Taiwan - Wikipedia

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific ... Taiwan FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CountryinEastAsia "RepublicofChina"redirectshere.ForthePeople'sRepublicofChina,seeChina.Forotheruses,seeRepublicofChina(disambiguation). Forotheruses,seeTaiwan(disambiguation). Coordinates:24°N121°E/24°N121°E/24;121 RepublicofChina中華民國 (Chinese)[I]ZhōnghuáMínguó(Pinyin) Flag Emblem Anthem: 中華民國國歌ZhōnghuáMínguóGuógē"NationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Flaganthem: 中華民國國旗歌ZhōnghuáMíngúoGúoqígē"NationalFlagAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalseal:中華民國之璽SealoftheRepublicofChinaNationalflower:梅花PlumblossomShowglobe(islandofTaiwanhighlighted)ShowmapofterritoriesadministeredbytheROC(FreeArea)ShowmapofTaiwan(darkgreen)withhistoricalROCterritorialclaims(lightgreen)CapitalTaipei[a][2]25°04′N121°31′E/25.067°N121.517°E/25.067;121.517LargestcityNewTaipeiCityOfficial languagesStandardChinese[b][5][6][7]OfficialscriptTraditionalChinese[8]Nationallanguages[d] Mandarin[c] Hokkien[c] Hakka[9] Formosan[10] Matsu[c] Wuqiu[c] TaiwanSignLanguage Ethnic groups(2016)[12]95–97%HanTaiwanese2.3%Indigenous[e]0.7–2.7%OthersReligion(2020)[13]35.1%Buddhism33.0%Taoism26.7%Noreligion3.9%Christianity1.3%OthersDemonym(s)Taiwanese[14]GovernmentUnitarysemi-presidentialrepublic• PresidentTsaiIng-wen• VicePresidentLaiChing-te• PremierSuTseng-chang• LegislativeYuanPresidentYouSi-kun• ControlYuanPresidentChenChu• JudicialYuanPresidentHsuTzong-li• ExaminationYuanPresidentHuangJong-tsun LegislatureLegislativeYuanFormation• XinhaiRevolution10October1911• TookcontrolofTaiwanandthePescadores[f]25October1945• Constitutionadopted25December1947• Currentgovernmentestablished20May1948• GovernmentmovedtoTaipei7December1949• LossofUNrepresentation[g]25October1971• Cross-Straitrelationslegallydefined31July1992 Area• Total36,197 km2(13,976 sq mi)[15][14]Population• July1,2022estimate23,894,394[16](56th)• 2010 census23,123,866[17]• Density650/km2(1,683.5/sq mi)(10th)GDP (PPP)2022 estimate• Total$1.605 trillion[18](19th)• Percapita$68,730[18](13th)GDP (nominal)2022 estimate• Total$841.209 billion[18](21st)• Percapita$36,051[18](31st)Gini (2017) 34.1[19]mediumHDI (2019) 0.916[20]veryhigh · 23rdCurrencyNewTaiwandollar(NT$)(TWD)TimezoneUTC+8(NationalStandardTime)DateformatYYYY-MM-DDYYY-MM-DD(Minguocalendar)DrivingsiderightCallingcode+886ISO3166codeTWInternetTLD.tw.台灣.台湾[21] Taiwan,[II][h]officiallytheRepublicofChina(ROC),[I][i]isacountry[22]inEastAsia,atthejunctionoftheEastandSouthChinaSeasinthenorthwesternPacificOcean,withthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)tothenorthwest,Japantothenortheast,andthePhilippinestothesouth.TheterritoriescontrolledbytheROCconsistof168islands,[j]withacombinedareaof36,193squarekilometres(13,974 sq mi).[15][33]ThemainislandofTaiwan,alsoknownasFormosa,hasanareaof35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi),withmountainrangesdominatingtheeasterntwo-thirdsandplainsinthewesternthird,whereitshighlyurbanisedpopulationisconcentrated.Thecapital,Taipei,formsalongwithNewTaipeiCityandKeelungthelargestmetropolitanareaofTaiwan.OthermajorcitiesincludeKaohsiung,Taichung,Tainan,andTaoyuan.Witharound23.9millioninhabitants,Taiwanisamongthemostdenselypopulatedcountriesintheworld. Taiwanhasbeensettledforatleast25,000years.AncestorsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoplessettledtheislandaround6,000yearsago.Inthe17thcentury,large-scaleHanChineseimmigrationtowesternTaiwanbeganunderaDutchcolonyandcontinuedundertheKingdomofTungning.Theislandwasannexedin1683bytheQingdynastyofChina,andcededtotheEmpireofJapanin1895.TheRepublicofChina,whichhadoverthrowntheQingin1911,tookcontrolofTaiwanonbehalfoftheAlliesofWorldWarIIfollowingthesurrenderofJapanin1945.TheresumptionoftheChineseCivilWarresultedintheROC'slossofmainlandChinatoforcesoftheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)andconsequentretreattoTaiwanin1949.ItseffectivejurisdictionhassincebeenlimitedtoTaiwanandsmallerislands. Intheearly1960s,Taiwanenteredaperiodofrapideconomicgrowthandindustrialisationcalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".[34]Inthelate1980sandearly1990s,theROCtransitionedfromaone-partymilitarydictatorshiptoamulti-partydemocracywithasemi-presidentialsystem.Taiwan'sexport-orientedindustrialeconomyisthe21st-largestintheworldbynominalGDPand19th-largestbyPPPmeasures,withafocusonsteel,machinery,electronicsandchemicalsmanufacturing.Taiwanisadevelopedcountry,[35][36]ranking20thonGDPpercapita.Itisrankedhighlyintermsofcivilliberties,[37]healthcare,[38]andhumandevelopment.[k][20] ThepoliticalstatusofTaiwaniscontentious.[42]TheROCnolongerrepresentsChinaasamemberoftheUnitedNations,afterUNmembersvotedin1971torecognizethePRCinstead.[43]TheROCmaintaineditsclaimofbeingthesolelegitimaterepresentativeofChinaanditsterritory,althoughthishasbeendownplayedsinceitsdemocratizationinthe1990s.TaiwanisclaimedbythePRC,whichrefusesdiplomaticrelationswithcountriesthatrecognisetheROC.Taiwanmaintainsofficialdiplomaticrelationswith13outof193UNmemberstatesandtheHolySee,[43][44][45]thoughmanyothersmaintainunofficialdiplomatictiesthroughrepresentativeofficesandinstitutionsthatfunctionasdefactoembassiesandconsulates.InternationalorganisationsinwhichthePRCparticipateseitherrefusetograntmembershiptoTaiwanorallowittoparticipateonlyonanon-statebasisundervariousnames.Domestically,themajorpoliticalcontentionisbetweenpartiesfavouringeventualChineseunificationandpromotingapan-Chineseidentity,contrastedwiththoseaspiringtoformalinternationalrecognitionandpromotingaTaiwaneseidentity;intothe21stcentury,bothsideshavemoderatedtheirpositionstobroadentheirappeal.[46][47] Contents 1Name 2History 2.1Earlysettlement(to1683) 2.2Qingrule(1683–1895) 2.3Japaneserule(1895–1945) 2.4RepublicofChina(1945–1949) 2.5RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) 2.5.1Martiallawera(1949–1987) 2.5.2Post-martiallawera(1987–present) 3Geography 3.1Climate 3.2Geology 4Politicalandlegalstatus 4.1RelationswiththePRC 4.2Foreignrelations 4.3Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations 4.4Domesticopinion 5Governmentandpolitics 5.1Government 5.2Constitution 5.3Majorcamps 5.4Nationalidentity 5.5Administrativedivisions 6Military 7Economy 7.1Economichistory 7.2High-techmanufacturing 7.3Internationalparticipation 8Transport 9Education 10Demographics 10.1Largestcitiesandcounties 10.2Ethnicgroups 10.3Languages 10.3.1ClassicalChinese 10.4Religion 10.5LGBTrights 11Publichealth 12Culture 12.1Arts 12.2Cuisine 12.3Popularculture 12.4Sports 12.5Calendar 13Seealso 14Notes 14.1Wordsinnativelanguages 15References 15.1Citations 15.2Workscited 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks 17.1Overviewsanddata 17.2Governmentagencies Name Seealso:ChineseTaipei,NamesofChina,andChinaandtheUnitedNations VariousnamesfortheislandofTaiwanremaininuse,eachderivedfromexplorersorrulersduringaparticularhistoricalperiod.ThenameFormosa(福爾摩沙)datesfrom1542,whenPortuguesesailorssightedanunchartedislandandnoteditontheirmapsasIlhaFormosa("beautifulisland").[48][49]ThenameFormosaeventually"replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature"[50]andremainedincommonuseamongEnglishspeakersintothe20thcentury.[51] Intheearly17thcentury,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyestablishedacommercialpostatFortZeelandia(modern-dayAnping,Tainan)onacoastalsandbarcalled"Tayouan",[52]aftertheirethnonymforanearbyTaiwaneseaboriginaltribe,possiblyTaivoanpeople,writtenbytheDutchandPortuguesevariouslyasTaiouwang,Tayowan,Teijoan,etc.[53]ThisnamewasalsoadoptedintotheChinesevernacular(inparticular,Hokkien,asPe̍h-ōe-jī:Tāi-oân/Tâi-oân)asthenameofthesandbarandnearbyarea(Tainan).Themodernword"Taiwan"isderivedfromthisusage,whichiswrittenindifferenttransliterations(大員,大圓,大灣,臺員,臺圓and臺窩灣)inChinesehistoricalrecords.Theareaoccupiedbymodern-dayTainanwasthefirstpermanentsettlementbybothEuropeancolonistsandChineseimmigrants.Thesettlementgrewtobetheisland'smostimportanttradingcentreandservedasitscapitaluntil1887. UseofthecurrentChinesename(臺灣/台灣)becameofficialasearlyas1684withtheestablishmentofTaiwanPrefecturewhichcentredinmodern-dayTainan.ThroughitsrapiddevelopmenttheentireFormosanmainlandeventuallybecameknownas"Taiwan".[54][55][56][57] InhisDaoyiZhilüe(1349),WangDayuanused"Liuqiu"asanamefortheislandofTaiwan,orthepartofitclosesttoPenghu.[58] Elsewhere,thenamewasusedfortheRyukyuIslandsingeneralorOkinawa,thelargestofthem;indeedthenameRyūkyūistheJapaneseformofLiúqiú.ThenamealsoappearsintheBookofSui(636)andotherearlyworks,butscholarscannotagreeonwhetherthesereferencesaretotheRyukyus,TaiwanorevenLuzon.[59] TheofficialnameofthecountryinEnglishisthe"RepublicofChina";ithasalsobeenknownundervariousnamesthroughoutitsexistence.ShortlyaftertheROC'sestablishmentin1912,whileitwasstilllocatedontheChinesemainland,thegovernmentusedtheshortform"China"(Zhōngguó(中國))torefertoitself,whichderivesfromzhōng("central"or"middle")andguó("state,nation-state"),[l]atermwhichalsodevelopedundertheZhoudynastyinreferencetoitsroyaldemesne,[m]andthenamewasthenappliedtotheareaaroundLuoyi(present-dayLuoyang)duringtheEasternZhouandthentoChina'sCentralPlainbeforebeingusedasanoccasionalsynonymforthestateduringtheQingera.[61] Duringthe1950sand1960s,aftertheROCgovernmenthadwithdrawntoTaiwanuponlosingtheChineseCivilWar,itwascommonlyreferredtoas"NationalistChina"(or"FreeChina")todifferentiateitfrom"CommunistChina"(or"RedChina").[63]ItwasamemberoftheUnitedNationsrepresentingChinauntil1971,whentheROClostitsseattothePeople'sRepublicofChina.Oversubsequentdecades,theRepublicofChinahasbecomecommonlyknownas"Taiwan",afterthemainisland.Insomecontexts,includingROCgovernmentpublications,thenameiswrittenas"RepublicofChina(Taiwan)","RepublicofChina/Taiwan",orsometimes"Taiwan(ROC)".[64][65][66] TheRepublicofChinaparticipatesinmostinternationalforumsandorganizationsunderthename"ChineseTaipei"asacompromisewiththePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).Forinstance,itisthenameunderwhichithasparticipatedintheOlympicGamesaswellastheWorldTradeOrganization.In2009,afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing,theROCparticipatedintheWorldHealthOrganizationforthefirsttimein38years,underthename"ChineseTaipei".[67]"Taiwanauthorities"issometimesusedbythePRCtorefertothecurrentgovernmentinTaiwan.[68] History Mainarticles:HistoryofTaiwanandHistoryoftheRepublicofChina Earlysettlement(to1683) Mainarticles:PrehistoryofTaiwan,DutchFormosa,SpanishFormosa,KingdomofMiddag,andKingdomofTungning TheAnthropomorphicJar,unearthedatShihsanhang,isaround500to1800yearsold TaiwanwasjoinedtotheAsianmainlandintheLatePleistocene,untilsealevelsroseabout10,000yearsago.[69]Fragmentaryhumanremainsdated20,000to30,000yearsagohavebeenfoundontheisland,aswellaslaterartifactsofaPaleolithicculture.[70][71]ThesepeopleweresimilartothenegritosofthePhilippines.[72] Around6,000yearsago,Taiwanwassettledbyfarmers,mostlikelyfromwhatisnowsoutheastChina.[73] Theyarebelievedtobetheancestorsoftoday'sTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples,whoselanguagesbelongtotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,butshowmuchgreaterdiversitythantherestofthefamily,whichspansahugeareafromMaritimeSoutheastAsiawesttoMadagascarandeastasfarasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIsland.ThishasledlinguiststoproposeTaiwanastheurheimatofthefamily,fromwhichseafaringpeoplesdispersedacrossSoutheastAsiaandthePacificandIndianOceans.[74][75] HanChinesefishermenbegansettlinginthePenghuislandsinthe13thcentury.[76]Hostiletribes,andalackofvaluabletradeproducts,meantthatfewoutsidersvisitedthemainislanduntilthe16thcentury.[76]Duringthe16thcentury,visitstothecoastbyfishermenandtradersfromFujian,aswellasChineseandJapanesepirates,becamemorefrequent.[76] TheDutchEastIndiaCompanyattemptedtoestablishatradingoutpostonthePenghuIslands(Pescadores)in1622,butwasdrivenoffbyMingforces.[77] In1624,thecompanyestablishedastrongholdcalledFortZeelandiaonthecoastalisletofTayouan,whichisnowpartofthemainislandatAnping,Tainan.[57] WhentheDutcharrived,theyfoundsouthwesternTaiwanalreadyfrequentedbyamostlytransientChinesepopulationnumberingcloseto1,500.[78]DavidWright,aScottishagentofthecompanywholivedontheislandinthe1650s,describedthelowlandareasoftheislandasbeingdividedamong11chiefdomsranginginsizefromtwosettlementsto72.SomeofthesefellunderDutchcontrol,includingtheKingdomofMiddaginthecentralwesternplains,whileothersremainedindependent.[57][79]TheCompanyencouragedfarmerstoimmigratefromFujianandworkthelandsunderDutchcontrol.[80]Bythe1660s,some30,000to50,000Chinesewerelivingontheisland.[81] FortZeelandia,theGovernor'sresidenceinDutchFormosa In1626,theSpanishEmpirelandedonandoccupiednorthernTaiwanasatradingbase,firstatKeelungandin1628buildingFortSanDomingoatTamsui.[82]Thiscolonylasted16yearsuntil1642,whenthelastSpanishfortressfelltoDutchforces.[83]TheDutchthenmarchedsouth,subduinghundredsofvillagesinthewesternplainsbetweentheirnewpossessionsinthenorthandtheirbaseatTayouan.[83] FollowingthefalloftheMingdynastyinBeijingin1644,Koxinga(ZhengChenggong)pledgedallegiancetotheYongliEmperorofSouthernMingandattackedtheQingdynastyalongthesoutheasterncoastofChina.[84]In1661,underincreasingQingpressure,hemovedhisforcesfromhisbaseinXiamentoTaiwan,expellingtheDutchinthefollowingyear.Taiwan'sMinistryofForeignAffairsandsomeanalystsconsiderhisregimetobeloyaltotheMing,whileothersarguethatheactedasanindependentrulerandhisintentionswereunclear.[85][86][87][88] AfterbeingoustedfromTaiwan,theDutchalliedwiththenewQingdynastyinChinaagainsttheZhengregimeinTaiwan.FollowingsomeskirmishestheDutchretookthenorthernfortressatKeelungin1664.[89]ZhengJingsenttroopstodislodgetheDutch,buttheywereunsuccessful.TheDutchheldoutatKeelunguntil1668,whenaborigineresistance,[90]andthelackofprogressinretakinganyotherpartsoftheislandpersuadedthecolonialauthoritiestoabandonthisfinalstrongholdandwithdrawfromTaiwanaltogether.[91] Qingrule(1683–1895) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderQingrule ChihkanTower,originallybuiltasFortProvintiabytheDutch,wasrebuiltunderQingrule In1683,followingthedefeatofKoxinga'sgrandsonbyanarmadaledbyAdmiralShiLang,theQingdynastyformallyannexedTaiwan,makingitaprefectureofFujianprovincewhileretainingitsadministrativeseat(nowTainan)underKoxingaasthecapital.[92]TheQingimperialgovernmenttriedtoreducepiracyandvagrancyinthearea,issuingaseriesofedictstomanageimmigrationandrespectaboriginallandrights.ImmigrantsmostlyfromsouthernFujiancontinuedtoenterTaiwan.Theborderbetweentaxpayinglandsandwhatwasconsidered"savage"landsshiftedeastward,withsomeaboriginesbecomingsinicizedwhileothersretreatedintothemountains.Duringthistime,therewereanumberofconflictsbetweendifferentethnicgroupsofHanChinese,QuanzhouMinnanesefeudingwithZhangzhouandHakkapeasants,andmajorclanfightsbetweenMinnans(Hoklos),Hakkasandaboriginestoo. Thereweremorethanahundredrebellions,riots,andinstancesofcivilstrifeduringtheQingadministration,includingtheLinShuangwenrebellion(1786–1788).Theirfrequencywasevokedbythecommonsaying"everythreeyearsanuprising,everyfiveyearsarebellion"(三年一反、五年一亂),primarilyinreferencetotheperiodbetween1820and1850.[93][94][95]Theseconditionsnotwithstanding,theproductionofsugarbecameprofitableontheislandand,togetherwithrice,providedsurplusesforexporttothemainland.Meanwhile,arapidlyincreasingpopulationsettledthewesterncoastalareas.[96] NorthernTaiwanandthePenghuIslandswerethesceneofsubsidiarycampaignsintheSino-FrenchWar(August1884toApril1885).TheFrenchoccupiedKeelungon1October1884,butwererepulsedfromTamsuiafewdayslater.TheFrenchwonsometacticalvictoriesbutwereunabletoexploitthem,andtheKeelungCampaignendedinstalemate.ThePescadoresCampaign,beginningon31March1885,wasaFrenchvictory,buthadnolong-termconsequences.TheFrenchevacuatedbothKeelungandthePenghuarchipelagoaftertheendofthewar. In1887,theQingupgradedtheisland'sadministrationfrombeingtheTaiwanPrefectureofFujianProvincetoFujian-Taiwan-Province,thetwentiethintheempire,withitscapitalatTaipei.ThiswasaccompaniedbyamodernizationdrivethatincludedatelegraphlinebetweenTainanandTaipeiandthebuildingofChina'sfirstrailway.[92][97] Japaneserule(1895–1945) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderJapaneserule FollowingtheQingdefeatintheFirstSino-JapaneseWar(1894–1895),Taiwan,itsassociatedislands,andthePenghuarchipelagowerecededtotheEmpireofJapanbytheTreatyofShimonoseki,alongwithotherconcessions.[98]InhabitantsonTaiwanandPenghuwishingtoremainQingsubjectsweregivenatwo-yeargraceperiodtoselltheirpropertyandmovetomainlandChina.VeryfewFormosanssawthisasfeasible.[99]On25May1895,agroupofpro-QinghighofficialsproclaimedtheRepublicofFormosatoresistimpendingJapaneserule.JapaneseforcesenteredthecapitalatTainanandquelledthisresistanceon21October1895.[100]Guerrillafightingcontinuedperiodicallyuntilabout1902andultimatelytookthelivesof14,000Taiwanese,or0.5percentofthepopulation.[101]SeveralsubsequentrebellionsagainsttheJapanese(theBeipuuprisingof1907,theTapaniincidentof1915,andtheMushaincidentof1930)wereallunsuccessfulbutdemonstratedoppositiontoJapanesecolonialrule. AsugarcanemillanditsrailwaysinTainanin1930s Thecolonialperiodwasinstrumentaltotheindustrializationoftheisland,withitsexpansionofrailwaysandothertransportnetworks,thebuildingofanextensivesanitationsystem,theestablishmentofaformaleducationsystem,andanendtothepracticeofheadhunting.[102][103]Duringthisperiod,thehumanandnaturalresourcesofTaiwanwereusedtoaidthedevelopmentofJapan.Theproductionofcashcropssuchassugargreatlyincreased,especiallysincesugarcanewassalableonlytoafewJapanesesugarmills,andlargeareaswerethereforedivertedfromtheproductionofrice,whichtheFormosanscouldmarketorconsumethemselves.[104]By1939,Taiwanwastheseventh-greatestsugarproducerintheworld.[105] Still,theHansandtheaborigineswereclassifiedassecond-andthird-classcitizens.Manyprestigiousgovernmentandbusinesspositionswereclosedtothem,leavingfewnativescapableoftakingonleadershipandmanagementrolesdecadeslaterwhenJapanrelinquishedtheisland.[106]AftersuppressingChineseguerrillasinthefirstdecadeoftheirrule,Japaneseauthoritiesengagedinaseriesofbloodycampaignsagainstthemountainaborigines,culminatingintheMushaIncidentof1930.[107]Intellectualsandlabourerswhoparticipatedinleft-wingmovementswithinTaiwanwerealsoarrestedandmassacred(e.g.ChiangWei-shuiandMasanosukeWatanabe).[108]Around1935,theJapanesebegananisland-wideassimilationprojecttobindtheislandmorefirmlytotheJapaneseEmpire.PeopleweretaughttoseethemselvesasJapaneseundertheKominkaMovement,duringwhichTaiwanesecultureandreligionwereoutlawed,andthecitizenswereencouragedtoadoptJapanesesurnames.[109]By1938,309,000JapanesesettlerswereresidinginTaiwan.[110] BurdenedbyJapan'supcomingwareffort,theislandwasdevelopedintoanavalandairbasewhileitsagriculture,industry,andcommercesuffered.[111][112]InitialairattacksandthesubsequentinvasionofthePhilippineswerelaunchedfromTaiwan.TheImperialJapaneseNavyoperatedheavilyfromTaiwaneseports,anditsthinktank"SouthStrikeGroup"wasbasedattheTaihokuImperialUniversityinTaipei.Militarybasesandindustrialcentres,suchasKaohsiungandKeelung,becametargetsofheavyAlliedbombings,whichalsodestroyedmanyofthefactories,dams,andtransportfacilitiesbuiltbytheJapanese.[113][112]InOctober1944,theFormosaAirBattlewasfoughtbetweenAmericancarriersandJapaneseforcesinTaiwan. DuringthecourseofWorldWarII,tensofthousandsofTaiwaneseservedintheJapanesemilitary.[114]In1944,LeeTeng-hui,whowouldbecomeTaiwan'spresidentlaterinlife,volunteeredforserviceintheImperialJapaneseArmyandbecameasecondlieutenant.[115]Hiselderbrother,LeeTeng-chin(李登欽),alsovolunteeredfortheImperialJapaneseNavyanddiedinManila.[116]Inaddition,over2,000women,euphemisticallycalled"comfortwomen",wereforcedintosexualslaveryforImperialJapanesetroops.[117] AfterJapan'ssurrenderinWWII,mostofTaiwan'sapproximately300,000JapaneseresidentswereexpelledandsenttoJapan.[118] RepublicofChina(1945–1949) Mainarticle:RepublicofChina(1912–1949) GeneralChenYi(right)acceptingthereceiptofGeneralOrderNo.1fromRikichiAndō(left),thelastJapaneseGovernor-GeneralofTaiwan,inTaipeiCityHall WhileTaiwanwasstillunderJapaneserule,theRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthemainlandon1January1912,followingtheXinhaiRevolution,whichbeganwiththeWuchanguprisingon10October1911,replacingtheQingdynastyandendingovertwothousandyearsofimperialruleinChina.[119]Fromitsfoundinguntil1949itwasbasedinmainlandChina.Centralauthoritywaxedandwanedinresponsetowarlordism(1915–28),Japaneseinvasion(1937–45),andtheChineseCivilWar(1927–50),withcentralauthoritystrongestduringtheNanjingdecade(1927–37),whenmostofChinacameunderthecontroloftheKuomintang(KMT)underanauthoritarianone-partystate.[120] InSeptember1945followingJapan'ssurrenderinWWII,ROCforces,assistedbysmallAmericanteams,preparedanamphibiousliftintoTaiwantoacceptthesurrenderoftheJapanesemilitaryforcesthere,underGeneralOrderNo.1,andtakeovertheadministrationofTaiwan.[121][122]On25October,GeneralRikichiAndō,governor-generalofTaiwanandcommander-in-chiefofallJapaneseforcesontheisland,signedthereceiptandhandeditovertoROCGeneralChenYitocompletetheofficialturnover.Chenproclaimedthatdaytobe"TaiwanRetrocessionDay",buttheAllies,havingentrustedTaiwanandthePenghuIslandstoChineseadministrationandmilitaryoccupation,nonethelessconsideredthemtobeunderJapanesesovereigntyuntil1952whentheTreatyofSanFranciscotookeffect.[123][124]Inthe1943CairoDeclaration,US,UK,andROCrepresentativesspecifiedterritoriessuchasFormosaandthePescadorestoberestoredbyJapantotheRepublicofChina.[125][126]Itstermswerelaterreferredtointhe1945PotsdamDeclaration,[127]whoseprovisionsJapanagreedtocarryoutinitsinstrumentofsurrender.[128][129]Duetodisagreementsoverwhichgovernment(PRCorROC)toinvite,ChinadidnotattendtheeventualsigningoftheTreatyofSanFrancisco,wherebyJapanrenouncedalltitlesandclaimstoFormosaandthePescadoreswithoutspecifyingtowhomtheyweresurrendered.[130]In1952,JapanandtheROCsignedtheTreatyofTaipei,recognizingthatalltreatiesconcludedbefore9December1941betweenChinaandJapanhavebecomenullandvoid.[131]InterpretationsofthesedocumentsandtheirlegalimplicationsgiverisetothedebateoverthesovereigntystatusofTaiwan. WhileinitiallyenthusiasticaboutthereturnofChineseadministrationandtheThreePrinciplesofthePeople,Formosansgrewincreasinglydissatisfiedaboutbeingexcludedfromhigherpositions,thepostponementoflocalelectionsevenaftertheenactmentofaconstitutiononthemainland,thesmugglingofvaluablesofftheisland,theexpropriationofbusinessesintogovernmentoperatedmonopolies,andthehyperinflationof1945–1949.[132][133][134][135]Theshootingofacivilianon28February1947triggeredisland-wideunrest,whichwassuppressedbyChenwithmilitaryforceinwhatisnowcalledtheFebruary28Incident.[136][137]Mainstreamestimatesofthenumberkilledrangefrom18,000to30,000.Manynativeleaderswerekilled,aswellasstudentsandsomemainlanders.[138][139][140]ChenwaslaterrelievedandreplacedbyWeiTao-ming,whomadeanefforttoundopreviousmismanagementbyre-appointingagoodproportionofislandersandre-privatizingbusinesses.[141] TheNationalists'retreattoTaipei AftertheendofWorldWarII,theChineseCivilWarresumedbetweentheChineseNationalists(Kuomintang),ledbyGeneralissimoChiangKai-shek,andtheChineseCommunistParty(CCP),ledbyCCPChairmanMaoZedong.Throughoutthemonthsof1949,aseriesofChineseCommunistoffensivesledtothecaptureofitscapitalNanjingon23AprilandthesubsequentdefeatoftheNationalistarmyonthemainland,andtheCommunistsfoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChinaon1October.[142] On7December1949,afterthelossoffourcapitals,ChiangevacuatedhisNationalistgovernmenttoTaiwanandmadeTaipeithetemporarycapitaloftheROC(alsocalledthe"wartimecapital"byChiangKai-shek).[143]Some2millionpeople,consistingmainlyofsoldiers,membersoftherulingKuomintangandintellectualandbusinesselites,wereevacuatedfrommainlandChinatoTaiwanatthattime,addingtotheearlierpopulationofapproximatelysixmillion.ThesepeoplecametobeknowninTaiwanas"waishengren"(外省人),residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrender,aswellastheirdescendants.Inaddition,theROCgovernmenttooktoTaipeimanynationaltreasuresandmuchofChina'sgoldandforeigncurrencyreserves.[144][145][146] AfterlosingcontrolofmainlandChinain1949,theROCretainedcontrolofTaiwanandPenghu(Taiwan,ROC),partsofFujian(Fujian,ROC)—specificallyKinmen,Wuqiu(nowpartofKinmen)andtheMatsuIslandsandtwomajorislandsintheSouthChinaSea(withintheDongsha/PratasandNansha/Spratlyislandgroups).TheseterritorieshaveremainedunderROCgovernanceuntilthepresentday.TheROCalsobrieflyretainedcontroloftheentiretyofHainan(anislandprovince),partsofZhejiang(Chekiang)—specificallytheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslands—andportionsofTibet,Qinghai,SinkiangandYunnan.TheCommunistscapturedHainanin1950,capturedtheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslandsduringtheFirstTaiwanStraitCrisisin1955anddefeatedtheROCrevoltsinNorthwestChinain1958.ROCforcesinYunnanprovinceenteredBurmaandThailandinthe1950sandweredefeatedbyCommunistsin1961.EversincelosingcontrolofmainlandChina,theKuomintangcontinuedtoclaimsovereigntyover'allofChina',whichitdefinedtoincludemainlandChina(includingTibet),Taiwan(includingPenghu),OuterMongolia,andotherminorterritories. RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) Mainarticles:HistoryoftheRepublicofChinaandHistoryofTaiwan(1945–present) Martiallawera(1949–1987) Seealso:MartiallawinTaiwanandTaiwanMiracle ChiangKai-shek,leaderoftheKuomintangfrom1925untilhisdeathin1975 Martiallaw,declaredonTaiwaninMay1949,[147]continuedtobeineffectafterthecentralgovernmentrelocatedtoTaiwan.Itwasalsousedasawaytosuppressthepoliticaloppositionandwasnotrepealeduntil38yearslaterin1987.[147][148]DuringtheWhiteTerror,astheperiodisknown,140,000peoplewereimprisonedorexecutedforbeingperceivedasanti-KMTorpro-Communist.[149]Manycitizenswerearrested,tortured,imprisonedandexecutedfortheirrealorperceivedlinktotheChineseCommunistParty.Sincethesepeopleweremainlyfromtheintellectualandsocialelite,anentiregenerationofpoliticalandsocialleaderswasdecimated.In1998,alawwaspassedtocreatethe"CompensationFoundationforImproperVerdicts"whichoversawcompensationtoWhiteTerrorvictimsandfamilies.PresidentMaYing-jeoumadeanofficialapologyin2008,expressinghopethattherewouldneverbeatragedysimilartoWhiteTerror.[150] DuetotheeruptionofKoreanwar,andinthecontextoftheColdWar,USPresidentHarryS.TrumandecidedtointerveneagainanddispatchedtheUnitedStatesSeventhFleetintotheTaiwanStraittopreventhostilitiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChina.[151]ContinuingfiercecombatbetweenbothsidesoftheChineseCivilWarthroughthe1950s,andinterventionbytheUnitedStatesnotablyresultedinlegislationsuchastheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyandtheFormosaResolutionof1955.Byvirtueofaforementionedpacts,theKMTregimereceivedsubstantialforeignaidfromtheUSbetween1951and1965.[152]IntheTreatyofSanFranciscoandtheTreatyofTaipei,whichcameintoforcerespectivelyon28April1952and5August1952,Japanformallyrenouncedallright,claimandtitletoTaiwanandPenghu,andrenouncedalltreatiessignedwithChinabefore1942.Neithertreatyspecifiedtowhomsovereigntyovertheislandsshouldbetransferred,becausetheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomdisagreedonwhethertheROCorthePRCwasthelegitimategovernmentofChina.[153] WithChiangKai-shek,USpresidentDwightD.EisenhowerwavedtocrowdsduringhisvisittoTaipeiinJune1960. AstheChineseCivilWarcontinuedwithouttruce,thegovernmentbuiltupmilitaryfortificationsthroughoutTaiwan.Withinthiseffort,KMTveteransbuiltthenowfamousCentralCross-IslandHighwaythroughtheTarokoGorgeinthe1950s.Thetwosideswouldcontinuetoengageinsporadicmilitaryclasheswithseldompublicizeddetailswellintothe1960sontheChinacoastalislandswithanunknownnumberofnightraids.DuringtheSecondTaiwanStraitCrisisinSeptember1958,Taiwan'slandscapesawNike-Herculesmissilebatteriesadded,withtheformationofthe1stMissileBattalionChineseArmythatwouldnotbedeactivateduntil1997.NewergenerationsofmissilebatterieshavesincereplacedtheNikeHerculessystemsthroughouttheisland. Duringthe1960sand1970s,theROCmaintainedanauthoritarian,single-partygovernmentwhileitseconomybecameindustrializedandtechnology-oriented.[154]Thisrapideconomicgrowth,knownastheTaiwanMiracle,occurredfollowingastrategyofprioritizingagriculture,lightindustries,andheavyindustriesinthatorder.[155]InfrastructureprojectssuchastheSunYat-senFreeway,TaoyuanInternationalAirport,TaichungHarbor,andJinshanNuclearPowerPlantwerelaunched,whiletheriseofsteel,petrochemical,andshipbuildingindustriesinsouthernTaiwansawthetransformationofKaohsiungintoaspecialmunicipalityonparwithTaipei.[156]Inthe1970s,TaiwanbecamethesecondfastestgrowingeconomyinAsiaafterJapan.[157]In1978,thecombinationoftaxincentivesandacheap,well-trainedlaborforceattractedinvestmentsofover$1.9billionfromoverseasChinese,theUnitedStates,andJapan,especiallyinthemanufacturingofelectricalandelectronicproducts.[158]By1980,foreigntradereached$39billionperyearandgeneratedasurplusof$46.5million,whiletheincomeratioofthehighesttothelowest20percentofwageearnersdroppedfrom15:1to4:1between1952and1978,lessthaneventhatoftheUnitedStates.[155]AlongwithHongKong,Singapore,andSouthKorea,TaiwanbecameknownasoneoftheFourAsianTigers. BecauseoftheColdWar,mostWesternnationsandtheUnitedNationsregardedtheROCasthesolelegitimategovernmentofChinauntilthe1970s.Eventually,especiallyaftertheterminationoftheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreaty,mostnationsswitcheddiplomaticrecognitiontothePRC(seeUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution2758).Untilthe1970s,theROCgovernmentwasregardedbyWesterncriticsasundemocraticforupholdingmartiallaw,severelyrepressinganypoliticalopposition,andcontrollingthemedia.TheKMTdidnotallowthecreationofnewpartiesandthosethatexisteddidnotseriouslycompetewiththeKMT.Thus,competitivedemocraticelectionsdidnotexist.[159][160][161][162][163]Fromthelate1970stothe1990s,however,Taiwanwentthroughreformsandsocialchangesthattransformeditfromanauthoritarianstatetoademocracy.In1979,apro-democracyprotestknownastheKaohsiungIncidenttookplaceinKaohsiungtocelebrateHumanRightsDay.Althoughtheprotestwasrapidlycrushedbytheauthorities,itistodayconsideredasthemaineventthatunitedTaiwan'sopposition.[164] ChiangChing-kuo,ChiangKai-shek'ssonandsuccessorastheROCpresidentandchairmanoftheKMT,beganreformstothepoliticalsysteminthemid-1980s.Hesoughttomovemoreauthorityto"benshengren"(residentsofTaiwanbeforeJapan'ssurrenderinWorldWarIIandtheirdescendants)insteadofcontinuingtopromote"waishengren"(residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrenderandtheirdescendants)ashisfatherhad.[165]In1984,theyoungerChiangselectedLeeTeng-hui,aTaiwan-born,US-educatedtechnocrat,tobehisvice-president.In1986,theDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wasformedandinauguratedasthefirstoppositionpartyintheROCtocountertheKMT.Ayearlater,ChiangChing-kuoliftedmartiallawonthemainislandofTaiwan(martiallawwasliftedonPenghuin1979,Matsuislandin1992andKinmenislandin1993).WiththeKMTliftingmartiallaw,movingtowarddemocracy,andchoosingthenativeTaiwaneseLeeTeng-huitoleadthecountry,theoppositionDPPgropedforamessage;itwouldgoontolosethefirstdirectpresidentialelectionin1996.[166] Post-martiallawera(1987–present) Seealso:PoliticsoftheRepublicofChina In1988,LeeTeng-huibecamethefirstpresidentoftheRepublicofChinaborninTaiwanandwasthefirsttobedirectlyelectedin1996. AfterthedeathofChiangChing-kuoinJanuary1988,LeeTeng-huisucceededhimandbecamethefirstpresidentborninTaiwan.Leecontinuedthedemocraticreformstothegovernmentandreplacedmany"waishengren"ingovernmentpositionswith"benshengren".UnderLee,TaiwanunderwentaprocessoflocalizationinwhichTaiwanesecultureandhistorywerepromotedoverapan-ChinaviewpointincontrasttoearlierKMTpolicies.Lee'sreformsincludedprintingbanknotesfromtheCentralBankratherthantheProvincialBankofTaiwan,andstreamliningtheTaiwanProvincialGovernmentwithmostofitsfunctionstransferredtotheExecutiveYuan.UnderLee,theoriginalmembersoftheLegislativeYuanandNationalAssembly(aformersupremelegislativebodydefunctin2005),[167]electedin1947torepresentmainlandChineseconstituenciesandhavingheldtheseatswithoutre-electionformorethanfourdecades,wereforcedtoresignin1991.ThepreviouslynominalrepresentationintheLegislativeYuanwasbroughttoanend,reflectingtherealitythattheROChadnojurisdictionovermainlandChina,andviceversa.RestrictionsontheuseofTaiwaneseHokkieninthebroadcastmediaandinschoolswerealsolifted.[168] Reformscontinuedinthe1990s.TheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaandtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreadefinedthestatusoftheROC,makingTaiwanitsdefactoterritory.LeeTeng-huiwasre-electedastheKMTcandidatein1996,inthefirstdirectpresidentialelectioninthehistoryoftheROC,defeatingDDPcandidatePengMing-min.[169][170]Withdemocratization,theissueofthepoliticalstatusofTaiwangraduallyresurfacedasacontroversialissuewhere,previously,thediscussionofanythingotherthanunificationundertheROCwastaboo.DuringthelateryearsofLee'sadministration,hewasinvolvedincorruptioncontroversiesrelatingtogovernmentreleaseoflandandweaponspurchase,althoughnolegalproceedingscommenced.In1997,"Tomeettherequisitesofthenationpriortonationalunification",[171]theAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinawaspassedandthentheformer"constitutionoffivepowers"turnstobemoretripartite. In2000,ChenShui-bianoftheDemocraticProgressivePartywaselectedasthefirstnon-Kuomintang(KMT)Presidentandwasre-electedtoservehissecondandlasttermsince2004,evenafterhebacktrackedontheneedtodeclareTaiwan'sindependence.[166]Meanwhile,polarizedpoliticsemergedinTaiwanwiththeformationofthePan-BlueCoalition,ledbytheKMT,andthePan-GreenCoalition,ledbytheDPP.TheformerpreferseventualChineseunification,whilethelatterprefersTaiwaneseindependence.[172] In2004,theChenadministrationpushedforareferendumoncross-Straitrelations.Inearly2006,ChenShui-bianremarked:"TheNationalUnificationCouncilwillceasetofunction.Nobudgetwillbeear-markedforitanditspersonnelmustreturntotheiroriginalposts...TheNationalUnificationGuidelineswillceasetoapply."[173]On30September2007,therulingDPPapprovedaresolutionassertingaseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Italsocalledforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,theRepublicofChina.[174] However,Chenalienatedmoderateconstituentswhosupportedthestatusquoandthosewithcross-straiteconomicties,aswellascreatingtensionwiththemainlandanddisagreementswiththeUnitedStates.[175]In2008,referendumswereheldonthesamedayasthepresidentialelectionaskingwhetherTaiwanshouldjointheUNunder"Taiwan"(DPP'smotion)or"RepublicofChina"/anyothersuitablename(KMT'smotion).Bothfailedbecauseonly35percentoftheelectorate,belowtherequiredthresholdof50percent,voted.[176]TheChenadministrationwasalsodoggedbypublicconcernsoverreducedeconomicgrowth,legislativegridlockduetoapan-blue,opposition-controlledLegislativeYuan,andcorruptioninvestigationsinvolvingtheFirstFamilyaswellasgovernmentofficials,loweringthePresident'sratingstothe20sneartheendofhissecondterm.[177][178][175] IntheJanuary2008legislativeelections,theKMT'smajorityintheLegislativeYuanincreased.ItsnomineeMaYing-jeouwentontowinthepresidencyinMarchofthesameyear,campaigningonaplatformofincreasedeconomicgrowthandbettertieswiththePRCunderapolicyof"mutualnon-denial".[176]UnderMa,TaiwanandChinaopenedupdirectflightsandcargoshipments,withthelattercountryevenmakingitpossibleforTaiwantoparticipateintheannualWorldHealthAssembly.ThreatsfromChinafadedfromthepublic'smind,althoughU.S.analystsRichardFisherandRichardBusharguedthatmilitarytensionswiththePRChadnotbeenreduced.[179] StudentprotestinTaipeiagainstacontroversialtradeagreementwithChinainMarch2014 In2014,agroupofuniversitystudentssuccessfullyoccupiedtheLegislativeYuanandpreventedtheratificationoftheCross-StraitServiceTradeAgreementinwhatbecameknownastheSunflowerStudentMovement.Themovementgaverisetoyouth-basedthirdpartiessuchastheNewPowerParty,andisviewedtohavecontributedtoDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)victoriesthe2016presidentialandlegislativeelections.[180]ThismarkedthefirsttimeinTaiwanesehistorythattheKMTlostitslegislativemajority. In2016,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPbecamethepresidentofTaiwan.In2020,shecalledontheinternationalcommunitytodefendtheself-ruledisland'sdemocracyinthefaceofrenewedthreatsfromChinaandcalledonthelattertodemocratizeandrenouncetheuseofmilitaryforceagainstTaiwan.ChineseleaderXiJinpinghadearlierexpressedthatTaiwanwaspartofChina,whoreservestherighttouseforcebutwillstrivetoachievepeacefulreunification.Xialsoofferedtodiscussunificationwithpartiesorindividualsunderthepreconditionof"oneChina",butbothTsaiandtheKMTrejectedXi'sproposal.[181][182] InJanuary2020,Tsaiwasre-electedandinthesimultaneouslegislativeelectionPresidentTsai'sDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wonamajoritywith61outof113seats.TheKuomintang(KMT)got38seats.[183]The2020DemocracyIndexpublishedbyLondon-basedEconomistIntelligenceUnitupgradedTaiwanfroma"flaweddemocracy"toa"fulldemocracy",raisingitfromthe31stplacepreviouslytothe11th,agreaterimprovementthananyothercountry.ItrankedbelowCanadabutaboveGermany,Japan,andtheUnitedStates.[184]Currently,asof2022,Taiwanranks8thplaceintheDemocracyIndex,withascoreof8.99outof10,nowaboveCanada. Geography Mainarticle:GeographyofTaiwan AsatelliteimageofTaiwan,showingitismostlymountainousintheeast,withgentlyslopingplainsinthewest.ThePenghuIslandsarewestofthemainisland. ThelandcontrolledbytheROCconsistsof168islands[j]withacombinedareaof36,193squarekilometres(13,974 sq mi).[15][33][h]Themainisland,knownhistoricallyasFormosa,makesup99percentofthisarea,measuring35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi)andlyingsome180kilometres(112 mi)acrosstheTaiwanStraitfromthesoutheasterncoastofmainlandChina.TheEastChinaSealiestoitsnorth,thePhilippineSeatoitseast,theLuzonStraitdirectlytoitssouthandtheSouthChinaSeatoitssouthwest.SmallerislandsincludethePenghuIslandsintheTaiwanStrait,theKinmen,MatsuandWuqiuislandsneartheChinesecoast,andsomeoftheSouthChinaSeaislands. Themainislandisatiltedfaultblock,characterizedbythecontrastbetweentheeasterntwo-thirds,consistingmostlyoffiveruggedmountainrangesparalleltotheeastcoast,andtheflattogentlyrollingplainsofthewesternthird,wherethemajorityofTaiwan'spopulationreside.Thereareseveralpeaksover3,500metres,thehighestbeingYuShanat3,952 m(12,966 ft),makingTaiwantheworld'sfourth-highestisland.Thetectonicboundarythatformedtheserangesisstillactive,andtheislandexperiencesmanyearthquakes,afewofthemhighlydestructive.TherearealsomanyactivesubmarinevolcanoesintheTaiwanStrait. Taiwancontainsfourterrestrialecoregions:JianNansubtropicalevergreenforests,SouthChinaSeaIslands,SouthTaiwanmonsoonrainforests,andTaiwansubtropicalevergreenforests.[185]Theeasternmountainsareheavilyforestedandhometoadiverserangeofwildlife,whilelanduseinthewesternandnorthernlowlandsisintensive.Thecountryhada2019ForestLandscapeIntegrityIndexmeanscoreof6.38/10,rankingit76thgloballyoutof172countries.[186] Climate Seealso:ClimatechangeinTaiwan KöppenclimateclassificationofTaiwan TaiwanliesontheTropicofCancer,anditsgeneralclimateismarinetropical.[14]Thenorthernandcentralregionsaresubtropical,whereasthesouthistropicalandthemountainousregionsaretemperate.[187]Theaveragerainfallis2,600millimetres(100inches)peryearfortheislandproper;therainyseasonisconcurrentwiththeonsetofthesummerEastAsianMonsooninMayandJune.[188]Theentireislandexperienceshot,humidweatherfromJunethroughSeptember.TyphoonsaremostcommoninJuly,AugustandSeptember.[188]Duringthewinter(NovembertoMarch),thenortheastexperiencessteadyrain,whilethecentralandsouthernpartsoftheislandaremostlysunny. Duetoclimatechange,theaveragetemperatureinTaiwanhasrisen1.4 °C(2.5 °F)inthelast100years,whichistwiceoftheworldwidetemperaturerise.[189]ThegoaloftheTaiwanesegovernmentistocutcarbonemissionsby20percentin2030comparedto2005levels,andby50percentin2050comparedto2005levels.Carbonemissionsincreasedby0.92percentbetween2005and2016.[190] Geology Mainarticle:GeologyofTaiwan MountDabajianwasselectedasoneofthe100PeaksofTaiwan TheislandofTaiwanliesinacomplextectonicareabetweentheYangtzePlatetothewestandnorth,theOkinawaPlateonthenorth-east,andthePhilippineMobileBeltontheeastandsouth.Theupperpartofthecrustontheislandisprimarilymadeupofaseriesofterranes,mostlyoldislandarcswhichhavebeenforcedtogetherbythecollisionoftheforerunnersoftheEurasianPlateandthePhilippineSeaPlate.ThesehavebeenfurtherupliftedasaresultofthedetachmentofaportionoftheEurasianPlateasitwassubductedbeneathremnantsofthePhilippineSeaPlate,aprocesswhichleftthecrustunderTaiwanmorebuoyant.[191] TheeastandsouthofTaiwanareacomplexsystemofbeltsformedby,andpartofthezoneof,activecollisionbetweentheNorthLuzonTroughportionoftheLuzonVolcanicArcandSouthChina,whereaccretedportionsoftheLuzonArcandLuzonforearcformtheeasternCoastalRangeandparallelinlandLongitudinalValleyofTaiwan,respectively.[192] ThemajorseismicfaultsinTaiwancorrespondtothevarioussuturezonesbetweenthevariousterranes.Thesehaveproducedmajorquakesthroughoutthehistoryoftheisland.On21September1999,a7.3quakeknownasthe"921earthquake"killedmorethan2,400people.TheseismichazardmapforTaiwanbytheUSGSshows9/10oftheislandatthehighestrating(mosthazardous).[193] Politicalandlegalstatus Mainarticle:PoliticalstatusofTaiwan Seealso:Listofstateswithlimitedrecognition;ForeignrelationsofChina§ Internationalterritorialdisputes;andTaiwan,China ThepoliticalandlegalstatusesofTaiwanarecontentiousissues.ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)claimsthatTaiwanisChineseterritoryandthatitselfhasreplacedtheROCgovernmentin1949,becomingthesolelegalgovernmentofChina.[68]TheROC,however,hasitsowncurrency,widelyacceptedpassport,postagestamps,internetTLD,armedforcesandconstitutionwithanindependentlyelectedpresident.[194]Ithasnotformallyrenounceditsclaimtothemainland,butROCgovernmentpublicationshaveincreasinglydownplayedthishistoricalclaim.[195] ThoughitwasafoundingmemberofUnitedNations,theROCnowhasneitherofficialmembershipnorobserverstatusintheorganization. RelationswiththePRC Seealso:Cross-Straitrelations TheMainlandAffairsCouncil(MAC)ofTaiwanisresponsibleforrelationswiththePRC,whiletheTaiwanAffairsOffice(TAO)ofthePRCisresponsibleforrelationswithTaiwan.Exchangesareconductedthroughprivateorganizationsbothfoundedin1991:theStraitsExchangeFoundation(SEF)ofTaiwanandtheAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits(ARATS)ofthePRC. HanKuangExerciseistheannualexerciseoftheROCArmedForcesforapossibleattackfromthePRC Thepoliticalenvironmentiscomplicatedbythepotentialformilitaryconflict[196][197][198][199]shouldeventsoutlinedinthePRC'santi-secessionlawoccur,suchasTaiwandeclaringdejureindependence.Whileitaimsforpeacefulreunification,thePRCdoesnotruleouttheuseofforce.[68][200][201]ThereisasubstantialmilitarypresenceontheFujiancoastaswellasPRCsortiesintoTaiwan'sADIZ.[202][203][204]ThePRC'sOne-ChinaprinciplestatesthatTaiwanandmainlandChinaarebothpartofChina,andthatthePRCistheonlylegitimategovernmentofChina.[43]ItseekstopreventorreduceanyformalrecognitionoftheROCasanindependentsovereignstate,[205][206]meaningthatTaiwanparticipatesinmanyinternationalforumsasanon-statememberundernamessuchas"ChineseTaipei". Foralmost60 years,therewerenodirecttransportationlinks,includingdirectflights,betweenTaiwanandthePRC.ThiswasaproblemformanyTaiwanesebusinessesthathadopenedfactoriesorbranchesinmainlandChina.Inthe2006LunarNewYearSpeech,PresidentChenShui-biancalledformanagedopeningoflinks.DirectweekendcharterflightsbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinabeganinJuly2008undertheKMTgovernment,andthefirstdirectdailycharterflightstookoffinDecember2008.[207] InNovember1992,theARATSandSEFheldameetingwhichwouldlaterbecomeknownasthe1992Consensus.TheSEFannouncedthatbothsidesagreedthattherewasonlyoneChina,butdisagreedonthedefinitionofChina(i.e.theROCvs.PRC),whiletheARATSannouncedthatthetwoagreedontheOneChinaPrinciple,butdidnotmentiondifferencesregardingitsdefinitionmadeintheSEFstatement.[208]ThisdiscrepancybetweenthetwostatementswascriticizedbytheDPPandformerpresidentLeeTeng-hui.[209]ThePRChassincevieweditasaprerequisitefordialoguebetweentheROCandPRC.[209]InFebruary2000,thePRCsuggestedthe"onecountry,twosystems"employedinHongKongasamodelforpeacefulunificationwithTaiwan.[68] PresidentChenShui-bianoftheDPP,electedinMarch2000,initiallyindicatedawillingnesstoacceptthe1992Consensus,butlaterbackeddownduetopressurewithinhispartyandsoughtamiddlegroundbyattemptingdialoguewiththePRConthebasisofthe1992ConsensuswithoutexplicitlyacceptingtheOneChinaPrinciple;thiswasnotwellreceivedbythePRCandofficialdialoguewassuspended.[210]On29April2005,KuomintangChairmanLienChantravelledtoBeijingandmetwithChineseCommunistPartyGeneralSecretaryHuJintao,thefirstmeetingbetweentheleadersofthetwopartiessincetheendoftheChineseCivilWarin1949.[211][212][213]AccordingtoUSsources,Husaidin2008thattalksbetweenTaiwanandthemainlandshouldberestoredonthebasisofthe1992Consensus.[214][215][216] Ma–XimeetingwasthefirstmeetingbetweentheleadersfrombothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsince1949 MaYing-jeouoftheKMTfullyendorsedthe1992Consensus,thoughhestatedthattherewouldbeneitherunificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[217]Afterbecomingelectedpresidentin2008,talksbetweentheROCandPRCresumed.[218]On11February2014,MainlandAffairsCouncilheadWangYu-chitravelledtoNanjingandmetwithTaiwanAffairsOfficeheadZhangZhijun,thefirstmeetingbetweenhigh-rankingofficialsfromeitherside.[219]ZhangpaidareciprocalvisittoTaiwanandmetWangon25June2014,makingZhangthefirstminister-levelPRCofficialtoevervisitTaiwan.[220]On7November2015,MaYing-jeouandXiJinping[221]hadaface-to-facemeetinginSingapore,thefirsttimetwoROCandPRCleadershadmetsince1949.[222][223] Duringthe2016Taiwanesepresidentialelection,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPinitiallypursuedasimilarstrategyasChenShui-bian,butafterwinningtheelectionshereceivedasimilarlyfrostyreceptionfromthePRC.[224][225][226]In2019,Tsai,whosupportedthe2019–20HongKongprotests,pledgedthataslongassheisTaiwan'spresident,shewillneveraccept"onecountry,twosystems",andthatsincethePRCequatedthe1992Consensuswith"onecountry,twosystems",shecouldnotacceptthe1992Consensusaswell.[227][228][181][229] In2022,PresidentJoeBidenstatedduringavisittoJapanthattheUnitedStateswillinterveneifthePRCattemptstoinvadeTaiwan.SpeakingatajointnewsconferenceinTokyowithJapanesePrimeMinisterFumioKishida,Mr.BidenwasaskedbyCBSNewscorrespondentNancyCordes,"AreyouwillingtogetinvolvedmilitarilytodefendTaiwanifitcomestothat?"Heresponded,"Yes."[230]However,whenaskedabouttheanswer,formerUSpresssecretaryJenPsakisaidthattheywillcontinuewiththepoliticalambiguitystrategy.[231] Foreignrelations Mainarticle:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan   RepublicofChina(Taiwan)  People'sRepublicofChina  CountriesthathaveformalrelationswiththePRCandinformalrelationswiththeROC  CountriesthathaveformalrelationswiththeROCandnoformalrelationswiththePRC Before1928,theforeignpolicyofRepublicanChinawascomplicatedbyalackofinternalunity—competingcentresofpowerallclaimedlegitimacy.ThissituationchangedafterthedefeatofthePeiyangGovernmentbytheKuomintang(KMT),whichledtowidespreaddiplomaticrecognitionoftheRepublicofChina.[232] AftertheKMT'sretreattoTaiwan,mostcountries,notablythecountriesintheWesternBloc,continuedtomaintainrelationswiththeROC,butrecognitiongraduallyerodedandmanycountriesswitchedrecognitiontothePeople'sRepublicofChinainthe1970s.On25October1971,UNResolution2758wasadoptedby76votesto35with17abstensions,recognizingthePRC,foundedin1949onthemainland,asChina'ssolerepresentativeintheUnitedNations;countriesinsupportincludedFrance,India,theUK,andtheUSSR,andcountriesinoppositionincludedJapanandtheUnitedStates.[233][234] ROCembassyinEswatini ThePRCrefusestohavediplomaticrelationswithanynationthathasdiplomaticrelationswiththeROC,andrequiresallnationswithwhichithasdiplomaticrelationstomakeastatementrecognizingitsclaimstoTaiwan.[235]Asaresult,only13 UNmemberstatesandtheHolySeemaintainofficialdiplomaticrelationswiththeRepublicofChina.[43][44][236]TheROCmaintainsunofficialrelationswithmostcountriesviadefactoembassiesandconsulatescalledTaipeiEconomicandCulturalRepresentativeOffices(TECRO),withbranchofficescalled"TaipeiEconomicandCulturalOffices"(TECO).BothTECROandTECOare"unofficialcommercialentities"oftheROCinchargeofmaintainingdiplomaticrelations,providingconsularservices(i.e.visaapplications),andservingthenationalinterestsoftheROCinothercountries.[237] From1954to1979,theUnitedStateswasapartnerwithTaiwaninamutualdefensetreaty.TheUnitedStatesremainsoneofthemainsupportersofTaiwanand,throughtheTaiwanRelationsActpassedin1979,hascontinuedsellingarmsandprovidingmilitarytrainingtotheArmedForces.[238]ThissituationcontinuestobeanissueforthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichconsidersUSinvolvementdisruptivetothestabilityoftheregion.InJanuary2010,theUSannounceditsintentiontosell$6.4 billionworthofmilitaryhardwaretoTaiwan.Asaconsequence,thePRCwarnedthatitsco-operationwiththeUSoninternationalandregionalissuescouldsufferandthatthecompaniesinvolved,namelyRaytheon,LockheedMartin,Boeing,andUnitedTechnologies,couldfaceChinesesanctions.[239] TheofficialpositionoftheUnitedStatesisthatthePRCisexpectedto"usenoforceorthreat[en]touseforceagainstTaiwan"andtheROCisto"exerciseprudenceinmanagingallaspectsofCross-Straitrelations."Botharetorefrainfromperformingactionsorespousingstatements"thatwouldunilaterallyalterTaiwan'sstatus".[240]On16December2015,theObamaadministrationannouncedadealtosell$1.83 billionworthofarmstothearmedforcesoftheROC.[241][242]TheforeignministryofthePRChadexpresseditsdisapprovalforthesalesandissuedtheUSa"sternwarning",sayingitwouldhurtPRC–USrelations.[243]InresponsetoUSsupportforTaiwan,thePRCdefenseministerWeiFenghesaidin2019that"IfanyonedarestosplitTaiwanfromChina,theChinesemilitaryhasnochoicebuttofightatallcosts".[244]PresidentTrumpinMarch2020signedabillcalledtheTAIPEIACT.InPresidentTrump'slastdaysinofficehefurtheredAmericansupportforTaiwanintheTheTaiwanAssuranceAct,whichDefactorecognizedTaiwan. Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations Seealso:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan§ RelationwithInternationalorganizations,andChineseTaipei TheROCwasafoundingmemberoftheUnitedNations,andheldtheseatofChinaontheSecurityCouncilandotherUNbodiesuntil1971,whenitwasexpelledbyResolution2758andreplacedinallUNorganswiththePRC.Eachyearsince1992,theROChaspetitionedtheUNforentry,butitsapplicationshavenotmadeitpastcommitteestage.[245] TheflagusedbyTaiwanattheOlympicGames,whereitcompetesas"ChineseTaipei"(中華台北) Duetoitslimitedinternationalrecognition,theRepublicofChinahasbeenamemberoftheUnrepresentedNationsandPeoplesOrganization(UNPO)sincethefoundationoftheorganizationin1991,representedbyagovernment-fundedorganization,theTaiwanFoundationforDemocracy(TFD),underthename"Taiwan".[246][247] AlsoduetoitsOneChinapolicy,thePRConlyparticipatesininternationalorganizationswheretheROCdoesnotparticipateasasovereigncountry.Mostmemberstates,includingtheUnitedStates,donotwishtodiscusstheissueoftheROC'spoliticalstatusforfearofsouringdiplomatictieswiththePRC.[248]However,boththeUSandJapanpubliclysupporttheROC'sbidformembershipintheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)asanobserver.[249]However,thoughtheROCsoughttoparticipateintheWHOsince1997,[250][251]theireffortswererejecteduntil2009,whentheyparticipatedunderthename"ChineseTaipei"afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing.[67][252]In2017,TaiwanagainbegantobeexcludedfromtheWHOeveninanobservercapacity.[253]ThisexclusioncausedanumberofscandalsduringtheCOVID-19outbreak.[254][255] TheNagoyaResolutionin1979betweenTaiwan(ROC),China(PRC),andtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)providedacompromisefortheROCtousethename"ChineseTaipei"ininternationaleventswherethePRCisalsoaparty,suchastheOlympicGames.[256][257][258]UndertheIOCcharter,ROCflagscannotbeflownatanyofficialOlympicvenueorgathering;thiscausedsomeconcernin2002whenresidentsofadowntowncondominiuminSaltLakeCityhungtwoflagsfromTaiwan.[259]TheROCalsoparticipatesintheAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationforum(since1991)andtheWorldTradeOrganization(since2002)underthenames"ChineseTaipei"and"SeparateCustomsTerritoryofTaiwan,Penghu,KinmenandMatsu",respectively.ItwasafoundingmemberoftheAsianDevelopmentBank,butsinceChina'sascensionin1986hasparticipatedunderthename"Taipei,China".TheROCisabletoparticipateas"China"inorganizationsinwhichthePRCdoesnotparticipate,suchastheWorldOrganizationoftheScoutMovement.Areferendumquestionin2018askedifTaiwan'sathletesshouldcompeteunder"Taiwan"inthe2020SummerOlympicsbutdidnotpass;theNewYorkTimesattributedthefailuretoacampaigncautioningthatanamechangemightleadtoTaiwanbeingbanned"underChinesepressure".[260] Domesticopinion Seealso:TaiwanindependencemovementandChineseunification Broadlyspeaking,domesticpublicopinionhaspreferredmaintainingthestatusquo,thoughpro-independencesentimenthassteadilyrisensince1994.InJune2021,anannualpollrunbytheNationalChengchiUniversityfoundthat28.2percentofrespondentssupportedthestatusquoandpostponingadecision,27.5percentsupportedmaintainingthestatusquoindefinitely,25.8percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardindependence,5.9percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardunification,5.7percentgavenoresponse,5.6percentsupportedindependenceassoonaspossible,and1.5percentsupportedunificationassoonaspossible.[261] TheKMT,thelargestPan-Blueparty,supportsthestatusquofortheindefinitefuturewithastatedultimategoalofunification.However,itdoesnotsupportunificationintheshorttermwiththePRCassuchaprospectwouldbeunacceptabletomostofitsmembersandthepublic.[262]MaYing-jeou,chairmanoftheKMTandformerpresidentoftheROC,hassetoutdemocracy,economicdevelopmenttoalevelnearthatofTaiwan,andequitablewealthdistributionastheconditionsthatthePRCmustfulfillforreunificationtooccur.[263] TheDemocraticProgressiveParty,thelargestPan-Greenparty,officiallyseeksindependence,butinpracticealsosupportsthestatusquobecauseneitherindependencenorre-unificationseemslikelyintheshortorevenmediumterm.[264] On2September2008,theMexicannewspaperElSoldeMéxicoaskedPresidentMaoftheKMTabouthisviewsonthesubjectof"twoChinas"andiftherewasasolutionforthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwo.ThepresidentrepliedthattherelationsareneitherbetweentwoChinasnortwostates.Itisaspecialrelationship.Further,hestatedthatthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwocannotberesolvedatpresent,buthequotedthe"1992Consensus",acceptedbyboththeKMTandtheChineseCommunistParty,asatemporarymeasureuntilasolutionbecomesavailable.[265]However,theconsensuswasrejectedbyformerpresidentLeeTeng-hui,aswellasPresidentTsaiIng-wenandmostofthePan-GreenCoalition. On27September2017,TaiwanesepremierWilliamLaioftheDemocraticProgressivePartysaidthathewasa"politicalworkerwhoadvocatesTaiwanindependence",butthatasTaiwanwasalreadyanindependentcountrycalledtheRepublicofChina,[199][201][204][266][267]ithadnoneedtodeclareindependence.[268] Governmentandpolitics Mainarticles:GovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaandPoliticsoftheRepublicofChina Seealso:ElectionsinTaiwan,HumanrightsinTaiwan,andNorth–SouthdivideinTaiwan Government Taiwan'spopularlyelectedpresidentresidesinthePresidentialOfficeBuilding,Taipei,originallybuiltintheJapaneseeraforcolonialgovernors ThegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthe1947ConstitutionoftheROCanditsThreePrinciplesofthePeople,whichstatesthattheROC"shallbeademocraticrepublicofthepeople,tobegovernedbythepeopleandforthepeople".[269]Itunderwentsignificantrevisionsinthe1990s,knowncollectivelyastheAdditionalArticles.Thegovernmentisdividedintofivebranches(Yuan):theExecutiveYuan(cabinet),theLegislativeYuan(CongressorParliament),theJudicialYuan,theControlYuan(auditagency),andtheExaminationYuan(civilserviceexaminationagency). TsaiIng-wen,PresidentoftheRepublicofChina Theheadofstateandcommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesisthepresident,whoiselectedbypopularvoteforamaximumof2four-yeartermsonthesameticketasthevice-president.ThepresidentappointsthemembersoftheExecutiveYuanastheircabinet,includingapremier,whoisofficiallythePresidentoftheExecutiveYuan;membersareresponsibleforpolicyandadministration.[269] ThemainlegislativebodyistheunicameralLegislativeYuanwith113seats.Seventy-threeareelectedbypopularvotefromsingle-memberconstituencies;thirty-fourareelectedbasedontheproportionofnationwidevotesreceivedbyparticipatingpoliticalpartiesinaseparatepartylistballot;andsixareelectedfromtwothree-memberaboriginalconstituencies.Membersservefour-yearterms.OriginallytheunicameralNationalAssembly,asastandingconstitutionalconventionandelectoralcollege,heldsomeparliamentaryfunctions,buttheNationalAssemblywasabolishedin2005withthepowerofconstitutionalamendmentshandedovertotheLegislativeYuanandalleligiblevotersoftheRepublicviareferendums.[269][270] SuTseng-chang,PremieroftheRepublicofChina Thepremierisselectedbythepresidentwithouttheneedforapprovalfromthelegislature,butthelegislaturecanpasslawswithoutregardforthepresident,asneitherhenorthePremierwieldsvetopower.[269]Thus,thereislittleincentiveforthepresidentandthelegislaturetonegotiateonlegislationiftheyareofopposingparties.Aftertheelectionofthepan-Green'sChenShui-bianaspresidentin2000,legislationrepeatedlystalledbecauseofdeadlockwiththeLegislativeYuan,whichwascontrolledbyapan-Bluemajority.[271]Historically,theROChasbeendominatedbystrongmansinglepartypolitics.Thislegacyhasresultedinexecutivepowerscurrentlybeingconcentratedintheofficeofthepresidentratherthanthepremier,eventhoughtheconstitutiondoesnotexplicitlystatetheextentofthepresident'sexecutivepower.[272] TheJudicialYuanisthehighestjudicialorgan.Itinterpretstheconstitutionandotherlawsanddecrees,judgesadministrativesuits,anddisciplinespublicfunctionaries.Thepresidentandvice-presidentoftheJudicialYuanandadditionalthirteenjusticesformtheCouncilofGrandJustices.[273]Theyarenominatedandappointedbythepresident,withtheconsentoftheLegislativeYuan.Thehighestcourt,theSupremeCourt,consistsofanumberofcivilandcriminaldivisions,eachofwhichisformedbyapresidingjudgeandfourassociatejudges,allappointedforlife.In1993,aseparateconstitutionalcourtwasestablishedtoresolveconstitutionaldisputes,regulatetheactivitiesofpoliticalpartiesandacceleratethedemocratizationprocess.Thereisnotrialbyjurybuttherighttoafairpublictrialisprotectedbylawandrespectedinpractice;manycasesarepresidedoverbymultiplejudges.[269] TheControlYuanisawatchdogagencythatmonitors(controls)theactionsoftheexecutive.ItcanbeconsideredastandingcommissionforadministrativeinquiryandcanbecomparedtotheCourtofAuditorsoftheEuropeanUnionortheGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeoftheUnitedStates.[269]ItisalsoresponsiblefortheNationalHumanRightsCommission. TheExaminationYuanisinchargeofvalidatingthequalificationofcivilservants.ItisbasedontheoldimperialexaminationsystemusedindynasticChina.ItcanbecomparedtotheEuropeanPersonnelSelectionOfficeoftheEuropeanUnionortheOfficeofPersonnelManagementoftheUnitedStates.[269]Itwasdownsizedin2019,andtherehavebeencallsforitsabolition.[274][275] Constitution TheconstitutionwasdraftedinbytheKMTwhiletheROCstillgovernedtheChinesemainland,wentintoeffecton25December1947.[276]TheROCremainedundermartiallawfrom1948until1987andmuchoftheconstitutionwasnotineffect.[277][278]Politicalreformsbeginninginthelate1970sresultedintheendofmartiallawin1987,andTaiwantransformedintoamultipartydemocracyintheearly1990s.TheconstitutionalbasisforthistransitiontodemocracywasgraduallylaidintheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina.Inaddition,thesearticleslocalizedtheConstitutionbysuspendingportionsoftheConstitutiondesignedforthegovernanceofmainlandChinaandreplacingthemwitharticlesadaptedforthegovernanceofandguaranteeingthepoliticalrightsofresidentsoftheTaiwanArea,asdefinedintheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandArea.[279] Nationalboundarieswerenotexplicitlyprescribedbythe1947Constitution,andtheConstitutionalCourtdeclinedtodefinetheseboundariesina1993interpretation,viewingthequestionasapoliticalquestiontoberesolvedbytheExecutiveandLegislativeYuans.[280]The1947ConstitutionincludedarticlesregardingrepresentativesfromformerQingdynastyterritoriesincludingTibetandMongolia(thoughitdidnotspecifywhetherthisexcludedOuterMongolia).[281][282]TheROCrecognizedMongoliaasanindependentcountryin1946aftersigningthe1945Sino-SovietTreatyofFriendshipandAlliance,butafterretreatingtoTaiwanin1949itrenegedonitsagreementinordertopreserveitsclaimovermainlandChina.[283]TheAdditionalArticlesofthe1990sdidnotalternationalboundaries,butsuspendedarticlesregardingMongolianandTibetanrepresentatives.TheROCbegantoaccepttheMongolianpassportandremovedclausesreferringtoOuterMongoliafromtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreain2002.[284]In2012theMainlandAffairsCouncilissuedastatementclarifyingthatOuterMongoliawasnotpartoftheROC'snationalterritoryin1947,[285]andthattheterminationoftheSino-SovietTreatyhadnotalterednationalterritoryaccordingtotheConstitution.[286]TheMongolianandTibetanAffairsCommissionintheExecutiveYuanwasabolishedin2017. Majorcamps TheDemocraticProgressiveParty,themainPan-GreenCoalitionpartyEmblemoftheKuomintang,themainPan-BlueCoalitionparty Taiwan'spoliticalsceneisdividedintotwomajorcampsintermsofcross-Straitrelations,i.e.howTaiwanshouldrelatetoChinaorthePRC.ThePan-GreenCoalition(e.g.theDemocraticProgressiveParty)leanspro-independence,andthePan-BlueCoalition(e.g.theKuomintang)leanspro-unification.ModeratesinbothcampsregardtheRepublicofChinaasasovereignindependentstate,butthePan-GreenCoalitionregardtheROCassynonymouswithTaiwan,whilemoderatesinthePan-BlueCoalitionviewitassynonymouswithChina.ThesepositionsformedagainstthebackdropofthePRC'sAnti-SecessionLaw,whichthreatensinvasionintheeventofformalindependence. Taiwanese-bornTangwai("independent")politicianWuSan-lien(secondleft)celebrateswithsupportershisvictoryinTaipei'sfirstmayoralelectionin1951. ThePan-GreenCoalitionismainlyledbythepro-independenceDemocraticProgressivePartyandTaiwanStatebuildingParty(TSP).TheyopposetheideathatTaiwanispartofChina,andseekwidediplomaticrecognitionandaneventualdeclarationofformalTaiwanindependence.[287]InSeptember2007,thethenrulingDemocraticProgressivePartyapprovedaresolutionassertingseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Itcalledalsoforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,the"RepublicofChina".[288]Thename"Taiwan"hasbeenusedincreasinglyoftenaftertheemergenceoftheTaiwaneseindependencemovement.[175]Somemembersofthecoalition,suchasformerPresidentChenShui-bian,arguethatitisunnecessarytoproclaimindependencebecause"Taiwanisalreadyanindependent,sovereigncountry"andtheRepublicofChinaisthesameasTaiwan.[289]DespitebeingamemberofKMTpriortoandduringhispresidency,LeeTeng-huialsoheldasimilarviewandwasasupporteroftheTaiwanizationmovement.[290] ThePan-BlueCoalition,composedofthepro-unificationKuomintang,PeopleFirstParty(PFP)andNewPartygenerallysupportthespiritofthe1992Consensus,wheretheKMTclaimedthatthereisoneChina,butthattheROCandPRChavedifferentinterpretationsofwhat"China"means.Theyfavoureventualre-unificationofChina.[291]Regardingindependence,themainstreamPan-Bluepositionistomaintainthestatusquo,whilerefusingimmediatereunification.[292][293]PresidentMaYing-jeoustatedthattherewillbenounificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[294][295]Asof2009[update],Pan-BluemembersusuallyseektoimproverelationshipswithPRC,withacurrentfocusonimprovingeconomicties.[296] Nationalidentity Mainarticle:Taiwanesepeople§ ThecurrentstateofTaiwaneseidentitySeealso:OpinionpollingonTaiwaneseidentity Resultsfromanidentitysurveyconductedeachyearfrom1992to2020bytheElectionStudyCenter,NationalChengchiUniversity.[297]ResponsesareTaiwanese(green),Chinese(red)orBothTaiwaneseandChinese(hatched).Noresponseisshownasgrey. Roughly84percentofTaiwan'spopulationaredescendantsofHanChineseimmigrantsfromQingChinabetween1683and1895.AnothersignificantfractiondescendsfromHanChinesewhoimmigratedfrommainlandChinainthelate1940sandearly1950s.Thesharedculturalorigincombinedwithseveralhundredyearsofgeographicalseparation,somehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationandforeigninfluences,aswellashostilitybetweentherivalROCandPRChaveresultedinnationalidentitybeingacontentiousissuewithpoliticalovertones. Sincedemocraticreformsandtheliftingofmartiallaw,adistinctTaiwaneseidentity(asopposedtoTaiwaneseidentityasasubsetofaChineseidentity)isoftenattheheartofpoliticaldebates.ItsacceptancemakestheislanddistinctfrommainlandChina,andthereforemaybeseenasasteptowardsformingaconsensusfordejureTaiwanindependence.[298]ThePan-GreencampsupportsapredominantlyTaiwaneseidentity(although"Chinese"maybeviewedasculturalheritage),whilethePan-BluecampsupportsapredominantlyChineseidentity(with"Taiwanese"asaregional/diasporicChineseidentity).[291]TheKMThasdownplayedthisstanceintherecentyearsandnowsupportsaTaiwaneseidentityaspartofaChineseidentity.[299][300] InannualpollsconductedbyNationalChengchiUniversity,Taiwaneseidentificationhasincreasedsubstantiallysincetheearly1990s,whileChineseidentificationhasfallentoalowlevel,andidentificationasbothhasalsoseenareduction.In1992,17.6percentofrespondentsidentifiedasTaiwanese,25.5percentasChinese,46.4percentasboth,and10.5percentnon-response.InJune2021,63.3percentidentifiedasTaiwanese,2.6percentasChinese,31.4percentasboth,and2.7percentnon-response.[297]AsurveyconductedinTaiwanbyGlobalViewsSurveyResearchCenterinJuly2009showedthat82.8percentofrespondentsconsidertheROCandthePRCastwoseparatecountrieswitheachdevelopingonitsownbut80.2percentthinktheyaremembersoftheChinese.[301] Administrativedivisions Mainarticle:AdministrativedivisionsofTaiwan Taiwanis,inpractice,dividedinto22subnationaldivisions,eachwithaself-governingbodyledbyanelectedleaderandalegislativebodywithelectedmembers.Dutiesoflocalgovernmentsincludesocialservices,education,urbanplanning,publicconstruction,watermanagement,environmentalprotection,transport,publicsafety,andmore. Therearethreetypesofsubnationaldivisions:specialmunicipalities,counties,andcities.Specialmunicipalitiesandcitiesarefurtherdividedintodistrictsforlocaladministration.Countiesarefurtherdividedintotownshipsandcounty-administeredcitieswhichhaveelectedmayorsandcouncils,andsharedutieswiththecounty.Somedivisionsareindigenousdivisionswhichhavedifferentdegreesofautonomytostandardones.Inaddition,districts,citiesandtownshipsarefurtherdividedintovillagesandneighbourhoods. OverviewofadministrativedivisionsoftheRepublicofChina RepublicofChina Taipei NewTaipei Keelung Taoyuan HsinchuCounty Hsinchu Miaoli Taichung Changhua Penghu Nantou Yunlin ChiayiCounty Chiayi Tainan Kaohsiung Pingtung Yilan Hualien Taitung TaiwanProvince Kinmen Lienchiang(Matsu) FuchienProvince TaiwanStrait SouthChinaSea EastChinaSea PescadoresChannel BashiChannel PhilippineSea(PacificOcean) Freearea[i] Mainlandarea[ii] Specialmunicipalities[α][iii] Provinces[iv] Notadministered[v] Counties[α] Autonomousmunicipalities[α][vi] Districts[β] Mountainindigenousdistricts[α] County-administeredcities[α] Townships[α][β][vii] Districts[β] Villages[γ][viii] Neighborhoods Notes ^abcdefHasanelectedexecutiveandanelectedlegislativecouncil. ^abcHasanappointeddistrictadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. ^Hasanelectedvillageadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. Military Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaArmedForces Seealso:RepublicofChinaMilitaryAcademy RepublicofChinaArmy'sThunderbolt-2000,amultiplerocketlauncher TheRepublicofChinaArmytakesitsrootsintheNationalRevolutionaryArmy,whichwasestablishedbySunYat-senin1925inGuangdongwithagoalofreunifyingChinaundertheKuomintang.WhenthePeople'sLiberationArmywontheChineseCivilWar,muchoftheNationalRevolutionaryArmyretreatedtoTaiwanalongwiththegovernment.ItwaslaterreformedintotheRepublicofChinaArmy.UnitswhichsurrenderedandremainedinmainlandChinawereeitherdisbandedorincorporatedintothePeople'sLiberationArmy. TheROCandtheUnitedStatessignedtheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyin1954,andestablishedtheUnitedStatesTaiwanDefenseCommand.About30,000UStroopswerestationedinTaiwan,untiltheUnitedStatesestablisheddiplomaticrelationswiththePRCin1979.[302] From1949tothe1970s,theprimarymissionoftheTaiwanesemilitarywasto"retakemainlandChina"throughProjectNationalGlory.AsthismissionhastransitionedawayfromattackbecausetherelativestrengthofthePRChasmassivelyincreased,theROCmilitaryhasbeguntoshiftemphasisfromthetraditionallydominantArmytotheairforceandnavy. RepublicofChinaAirForceindigenouslyproducedfighterairplaneinChingChuanKangAirBase Controlofthearmedforceshasalsopassedintothehandsoftheciviliangovernment.[303][304] TheROCbeganaforcereductionplan,JingshiAn(translatedtostreamliningprogram),toscaledownitsmilitaryfromalevelof450,000in1997to380,000in2001.[305]Asof2009[update],thearmedforcesoftheROCnumberapproximately300,000,[306]withnominalreservestotalling3.6 millionasof2015[update].[307]Conscriptionremainsuniversalforqualifiedmalesreachingageeighteen,butasapartofthereductioneffortmanyaregiventheopportunitytofulfilltheirdraftrequirementthroughalternativeserviceandareredirectedtogovernmentagenciesorarmsrelatedindustries.[308]Planscallforatransitiontoapredominantlyprofessionalarmy.[309][310]InthelastmonthsoftheBushadministration,Taipeitookthedecisiontoreversethetrendofdecliningmilitaryspending,atatimewhenmostAsiancountrieskeptonreducingtheirmilitaryexpenditures.Italsodecidedtostrengthenbothdefensiveandoffensivecapabilities. TwoC-130HinSongshanAFB AsignificantamountofmilitaryhardwarehasbeenboughtfromtheUnitedStates,and,asof2009[update],continuestobelegallyguaranteedbytheTaiwanRelationsAct.[238]Inthepast,FranceandtheNetherlandshavealsosoldmilitaryweaponsandhardwaretotheROC,buttheyalmostentirelystoppedinthe1990sunderpressureofthePRC.[311][312] ThereisnoguaranteeintheTaiwanRelationsActoranyothertreatythattheUnitedStateswilldefendTaiwan,evenintheeventofinvasion.[313]ThejointdeclarationonsecuritybetweentheUSandJapansignedin1996mayimplythatJapanwouldbeinvolvedinanyresponse.However,Japanhasrefusedtostipulatewhetherthe"areasurroundingJapan"mentionedinthepactincludesTaiwan,andtheprecisepurposeofthepactisunclear.[314]TheAustralia,NewZealand,UnitedStatesSecurityTreaty(ANZUSTreaty)maymeanthatotherUSallies,suchasAustralia,couldtheoreticallybeinvolved.[315][316]WhilethiswouldriskdamagingeconomictieswithChina,[317]aconflictoverTaiwancouldleadtoaneconomicblockadeofChinabyagreatercoalition.[318][319][320][321][322] Economy Mainarticles:EconomyofTaiwanandEconomichistoryofTaiwan Economichistory ThequickindustrializationandrapidgrowthofTaiwanduringthelatterhalfofthe20thcenturyhasbeencalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Taiwanisoneofthe"FourAsianTigers"alongsideHongKong,SouthKoreaandSingapore. PortofKaohsiungisoperatedasthelargestharborinTaiwan JapaneserulepriortoandduringWorldWarIIbroughtchangesinthepublicandprivatesectors,mostnotablyintheareaofpublicworks,whichenabledrapidcommunicationsandfacilitatedtransportthroughoutmuchoftheisland.TheJapanesealsoimprovedpubliceducationandmadeitcompulsoryforallresidentsofTaiwan.By1945,hyperinflationwasinprogressinmainlandChinaandTaiwanasaresultofthewarwithJapan.ToisolateTaiwanfromit,theNationalistgovernmentcreatedanewcurrencyareafortheisland,andbeganapricestabilizationprogramwhichhelpedtosignificantlyslowinflation. WhentheKMTgovernmentfledtoTaiwanitbroughtmillionsoftaels(where1 tael=37.5gor~1.2 ozt)ofgoldandtheforeigncurrencyreserveofmainlandChina,which,accordingtotheKMT,stabilizedpricesandreducedhyperinflation.[323]Perhapsmoreimportantly,aspartofitsretreattoTaiwan,theKMTbroughttheintellectualandbusinesselitesfrommainlandChina.[324]TheKMTgovernmentinstitutedmanylawsandlandreformsthatithadnevereffectivelyenactedonmainlandChina.Thegovernmentalsoimplementedapolicyofimport-substitution,attemptingtoproduceimportedgoodsdomestically.[325] In1950,withtheoutbreakoftheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatesbegananaidprogrammewhichresultedinfullystabilizedpricesby1952.[326]EconomicdevelopmentwasencouragedbyAmericaneconomicaidandprogrammessuchastheJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,whichturnedtheagriculturalsectorintothebasisforlatergrowth.Underthecombinedstimulusofthelandreformandtheagriculturaldevelopmentprogrammes,agriculturalproductionincreasedatanaverageannualrateof4percentfrom1952to1959,whichwasgreaterthanthepopulationgrowth,3.6percent.[327] In1962,Taiwanhada(nominal)per-capitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)of$170,placingitseconomyonaparwiththoseoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Onapurchasingpowerparity(PPP)basis,itsGDPpercapitaintheearly1960swas$1,353(in1990prices).By2011per-capitaGNP,adjustedforpurchasingpowerparity(PPP),hadrisento$37,000,contributingtoaHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)equivalenttothatofotherdevelopedcountries.In2019,theHDIcalculatedbyTaiwan'sgovernmentwastheseventh-highestintheAsia-Pacificregion.[20] In1974,ChiangChing-KuoimplementedtheTenMajorConstructionProjects,thetransportation,energy,andbasicindustryinfrastructurethathelpedTaiwantransformintoitscurrentexportdriveneconomy.Sincethe1990s,anumberofTaiwan-basedtechnologyfirmshaveexpandedtheirreacharoundtheworld.Well-knowninternationaltechnologycompaniesheadquarteredinTaiwanincludepersonalcomputermanufacturersAcerInc.andAsus,mobilephonemakerHTC,aswellaselectronicsmanufacturinggiantFoxconn,whichmakesproductsforApple,Amazon,andMicrosoft.[328]Computexisamajorcomputerconvention,heldannuallyinTaipeisince1981,andisattendedbymajortechcompanieslikeAMDandNvidia.[329] Taipei101heldtheworldrecordforthehighestskyscraperfrom2004to2010. In2001,agricultureconstitutedonly2percentofGDP,downfrom35percentin1952.[330]Traditionallabour-intensiveindustriesaresteadilybeingmovedoffshoreandwithmorecapitalandtechnology-intensiveindustriesreplacingthem.High-technologyindustrialparkshavesprungupineveryregioninTaiwan.TheROChasbecomeamajorforeigninvestorinthePRC,Thailand,Indonesia,thePhilippines,Malaysia,andVietnam.Itisestimatedthatsome50,000 Taiwanesebusinessesand1,000,000 businesspeopleandtheirdependentsareestablishedinthePRC.[331] Sincethebeginningofthe1990s,theeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavebeenextensive.Asof2008[update],morethanUS$150 billion[332]havebeeninvestedinthePRCbyTaiwanesecompanies.AlthoughtheeconomyofTaiwanbenefitsfromthissituation,somehaveexpressedtheviewthattheislandhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonthemainlandChineseeconomy.A2008whitepaperbytheDepartmentofIndustrialTechnologystatesthat"TaiwanshouldseektomaintainstablerelationwithChinawhilecontinuingtoprotectnationalsecurity,andavoidingexcessive'Sinicization'ofTaiwaneseeconomy."[333]OthersarguethatcloseeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinawouldmakeanymilitaryinterventionbythePLAagainstTaiwanverycostly,andthereforelessprobable.[334] TodayTaiwanhasadynamic,capitalist,export-driveneconomywithgraduallydecreasingstateinvolvementininvestmentandforeigntrade.Inkeepingwiththistrend,somelargegovernment-ownedbanksandindustrialfirmsarebeingprivatized.[335]RealgrowthinGDPhasaveragedabout8percentduringthepastthreedecades.Exportshaveprovidedtheprimaryimpetusforindustrialization.Thetradesurplusissubstantial,andforeignreservesaretheworld'sfifthlargest.[336]TheofficialcurrencyofTaiwanbytheROCistheNewTaiwandollar.Taiwan'stotaltradein2010reachedanall-timehighofUS$526.04 billion,accordingtoTaiwan'sMinistryofFinance.Bothexportsandimportsfortheyearreachedrecordlevels,totalingUS$274.64 billionandUS$251.4 billion,respectively.[337] Becauseofitsconservativefinancialapproachanditsentrepreneurialstrengths,Taiwansufferedlittlecomparedwithmanyofitsneighboursinthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis.Unlikeitsneighbours,SouthKoreaandJapan,theTaiwaneseeconomyisdominatedbysmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses,ratherthanthelargebusinessgroups.Theglobaleconomicdownturn,however,combinedwithpoorpolicyco-ordinationbythenewadministrationandincreasingbaddebtsinthebankingsystem,pushedTaiwanintorecessionin2001,thefirstwholeyearofnegativegrowthsince1947.Duetotherelocationofmanymanufacturingandlabour-intensiveindustriestothePRC,unemploymentalsoreachedalevelnotseensincethe1970soilcrisis.Thisbecameamajorissueinthe2004presidentialelection.Growthaveragedmorethan4percentinthe2002–2006periodandtheunemploymentratefellbelow4percent.[338] High-techmanufacturing AfabbuildingofTSMCinHsinchuSciencePark Taiwan'sriseinthekeysemiconductorindustrywaslargelyattributedtoTaiwanSemiconductorManufacturingCo.(TSMC)andUnitedMicroelectronicCorporation(UMC).[339]TSMCwasfounded21February1987andasofDecember2021itsmarketcapitalizationequatedtoroughly90%ofTaiwan'sGDP.[340]Thecompanyisthe9thlargestintheworldbymarketcapitalization[341]aswellastheworld'sbiggestsemiconductormanufacturingcompany,surpassingIntelandSamsung.[342]ItsmajorcustomersincludeQualcomm,Nvidia,Broadcom,Intel,AMD,AppleInc.,Ampere,Microsoft,MediaTekandSony.[343]In2018,beatingSamsungandIntel,thecompany's7nmnodebothisthefirstcommercialnodetobemadewithEUVlithography,andthefirstsub-10 nmnodetoentervolumeproduction.[344]TSMCwasthefirstTaiwanesecompanytobelistedontheNewYorkStockExchange,underthetradenameNYSE:TSM,inOctober1997.[345] UMC,anothermajorcompanyinTaiwan'shigh-techexportsandglobalsemiconductors,doesnothowever,competewithTSMConadvancesemiconductorprocesses.InsteaditcompeteswiththeAmericanGlobalFoundries,andothers,forlessadvancedsemiconductorprocessesandforsiliconwafers.[346]Itsmajorcustomersinclude,MediaTek,TexasInstruments,andRealtek.[347] Foxconn,amajorsmart-devicemanufacturer,isheadquarteredinNewTaipeiCity.[348]ItisalsolistedintheTaiwanStockExchangeunderthetradenameHonHaiPrecisionIndustry.[349]MostofitsfactoriesarelocatedinEastAsia,withamajorityof12factorieslocatedinChina.[350][351]It'smajorcustomersincludeApple,Microsoft,Amazon,Google,andHuawei.[328] Internationalparticipation TheROCoftenjoinsinternationalorganizations(especiallyonesthatalsoincludethePeople'sRepublicofChina)underapoliticallyneutralname.TheROChasbeenamemberofgovernmentaltradeorganizationssuchastheWorldTradeOrganizationunderthenameSeparateCustomsTerritoryofTaiwan,Penghu,KinmenandMatsu(ChineseTaipei)since2002.[352]Taiwanhasunofficialdiplomaticofficesfortourismandothereconomicallyrelatedduties,mostlyunderapoliticallyneutralname.[353][354] Transport Mainarticle:TransportationinTaiwan ChinaAirlinesaircraftline-upatTaoyuanInternationalAirport TheMinistryofTransportationandCommunicationsoftheRepublicofChinaisthecabinet-levelgoverningbodyofthetransportnetworkinTaiwan. CiviliantransportinTaiwanischaracterisedbyextensiveuseofscooters.InMarch2019,13.86 millionwereregistered,twicethatofcars.[355] Bothhighwaysandrailwaysareconcentratednearthecoasts,wherethemajorityofthepopulationresides,with1,619 km(1,006 mi)ofmotorway. RailwaysinTaiwanareprimarilyusedforpassengerservices,withTaiwanRailwayAdministration(TRA)operatingacircularrouteandTaiwanHighSpeedRail(THSR)runninghighspeedservicesonthewestcoast.UrbantransitsystemsincludeTaipeiMetro,KaohsiungRapidTransit,TaoyuanMetroandNewTaipeiMetro. MajorairportsincludeTaiwanTaoyuan,Kaohsiung,TaipeiSongshanandTaichung.TherearecurrentlysevenairlinesinTaiwan,withthelargesttwobeingChinaAirlinesandEVAAir. Therearefourinternationalseaports:Keelung,Kaohsiung,Taichung,andHualien. Education Mainarticles:EducationinTaiwan,AcademiaSinica,andHistoryofeducationinTaiwan Seealso:ScholarshipsinTaiwanandEconomyofTaiwan§ Science GateofNationalTaiwanUniversity,theuniversitywasfoundedin1928duringJapaneserule Taiwan'shighereducationsystemwasestablishedbyJapanduringthecolonialperiod.However,aftertheRepublicofChinatookoverin1945,thesystemwaspromptlyreplacedbythesamesystemasinmainlandChinawhichmixedfeaturesoftheChineseandAmericaneducationalsystems.[356] TaiwaniswellknownforadheringtotheConfucianparadigmofvaluingeducationasameanstoimproveone'ssocioeconomicpositioninsociety.[357][358]Heavyinvestmentandaculturalvaluingofeducationhascatapultedtheresource-poornationconsistentlytothetopofglobaleducationrankings.Taiwanisoneofthetop-performingcountriesinreadingliteracy,mathematicsandsciences.In2015,Taiwanesestudentsachievedoneoftheworld'sbestresultsinmathematics,scienceandliteracy,astestedbytheProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA),withtheaveragestudentscoring519,comparedwiththeOECDaverageof493,placingitseventhintheworld.[359][360][361] TheTaiwaneseeducationsystemhasbeenpraisedforvariousreasons,includingitscomparativelyhightestresultsanditsmajorroleinpromotingTaiwan'seconomicdevelopmentwhilecreatingoneoftheworld'smosthighlyeducatedworkforces.[362][363]Taiwanhasalsobeenpraisedforitshighuniversityentranceratewheretheuniversityacceptanceratehasincreasedfromaround20percentbeforethe1980sto49percentin1996andover95percentsince2008,amongthehighestinAsia.[364][365][366]Thenation'shighuniversityentranceratehascreatedahighlyskilledworkforcemakingTaiwanoneofthemosthighlyeducatedcountriesintheworldwith68.5percentofTaiwanesehighschoolstudentsgoingontoattenduniversity.[367]Taiwanhasahighpercentageofitscitizensholdingatertiaryeducationdegreewhere45percentofTaiwaneseaged25–64holdabachelor'sdegreeorhighercomparedwiththeaverageof33percentamongmembercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).[366][368] Ontheotherhand,thesystemhasbeencriticisedforplacingexcessivepressureonstudentswhileeschewingcreativityandproducinganexcesssupplyofover-educateduniversitygraduatesandahighgraduateunemploymentrate.Withalargenumberofuniversitygraduatesseekingalimitednumberofprestigiouswhitecollarjobsinaneconomicenvironmentthatisincreasinglylosingitscompetitiveedge,thishasledmanygraduatestobeemployedinlower-endjobswithsalariesfarbeneaththeirexpectations.[369][358]Taiwan'suniversitieshavealsobeenundercriticismfornotbeingabletofullymeettherequirementsanddemandsofTaiwan's21st-centuryfast-movinglabourmarket,citingaskillsmismatchamongalargenumberofself-assessed,overeducateduniversitygraduateswhodonotfitthedemandsofthemodernTaiwaneselabourmarket.[370]TheTaiwanesegovernmenthasalsoreceivedcriticismforunderminingtheeconomyasithasbeenunabletoproduceenoughjobstomeetthedemandsofnumerousunderemployeduniversitygraduates.[364][371] AstheTaiwaneseeconomyislargelyscienceandtechnologybased,thelabourmarketdemandspeoplewhohaveachievedsomeformofhighereducation,particularlyrelatedtoscienceandengineeringtogainacompetitiveedgewhensearchingforemployment.AlthoughcurrentTaiwaneselawmandatesonlynineyearsofschooling,95percentofjuniorhighgraduatesgoontoattendaseniorvocationalhighschool,university,juniorcollege,tradeschool,orotherhighereducationinstitution.[367][372] SinceMadeinChina2025wasannouncedin2015,aggressivecampaignstorecruitTaiwanesechipindustrytalenttosupportitsmandatesresultedinthelossofmorethan3,000chipengineerstomainlandChina,[373]andraisedconcernsofa"braindrain"inTaiwan.[374][373][375] ManyTaiwanesestudentsattendcramschools,orbuxiban,toimproveskillsandknowledgeonproblemsolvingagainstexamsofsubjectslikemathematics,naturescience,historyandmanyothers.Coursesareavailableformostpopularsubjectsandincludelectures,reviews,privatetutorialsessions,andrecitations.[376][377] Asof2020[update],theliteracyrateinTaiwanwas99.03percent.[378] Demographics Mainarticle:DemographicsofTaiwan PopulationdensitymapofTaiwan(residentspersquarekilometre) Taiwanhasapopulationofabout23.4 million,[379]mostofwhomareontheislandofTaiwan.TheremainderliveontheoutlyingislandsofPenghu(101,758),Kinmen(127,723),andMatsu(12,506).[380] Largestcitiesandcounties Mainarticle:ListofcitiesinTaiwan ThefiguresbelowaretheMarch2019estimatesforthetwentymostpopulousadministrativedivisions;adifferentrankingexistswhenconsideringthetotalmetropolitanareapopulations(insuchrankingstheTaipei-Keelungmetroareaisbyfarthelargestagglomeration).Thefiguresreflectthenumberofhouseholdregistrationsineachcity,whichmaydifferfromthenumberofactualresidents.   LargestcitiesandspecialmunicipalitiesinTaiwansource Rank Name Division Pop. NewTaipeiTaichung 1 NewTaipei NewTaipeiCity 4,000,164 KaohsiungTaipei 2 Taichung TaichungCity 2,809,004 3 Kaohsiung KaohsiungCity 2,773,229 4 Taipei TaipeiCity 2,661,317 5 Taoyuan TaoyuanCity 2,230,653 6 Tainan TainanCity 1,883,078 7 Hsinchu HsinchuCity 446,701 8 Keelung KeelungCity 369,820 9 Chiayi ChiayiCity 268,474 10 Changhua ChanghuaCounty 232,505 Ethnicgroups Mainarticles:Taiwanesepeople,HanTaiwanese,Taiwaneseindigenouspeoples,andPlainsindigenouspeoples OriginalgeographicdistributionsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples TheROCgovernmentreportsthatover95percentofthepopulationisHan.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofthem(85percent)aredescendantsofHokloandHakkawhoarrivedinlargenumbersinthe17thto18thcentury.Aminority(10to15percent)arewaishengren,descendantsofChinesenationalistswhofledtoTaiwantheendoftheChineseCivilWarin1949.Therearealso2percentindigenousMalayo-Polynesianpeoplesand2percentnewimmigrantsprimarilyfromChinaandSoutheastAsia.[85][14] TheHoklopeoplearethelargestethnicgroup(70percentofthetotalpopulation),whoseancestorsmigratedfromthecoastalsouthernFujianregionacrosstheTaiwanStraitstartinginthe17thcentury.TheHakkacompriseabout15percentofthetotalpopulation,anddescendfromHanmigrantsfromeasternGuangdong.[381] TheindigenousTaiwaneseaboriginesnumberabout533,600,andthegovernmentrecognises16groups.[382]TheAmi,Atayal,Bunun,Kanakanavu,Kavalan,Paiwan,Puyuma,Rukai,Saisiyat,Saaroa,Sakizaya,Sediq,Thao,TrukuandTsoulivemostlyintheeasternhalfoftheisland,whiletheYamiinhabitOrchidIsland.[383][384] Languages Mostcommonlyusedhomelanguageineacharea,darkerinproportiontotheleadoverthenextmostcommon  MandarinChinese  HokkienorMinNan  HakkaChinese  Austronesianlanguages Mainarticle:LanguagesofTaiwan Mandarinistheprimarylanguageusedinbusinessandeducation,andisspokenbythevastmajorityofthepopulation.TraditionalChineseisusedasthewritingsystem.[385]TheRepublicofChinadoesnothaveanylegallydesignatedofficiallanguage,butMandarinplaystheroleofthedefactoofficiallanguage.[3] Around70%ofTaiwan'spopulationbelongtotheHokloethnicgroupandarenativespeakersofTaiwaneseHokkieninadditiontoMandarin.[386]TheHakkagroup,comprisingsome14–18percentofthepopulation,speakHakka.AlthoughMandarinisthelanguageofinstructioninschoolsanddominatestelevisionandradio,non-MandarinChinesevarietieshaveundergonearevivalinpubliclifeinTaiwan,particularlysincerestrictionsontheirusewereliftedinthe1990s.[385] FormosanlanguagesarespokenprimarilybytheindigenouspeoplesofTaiwan.TheydonotbelongtotheChineseorSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily,buttotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,andarewritteninLatinalphabet.[387]TheiruseamongaboriginalminoritygroupshasbeenindeclineasusageofMandarinhasrisen.[385]Ofthe14extantlanguages,fiveareconsideredmoribund.[388] ClassicalChinese SincetheMayFourthMovement,writtenvernacularChinesehadreplacedClassicalChineseandemergedasthemainstreamwrittenChineseintheRepublicofChina.ButClassicalChinesecontinuedtobewidelyusedintheGovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.MostgovernmentdocumentsintheRepublicofChinawerewritteninClassicalChineseuntilreformsinthe1970s,inareformmovementspearheadedbyPresidentYenChia-kantoshiftthewrittenstyletoamoreintegratedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[389][390]After1January2005,theExecutiveYuanalsochangedthelong-standingofficialdocumentwritinghabitfromverticalwritingstyletohorizontalwritingstyle. Today,pureClassicalChineseisoccasionallyusedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalritesinTaiwan.TheNationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina(中華民國國歌),forexample,isinClassicalChinese.TaoisttextsarestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposed.Buddhisttexts,orsutras,arestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposedortranslatedfromSanskritsources.InpracticethereisasociallyacceptedcontinuumbetweenvernacularChineseandClassicalChinese.Mostofficialgovernmentdocuments,legal,courtsrulingsandjudiciarydocumentsuseacombinedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[391]Forexample,mostofficialnoticesandformallettersarewrittenwithanumberofstockClassicalChineseexpressions(e.g.salutation,closing).Personalletters,ontheotherhand,aremostlywritteninvernacular,butwithsomeClassicalphrases,dependingonthesubjectmatter,thewriter'slevelofeducation,etc. AsmanylegaldocumentsarestillwritteninClassicalChinese,whichisnoteasilyunderstoodbythegeneralpublic,agroupofTaiwanesehadlaunchedtheLegalVernacularMovementhopingtobringmoreVernacularChineseintothelegalwritingsoftheRepublicofChina.[392] Taiwanisofficiallymultilingual.AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11]Asof2019,policiesonnationallanguagesareinearlystagesofimplementation,withHakkaandindigenouslanguagesdesignatedassuch. Religion Mainarticle:ReligioninTaiwan Estimatedreligiouscompositionin2020[13]   Chinesefolkreligion(includingConfucianism)(43.8%)  Buddhists(21.2%)  Others(includingTaoists)(15.5%)  Unaffiliated(13.7%)  Christians(5.8%)  Muslims(1%) WanheTempleisoneofthetemplesdedicatedtotheseagoddessMazu TheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaprotectspeople'sfreedomofreligionandthepracticesofbelief.[393]FreedomofreligioninTaiwanisstrongandrankshighat9.2in2018accordingtoworldbank.[394] In2005,thecensusreportedthatthefivelargestreligionswere:Buddhism,Taoism,Yiguandao,Protestantism,andRomanCatholicism.[395]AccordingtoPewResearch,thereligiouscompositionofTaiwanin2020[396]isestimatedtobe43.8percentFolkreligions,21.2percentBuddhist,15.5Others(includingTaoism),13.7percentUnaffiliated,5.8percentChristianand1%Muslim.TaiwaneseaboriginescompriseanotablesubgroupamongprofessingChristians:"...over64percentidentifyasChristian...ChurchbuildingsarethemostobviousmarkersofAboriginalvillages,distinguishingthemfromTaiwaneseorHakkavillages".[397]TherehasbeenasmallMuslimcommunityofHuipeopleinTaiwansincethe17thcentury.[398] Confucianismisaphilosophythatdealswithsecularmoralethics,andservesasthefoundationofbothChineseandTaiwaneseculture.ThemajorityofTaiwanesepeopleusuallycombinethesecularmoralteachingsofConfucianismwithwhateverreligionstheyareaffiliatedwith. Asof2019[update],therewere15,175religiousbuildingsinTaiwan,approximatelyoneplaceofworshipper1,572residents.12,279templeswerededicatedtoTaoismandBuddhism.Therewere9,684TaoistTemplesand2,317BuddhistTemples.[399]InTaiwan's36,000squarekilometersofland,therearemorethan33,000placesforreligious(believers)toworshipandgather.Onaverage,thereisonetempleorchurch(church)orreligiousbuildingforeverysquarekilometer.Thehighdensityofplaceofworshipisrareintheworld,anditistheareawiththehighestdensityofreligiousbuildingsintheChinese-speakingworld.TaiwanisalsothemostreligiousregionintheChinese-speakingworld.EvenforChristianity,thereare2,845Churches.[399] AsignificantpercentageofthepopulationofTaiwanisnon-religious.Taiwan'sstronghumanrightsprotections,lackofstate-sanctioneddiscrimination,andgenerallyhighregardforfreedomofreligionorbeliefearneditajoint#1rankinginthe2018FreedomofThoughtReport,alongsidetheNetherlandsandBelgium.[400] Taiwanisclearlyanoutlierinthetop3,all-clearcountries.Itisnon-European,anddemographicallymuchmorereligious.Butinitsrelativelyopen,democraticandtolerantsocietywehaverecordednoevidenceoflawsorsocialdiscriminationagainstmembersofthenon-religiousminority.[401] LGBTrights Mainarticles:LGBTrightsinTaiwanandSame-sexmarriageinTaiwan On24May2017,theConstitutionalCourtruledthatthen-currentmarriagelawshadbeenviolatingtheConstitutionbydenyingTaiwanesesame-sexcouplestherighttomarry.TheCourtruledthatiftheLegislativeYuandidnotpassadequateamendmentstoTaiwanesemarriagelawswithintwoyears,same-sexmarriageswouldautomaticallybecomelawfulinTaiwan.[402]Inareferendumquestionin2018,however,votersexpressedoverwhelmingoppositiontosame-sexmarriageandsupportedtheremovalofcontentabouthomosexualityfromprimaryschooltextbooks.AccordingtotheNewYorkTimes,theaforementionedreferendumquestionsweresubjecttoa"well-fundedandhighlyorganizedcampaignledbyconservativeChristiansandothergroups"involvingtheuseof"misinformation,thebulkofwhichwasspreadonline."[260]Nevertheless,thevoteagainstsame-sexmarriagedoesnotaffectthecourtruling,andon17May2019,Taiwan'sparliamentapprovedabilllegalisingsame-sexmarriage,makingitthefirstcountryinAsiatodoso.[403][404][405] Taiwanhasanannualprideevent,TaiwanPride.ItcurrentlyholdstherecordforthelargestLGBTgatheringinEast-Asia,rivalingTelAvivPrideinIsrael.[406]Theeventdrawsmorethan200,000peopletodemonstrateforequalrightsforLGBTpeople.[407]TheeventisorganizedbytheTaiwanLGBTPrideCommunity,andisheldonthelastSundayforOctober.[408] Publichealth Mainarticle:HealthcareinTaiwan NationalTaiwanUniversityHospital ThecurrenthealthcaresysteminTaiwan,knownasNationalHealthInsurance(NHI,Chinese:全民健康保險),wasinstitutedin1995.NHIisasingle-payercompulsorysocialinsuranceplanthatcentralizesthedisbursementofhealthcarefunds.Thesystempromisesequalaccesstohealthcareforallcitizens,andthepopulationcoveragehadreached99percentbytheendof2004.[409]NHIismainlyfinancedthroughpremiums,whicharebasedonthepayrolltax,andissupplementedwithout-of-pocketco-paymentsanddirectgovernmentfunding.[410][411][412]Low-incomefamilies,veterans,centenarians,childrenunderthreeyearsold,andcatastrophicdiseasesareexemptfromco-payments.Co-paysarereducedfordisabledandlowincomehouseholdsmaintain100percentpremiumcoveragebytheNHI. Earlyintheprogram,thepaymentsystemwaspredominantlyfee-for-service.Mosthealthprovidersoperateintheprivatesectorandformacompetitivemarketonthehealthdeliveryside.However,manyhealthcareproviderstookadvantageofthesystembyofferingunnecessaryservicestoalargernumberofpatientsandthenbillingthegovernment.Inthefaceofincreasinglossandtheneedforcostcontainment,NHIchangedthepaymentsystemfromfee-for-servicetoaglobalbudget,akindofprospectivepaymentsystem,in2002. Theimplementationofuniversalhealthcarecreatedfewerhealthdisparitiesforlower-incomecitizensinTaiwan.Accordingtoarecentlypublishedsurvey,outof3,360 patientssurveyedatarandomlychosenhospital,75.1percentofthepatientssaidtheyare"verysatisfied"withthehospitalservice;20.5percentsaidtheyare"okay"withtheservice.Only4.4percentofthepatientssaidtheyareeither"notsatisfied"or"verynotsatisfied"withtheserviceorcareprovided.[413] TheTaiwanesediseasecontrolauthorityistheTaiwanCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),andduringtheSARSoutbreakinMarch2003therewere347 confirmedcases.DuringtheoutbreaktheCDCandlocalgovernmentssetupmonitoringstationsthroughoutpublictransportation,recreationalsitesandotherpublicareas.WithfullcontainmentinJuly2003,therehasnotbeenacaseofSARSsince.[414]OwingtothelessonsfromSARS,aNationalHealthCommandCenter [fr]wasestablishedin2004,whichincludestheCentralEpidemicCommandCenter(CECC).TheCECChassinceplayedacentralroleinTaiwan'sapproachtoepidemics,includingtheCOVID-19pandemic. In2019,theinfantmortalityratewas4.2deathsper1,000livebirths,with20 physiciansand71hospitalbedsper10,000 people.[415][416]Lifeexpectancyatbirthin2020is77.5 yearsand83.9 yearsformalesandfemales,respectively.[417] Culture Mainarticles:CultureofTaiwan,CulturalhistoryofTaiwan,andChineseCulturalRenaissance Seealso:Taiwanesewave AmispeopleofTaiwanperformingatraditionaldance TheNationalPalaceMuseumisaninstitutededicatedtotheorganization,care,anddisplayofancientChineseartifactsandworksofart TheculturesofTaiwanareahybridblendfromvarioussources,incorporatingelementsofthemajoritytraditionalChineseculture,aboriginalcultures,Japaneseculturalinfluence,traditionalConfucianistbeliefs,andincreasingly,Westernvalues. DuringthemartiallawperiodinwhichtheRepublicofChinawasofficiallyanti-communist,theKuomintangpromotedanofficialtraditionalChinesecultureoverTaiwaninordertoemphasizethattheRepublicofChinarepresentsthetrueorthodoxytoChineseCulture(andthereforethe"realandlegitimateChina")asopposedtoCommunistChina.[418]Thegovernmentlaunchedwhat'sknownastheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwaninoppositiontotheculturaldestructionscausedbytheChineseCommunistPartyduringtheCulturalRevolution.TheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture(中華文化總會)wasestablishedasamovementpromotioncounciltohelppromoteChineseCultureinTaiwanandoverseas.ItwasKuomintang'sfirststructuredplanforculturaldevelopmentonTaiwan.ChianghimselfwastheheadoftheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture.SubsequentPresidentoftheRepublicofChinaalsobecametheheadofthisGeneralAssembly.TheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwancoupledwithChineseCulturaleducationinTaiwanhadhelpedtoelevatetheculturalrefinement,mannerismandpolitenessofmanyTaiwanese,incontrasttotheculturaldestruction(unculturedbehaviour)ofmanymainlandChineseduetotheCulturalRevolution.[419]ThishasalsoledtoChineseCulture(especiallyitssoftculture)beingbetterpreservedinTaiwanthaninmainlandChina.AnexampleofthispreservationisthecontinueduseofTraditionalChinese.TheinfluenceofConfucianismcanbefoundinthebehaviourofTaiwanesepeople,knownfortheirfriendlinessandpoliteness.[420] TheliftingofmartiallawusheredaperiodofdemocratizationwherebyFreedomofSpeechandExpressionledtoaflourishingTaiwaneseliteratureandMassmediainTaiwan. ReflectingthecontinuingcontroversysurroundingthepoliticalstatusofTaiwan,politicscontinuestoplayaroleintheconceptionanddevelopmentofaTaiwaneseculturalidentity,especiallyinitsrelationshiptoChineseculture.[421]Inrecentyears,theconceptofTaiwanesemulticulturalismhasbeenproposedasarelativelyapoliticalalternativeview,whichhasallowedfortheinclusionofmainlandersandotherminoritygroupsintothecontinuingre-definitionofTaiwanesecultureascollectivelyheldsystemsofmeaningandcustomarypatternsofthoughtandbehavioursharedbythepeopleofTaiwan.[422]Identitypolitics,alongwiththeoveronehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationfrommainlandChina,hasledtodistincttraditionsinmanyareas,includingcuisineandmusic. Arts Mainarticles:MusicofTaiwanandTaiwaneseart Thissectionappearstobeslantedtowardsrecentevents.Pleasetrytokeeprecenteventsinhistoricalperspectiveandaddmorecontentrelatedtonon-recentevents.(June2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) AcclaimedclassicalmusiciansincludeviolinistCho-LiangLin,pianistChing-YunHu,andtheLincolnCenterChamberMusicSocietyartistdirectorWuHan.OthermusiciansincludeTeresaTeng,JayChouandgroupssuchasMaydayandheavymetalbandChthonic,ledbysingerFreddyLim,whichhasbeenreferredtoasthe"BlackSabbathofAsia".[423][424] Taiwanesefilmshavewonvariousinternationalawardsatfilmfestivalsaroundtheworld.AngLee,aTaiwanesedirector,hasdirectedcriticallyacclaimedfilmssuchas:CrouchingTiger,HiddenDragon;EatDrinkManWoman;SenseandSensibility;BrokebackMountain;LifeofPi;andLust,Caution.OtherfamousTaiwanesedirectorsincludeTsaiMing-liang,EdwardYang,andHouHsiao-hsien.TaiwanhashostedtheGoldenHorseFilmFestivalandAwardssince1962. TaiwanhoststheNationalPalaceMuseum,whichhousesmorethan650,000piecesofChinesebronze,jade,calligraphy,painting,andporcelainandisconsideredoneofthegreatestcollectionsofChineseartandobjectsintheworld.[425] Cuisine Mainarticle:Taiwanesecuisine Taiwaneseculinaryhistoryismurkyandisintricatelytiedtopatternsofmigrationandcolonization.LocalandinternationalTaiwanesecuisine,includingitshistory,isapoliticallycontentioustopic.FamousTaiwanesedishesincludeTaiwanesebeefnoodlesoup,Guabao,Zongzi,Khongbahpng,Taiwanesefriedchicken,oystervermicelli,Sanbeiji,andAiyujelly.[426] TheMichelinGuidebeganreviewingrestaurantsinTaipeiin2018andTaichungin2020.[427]In2014TheGuardiancalledTaiwanesenightmarketsthe"beststreetfoodmarketsintheworld".[428] Bubbletea,createdinTaiwan,hasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithitspopularityspreadingacrosstheglobe.[429] Popularculture Karaoke,drawnfromcontemporaryJapaneseculture,isextremelypopularinTaiwan,whereitisknownasKTV.[430]KTVbusinessesoperateinahotel-likestyle,rentingoutsmallroomsandballroomsaccordingtothenumberofguestsinagroup.ManyKTVestablishmentspartnerwithrestaurantsandbuffetstoformall-encompassingandelaborateeveningaffairsforfamilies,friends,orbusinessmen.TourbussesthattravelaroundTaiwanhaveseveralTVs,primarilyforsingingkaraoke. Taiwanhasahighdensityof24-hourconveniencestores,which,inadditiontotheusualservices,provideservicesonbehalfoffinancialinstitutionsorgovernmentagencies,suchascollectionofparkingfees,utilitybills,trafficviolationfines,andcreditcardpayments.[431]Theyalsoprovideaserviceformailingpackages.ChainssuchasFamilyMartprovideclothinglaundryservices,[432]anditispossibletopurchaseorreceiveticketsforTRAandTHSRticketsatconveniencestores,specifically7-Eleven,FamilyMart,Hi-LifeandOK.[433][434] Sports Mainarticle:SportinTaiwan TheChineseProfessionalBaseballLeague(CPBL)isthetop-tierprofessionalbaseballleagueinTaiwan TaiTzu-yingspentmostweeksasworldNo.1women'ssinglesplayerinBWFWorldRanking BaseballiscommonlyconsideredasTaiwan'snationalsportandisapopularspectatorsport.[435]TheTaiwanesemen'sbaseballteamandwomen'sbaseballteamareworldNo.2intheWBSCRankingsasofJune2021.TheChineseProfessionalBaseballLeague(CPBL)inTaiwanwasestablishedin1989andeventuallyabsorbedthecompetingTaiwanMajorLeaguein2003.Asof2021,theCPBLhasfiveteams,withaverageattendancearound4,000pergame.[436]SomeeliteplayerssignedwithoverseasprofessionalteamsintheMajorLeagueBaseball(MLB)ortheNipponProfessionalBaseball(NPB).TherehavebeensixteenTaiwaneseMLBplayersintheUnitedStatesasofthe2022MLBSeason,includingformerpitchersChien-MingWangandWei-YinChen. Besidesbaseball,basketballisTaiwan'sothermajorsport.[437]TheP.League+andT1LeaguearetwoTaiwan'sprofessionalbasketballleagues.[438][439]Asemi-professionalSuperBasketballLeague(SBL)hasalsobeeninplaysince2003.[440]TwootherteamsfromTaiwancompeteintheASEANBasketballLeague,aprofessionalmen'sbasketballleagueinEastandSoutheastAsia.OtherteamsportsincludingfootballandvolleyballarepracticedandsportsleaguesarerunbyTaiwanesesportsgoverningbodies.Taiwanisalsoamajorcompetitorinkorfball.[441] Taiwanparticipatesininternationalsportingorganizationsandeventsunderthenameof"ChineseTaipei"duetoitspoliticalstatus.In2009,Taiwanhostedtwomulti-sporteventsontheisland.The2009WorldGameswereheldinKaohsiungandtheSummerDeaflympicswereheldinTaipei.Furthermore,TaipeihostedtheSummerUniversiadein2017.[442]IntermsofannualinternationalcompetitionsheldinTaiwan,theWilliamJonesCupforbasketballandtheTaipeiOpenforbadmintonaretheeventswithmorethanfortyyearsofhistory. TaekwondowasintroducedtoTaiwanin1966formilitarytrainingandhasbecomeamatureandsuccessfulcombatsportinTaiwan.[443]ThefirsttwoOlympicgoldmedalswonbyTaiwaneseathletesbelongtothesport.Inthe2004Olympics,ChenShih-hsinandChuMu-yenwongoldmedalsinthewomen'sflyweighteventandthemen'sflyweightevent,respectively.SubsequenttaekwondocompetitorshavestrengthenedTaiwan'staekwondoculture. Inindividualballsports,Taiwaneseathletesareoftenseenininternationaltournaments.YaniTsengistheyoungestgolfplayerever,maleorfemale,towinfivemajorchampionshipsandwasrankednumber1intheWomen'sWorldGolfRankingsfor109consecutiveweeksfrom2011to2013.[444][445][446]Intennis,HsiehSu-weiisthecountry'smostsuccessfulplayer.Shereachedacareer-highsinglesrankingofworldNo.23in2013andworldNo.1inthedoublesrankingsin2014.[447][448]Taiwan'sstrengthinbadmintonisdemonstratedbyTaiTzu-ying,whospentmostweeksasworldNo.1women'ssinglesplayerinBWFWorldRanking,andhercompatriotsintheBWFWorldTour.[449][450]Taiwanalsohasalonghistoryofstronginternationalpresenceintabletennis.Five-timeOlympianChuangChih-yuanmadethemostappearancesattheOlympicGamesamongTaiwaneseathletes.[451] Calendar Mainarticle:RepublicofChinacalendar Seealso:ChinesecalendarandPublicholidaysinTaiwan ThestandardGregoriancalendarisusedformostpurposesinTaiwan.TheyearisoftendenotedbytheMinguoerasystemwhichstartsin1912,theyeartheROCwasfounded.2021isyear110Minguo(民國110年).TheEastAsiandateformatisusedinChinese.[452] Priortostandardisationin1929,theChinesecalendarwasofficiallyused.ItisaLunisolarcalendarsystemwhichremainsinusetodayfortraditionalfestivalssuchastheLunarNewYear,theLanternFestival,andtheDragonBoatFestival.[453] Seealso Taiwanportal Islandsportal IndexofTaiwan-relatedarticles OutlineofTaiwan Notes ^TaipeiistheofficialseatofgovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaalthoughtheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinadoesnotspecifythedejurecapital.[1] ^MandarinasthestandardvarietyofChinese[3]VernacularChinese(usedinmostoccasions)ClassicalChinese(usedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalrites,officialdocuments,legalandcourtrulingsandjudiciarydocuments)[4] ^abcdNotdesignatedbutmeetslegaldefinition ^AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11] ^Mixedindigenous-HanancestryisincludedinthefigureforHanTaiwanese. ^Interpretationsonwhetherthisentailsacompletetransferoftheterritory'ssovereigntytotheRepublicofChinavary.JapanrenounceditsclaimstoTaiwanandthePescadoresintheTreatyofSanFranciscoin1952;seeRetrocessionDay,TheoryoftheUndeterminedStatusofTaiwanandpoliticalstatusofTaiwan. ^TheRepublicofChinawasthefoundingmemberoftheUnitedNationsandjoinedon24October1945.RecognitionwasshiftedtothePeople'sRepublicofChinabytheSovietUnion(2October1949),theUnitedKingdom(6January1950),France(27January1964),andtheUnitedStates(1January1979);seetheTimelineofdiplomaticrelationsoftheRepublicofChina,ForeignrelationsofTaiwanandOne-Chinapolicy. ^abTherearethreecontemporarygeographicdefinitionsof"Taiwan"(seeListofislandsofTaiwanandRegionsofTaiwan),whichmayreferto:CommonnameofthestateofficiallynamedtheRepublicofChina,thiscontainsall168islandsadministeredbytheROC,collectivelyknownastheTaiwanArea;Taiwanproperregion(本島地區),thegeographicalunitencompasstheislandofTaiwananditsoffshoreislandsincludingthePenghuIslands,excludingtheoutlyingislandgroupsofKinmen,Matsu,Wuqiu,liejustoffthecoastofsoutheasternChina,andtheSouthChinaSeaislands;TheislandofTaiwan,thisindicatesonlythemainislandwithinthegeographicalunitandthestate. ^Seeetymologybelow. ^abAccordingtoofficialdatafromExecutiveYuanandlocalgovernmentsofTaiwan,TaiwanAreaconsistsoftotal168naturallyoccurringislands. Taiwan(Formosa)anditsoffshoreislands(22)[23]PenghuIslands(90)[24][25]Kinmen,includingWuqiu(17)[26][27][28]MatsuIslands(36)[29][30]PratasIsland(1)[31][32]SpratlyIslands(2,TaipingandZhongzhou) ^TheUNdoesnotconsidertheRepublicofChinaasasovereignstate.TheHDIreportdoesnotincludeTaiwanaspartofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhencalculatingmainlandChina'sfigures.[39]Taiwan'sgovernmentcalculateditsHDItobe0.907basedonUNDP's2010methodology,whichwouldrankit21st,betweenAustriaandLuxembourgintheUNlistdated14September2018.[40][41] ^Althoughthisisthepresentmeaningofguó,inOldChinese(whenitspronunciationwassomethinglike/*qʷˤək/)[60]itmeantthewalledcityoftheChineseandtheareastheycouldcontrolfromthem.[61] ^Itsuseisattestedfromthesixth-centuryClassicofHistory,whichstates"Huangtianbestowedthelandsandthepeoplesofthecentralstatetotheancestors"(皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).[62] ^AlsoknownastheTaiwanareaorTai–Minarea(Chinese:臺閩地區;lit.'Taiwan–Fujianarea') ^ThemainlandareaconsistsofMainlandChina,Tibetand(previously)OuterMongolia ^Specialmunicipalities,cities,andcounty-administeredcitiesareallcalledshi(Chinese:市;lit.'city') ^Nominal;provincialgovernmentshavebeenabolished ^Constitutionallyhavingthesamestructureasthefreearea,thesearecurrentlyundertheChineseCommunistPartycontrolwithadifferentstructure ^Sometimescalledcities(Chinese:市)orprovincialcities(Chinese:省轄市)todistinguishthemfromspecialmunicipalitiesandcounty-administeredcities ^Therearetwotypesoftownships:ruraltownshipsorxīang(Chinese:鄉)andurbantownshipsorzhèn(Chinese:鎮) ^Villagesinruraltownshipsareknownastsūn(Chinese:村),thoseinotherjurisdictionsareknownaslǐ(Chinese:里) Wordsinnativelanguages ^abTraditionalChinesescript:中華民國MandarinPinyin:ZhōnghuáMínguóHokkien:Tiong-hûaBîn-kokSixianHakka:Chûng-fàMìn-koet ^TraditionalChinesescript:臺灣or台灣MandarinPinyin:TáiwānHokkien:Tâi-uânSixianHakka:Tǒi-vǎnAmis:TaywanPaiwan:Taiwan References Citations ^"SincetheimplementationoftheActGoverningPrinciplesforEditingGeographicalEducationalTexts(地理敎科書編審原則)in1997,theguidingprincipleforallmapsingeographicaltextbookswasthatTaipeiwastobemarkedasthecapitalwithalabelstating:"LocationoftheCentralGovernment"".4December2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1November2019.Retrieved1November2019. ^"InteriorministerreaffirmsTaipeiisROC'scapital".TaipeiTimes.5December2013.Retrieved7December2013. ^ab"推動雙語國家政策問題研析".www.ly.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved25May2021. ^"法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明"(PDF)(inChinese).Retrieved2June2021. ^ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.(Taiwan)(2012)."Chapter2:PeopleandLanguage".TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2012.p. 24.ISBN 9789860345902.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14October2013.Retrieved18December2013. ^GovernmentInformationOffice(2010)."Chapter2:PeopleandLanguage"(PDF).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2010.p. 42.ISBN 9789860252781.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5August2011. ^Liao,Silvie(2008)."APerceptualDialectStudyofTaiwanMandarin:LanguageAttitudesintheEraofPoliticalBattle".InChan,MarjorieK.M.;Kang,Hana(eds.).Proceedingsofthe20thNorthAmericanConferenceonChineseLinguistics(NACCL-20)(PDF).Vol. 1.Columbus,Ohio:TheOhioStateUniversity.p. 393.ISBN 9780982471500.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on24December2013. ^"行政院第3251次院會決議".www.ey.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved25May2021. ^"HakkaBasicAct".law.moj.gov.tw.Retrieved22May2019. ^"IndigenousLanguagesDevelopmentAct".law.moj.gov.tw.Retrieved22May2019. ^ab國家語言發展法.law.moj.gov.tw(inChinese).Retrieved22May2019. ^TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2016.ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.2016.p. 10.ISBN 9789860499490.Retrieved31May2020.Ethnicity:70percentHoklo;15percentHakka10–15percentmainlanders;2percentindigenousAustronesianpeoples ^abWashington,Suite800;Inquiries,DC20036USA202-419-4300(2April2015)."ReligiousCompositionbyCountry,2010–2050".PewResearchCenter'sReligion&PublicLifeProject.Retrieved23February2019. ^abcd"Taiwan".TheWorldFactbook.UnitedStatesCentralIntelligenceAgency.Retrieved6May2019. ^abc"TAIWANSNAPSHOT".Retrieved15March2020. ^"PopulationofTaiwanasofJuly2022". ^"GeneralStatisticalanalysisreport,PopulationandHousingCensus"(PDF).NationalStatistics,ROC(Taiwan).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on26December2016.Retrieved26November2016. ^abcd"WorldEconomicOutlookDatabase,April2022".IMF.org.InternationalMonetaryFund.Retrieved5May2022. ^"Percentageshareofdisposableincomebyquintilegroupsofincomerecipientsandmeasuresofincomedistribution".stat.gov.tw.Retrieved26June2019. ^abc"國情統計通報（第014號）"(PDF).DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics,ExecutiveYuan,Taiwan(ROC).21January2021.Retrieved26January2021. ^"ICANNBoardMeetingMinutes".ICANN.25June2010. ^Multiplesources: MichaelKort(2005).TheHandbookOfEastAsia.LernerPublishingGroup.p. 7.ISBN 978-0761326724.Retrieved26June2022.SouthKoreaisanotheremergingeconomicpowerhouse,asistheRepublicofChina(ROC),asmallcountrythatoccupiestheislandofTaiwanintheshadowofitsenormousandhostilemainlandneighbor,thePRC. Fell,Dafydd(2018).GovernmentandPoliticsinTaiwan.London:Routledge.p. 305.ISBN 978-1317285069.Moreover,itsstatusasavibrantdemocraticstatehasearnedithugeinternationalsympathyandagenerallypositiveimage. Campbell,Matthew(7January2020)."China'sNextCrisisBrewsinTaiwan'sUpcomingElection".BloombergBusinessweek.No. 4642.pp. 34–39.ISSN 0007-7135.Retrieved24September2020.MuchhaschangedinTaiwansinceChiang'sday,butthisliminalqualityhasneverreallygoneaway.Byalmostanyfunctionalstandard,it'sasovereigncountry Carolan,Christopher(May2000)."The"RepublicofTaiwan":Legal-HistoricalJustificationforaTaiwaneseDeclarationofIndependence"(PDF).NewYorkUniversityLawReview.75(2):429–468.Retrieved17March2022.ThesesixcriteriademonstratethatunderinternationallawTaiwanmeritsrecognitionasanindependentstateandassuchisalreadyadefactostate. DonaldS.Zagoria(30October2003).BreakingtheChina-TaiwanImpasse.ABC-CLIO.pp. 68–.ISBN 978-0-313-05755-7.OCLC 1058389524.Retrieved20March2022.Taiwanpossessesalloftheelementsofasovereignstate:alegitimategovernment,population,andawell-definedterritory.ThefactisthatthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC),whileclaimingsovereigntyoverTaiwan,hasneverruledTaiwansincethePRC'sestablishmentin1949.Thus,Taiwanisinfactasovereigncountryfromourperspective. ^"國情簡介-土地"[Countryprofile-Territories](inChinese(Taiwan)).ExecutiveYuan.2022.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4March2022.臺灣本島及其21個附屬島嶼面積共3萬5886.8623平方公里。

[ThemainislandofTaiwanandits21associatedislandshaveatotalareaof35,886.8623squarekilometers.] ^"Measureofthearea".PenghuCountyGovernment.2022.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28December2021.Retrieved9March2022. ^"澎湖縣各行政區域島嶼簡介"(inChinese(Taiwan)).KunShanUniversity.2022.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1July2020.澎湖群島原為64個島嶼組成，經2005年澎湖縣政府重新進行澎湖群島島嶼數量清查，係由90座大小島嶼所組成。

[ThePenghuArchipelagowasconventionallyconsideredtocomprise64islands.In2005,thePenghuCountyGovernmentre-scrutinizedthetotalnumberofislandsinthearchipelago,whichconsistsof90islandsofvaryingsizes.] ^"自然環境"[NaturalEnvironment](PDF).金門縣第四期（104–107年）離島綜合建設實施方案(inChinese(Taiwan)).NationalDevelopmentCouncil,ExecutiveYuan:44.23December2014.Retrieved9March2022.金門縣總面積151平方公里，除大金門本島外，尚包括小金門、大膽、二膽、東碇、北碇等17個島嶼。

西距廈門外港約10海浬，東距臺灣約150海浬，為一典型大陸型島嶼。

[ThetotalareaofKinmenCountyis151squarekilometers.InadditiontothemainislandofKinmen,thecountyalsoincludesXiaokinmen,Dadan,Erdan,DongdingandBeidingforatotalof17islands.Itisabout10nauticalmilesawayfromthePortofXiamentothewestand150nauticalmilesawayfromTaiwantotheeast.Itisatypicalcontinentalisland.] ^"AboutKinmen".KinmenCountyGovernment.8December2017.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2March2022.Retrieved9March2022. ^"金門的地理與歷史概說"[TheoverviewofgeographyandhistoryofKinmen](PDF).第四章金門的地理、歷史與總體經濟分析(inChinese(Taiwan)).NationalTaiwanNormalUniversity:131–134.20February2006.Retrieved9March2022. ^GuyPlopsky(22February2017)."Taiwan'sColdWarFortresses".TheDiplomat.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16April2021.Retrieved9March2022. ^"連江縣志地理志"(inChinese(Taiwan)).馬祖資訊網.12May2011.馬祖列島所涵括的36座島嶼分屬四鄉，各鄉除了包括有聚落發展的較大島嶼外，還轄有數座無人島礁。

[Matsuislandsencompass36Islandswhicharedividedintofourtownships.Inadditiontothelargerislandswithinhabitants,eachtownshipalsohasnumerousuninhabitedislandsandreefs] ^LungTsun-Ni龍村倪(1998).東沙群島-東沙島紀事集錦(inChinese(Taiwan)).臺灣綜合研究院.p. 13.ISBN 957-98189-0-8.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30January2009.東沙島為東沙群島唯一島嶼[PratasIslandistheonlyislandinthePratasIslands] ^"LimitsintheSeas–No.127Taiwan'sMaritimeClaims"(PDF).UnitedStatesDepartmentofState.15November2005.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon15July2020.Retrieved9March2022.ThePratasReeflies230milestothesouthwestofthesoutherntipofTaiwan.Itconsistsofanislandinthemouthofasemicircularshoalopentothewest. ^abEconomicDevelopmentR.O.C(Taiwan)(Report).NationalDevelopmentCouncil(Taiwan).p. 4.Retrieved6November2021. ^Gold(1985). ^WorldBankCountryandLendingGroupsArchived11January2018attheWaybackMachine,WorldBank.Retrieved10July2018. ^"IMFAdvancedEconomiesList.WorldEconomicOutlook,April2016,p.148"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on21April2016. ^"DemocracyinRetreat".FreedomHouse.3January2019.Retrieved22February2019. ^Yao,Grace;Cheng,Yen-Pi;Cheng,Chiao-Pi(5November2008)."TheQualityofLifeinTaiwan".SocialIndicatorsResearch.92(2):377–404.doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9353-1.S2CID 144780750.asecondplacerankinginthe2000Economist'sworldhealthcareranking ^"-HumanDevelopmentReports"(PDF).hdr.undp.org. ^2018中華民國人類發展指數(HDI)(inTraditionalChinese).DirectorateGeneralofBudget,AccountingandStatistics,ExecutiveYuan,R.O.C.2018.Archivedfromtheoriginal(Excel)on11August2017.Retrieved12November2018. ^"HumanDevelopmentIndicesandIndicators:2018StatisticalUpdate"(PDF).UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.14September2018.OCLC 1061292121.Retrieved9December2018. ^Horton,Chris(9November2021)."TheWorldIsFedUpWithChina'sBelligerence".TheAtlantic.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9November2021.Retrieved9November2021. ^abcdWood,Richard(27November2021)."WhatisbehindtheChina-Taiwandispute?".9News.NineEntertainmentCompany.Retrieved27November2021.Expertsagreeadirectconflictisunlikely,butasthefutureofself-ruledTaiwanincreasinglybecomesapowderkeg,amishapormiscalculationcouldleadtoconfrontationwhileChineseandAmericanambitionsareatodds. ^abDou,Eva(16September2019)."SolomonIslandsEndsDiplomaticTieswithTaiwan,StandsbyChina".TheWallStreetJournal.Retrieved16September2019. ^Clarke,Melissa(20September2019)."KiribaticutstieswithTaiwanindiplomaticswitchtoChinadaysafterSolomonIslandspivot".ABCNews.Retrieved20September2019. ^Fell,Dafydd(2006).PartyPoliticsinTaiwan.Routledge.p. 85.ISBN 978-1-134-24021-0. ^Achen,ChristopherH.;Wang,T.Y.(2017)."TheTaiwanVoter:AnIntroduction".InAchen,ChristopherH.;Wang,T.Y.(eds.).TheTaiwanVoter.UniversityofMichiganPress.pp. 1–25.doi:10.3998/mpub.9375036.ISBN 978-0-472-07353-5.pp.1–2. ^"Chapter3:History"(PDF).TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2011.GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).2011.p. 46.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on14May2012. ^"IlhaFormosa:theEmergenceofTaiwanontheWorldSceneinthe17thCentury".NationalPalaceMuseum.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14April2018.Retrieved12April2018. ^Davidson(1903),p. 10:"ADutchnavigatingofficernamedLinschotten[sic],employedbythePortuguese,sorecordedtheislandinhischarts,andeventuallythenameofFormosa,soeuphoniousandyetappropriate,replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature." ^seeforexample: Campbell,William(1915).SketchesfromFormosa.London:MarshallBrothers.OL 7051071M. Campbell(1903) Davidson(1903) ^Valentijn(1903),p. 52. ^Mair,VictorH.(2003)."HowtoForgetYourMotherTongueandRememberYourNationalLanguage".Pīnyīn.info.Thetruederivationofthename"Taiwan"isactuallyfromtheethnonymofatribeinthesouthwestpartoftheislandintheareaaroundPing'an.Asearlyas1636,aDutchmissionaryreferredtothisgroupasTaiouwang.Fromthenameofthetribe,thePortuguesecalledtheareaaroundPing'anasTayowan,Taiyowan,Tyovon,Teijoan,Toyouan,andsoforth.Indeed,alreadyinhisship'slogof1622,theDutchmanCornelisReijersenreferredtotheareaasTeijoanandTaiyowan. ^蔡玉仙;et al.,eds.(2007).府城文史(inChinese).TainanCityGovernment.ISBN 978-986-00-9434-3. ^ShihShou-chien,ed.(2003).福爾摩沙 :十七世紀的臺灣、荷蘭與東亞[IlhaFormosa:theEmergenceofTaiwanontheWorldSceneinthe17thCentury](inChinese).Taipei:NationalPalaceMuseum.ISBN 978-957-562-441-5. ^Kato,Mitsutaka(2007)[1940].昨日府城明星台南:發現日治下的老臺南(inChinese).Translatedby黃秉珩.臺南市文化資產保護協會.ISBN 978-957-28079-9-6. 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^BagyoPrasetyo;TitiSurtiNastiti;TrumanSimanjuntak(2021).AUSTRONESIANDIASPORA:ANewPerspective.UGMPRESS.p. 125.ISBN 978-602-386-202-3. ^Olsen,JohnW.;Miller-Antonio,Sari(1992)."ThePalaeolithicinSouthernChina".AsianPerspectives.31(2):129–160.hdl:10125/17011. ^Hung,Hsiao-chun(2017)."NeolithicCulturesinSoutheastChina,Taiwan,andLuzon".FirstIslanders:PrehistoryandHumanMigrationinIslandSoutheastAsia.ByBellwood,Peter.WileyBlackwell.pp. 232–240.ISBN 978-1-119-25154-5.pp.234–235. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 91–94. ^Diamond,JaredM(2000)."Taiwan'sgifttotheworld"(PDF).Nature.403(6771):709–710.Bibcode:2000Natur.403..709D.doi:10.1038/35001685.PMID 10693781.S2CID 4379227.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on16September2006. ^Fox,JamesJ(2004)."CurrentDevelopmentsinComparativeAustronesianStudies"(PDF).SymposiumAustronesia.UniversitasUdayana,Bali. ^abcShepherd,JohnR.(1993).StatecraftandPoliticalEconomyontheTaiwanFrontier,1600–1800.StanfordUniversityPress.pp. 7–8.ISBN 978-0-8047-2066-3.ReprintedTaipei:SMCPublishing,1995. 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^"TheExerciseofLegitimateAuthority".TaiwanAutonomyFoundation.2021.Retrieved8January2022.Therulesofthepost-Napoleonicworldconsiderthatmilitaryoccupationisonlyatemporarysituation.Thelegalacquisitionofterritoryandanylong-termcontinuingexerciseoflegitimateauthorityovertheterritoryisonlyaccomplishedthroughspecificarrangementsmadeinthefinalpeacesettlement. ^"FarEast(FormosaandthePescadores)".Hansard.540(cc1870–4).4May1955.Retrieved1September2010.ThesovereigntywasJapaneseuntil1952.TheJapaneseTreatycameintoforce,andatthattimeFormosawasbeingadministeredbytheChineseNationalists,towhomitwasentrustedin1945,asamilitaryoccupation. ^Charney,JonathanI.;Prescott,J.R.V.(2000)."ResolvingCross-StraitRelationsBetweenChinaandTaiwan".AmericanJournalofInternationalLaw.94(3):453–477.doi:10.2307/2555319.JSTOR 2555319.S2CID 144402230.AfteroccupyingTaiwanin1945asaresultofJapan'ssurrender,theNationalistsweredefeatedonthemainlandin1949,abandoningittoretreattoTaiwan. ^"CairoCommuniqué,December1,1943".BirthoftheConstitutionofJapan.NationaDietLibrary.Retrieved29November2021.ItistheirpurposethatJapanshallbestrippedofalltheislandsinthePacificwhichshehasseizedoroccupiedsincethebeginningofthefirstWorldWarin1914,andthatalltheterritoriesJapanhasstolenfromtheChinese,suchasManchuria,Formosa,andThePescadores,shallberestoredtotheRepublicofChina. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 162:"UnitedStatesGovernmentrepliedonthispointasfollows:...CairoDeclarationprovidedthatManchuria,Formosa,andthePescadores,shallberestoredtotheRepublicofChina". ^"PotsdamDeclaration".TheAtomicHeritageFoundation.TheAtomicHeritageFoundationandtheNationalMuseumofNuclearScience&History.Retrieved29November2021.ThetermsoftheCairoDeclarationshallbecarriedoutandJapanesesovereigntyshallbelimitedtotheislandsofHonshu,Hokkaido,Kyushu,Shikokuandsuchminorislandsaswedetermine. ^"JapaneseInstrumentofSurrender".TheNationalArchivesFoundation.TheNationalArchives.Retrieved29November2021.WeherebyundertakefortheEmperor,theJapaneseGovernmentandtheirsuccessorstocarryouttheprovisionsofthePotsdamDeclarationingoodfaith ^Ballantine(1952),p. 58. ^"TreatyofPeacewithJapan"(PDF).UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved29November2021. ^"TreatyofPeacebetweentheRepuiblicofChinaandJapan"(PDF).UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved29November2021. ^Makinen&Woodward(1989):"Yet,theChineseNationalistgovernmentattemptedtoisolateTaiwanfromthemainlandinflationbycreatingitasanindependentcurrencyarea.AndduringthelaterstagesofthecivilwaritwasabletoendthehyperinflationonTaiwan,somethingitwasunabletodoonthemainlanddespitetwoattempts." ^"Formosaintransition".TheWorldToday.Vol. 4,no. 5.London:RoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairs.1948.p. 213. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 59. ^UnitedStates(1949),p. 923-925. 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^Dunbabin,J.P.D.(2008).TheColdWar.PearsonEducation.p. 187.ISBN 978-0-582-42398-5.In1949ChiangKai-shekhadtransferredtoTaiwanthegovernment,goldreserve,andsomeofthearmyofhisRepublicofChina. ^Ng,Franklin(1998).TheTaiwaneseAmericans.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p. 10.ISBN 978-0-313-29762-5. ^ab三、台灣戒嚴令[III.DecreetoestablishmartiallawinTaiwan](inChinese).NationalArchivesAdministration,NationalDevelopmentCouncil.2October2009.Retrieved23May2012. ^"28February1947 –Taiwan'sHolocaustRemembered –60thCommemoration".NewTaiwan,IlhaFormosa.2007.Retrieved2July2009. ^"Taiwanpresidentapologisesfor'whiteterror'era".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1April2019.Retrieved2July2009. ^Gluck,Caroline(16July2008)."Taiwansorryforwhiteterrorera".BBCNews.London. ^USDepartmentofDefense(1950)."ClassifiedTeletypeConference,dated27June1950,betweenthePentagonandGeneralDouglasMacArthurregardingauthorizationtousenavalandairforcesinsupportofSouthKorea.PapersofHarryS.Truman:NavalAideFiles".TrumanPresidentialLibraryandMuseum.p. 1and4.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2006.Retrieved9March2006.Page1:Inaddition7thFleetwilltakestationsoastopreventinvasionofFormosaandtoinsurethatFormosanotbeusedasbaseofoperationsagainstChinesemainland."Page4:"SeventhFleetisherebyassignedtooperationalcontrolCINCFEforemploymentinfollowingtaskherebyassignedCINCFE:BynavalandairactionpreventanyattackonFormosa,oranyairorseaoffensivefromFormosaagainstmainlandofChina. ^Jacoby,NeilH.(January1966)."AnEvaluationofU.S.EconomicAidtoFreeChina,1951–1965"(PDF).A.I.D.DiscussionPaper.UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment.Retrieved15May2022. ^Alagappa,Muthiah(2001).Taiwan'spresidentialpolitics.M.E.Sharpe.p. 265.ISBN 978-0-7656-0834-5. 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^Chao,Linda;RamonHawleyMyers(1997).Democracy'snewleadersintheRepublicofChinaonTaiwan.HooverPress.p. 3.ISBN 978-0-8179-3802-4.Althoughthisparty[theKMT]hadinitiatedademocraticbreakthroughandguidedthedemocratictransition,ithadalsoupheldmartiallawforthirty-sixyearsandseverelyrepressedpoliticaldissentandanyeffortstoestablishanoppositionparty.[...]Howwasitpossiblethatthisparty,sohatedbyoppositionpoliticiansandlongregardedbyWesterncriticsasadictatorial,Leninist-typeparty,stillremainedinpower? ^Fung(2000),p. 67:"Nanjingwasnotonlyundemocraticandrepressivebutalsoinefficientandcorrupt.[...]Furthermore,likeotherauthoritarianregimes,theGMDsoughttocontrolpeople'smind." ^Fung(2000),p. 85:"Theresponsetonationalemergency,criticsargued,wasnotmerelymilitary,itwas,evenmoreimportant,political,requiringtheterminationofone-partydictatorshipandthedevelopmentofdemocraticinstitutions." 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Copper,J.(2006).PlayingwithFire:TheLoomingWarwithChinaoverTaiwan.PraegerSecurityInternationalGeneralInterest.ISBN 978-0-275-98888-3. Copper,JohnF.ed.HistoricaldictionaryofTaiwan(1993)online FederationofAmericanScientists;et al.(2006)."ChineseNuclearForcesandUSNuclearWarPlanning"(PDF). Feuerwerker,Albert(1968).TheChineseEconomy,1912–1949.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress. Fravel,M.Taylor(2002)."TowardsCivilianSupremacy:Civil-militaryRelationsinTaiwan'sDemocratization".ArmedForces&Society.29(1):57–84.doi:10.1177/0095327x0202900104.S2CID 146212666. Gill,B.(2007).RisingStar:China'sNewSecurityDiplomacy.BrookingsInstitutionPress.ISBN 978-0-8157-3146-7. Selby,Burnard(March1955)."Formosa:TheHistoricalBackground".HistoryToday.5(3):186–194. Shirk,S.(2007).China:FragileSuperpower:HowChina'sInternalPoliticsCouldDerailItsPeacefulRise.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5. Taeuber,IreneB."PopulationGrowthinaChineseMicrocosm:Taiwan."PopulationIndex27#2(1961),pp. 101–126online Tsang,S.(2006).IfChinaAttacksTaiwan:MilitaryStrategy,PoliticsandEconomics.Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-40785-4. Tucker,N.B.(2005).DangerousStrait:theUS-Taiwan-ChinaCrisis.ColumbiaUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-231-13564-1. Externallinks RepublicofChinaatWikipedia'ssisterprojects DefinitionsfromWiktionaryMediafromCommonsNewsfromWikinewsQuotationsfromWikiquoteTextsfromWikisourceTextbooksfromWikibooksTravelguidesfromWikivoyageResourcesfromWikiversity LibraryresourcesaboutTaiwan Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries Overviewsanddata Taiwan.TheWorldFactbook.CentralIntelligenceAgency. 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