas.[citationneeded] StudentsofTaiwanoriginreceivespecialconcessionsintheNationalHigherEducationEntranceExaminationinmainlandChina.[citationneeded]Thereareregularprogramsforschoolstudentsfromeachsidetovisittheother.[citationneeded]In2019,therewere30,000mainlandChineseandHongKongstudentsstudyinginTaiwan.[176]Therewerealsomorethan7,000TaiwanesestudentsstudyinginHongKongthatsameyear.[177] Religiousexchangehasbecomefrequent.FrequentinteractionsoccurbetweenworshipersofMatsu,andalsobetweenBuddhists.[citationneeded] TheChinesefootballteamChangchunYataiF.C.choseTaiwanasthefirststopoftheir2015wintertrainingsession,whichisthefirstChineseprofessionalfootballteam'sarrivalinTaiwan,andtheyweresupposedtohaveanexhibitionagainstTatungF.C.,which,however,wasn'tsuccessfullyheld,underunknowncircumstances.[citationneeded] Humanitarianactions[edit] Bothsideshaveprovidedhumanitarianaidtoeachotheronseveraloccasions.[citationneeded]Followingthe2008Sichuanearthquake,anexpertsearchandrescueteamwassentfromTaiwantohelprescuesurvivorsinSichuan.ShipmentsofaidmaterialwerealsoprovidedunderthecoordinationoftheRedCrossSocietyofTheRepublicofChinaandcharitiessuchasTzuChi.[178] Militarybuild-up[edit] Taiwanhasmorethan170,000airraidshelterswhichwouldsheltermuchofthecivilianpopulationintheeventofChineseairormissileattack.[179] USSecretaryofDefenseRobertGatessaidin2011thattheUnitedStateswouldreducearmssalestoTaiwaniftensionsareeased,[180]butthatthiswasnotachangeinAmericanpolicy.[181] In2012,UnitedStatesPacificCommandcommanderWillardsaidthattherewasareducedpossibilityofacross-straitconflictaccompanyinggreaterinteraction,thoughtherewerenoreductionsinmilitaryspendingoneitherside.[182] Beginningin2016,Chinaembarkedonamassivemilitarybuild-up.[183] In2017,undertheTrumpadministration,theUnitedStatesbeganincreasingmilitaryexchangeswithTaiwanaswellaspassingtwobillstoallowhighlevelvisitsbetweengovernmentofficials,[184][185]andUSmilitaryvesselspassedthroughthestraitatafargreaterratethanduringPresidentBarackObama'stwoterms.[186] In2020,GermanDefenseMinisterAnnegretKramp-KarrenbauerwarnedChinanottopursuemilitaryactionagainstTaiwansayingthatsuchadecisionwouldbea"majorfailureofstatecraft"whichwouldproduceonlylosers.[187]JapanisincreasinglyconcernedwithChina'saggressionasTaiwanwasmentionedinJapanesePrimeMinisterSuga'sandPresidentJoeBiden'sjointstatementinApril2021.[188] TheDeputyDirector-GeneralofTaiwan'sNationalSecurityBureauChenWen-fanstatedin2020thatXiJinpingintendstosolvethe"TaiwanProblem"by2049.[189] In2022INDOPACOMdescribedthesituationofCross-straitsrelationsasbeingdire,asChinaamassedthebiggestbuildup[ofmilitarypersonnelandassets]seensinceWWII.[190][191] Seealso[edit] Chinaportal Taiwanportal China–UnitedStatesrelations Cross-StraitEconomic,TradeandCultureForum Cross-Straithigh-leveltalks Cross-StraitPeaceForum ForeignrelationsofChina ForeignrelationsofTaiwan NorthKorea–SouthKorearelations PoliticalstatusofTaiwan Taiwan–UnitedStatesrelations Wang–Koosummit ZhuRongji Explanatorynotes[edit] ^TheareagivenistheofficialUnitedNationsfigureforthemainlandandexcludesHongKong,Macao,andTaiwan.[5]ItalsoexcludesAksaiChin–37,244 km2(14,380 sq mi),theTrans-KarakoramTract–5,800 km2(2,200 sq mi),andotherterritoriesindisputewithIndia.ThetotalareaofChinaislistedas9,572,900 km2(3,696,100 sq mi)bytheEncyclopædiaBritannica.[6]Forfurtherinformation,see:TerritorialchangesofthePeople'sRepublicofChina. 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^"Cross-straitscheduledflightsincreasedto890perweek".focustaiwan.tw.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-07-04. ^Afp.google.com,China,TaiwanresumedirectflightsArchived2009-02-13attheWaybackMachine ^"Asia-Pacific–DirectChina-Taiwanflightsbegin".BBC.4July2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-07-08. ^"MomentumofgrowingCPC,KMTdialogueirreversible".ChinaCentralTelevision.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-01-19.Retrieved2015-01-19. ^Chen,Cheng-wei;Huang,Frances(16March2017)."Almost60%ofTaiwaneseworkingoverseaslocatedinChina".FocusTaiwan.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16March2017.Retrieved17March2017. ^Chiang,Min-Hua;Gerbier,Bernard(2013-04-18)."Cross-StraitEconomicRelations:RecentDevelopmentandImplicationsforTaiwan".Revuedelarégulation.Capitalisme,institutions,pouvoirs(13).Paragraph14.doi:10.4000/regulation.10177.ISSN 1957-7796. ^"Taiwan-CountryCommercialGuide".DepartmentofCommerce-UnitedStatesofAmerica.Retrieved20April2021. ^Chiang,Min-Hua;Gerbier,Bernard(2013-04-18)."Cross-StraitEconomicRelations:RecentDevelopmentandImplicationsforTaiwan".Revuedelarégulation.Capitalisme,institutions,pouvoirs(13).Paragraph15-16.doi:10.4000/regulation.10177.ISSN 1957-7796. ^AlexanderC.Tan,KarlHo,chapter7,"Cross-StraitRelationsandtheTaiwanVoter",2017,"TheTaiwanVoter",160-161. ^Chen,Chih-chung;Hsu,Chih-wei;Yeh,Joseph(2October2019)."Chinesestudentsurgedtocherish,respectfreedomofspeech".FocusTaiwan.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3October2019.Retrieved10October2019. ^Teng,Pei-ju(14October2019)."TaiwantoprovidelegalassistancetoitsstudentsinHongKong".TaiwanNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15October2019.Retrieved15October2019. ^Jennings,Ralph(15May2008)."Politicsaside,TaiwangivesgenerouslyinChinaquakeaid".Reuters.Retrieved7June2020. ^Everington,Keoni(4November2020)."Taiwantocreatesitelisting117,000airraidsheltersincaseofChineseattack".www.taiwannews.com.tw.TaiwanNews.Retrieved5November2020. ^JohnPike."ChineseLeadersSurprisedbyFighterTestDuringGatesVisit".globalsecurity.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2011-06-23. ^Lowther,William."GatesreiteratesUS’Taiwanpolicy."Archived2011-01-15attheWaybackMachineTaipeiTimes,13January2011. ^"Possibilityforcross-straitconflictslower:U.S.commander."Archived2013-12-03attheWaybackMachineROCCentralNewsAgency.3March2012. ^"TheGreatAsianArmsBuildupChina'sMilitaryExpansion,SouthChinaSeatoDominateShangri-LaDialogue".BloombergNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-08-31.Retrieved2017-08-31. ^Chandran,Nyshka(10January2018)."ChinesemediawarnstheUSof'retaliations'from'allsides'afternewTaiwanbillspassed".CNBC.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17February2018.Retrieved17February2018. ^"Beijing'stronglydissatisfied'asTrumpsignsTaiwanTravelAct".SouthChinaMorningPost.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2018-03-21.Retrieved2018-03-22. ^"U.S.MilitarySupportforTaiwan:What'sChangedUnderTrump?".CouncilonForeignRelations.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2019-07-05.Retrieved2019-06-25. ^Strong,Matthew(4November2020)."GermandefenseministerwarnsChinaagainstattackingTaiwan".www.taiwannews.com.tw.TaiwanNews.Retrieved5November2020. ^Sacks,David.ResearchReport:EnhancingU.S.-JapanCoordinationforaTaiwanConflict.CouncilonForeignRelations,2022,p. 8.JSTORwebsiteRetrieved9February2022. ^Liao,George(21October2020)."TaiwanofficialdetailsChina'splantosolveTaiwan'problem'by2049:USmilitaryjournal".taiwannews.com.tw.TaiwanNews.Retrieved24November2020. ^Brest,Mike(2022-06-24)."Chinapursuing'largestmilitarybuildupinhistorysinceWWII,'UScommandersays".WashingtonExaminer.Retrieved2022-08-06. ^Moore,Mark(2022-03-21)."China'smilitarybuilduponSouthChinaSeaislandsthreatensregion:UScommander".NewYorkPost.Retrieved2022-08-06. Furtherreading[edit] LibraryresourcesaboutCross-Straitrelations Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries Books Bush,R.&O'Hanlon,M.(2007).AWarLikeNoOther:TheTruthAboutChina'sChallengetoAmerica.Wiley.ISBN 0-471-98677-1 Bush,R.(2006).UntyingtheKnot:MakingPeaceintheTaiwanStrait.BrookingsInstitutionPress.ISBN 0-8157-1290-1 Cardenal,JuanPablo;Araújo,Heriberto(2011).Lasilenciosaconquistachina(inSpanish).Barcelona:Crítica.pp. 261–272.ISBN 9788498922578. Carpenter,T.(2006).America'sComingWarwithChina:ACollisionCourseoverTaiwan.PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN 1-4039-6841-1 Cole,B.(2006).Taiwan'sSecurity:HistoryandProspects.Routledge.ISBN 0-415-36581-3 Copper,J.(2006).PlayingwithFire:TheLoomingWarwithChinaoverTaiwan.PraegerSecurityInternationalGeneralInterest.ISBN 0-275-98888-0 Gill,B.(2007).RisingStar:China'sNewSecurityDiplomacy.BrookingsInstitutionPress.ISBN 0-8157-3146-9 Shirk,S.(2007).China:FragileSuperpower:HowChina'sInternalPoliticsCouldDerailItsPeacefulRise.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 0-19-530609-0 Tsang,S.(2006).IfChinaAttacksTaiwan:MilitaryStrategy,PoliticsandEconomics.Routledge.ISBN 0-415-40785-0 Tucker,N.B.(2005).DangerousStrait:theU.S.-Taiwan-ChinaCrisis.ColumbiaUniversityPress.ISBN 0-231-13564-5 Wachman,AlanM.(2007)WhyTaiwan?GeostrategicRationalesforChina'sTerritorialIntegrity.StanfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0804755542 Articles FederationofAmericanScientistsetal.(2006).ChineseNuclearForcesandU.S.NuclearWarPlanning Sutter,Robert.Taiwan'sFuture:NarrowingStraits(NBRSpecialReport,May2011) China,Taiwan,andtheBattleforLatinAmerica,21p. ReviewofConvergenceorConflictintheTaiwanStrait:TheIllusionofPeace?byJ.MichaelCole,inPacificAffairs(2017):90,573–575. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoCross-Straitrelations. WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoCross-Straitrelations. 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