Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan) - Article Content

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No incumbent government official shall, in the electoral area where he holds office, be elected delegate to the National Assembly. Article 29. GotoMainContent ::: Location: Home Law ArticleContent P Print SelectFolders: Save Save AddNewFolder ManageFolders ArticleContent Title: ConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan) CH AnnouncedDate: 1947-01-01 Category: OfficeofthePresident(總統府) ArticleContent Chapter ArticleNoSearch ContentSearch LegislativeHistory TheNationalAssemblyoftheRepublicofChina,byvirtueofthemandatereceivedfromthewholebodyofcitizens,inaccordancewiththeteachingsbequeathedbyDr.SunYat-seninfoundingtheRepublicofChina,andinordertoconsolidatetheauthorityoftheState,safeguardtherightsofthepeople,ensuresocialtranquility,andpromotethewelfareofthepeople,doesherebyestablishthisConstitution,tobepromulgatedthroughoutthecountryforfaithfulandperpetualobservancebyall.ChapterI.GeneralProvisions Article1TheRepublicofChina,foundedontheThreePrinciplesofthePeople,shallbeademocraticrepublicofthepeople,tobegovernedbythepeopleandforthepeople. Article2ThesovereigntyoftheRepublicofChinashallresideinthewholebodyofcitizens. Article3PersonspossessingthenationalityoftheRepublicofChinashallbecitizensoftheRepublicofChina. Article4TheterritoryoftheRepublicofChinaaccordingtoitsexistingnationalboundariesshallnotbealteredexceptbyresolutionoftheNationalAssembly. Article5ThereshallbeequalityamongthevariousracialgroupsintheRepublicofChina. Article6ThenationalflagoftheRepublicofChinashallbeofredgroundwithablueskyandawhitesunintheupperleftcorner. ChapterII.RightsandDutiesofthePeople Article7AllcitizensoftheRepublicofChina,irrespectiveofsex,religion,race,class,orpartyaffiliation,shallbeequalbeforethelaw. Article8Personalfreedomshallbeguaranteedtothepeople.Exceptincaseofflagrantedelictoasprovidedbylaw,nopersonshallbearrestedordetainedotherwisethanbyajudicialorapoliceorganinaccordancewiththeprocedureprescribedbylaw.Nopersonshallbetriedorpunishedotherwisethanbyalawcourtinaccordancewiththeprocedureprescribedbylaw.Anyarrest,detention,trial,orpunishmentwhichisnotinaccordancewiththeprocedureprescribedbylawmayberesisted.Whenapersonisarrestedordetainedonsuspicionofhavingcommittedacrime,theorganmakingthearrestordetentionshallinwritinginformthesaidperson,andhisdesignatedrelativeorfriend,ofthegroundsforhisarrestordetention,andshall,within24hours,turnhimovertoacompetentcourtfortrial.Thesaidperson,oranyotherperson,maypetitionthecompetentcourtthatawritbeservedwithin24hoursontheorganmakingthearrestforthesurrenderofthesaidpersonfortrial.Thecourtshallnotrejectthepetitionmentionedintheprecedingparagraph,norshallitordertheorganconcernedtomakeaninvestigationandreportfirst.Theorganconcernedshallnotrefusetoexecute,ordelayinexecuting,thewritofthecourtforthesurrenderofthesaidpersonfortrial.Whenapersonisunlawfullyarrestedordetainedbyanyorgan,heoranyotherpersonmaypetitionthecourtforaninvestigation.Thecourtshallnotrejectsuchapetition,andshall,within24hours,investigatetheactionoftheorganconcernedanddealwiththematterinaccordancewithlaw. Article9Exceptthoseinactivemilitaryservice,nopersonshallbesubjecttotrialbyamilitarytribunal. Article10Thepeopleshallhavefreedomofresidenceandofchangeofresidence. Article11Thepeopleshallhavefreedomofspeech,teaching,writingandpublication. Article12Thepeopleshallhavefreedomofprivacyofcorrespondence. Article13Thepeopleshallhavefreedomofreligiousbelief. Article14Thepeopleshallhavefreedomofassemblyandassociation. Article15Therightofexistence,therightofwork,andtherightofpropertyshallbeguaranteedtothepeople. Article16Thepeopleshallhavetherightofpresentingpetitions,lodgingcomplaints,orinstitutinglegalproceedings. Article17Thepeopleshallhavetherightofelection,recall,initiativeandreferendum. Article18Thepeopleshallhavetherightoftakingpublicexaminationsandofholdingpublicoffices. Article19Thepeopleshallhavethedutyofpayingtaxesinaccordancewithlaw. Article20Thepeopleshallhavethedutyofperformingmilitaryserviceinaccordancewithlaw. Article21Thepeopleshallhavetherightandthedutyofreceivingcitizens’education. Article22AllotherfreedomsandrightsofthepeoplethatarenotdetrimentaltosocialorderorpublicwelfareshallbeguaranteedundertheConstitution. Article23AllthefreedomsandrightsenumeratedintheprecedingArticlesshallnotberestrictedbylawexceptbysuchasmaybenecessarytopreventinfringementuponthefreedomsofotherpersons,toavertanimminentcrisis,tomaintainsocialorderortoadvancepublicwelfare. Article24Anypublicfunctionarywho,inviolationoflaw,infringesuponthefreedomorrightofanypersonshall,inadditiontobeingsubjecttodisciplinarymeasuresinaccordancewithlaw,beheldresponsibleundercriminalandcivillaws.Theinjuredpersonmay,inaccordancewithlaw,claimcompensationfromtheStatefordamagesustained. ChapterIII.TheNationalAssembly Article25TheNationalAssemblyshall,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConstitution,exercisepoliticalpowersonbehalfofthewholebodyofcitizens. Article26TheNationalAssemblyshallbecomposedofthefollowingdelegates:1.Onedelegateshallbeelectedfromeachhsien,municipality,orareaofequivalentstatus.Incaseitspopulationexceeds500,000,oneadditionaldelegateshallbeelectedforeachadditional500,000.Areasequivalenttohsienormunicipalitiesshallbeprescribedbylaw;2.DelegatestorepresentMongoliashallbeelectedonthebasisoffourforeachleagueandoneforeachspecialbanner;3.ThenumberofdelegatestobeelectedfromTibetshallbeprescribedbylaw;4.Thenumberofdelegatestobeelectedbyvariousracialgroupsinfrontierregionsshallbeprescribedbylaw;5.ThenumberofdelegatestobeelectedbyChinesecitizensresidingabroadshallbeprescribedbylaw;6.Thenumberofdelegatestobeelectedbyoccupationalgroupsshallbeprescribedbylaw;and7.Thenumberofdelegatestobeelectedbywomen’sorganizationsshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article27ThefunctionoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeasfollows:1.ToelectthePresidentandtheVicePresident;2.TorecallthePresidentandtheVicePresident;3.ToamendtheConstitution;and4.TovoteonproposedConstitutionalamendmentssubmittedbytheLegislativeYuanbywayofreferendum.Withrespecttotherightsofinitiativeandreferendum,exceptasisprovidedinItems3and4oftheprecedingparagraph,theNationalAssemblyshallmakeregulationspertainingtheretoandputthemintoeffect,aftertheabove-mentionedtwopoliticalrightsshallhavebeenexercisedinone-halfofthehsienandmunicipalitiesofthewholecountry. Article28DelegatestotheNationalAssemblyshallbeelectedeverysixyears.ThetermofofficeofthedelegatestoeachNationalAssemblyshallterminateonthedayonwhichthenextNationalAssemblyconvenes.Noincumbentgovernmentofficialshall,intheelectoralareawhereheholdsoffice,beelecteddelegatetotheNationalAssembly. Article29TheNationalAssemblyshallbeconvokedbythePresidenttomeet90dayspriortothedateofexpirationofeachpresidentialterm. Article30AnextraordinarysessionoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeconvokedinanyofthefollowingcircumstances:1.When,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle49ofthisConstitution,anewPresidentandanewVicePresidentaretobeelected;2.When,byresolutionoftheControlYuan,animpeachmentofthePresidentortheVicePresidentisinstituted;3.When,byresolutionoftheLegislativeYuan,anamendmenttotheConstitutionisproposed;and4.Whenameetingisrequestedbynotlessthantwo-fifthsofthedelegatestotheNationalAssembly.WhenanextraordinarysessionistobeconvokedinaccordancewithItem1orItem2oftheprecedingparagraph,thePresidentoftheLegislativeYuanshallissuethenoticeofconvocation;whenitistobeconvokedinaccordancewithItem3orItem4,itshallbeconvokedbythePresidentoftheRepublic. Article31TheNationalAssemblyshallmeetattheseatoftheCentralGovernment. Article32NodelegatetotheNationalAssemblyshallbeheldresponsibleoutsidetheAssemblyforopinionsexpressedorvotescastatmeetingsoftheAssembly. Article33WhiletheAssemblyisinsession,nodelegatetotheNationalAssemblyshall,exceptincaseofflagrantedelicto,bearrestedordetainedwithoutthepermissionoftheNationalAssembly. Article34TheorganizationoftheNationalAssembly,theelectionandrecallofdelegatestotheNationalAssembly,andtheprocedurewherebytheNationalAssemblyistocarryoutitsfunctions,shallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterIV.ThePresident Article35ThePresidentshallbetheheadoftheStateandshallrepresenttheRepublicofChinainforeignrelations. Article36ThePresidentshallhavesupremecommandoftheland,seaandairforcesofthewholecountry. Article37ThePresidentshall,inaccordancewithlaw,promulgatelawsandissuemandateswiththecounter-signatureofthePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanorwiththecounter-signaturesofboththePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanandtheMinistersorChairmenofCommissionsconcerned. Article38ThePresidentshall,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisConstitution,exercisethepowersofconcludingtreaties,declaringwarandmakingpeace. Article39ThePresidentmay,inaccordancewithlaw,declaremartiallawwiththeapprovalof,orsubjecttoconfirmationby,theLegislativeYuan.WhentheLegislativeYuandeemsitnecessary,itmaybyresolutionrequestthePresidenttoterminatemartiallaw. Article40ThePresidentshall,inaccordancewithlaw,exercisethepowerofgrantingamnesties,pardons,remissionofsentencesandrestitutionofcivilrights. Article41ThePresidentshall,inaccordancewithlaw,appointandremovecivilandmilitaryofficials. Article42ThePresidentmay,inaccordancewithlaw,conferhonorsanddecorations. Article43Incaseofanaturalcalamity,anepidemic,oranationalfinancialoreconomiccrisisthatcallsforemergencymeasures,thePresident,duringtherecessoftheLegislativeYuan,may,byresolutionoftheExecutiveYuanCouncil,andinaccordancewiththeLawonEmergencyDecrees,issueemergencydecrees,proclaimingsuchmeasuresasmaybenecessarytocopewiththesituation.Suchdecreesshall,withinonemonthafterissuance,bepresentedtotheLegislativeYuanforconfirmation;incasetheLegislativeYuanwithholdsconfirmation,thesaiddecreesshallforthwithceasetobevalid. Article44IncaseofdisputesbetweentwoormoreYuanotherthanthoseconcerningwhichtherearerelevantprovisionsinthisConstitution,thePresidentmaycallameetingofthePresidentsoftheYuanconcernedforconsultationwithaviewtoreachingasolution. Article45AnycitizenoftheRepublicofChinawhohasattainedtheageof40yearsmaybeelectedPresidentorVicePresident. Article46TheelectionofthePresidentandtheVicePresidentshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article47ThePresidentandtheVicePresidentshallserveatermofsixyears.Theymaybere-electedforasecondterm. Article48ThePresidentshall,atthetimeofassumingoffice,takethefollowingoath:“IdosolemnlyandsincerelyswearbeforethepeopleofthewholecountrythatIwillobservetheConstitution,faithfullyperformmyduties,promotethewelfareofthepeople,safeguardthesecurityoftheState,andwillinnowaybetraythepeople’strust.ShouldIbreakmyoath,IshallbewillingtosubmitmyselftoseverepunishmentbytheState.Thisismysolemnoath.” Article49IncasetheofficeofthePresidentshouldbecomevacant,theVicePresidentshallsucceeduntiltheexpirationoftheoriginalpresidentialterm.IncasetheofficeofboththePresidentandtheVicePresidentshouldbecomevacant,thePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshallactforthePresident;and,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle30ofthisConstitution,anextraordinarysessionoftheNationalAssemblyshallbeconvokedfortheelectionofanewPresidentandanewVicePresident,whoshallholdofficeuntilthecompletionofthetermleftunfinishedbytheprecedingPresident.IncasethePresidentshouldbeunabletoattendtoofficeduetoanycause,theVicePresidentshallactforthePresident.IncaseboththePresidentandVicePresidentshouldbeunabletoattendtooffice,thePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshallactforthePresident. Article50ThePresidentshallberelievedofhisfunctionsonthedayonwhichhistermofofficeexpires.IfbythattimethesucceedingPresidenthasnotyetbeenelected,orifthePresident-electandtheVice-President-electhavenotyetassumedoffice,thePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshallactforthePresident. Article51TheperiodduringwhichthePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanmayactforthePresidentshallnotexceedthreemonths. Article52ThePresidentshallnot,withouthavingbeenrecalled,orhavingbeenrelievedofhisfunctions,beliabletocriminalprosecutionunlessheischargedwithhavingcommittedanactofrebellionortreason. ChapterV.Administration Article53TheExecutiveYuanshallbethehighestadministrativeorganoftheState. Article54TheExecutiveYuanshallhaveaPresident,aVicePresident,acertainnumberofMinistersandChairmenofCommissions,andacertainnumberofMinisterswithoutPortfolio. Article55ThePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshallbenominatedand,withtheconsentoftheLegislativeYuan,appointedbythePresidentoftheRepublic.If,duringtherecessoftheLegislativeYuan,thePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshouldresignorifhisofficeshouldbecomevacant,hisfunctionsshallbeexercisedbytheVicePresidentoftheYuan,actingonhisbehalf,butthePresidentoftheRepublicshall,within40days,requestameetingoftheLegislativeYuantoconfirmhisnomineeforthevacancy.Pendingsuchconfirmation,theVicePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshalltemporarilyexercisethefunctionsofthePresidentofthesaidYuan. Article56TheVicePresidentoftheExecutiveYuan,MinistersandChairmenofCommissions,andMinisterswithoutPortfolioshallbeappointedbythePresidentoftheRepublicupontherecommendationofthePresidentoftheExecutiveYuan. Article57TheExecutiveYuanshallberesponsibletotheLegislativeYuaninaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions:1.TheExecutiveYuanhasthedutytopresenttotheLegislativeYuanastatementofitsadministrativepoliciesandareportonitsadministration.WhiletheLegislativeYuanisinsession,MembersoftheLegislativeYuanshallhavetherighttoquestionthePresidentandtheMinistersandChairmenofCommissionsoftheExecutiveYuan.2.IftheLegislativeYuandoesnotconcurinanyimportantpolicyoftheExecutiveYuan,itmay,byresolution,requesttheExecutiveYuantoaltersuchapolicy.Withrespecttosuchresolution,theExecutiveYuanmay,withtheapprovalofthePresidentoftheRepublic,putarequesttotheLegislativeYuanforreconsideration.If,afterreconsideration,two-thirdsoftheMembersoftheLegislativeYuanpresentatthemeetingupholdtheoriginalresolution,thePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshalleitherabidebythesameorresignfromoffice.3.IftheExecutiveYuandeemsaresolutiononastatutory,budgetary,ortreatybillpassedbytheLegislativeYuandifficultofexecution,itmay,withtheapprovalofthePresidentoftheRepublicandwithintendaysafteritstransmissiontotheExecutiveYuan,requesttheLegislativeYuantoreconsiderthesaidresolution.Ifafterreconsideration,two-thirdsoftheMembersoftheLegislativeYuanpresentatthemeetingupholdtheoriginalresolution,thePresidentoftheExecutiveYuanshalleitherabidebythesameorresignfromoffice. Article58TheExecutiveYuanshallhaveanExecutiveYuanCouncil,tobecomposedofitsPresident,VicePresident,variousMinistersandChairmenofCommissions,andMinisterswithoutPortfolio,withitsPresidentasChairman.Statutoryorbudgetarybillsorbillsconcerningmartiallaw,amnesty,declarationofwar,conclusionofpeaceortreaties,andotherimportantaffairs,allofwhicharetobesubmittedtotheLegislativeYuan,aswellasmattersthatareofcommonconcerntothevariousMinistriesandCommissions,shallbepresentedbythePresidentandvariousMinistersandChairmenofCommissionsoftheExecutiveYuantotheExecutiveYuanCouncilfordecision. Article59TheExecutiveYuanshall,threemonthsbeforethebeginningofeachfiscalyear,presenttotheLegislativeYuanthebudgetarybillforthefollowingfiscalyear. Article60TheExecutiveYuanshall,withinfourmonthsaftertheendofeachfiscalyear,presentfinalaccountsofrevenuesandexpenditurestotheControlYuan. Article61TheorganizationoftheExecutiveYuanshallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterVI.Legislation Article62TheLegislativeYuanshallbethehighestlegislativeorganoftheState,tobeconstitutedofmemberselectedbythepeople.Itshallexerciselegislativepoweronbehalfofthepeople. Article63TheLegislativeYuanshallhavethepowertodecidebyresolutionuponstatutoryorbudgetarybillsorbillsconcerningmartiallaw,amnesty,declarationofwar,conclusionofpeaceortreaties,andotherimportantaffairsoftheState. Article64MembersoftheLegislativeYuanshallbeelectedinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions:1.ThosetobeelectedfromtheprovincesandbythemunicipalitiesunderthedirectjurisdictionoftheExecutiveYuanshallbefiveforeachprovinceormunicipalitywithapopulationofnotmorethan3,000,000,oneadditionalmembershallbeelectedforeachadditional1,000,000inaprovinceormunicipalitywhosepopulationisover3,000,000;2.ThosetobeelectedfromMongolianLeaguesandBanners;3.ThosetobeelectedfromTibet;4.Thosetobeelectedbyvariousracialgroupsinfrontierregions;5.ThosetobeelectedbyChinesecitizensresidingabroad;and6.Thosetobeelectedbyoccupationalgroups.TheelectionofMembersoftheLegislativeYuanandthenumberofthosetobeelectedinaccordancewithItems2to6oftheprecedingparagraphshallbeprescribedbylaw.Thenumberofwomentobeelectedunderthevariousitemsenumeratedinthefirstparagraphshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article65MembersoftheLegislativeYuanshallserveatermofthreeyears,andshallbere-eligible.TheelectionofMembersoftheLegislativeYuanshallbecompletedwithinthreemonthspriortotheexpirationofeachterm. Article66TheLegislativeYuanshallhaveaPresidentandaVicePresident,whoshallbeelectedbyandfromamongitsMembers. Article67TheLegislativeYuanmaysetupvariouscommittees.Suchcommitteesmayinvitegovernmentofficialsandprivatepersonsconcernedtobepresentattheirmeetingstoanswerquestions. Article68TheLegislativeYuanshallholdtwosessionseachyear,andshallconveneofitsownaccord.ThefirstsessionshalllastfromFebruarytotheendofMay,andthesecondsessionfromSeptembertotheendofDecember.Whenevernecessary,asessionmaybeprolonged. Article69Inanyofthefollowingcircumstances,theLegislativeYuanmayholdanextraordinarysession:1.AttherequestofthePresidentoftheRepublic;2.Upontherequestofnotlessthanone-fourthofitsMembers. Article70TheLegislativeYuanshallnotmakeproposalsforanincreaseintheexpendituresinthebudgetarybillpresentedbytheExecutiveYuan. Article71AtthemeetingsoftheLegislativeYuan,thePresidentsofthevariousYuanconcernedandthevariousMinistersandChairmenofCommissionsconcernedmaybepresenttogivetheirviews. Article72StatutorybillspassedbytheLegislativeYuanshallbetransmittedtothePresidentoftheRepublicandtotheExecutiveYuan.ThePresidentshall,withintendaysafterreceiptthereof,promulgatethem;orhemaydealwiththeminaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle57ofthisConstitution. Article73NoMemberoftheLegislativeYuanshallbeheldresponsibleoutsidetheYuanforopinionsexpressedorvotescastintheYuan. Article74NoMemberoftheLegislativeYuanshall,exceptincaseofflagrantedelicto,bearrestedordetainedwithoutthepermissionoftheLegislativeYuan. Article75NoMemberoftheLegislativeYuanshallconcurrentlyholdagovernmentpost. Article76TheorganizationoftheLegislativeYuanshallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterVII.Judiciary Article77TheJudicialYuanshallbethehighestjudicialorganoftheStateandshallhavechargeofcivil,criminal,andadministrativecases,andovercasesconcerningdisciplinarymeasuresagainstpublicfunctionaries. Article78TheJudicialYuanshallinterprettheConstitutionandshallhavethepowertounifytheinterpretationoflawsandorders. Article79TheJudicialYuanshallhaveaPresidentandaVicePresident,whoshallbenominatedand,withtheconsentoftheControlYuan,appointedbythePresidentoftheRepublic.TheJudicialYuanshallhaveacertainnumberofGrandJusticestotakechargeofmattersspecifiedinArticle78ofthisConstitution,whoshallbenominatedand,withtheconsentoftheControlYuan,appointedbythePresidentoftheRepublic. Article80Judgesshallbeabovepartisanshipandshall,inaccordancewithlaw,holdtrialsindependently,freefromanyinterference. Article81Judgesshallholdofficeforlife.Nojudgeshallberemovedfromofficeunlesshehasbeenfoundguiltyofacriminaloffenseorsubjectedtodisciplinarymeasure,ordeclaredtobeunderinterdiction.Nojudgeshall,exceptinaccordancewithlaw,besuspendedortransferredorhavehissalaryreduced. Article82TheorganizationoftheJudicialYuanandofthelawcourtsofvariousgradesshallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterVIII.Examination Article83TheExaminationYuanshallbethehighestexaminationorganoftheStateandshallhavechargeofmattersrelatingtoexamination,employment,registration,servicerating,scaleofsalaries,promotionandtransfer,securityoftenure,commendation,pecuniaryaidincaseofdeath,retirementandoldagepension. Article84TheExaminationYuanshallhaveaPresidentandaVicePresidentandacertainnumberofMembers,allofwhomshallbenominatedand,withtheconsentoftheControlYuan,appointedbythePresidentoftheRepublic. Article85Intheselectionofpublicfunctionaries,asystemofopencompetitiveexaminationshallbeputintooperation,andexaminationsshallbeheldindifferentareas,withprescribednumbersofpersonstobeselectedaccordingtovariousprovincesandareas.Nopersonshallbeappointedtoapublicofficeunlessheisqualifiedthroughexamination. Article86ThefollowingqualificationsshallbedeterminedandregisteredthroughexaminationbytheExaminationYuaninaccordancewithlaw:1.Qualificationforappointmentaspublicfunctionaries;and2.Qualificationforpracticeinspecializedprofessionsorastechnicians. Article87TheExaminationYuanmay,withrespecttomattersunderitscharge,presentstatutorybillstotheLegislativeYuan. Article88MembersoftheExaminationYuanshallbeabovepartisanshipandshallindependentlyexercisetheirfunctionsinaccordancewithlaw. Article89TheorganizationoftheExaminationYuanshallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterIX.Control Article90TheControlYuanshallbethehighestcontrolorganoftheStateandshallexercisethepowersofconsent,impeachment,censureandauditing. Article91TheControlYuanshallbecomposedofMemberswhoshallbeelectedbyProvincialandMunicipalCouncils,thelocalCouncilsofMongoliaandTibet,andChinesecitizensresidingabroad.Theirnumbersshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions:1.FiveMembersfromeachprovince;2.TwoMembersfromeachmunicipalityunderthedirectjurisdictionoftheExecutiveYuan;3.EightMembersfromMongolianLeaguesandBanners;4.EightMembersfromTibet;and5.EightMembersfromChinesecitizensresidingabroad. Article92TheControlYuanshallhaveaPresidentandaVicePresident,whoshallbeelectedbyandfromamongitsMembers. Article93MembersoftheControlYuanshallserveatermofsixyearsandshallbere-eligible. Article94WhentheControlYuanexercisesthepowerofconsentinaccordancewiththisConstitution,itshalldosobyresolutionofamajorityoftheMemberspresentatthemeeting. Article95TheControlYuanmay,intheexerciseofitspowersofcontrol,requesttheExecutiveYuananditsMinistriesandCommissionstosubmittoitforperusaltheoriginalordersissuedbythemandallotherrelevantdocuments. Article96TheControlYuanmay,takingintoaccounttheworkoftheExecutiveYuananditsvariousMinistriesandCommissions,setupacertainnumberofcommitteestoinvestigatetheiractivitieswithaviewtoascertainingwhetherornottheyareguiltyofviolationoflaworneglectofduty. Article97TheControlYuanmay,onthebasisoftheinvestigationsandresolutionsofitscommittees,proposecorrectivemeasuresandforwardthemtotheExecutiveYuanandtheMinistriesandCommissionsconcerned,directingtheirattentiontoeffectingimprovements.WhentheControlYuandeemsapublicfunctionaryintheCentralGovernmentorinalocalgovernmentguiltyofneglectofdutyorviolationoflaw,itmayproposecorrectivemeasuresorinstituteanimpeachment.Ifitinvolvesacriminaloffense,thecaseshallbeturnedovertoalawcourt. Article98ImpeachmentbytheControlYuanofapublicfunctionaryintheCentralGovernmentorinalocalgovernmentshallbeinstitutedupontheproposalofoneormorethanoneMemberoftheControlYuanandthedecision,afterdueconsideration,byacommitteecomposedofnotlessthannineMembers. Article99IncaseofimpeachmentbytheControlYuanofthepersonneloftheJudicialYuanoroftheExaminationYuanforneglectofdutyorviolationoflaw,theprovisionsofArticles95,97and98ofthisConstitutionshallbeapplicable. Article100ImpeachmentbytheControlYuanofthePresidentortheVicePresidentoftheRepublicshallbeinstitutedupontheproposalofnotlessthanone-fourthofthewholebodyofMembersoftheControlYuan,andtheresolution,afterdueconsideration,bythemajorityofthewholebodyofMembersoftheControlYuan,andthesameshallbepresentedtotheNationalAssembly. Article101NoMemberoftheControlYuanshallbeheldresponsibleoutsidetheYuanforopinionsexpressedorvotescastintheYuan. Article102NoMemberoftheControlYuanshall,exceptincaseofflagrantedelicto,bearrestedordetainedwithoutthepermissionoftheControlYuan. Article103NoMemberoftheControlYuanshallconcurrentlyholdapublicofficeorengageinanyprofession. Article104IntheControlYuan,thereshallbeanAuditorGeneralwhoshallbenominatedand,withtheconsentoftheLegislativeYuan,appointedbythePresidentoftheRepublic. Article105TheAuditorGeneralshall,withinthreemonthsafterpresentationbytheExecutiveYuanofthefinalaccountsofrevenuesandexpenditures,completetheauditingthereofinaccordancewithlaw,andsubmitanauditingreporttotheLegislativeYuan. Article106TheorganizationoftheControlYuanshallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterX.PowersoftheCentralandLocalGovernments Article107Inthefollowingmatters,theCentralGovernmentshallhavethepoweroflegislationandadministration:1.Foreignaffairs;2.Nationaldefenseandmilitaryaffairsconcerningnationaldefense;3.Nationalitylawandcriminal,civilandcommerciallaw;4.Judicialsystem;5.Aviation,nationalhighways,state-ownedrailways,navigation,postalandtelegraphservice;6.CentralGovernmentfinanceandnationalrevenues;7.Demarcationofnational,provincialandhsienrevenues;8.State-operatedeconomicenterprises;9.Currencysystemandstatebanks;10.Weightsandmeasures;11.Foreigntradepolicies;12.Financialandeconomicmattersaffectingforeignersorforeigncountries;and13.OthermattersrelatingtotheCentralGovernmentasprovidedbythisConstitution. Article108Inthefollowingmatters,theCentralGovernmentshallhavethepoweroflegislationandadministration,buttheCentralGovernmentmaydelegatethepowerofadministrationtotheprovincialandhsiengovernments:1.Generalprinciplesofprovincialandhsienself-government;2.Divisionofadministrativeareas;3.Forestry,industry,miningandcommerce;4.Educationalsystem;5.Bankingandexchangesystem;6.Shippinganddeep-seafishery;7.Publicutilities;8.Cooperativeenterprises;9.Waterandlandcommunicationandtransportationcoveringtwoormoreprovinces;10.Waterconservancy,waterways,agricultureandpastoralenterprisescoveringtwoormoreprovinces;11.Registration,employment,supervision,andsecurityoftenureofofficialsinCentralandlocalgovernments;12.Landlegislation;13.Laborlegislationandothersociallegislation;14.Eminentdomain;15.Census-takingandcompilationofpopulationstatisticsforthewholecountry;16.Immigrationandlandreclamation;17.Policesystem;18.Publichealth;19.Relief,pecuniaryaidincaseofdeathandaidincaseofunemployment;and20.Preservationofancientbooksandarticlesandsitesofculturalvalue.Withrespecttothevariousitemsenumeratedintheprecedingparagraph,theprovincesmayenactseparaterulesandregulations,providedthesearenotinconflictwithnationallaws. Article109Inthefollowingmatters,theprovincesshallhavethepoweroflegislationandadministration,buttheprovincesmaydelegatethepowerofadministrationtothehsien;1.Provincialeducation,publichealth,industriesandcommunications;2.Managementanddisposalofprovincialproperty;3.Administrationofmunicipalitiesunderprovincialjurisdiction;4.Province-operatedenterprises;5.Provincialcooperativeenterprises;6.Provincialagriculture,forestry,waterconservancy,fishery,animalhusbandryandpublicworks;7.Provincialfinanceandrevenues;8.Provincialdebts;9.Provincialbanks;10.Provincialpoliceadministration;11.Provincialcharitableandpublicwelfareworks;and12.Othermattersdelegatedtotheprovincesinaccordancewithnationallaws.Exceptasotherwiseprovidedbylaw,anyofthemattersenumeratedinthevariousitemsoftheprecedingparagraph,insofarasitcoverstwoormoreprovinces,maybeundertakenjointlybytheprovincesconcerned.Whenanyprovince,inundertakingmatterslistedinanyoftheitemsofthefirstparagraph,findsitsfundsinsufficient,itmay,byresolutionoftheLegislativeYuan,obtainsubsidiesfromtheNationalTreasury. Article110Inthefollowingmatters,thehsienshallhavethepoweroflegislationandadministration:1.Hsieneducation,publichealth,industriesandcommunications;2.Managementanddisposalofhsienproperty;3.Hsien-operatedenterprises;4.Hsiencooperativeenterprises;5.Hsienagricultureandforestry,waterconservancy,fishery,animalhusbandryandpublicworks;6.Hsienfinanceandrevenues;7.Hsiendebts;8.Hsienbanks;9.Administrationofhsienpoliceanddefense;10.Hsiencharitableandpublicwelfareworks;and11.OthermattersdelegatedtothehsieninaccordancewithnationallawsandprovincialSelf-GovernmentRegulations.Exceptasotherwiseprovidedbylaw,anyofthemattersenumeratedinthevariousitemsoftheprecedingparagraph,insofarasitcoverstwoormorehsien,maybeundertakenjointlybythehsienconcerned. Article111AnymatternotenumeratedinArticles107,108,109and110shallfallwithinthejurisdictionoftheCentralGovernment,ifitisnationalinnature;oftheprovince,ifitisprovincialinnature;andofthehsien,ifitconcernsthehsien.Incaseofdispute,itshallbesettledbytheLegislativeYuan. ChapterXI.SystemofLocalGovernment Section1.TheProvince Article112Aprovincemayconvokeaprovincialassemblytoenact,inaccordancewiththeGeneralPrinciplesofProvincialandHsienSelf-Government,regulations,providedthesaidregulationsarenotinconflictwiththeConstitution.Theorganizationoftheprovincialassemblyandtheelectionofthedelegatesshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article113TheProvincialSelf-GovernmentRegulationsshallincludethefollowingprovisions:1.Intheprovince,thereshallbeaprovincialcouncil.Membersoftheprovincialcouncilshallbeelectedbythepeopleoftheprovince.2.Intheprovince,thereshallbeaprovincialgovernmentwithaprovincialgovernorwhoshallbeelectedbythepeopleoftheprovince.3.Relationshipbetweentheprovinceandthehsien.ThelegislativepoweroftheprovinceshallbeexercisedbytheProvincialCouncil. Article114TheProvincialSelf-GovernmentRegulationsshall,afterenactment,beforthwithsubmittedtotheJudicialYuan.TheJudicialYuan,ifitdeemsanypartthereofunconstitutional,shalldeclarenullandvoidthearticlesrepugnanttotheConstitution. Article115If,duringtheenforcementoftheProvincialSelf-GovernmentRegulations,thereshouldariseanyseriousobstacleintheapplicationofanyofthearticlescontainedtherein,theJudicialYuanshallfirstsummonthevariouspartiesconcernedtopresenttheirviews;andthereuponthePresidentsoftheExecutiveYuan,LegislativeYuan,JudicialYuan,ExaminationYuanandControlYuanshallformaCommittee,withthePresidentoftheJudicialYuanasChairman,toproposeaformulaforsolution. Article116Provincialrulesandregulationsthatareinconflictwithnationallawsshallbenullandvoid. Article117Whendoubtarisesastowhetherornotthereisaconflictbetweenprovincialrulesorregulationsandnationallaws,interpretationthereonshallbemadebytheJudicialYuan. Article118Theself-governmentofmunicipalitiesunderthedirectjurisdictionoftheExecutiveYuanshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article119Thelocalself-governmentsystemoftheMongolianLeaguesandBannersshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article120Theself-governmentsystemofTibetshallbesafeguarded. Section2.TheHsien Article121Thehsienshallenforcehsienself-government. Article122Ahsienmayconvokeahsienassemblytoenact,inaccordancewiththeGeneralPrinciplesofProvincialandHsienSelf-Government,hsienself-governmentregulations,providedthesaidregulationsarenotinconflictwiththeConstitutionorwithprovincialself-governmentregulations. Article123Thepeopleofthehsienshall,inaccordancewithlaw,exercisetherightsofinitiativeandreferenduminmatterswithinthesphereofhsienself-government,andshall,inaccordancewithlaw,exercisetherightsofelectionandrecallofthemagistrateandotherhsienself-governmentofficials. Article124Inthehsien,thereshallbeahsiencouncil.Membersofthehsiencouncilshallbeelectedbythepeopleofthehsien.Thelegislativepowerofthehsienshallbeexercisedbythehsiencouncil. Article125Hsienrulesandregulationsthatareinconflictwithnationallaws,orwithprovincialrulesandregulations,shallbenullandvoid. Article126Inthehsien,thereshallbeahsiengovernmentwithahsienmagistratewhoshallbeelectedbythepeopleofthehsien. Article127Thehsienmagistrateshallhavechargeofhsienself-governmentandshalladministermattersdelegatedtothehsienbythecentralorprovincialgovernment. Article128Theprovisionsgoverningthehsienshallapplymutatismutandistothemunicipality. ChapterXII.Election,Recall,InitiativeandReferendum Article129ThevariouskindsofelectionsprescribedinthisConstitution,exceptasotherwiseprovidedbythisConstitution,shallbebyuniversal,equal,anddirectsuffrageandbysecretballot Article130AnycitizenoftheRepublicofChinawhohasattainedtheageof20yearsshallhavetherightofelectioninaccordancewithlaw.ExceptasotherwiseprovidedbythisConstitutionorbylaw,anycitizenwhohasattainedtheageof23yearsshallhavetherightofbeingelectedinaccordancewithlaw. Article131AllcandidatesinthevariouskindsofelectionsprescribedinthisConstitutionshallopenlycampaignfortheirelection. Article132Intimidationorinducementshallbestrictlyforbiddeninelections.Suitsarisinginconnectionwithelectionsshallbetriedbythecourts. Article133Apersonelectedmay,inaccordancewithlaw,berecalledbyhisconstituency. Article134Inthevariouskindsofelections,thenumberofwomentobeelectedshallbefixed,andmeasurespertainingtheretoshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article135ThenumberofdelegatestotheNationalAssemblyandthemanneroftheirelectionfrompeopleininteriorareas,whohavetheirownconditionsoflivingandhabits,shallbeprescribedbylaw. Article136Theexerciseoftherightsofinitiativeandreferendumshallbeprescribedbylaw. ChapterXIII.FundamentalNationalPolicies Section1.NationalDefense Article137ThenationaldefenseoftheRepublicofChinashallhaveasitsobjectivethesafeguardingofnationalsecurityandthepreservationofworldpeace.Theorganizationofnationaldefenseshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article138Theland,seaandairforcesofthewholecountryshallbeabovepersonal,regional,orpartyaffiliations,shallbeloyaltothestate,andshallprotectthepeople. Article139Nopoliticalpartyandnoindividualshallmakeuseofarmedforcesasaninstrumentinastruggleforpoliticalpowers. Article140Nomilitarymaninactiveservicemayconcurrentlyholdaciviloffice. Section2.ForeignPolicy Article141TheforeignpolicyoftheRepublicofChinashall,inaspiritofindependenceandinitiativeandonthebasisoftheprinciplesofequalityandreciprocity,cultivategood-neighborlinesswithothernations,andrespecttreatiesandtheCharteroftheUnitedNations,inordertoprotecttherightsandinterestsofChinesecitizensresidingabroad,promoteinternationalcooperation,advanceinternationaljusticeandensureworldpeace. Section3.NationalEconomy Article142NationaleconomyshallbebasedonthePrincipleofthePeople’sLivelihoodandshallseektoeffectequalizationoflandownershipandrestrictionofprivatecapitalinordertoattainawell-balancedsufficiencyinnationalwealthandpeople’slivelihood. Article143AlllandwithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofChinashallbelongtothewholebodyofcitizens.Privateownershipofland,acquiredbythepeopleinaccordancewithlaw,shallbeprotectedandrestrictedbylaw.Privately-ownedlandshallbeliabletotaxationaccordingtoitsvalue,andtheGovernmentmaybuysuchlandaccordingtoitsvalue.Mineraldepositswhichareembeddedintheland,andnaturalpowerwhichmay,foreconomicpurposes,beutilizedforthepublicbenefitshallbelongtotheState,regardlessofthefactthatprivateindividualsmayhaveacquiredownershipoversuchland.Ifthevalueofapieceoflandhasincreased,notthroughtheexertionoflaborortheemploymentofcapital,theStateshalllevythereonanincrementtax,theproceedsofwhichshallbeenjoyedbythepeopleincommon.Inthedistributionandreadjustmentofland,theStateshallinprincipleassistself-farmingland-ownersandpersonswhomakeuseofthelandbythemselves,andshallalsoregulatetheirappropriateareasofoperation. Article144Publicutilitiesandotherenterprisesofamonopolisticnatureshall,inprinciple,beunderpublicoperation.Incasespermittedbylaw,theymaybeoperatedbyprivatecitizens. Article145Withrespecttoprivatewealthandprivately-operatedenterprises,theStateshallrestrictthembylawiftheyaredeemeddetrimentaltoabalanceddevelopmentofnationalwealthandpeople’slivelihood.CooperativeenterprisesshallreceiveencouragementandassistancefromtheState.Privatecitizens’productiveenterprisesandforeigntradeshallreceiveencouragement,guidanceandprotectionfromtheState. Article146TheStateshall,bytheuseofscientifictechniques,developwaterconservancy,increasetheproductivityofland,improveagriculturalconditions,planfortheutilizationofland,developagriculturalresourcesandhastentheindustrializationofagriculture. Article147TheCentralGovernment,inordertoattainbalancedeconomicdevelopmentamongtheprovinces,shallgiveappropriateaidtopoororunproductiveprovinces.Theprovinces,inordertoattainbalancedeconomicdevelopmentamongthehsien,shallgiveappropriateaidtopoororunproductivehsien. Article148WithintheterritoryoftheRepublicofChina,allgoodsshallbepermittedtomovefreelyfromplacetoplace. Article149Financialinstitutionsshall,inaccordancewithlaw,besubjecttoStatecontrol. Article150TheStateshallextensivelyestablishfinancialinstitutionsforthecommonpeople,withaviewtorelievingunemployment. Article151WithrespecttoChinesecitizensresidingabroad,theStateshallfosterandprotectthedevelopmentoftheireconomicenterprises. Section4.SocialSecurity Article152TheStateshallprovidesuitableopportunityforworktopeoplewhoareabletowork. Article153TheState,inordertoimprovethelivelihoodoflaborersandfarmersandtoimprovetheirproductiveskill,shallenactlawsandcarryoutpoliciesfortheirprotection.Womenandchildrenengagedinlaborshall,accordingtotheirageandphysicalcondition,beaccordedspecialprotection. Article154Capitalandlaborshall,inaccordancewiththeprincipleofharmonyandcooperation,promoteproductiveenterprises.Conciliationandarbitrationofdisputesbetweencapitalandlaborshallbeprescribedbylaw. Article155TheState,inordertopromotesocialwelfare,shallestablishasocialinsurancesystem.Totheagedandtheinfirmwhoareunabletoearnaliving,andtovictimsofunusualcalamities,theStateshallgiveappropriateassistanceandrelief. Article156TheState,inordertoconsolidatethefoundationofnationalexistenceanddevelopment,shallprotectmotherhoodandcarryoutthepolicyofpromotingthewelfareofwomenandchildren. Article157TheState,inordertoimprovenationalhealth,shallestablishextensiveservicesforsanitationandhealthprotection,andasystemofpublicmedicalservice. Section5.EducationandCulture Article158Educationandcultureshallaimatthedevelopmentamongthecitizensofthenationalspirit,thespiritofself-government,nationalmorality,goodphysique,scientificknowledge,andtheabilitytoearnaliving. Article159Allcitizensshallhaveequalopportunitytoreceiveaneducation. Article160Allchildrenofschoolagefromsixto12yearsshallreceivefreeprimaryeducation.ThosefrompoorfamiliesshallbesuppliedwithbooksbytheGovernment.AllcitizensaboveschoolagewhohavenotreceivedprimaryeducationshallreceivesupplementaryeducationfreeofchargeandshallalsobesuppliedwithbooksbytheGovernment. Article161Thenational,provincial,andlocalgovernmentsshallextensivelyestablishscholarshipstoassiststudentsofgoodscholasticstandingandexemplaryconductwholackthemeanstocontinuetheirschooleducation. Article162Allpublicandprivateeducationalandculturalinstitutionsinthecountryshall,inaccordancewithlaw,besubjecttoStatesupervision. Article163TheStateshallpaydueattentiontothebalanceddevelopmentofeducationindifferentregions,andshallpromotesocialeducationinordertoraisetheculturalstandardofthecitizensingeneral.GrantsfromtheNationalTreasuryshallbemadetofrontierregionsandeconomicallypoorareastohelpthemmeettheireducationalandculturalexpenses.TheCentralGovernmentmayeitheritselfundertakethemoreimportanteducationalandculturalenterprisesinsuchregionsorgivethemfinancialassistance. Article164Expendituresofeducationalprograms,scientificstudiesandculturalservicesshallnotbe,inrespectoftheCentralGovernment,lessthan15percentofthetotalnationalbudget;inrespectofeachprovince,lessthan25percentofthetotalprovincialbudgets;andinrespectofeachmunicipalityorhsien,lessthan35percentofthetotalmunicipalorhsienbudget.Educationalandculturalfoundationsestablishedinaccordancewithlawshall,togetherwiththeirproperty,beprotected. Article165TheStateshallsafeguardthelivelihoodofthosewhoworkinthefieldsofeducation,sciencesandarts,andshall,inaccordancewiththedevelopmentofnationaleconomy,increasetheirremunerationfromtimetotime. Article166TheStateshallencouragescientificdiscoveriesandinventions,andshallprotectancientsitesandarticlesofhistorical,culturalorartisticvalue. Article167TheStateshallgiveencouragementorsubsidiestothefollowingenterprisesorindividuals:1.Educationalenterprisesinthecountrywhichhavebeenoperatedwithgoodrecordbyprivateindividuals;2.EducationalenterpriseswhichhavebeenoperatedwithgoodrecordbyChinesecitizensresidingabroad;3.personswhohavemadediscoveriesorinventionsinthefieldsoflearningandtechnology;and4.Personswhohaverenderedlongandmeritoriousservicesinthefieldofeducation. Section6.FrontierRegions Article168TheStateshallaccordtothevariousracialgroupsinthefrontierregionslegalprotectionoftheirstatusandshallgivethemspecialassistanceintheirlocalself-governmentundertakings. Article169TheStateshall,inapositivemanner,undertakeandfosterthedevelopmentofeducation,culture,communications,waterconservancy,publichealth,andothereconomicandsocialenterprisesofthevariousracialgroupsinthefrontierregions.Withrespecttotheutilizationofland,theStateshall,aftertakingintoaccounttheclimaticconditions,thenatureofthesoilandthelifeandhabitsofthepeople,adoptmeasurestoprotectthelandandtoassistinitsdevelopment. ChapterXIV.EnforcementandAmendmentoftheConstitution Article170Theterm“law,”asusedinthisConstitution,shalldenoteanylegislativebillthatshallhavebeenpassedbytheLegislativeYuanandpromulgatedbythePresidentoftheRepublic. Article171LawsthatareinconflictwiththeConstitutionshallbenullandvoid.WhendoubtarisesastowhetherornotalawisinconflictwiththeConstitution,interpretationthereonshallbemadebytheJudicialYuan. Article172OrdinancesthatareinconflictwiththeConstitutionorwithlawsshallbenullandvoid. Article173TheConstitutionshallbeinterpretedbytheJudicialYuan. Article174AmendmentstotheConstitutionshallbemadeinaccordancewithoneofthefollowingprocedures:1.Upontheproposalofone-fifthofthetotalnumberofthedelegatestotheNationalAssemblyandbyaresolutionofthree-fourthsofthedelegatespresentatameetinghavingaquorumoftwo-thirdsoftheentireAssembly,theConstitutionmaybeamended.2.Upontheproposalofone-fourthoftheMembersoftheLegislativeYuanandbyaresolutionofthree-fourthsoftheMemberspresentatameetinghavingaquorumofthree-fourthsoftheMembersoftheYuan,anamendmentmaybedrawnupandsubmittedtotheNationalAssemblybywayofreferendum.SuchaproposedamendmenttotheConstitutionshallbepubliclypublishedhalfayearbeforetheNationalAssemblyconvenes. Article175Whenevernecessary,enforcementproceduresinregardtoanymattersprescribedinthisConstitutionshallbeseparatelyprovidedbylaw.ThepreparatoryproceduresfortheenforcementofthisConstitutionshallbedecideduponbythesameNationalAssemblywhichshallhaveadoptedthisConstitution.



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