《出師表》的白話文版、文言版與英文版

今天推送經典名篇《出師表》，《出師表》出自於《三國志·諸葛亮傳》卷三十五，是三國時期蜀漢丞相諸葛亮在北伐中原之前給後主劉禪上書的表文，闡述了北伐的必要性以及對後主劉禪治國寄予的期望，言辭懇切，寫出了諸葛亮的一片忠誠之心。

這篇表文以議論為主，兼用記敘和抒情。

歷史上有《前出師表》和《後出師表》，通常所說的《出師表》一般指《前出師表》。

出師表以諸葛亮實行了一系列比較正確的政治和經濟措施，使蜀漢境內呈現興旺景象。

為了實現全國統一，諸葛亮在平息南方叛亂之後，於227年決定北上伐魏，奪取涼州，臨行之前上書後主，以懇切委婉的言辭勸勉後主要廣開言路、嚴明賞罰、親賢遠佞，以此興復漢室；同時也表達自己以身許國，忠貞不二的思想。

為了幫助小夥伴理解並學習英文翻譯，我們還附上了趣味版的白話文翻譯和幾個版本的英文翻譯，當然網上還有很多版本的譯文，也歡迎小夥伴推薦貼在評論區。

白話文版：

亮叔跟你講幾句

你爸當年出來混，半道上就給掛了；現在地盤又分成三塊，益州好像咱也罩不住了，這世道眼瞅著要杯具了。

但是你爸留下的保鏢還很忠心啊，出去砸場的那些二桿子也都不想要命了，這些都是看在你爸往日給錢給女人的分上，現在想報答罷了。

叔現在就希望你丫放機靈點，完成你爹的遺願，讓兄弟們也揚眉吐氣；千萬不要把自己當成不值錢的蔥，把弟兄們的心給屈了。

你家裡咱幫里，都是一起的，該批評誰該扇誰，一碗水端平；不好好乾的，給咱整天惹事的，以及為人忠厚實在的，交給保衛科，該剁手的剁手，該發錢的發錢，這能說明你對大家都一樣，你也不要偏誰向誰，讓大家有親疏之別。

小郭、小費、小董，人都實在，事情辦得周全，你爸特別看得起，叔認為幫里的大事小情就交給他們；二桿子老向，性子好得很，人也猛得很，能打能殺，你爸說過「能幹」，不行就提拔一下，叔覺得砍人的事就交給他，肯定能擴大咱的地盤，以後沒人敢惹咱。

幫里開始為啥紅火得很，還不是一直拉攏實在人，攆走沒本事的，後來為啥被別人逼得走投無路，還不是身邊都是一群光會耍嘴的SB，你爸每回跟叔扯閒篇的時候，把個胸口能捶青。

侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，都是叔的拜把子，你一定要相信他們，咱發揚光大就有戲了。

叔本是一個種地的，在南陽有一畝二分地，在這個人砍人的時代，叔不想砍人，只希望不被人砍。

你爸不嫌叔無能，三天兩頭的往叔屋裡跑，問我如何管理幫派，我感激得眼淚嘩嘩的，從此跟著你爸四處砸場搶地盤。

後來本幫被人火併，叔死命硬抗，到現在已經二十多年了。

你爹知道叔精得跟個猴一樣，所以掛之前把大事都交給我，自從換了你當新扛把子，叔天天睡不著，害怕把老大的心給屈了，所以五月份領著弟兄們開著船過了瀘河，到那個鳥都不拉屎的地方，把該擺平的都擺平了。

現在南方沒人敢蹦躂，咱的手下也個個兵強馬壯，應該好好讓兄弟們放鬆一下，去個夜店啥的。

再把中原打拚回來，把那些沒良心的，耍奸偷滑的統統拾掇了，把咱那些長老級人物重新扶起來。

這樣叔也就對得起你死去的爸了。

至於啥事咋弄，好話壞話，就靠攸之、禕、允。

這一回叔是去砍那些王八蛋的，砍不成回來你咋辦都行。

如果沒人給你說好話，叔就找攸之、禕、允，還不信丫們能翻了天了。

你丫你也應該好好地想想你爹的事。

你叔我這裡肯定很感激。

醒了，叔馬上就要閃人了，眼淚嘩嘩的，都不知道胡咧咧了些啥東西。

《出師表》

[三國] 諸葛亮原著

文言文版:

先帝創業未半而中道崩殂（cú），今天下三分，益州疲弊， 此誠危急存亡之秋也。

然侍衛之臣不懈於內，忠志之士忘身於外者，蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報之於陛下也。

誠宜開張聖聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志士之氣，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞（sè）忠諫之路也。

宮中府中，俱為一體，陟（zhì ）罰臧（zāng）否（pǐ），不宜異同。

若有作奸犯科及為忠善者，宜付有司論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使內外異法也。

侍中、侍郎郭攸（yōu）之、費禕（yī）、董允等，此皆良實，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺（wèi）陛下。

愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然後施行，必能裨（bì）補闕（quē）漏，有所廣益。

將軍向寵，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用於昔日，先帝稱之曰能，是以眾議舉寵為督。

愚以為營中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行（háng）陣和睦，優劣得所。

親賢臣，遠小人，此先漢所以興隆也；親小人，遠賢臣，此後漢所以傾頹也。

先帝在時，每與臣論此事，未嘗不嘆息痛恨於桓（huán）、靈也。

侍中、尚書、長（zhǎng）史、參軍，此悉貞良死節之臣，願陛下親之信之，則漢室之隆，可計日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕於南陽，苟全性命於亂世，不求聞達於諸侯。

先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥（wěi）自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，咨臣以當世之事，由是感激，遂許先帝以驅馳。

後值傾覆，受任於敗軍之際，奉命於危難之間，爾來二十有（yòu）一年矣。

先帝知臣謹慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。

受命以來，夙（sù）夜憂嘆，恐託付不效，以傷先帝之明，故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。

今南方已定，兵甲已足，當獎率（shuài）三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑（nú）鈍，攘（rǎng）除奸凶，興復漢室，還於舊都。

此臣所以報先帝而忠陛下之職分也。

至於斟酌損益，進盡忠言，則攸之、禕、允之任也。

願陛下托臣以討賊興復之效，不效，則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈。

若無興德之言，則責攸之、禕、允等之慢，以彰其咎（jiù）；陛下亦宜自謀，以咨諏（zōu）善道，察納雅言。

深追先帝遺詔，臣不勝受恩感激。

今當遠離，臨表涕零，不知所言。

英文版：

The First Memorial To The King Before Setting Off For War

Zhuge Liang

Your humble servant Liang begs to say:

Our late king passed away before the great undertaking founded by him was half accomplicated. Now China is divided into three kingdoms.Yizhou is drained of its manpower and resources. This is a critical moment of life or death for our country. Bearing the late king's special fovor in hearts, the officials at court who guard Your Majesty dare not slacken in their vigilance and the devoted officers and soldiers at the front are fighting bravely disregarding their personal safety. They are now repaying to Your Majesty what they have received from the late king. It is advisable that Your Majesty should listen extensively to the counsels of officials in order to carry on the late king's lofty virtues, and heighten the morale of people with high aspiration. It is injudicious that Your Majesty should unduly humble yourself, and use metaphors with distorted meanings, lest you should block the way of sincere admonition.

The imperial court and the Prime Minister’s Office are an important whole. There should be impartiality in meting out rewards and punishments to officials from either administration. For both those who are treacherous and violate the law and those who are loyal and do some good deed, the same legally appointed officials should pass decision on how to punish or reward. This will make plain the equality and sagaciousness of Your Majesty's rule. There should be neither prejudice nor partiality in Your Majesty's attitude towardes the officials inside and outside the court for fear that different laws be put into practice.

Shizhong Gou Youzhi and Fei Yi as well as Shilang Dong Yun are kind and honest men with a strong sense of loyalty. The late king appointed them of your sake, and I respectfully hold that all political affairs at court, regardless of size, be first subjected to their inquiry before actions are taken. In this way can errors be amended, negligence avoided, and greater results attained.

General Xiang Chong is very experienced in military affairs and is kind and just by nature. After evaluating his performance of a trial basis, the late king praised his talent ability. That is why officials have elected him to be commander-in-chief. I humbly suggest that military concerns,regardless of weight, be first met with his consideration. In this way will there be harmony among the troops, and men both capable and incapable will each find his proper place in the camp.

To be close to the virtuous and able officials and keep away from the evil and mean persons. That was the reason that the Western Han Dynasty was prosperous. To be close to the evil and mean persons and keep away form the virtuous and able officials. That was the reason that the East Han Dynasty was collapsed. When the late king was alive and talked with me about these historical lessons, he used to utter a sigh in edtestation for Emperor Hun and Emeror Ling.

Shizhong, Shilang, Zhangshi and Canjun are faithful, upright, and ready to lay down their lives for honor and loyalty. As your humble servant, I hope that Your Majesty will retain close ties to them and trust them. Then can the prosperity of the Han Dynasty be soon realized.

I was originally a farmer who had to wear clothes made of hemp, and tilled land in Nanyang. I merely managed to survive in times of society instability and had no intention of seeking fame and position from princes. With and utter disregard of my low social status and meager fund of knowlegde, the late king called on me repeatedly to consult me about the current events of the country. I felt so grateful that I promised to serve him. Soon afterwards since I received my assignment at the time of the setback and was dispatched as an envoy at the moment of crisis. The late king knew my prudence, and entrusted me on his death bed with the duty of assisting Your Majesty in governing the country .Since then I have been worrying and sighing night and day lest I should do harm to the late king's illustrious fame if I fail to be effective. I was thus umpelled to lead an army across the Lu River in May and went deep into the barren district. Now the whole south is under our rule and we have plenty of fighters and armaments. It is time to reward our army men and lead them northward to conquer the Central Plains. Although I am inferior in ability like a worn out horse or a blunt knife, I would do my utmost to root out treacherous evildoers, rejuvenate the Han Dynasty, and move the capital back to the old city. I owe this to the late king and wish the demonstrate my loyalty to Your Majesty.

As for government affairs such as the augmentation or repeal of certain measures, or the broadening of the way to receive exhortations, they are the duties of Gou Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun.

I hope Your Majesty would delegate to me the task of punishing the traitors and rejuvenating the Han Dynasty, If I should fail to achieve this, please punish me as to console the soul of the departed king. If Youzhi, Yi and Yun fail to gather exhortations for the fostering of virtues, they should be held responsible for their negligence. Your Majesty should also make the most of your resources to ask for opinions on governing a country, to judge judiciously and accept good advices, and always bear in mind the imperial edict issued by the late king prior to his death. I this can be achieved, you will have my extreme gratitude.

I will be journeying far, and my eyes are full of tears in writing this memorial upon my departure. I can hardly express what else I should say.

A SELECTION OF CLASSIC CHINESE ESSAYS

FROM GUWENGUANZHI

translated by Luo Jingguo 羅經國

FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS

To Lead out the Army

Your servant Liang advises:

The late Emperor passed away leaving his great enterprise less than half completed. The world is still divided into three, and our base in Shu is beleaguered. At this time our very survival hangs m the balance. Yet the ministers who serve and protect you do not slacken their efforts at court, and loyal and principled officers act selflessly in the field: they will require Your Majesty for the uncommon kindness of the late Emperor. Your Majesty should be truly open minded and attentive if he is to build upon the late Emperor's legacy and put heart into men of honour, he should not demean himself and draw on false analogies in order to put a stop to loyal remonstration.

The palace and the Chief Minister's office are one body: there should be no difference between them over promotions and demotions, favour and disgrace. If there be cases of trickery and misdemeanour on the one hand, and good and loyal service on the other, the matter of punishment and reward should be left to the responsible department of state, in order to demonstrate Your Majesty's fairness and impartiality. No favouritism should be shown, no different rules for the palace and the ministries.

Your Majesty has Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun to advise him at court. They are all sound men, honest and true in their thoughts and purposes, which is why the late Emperor raised them up to be at your side. In my humble opinion, if they are consulted on all matters at court, great and small, before action is taken, there will be no oversights or shortcomings, and it will be for the greater good.

General Xiang Chong is good m character and just in deed. He has a thorough understanding of military affairs. When he was assigned tasks in the past, the late Emperor commended him as 'capable'. Therefore he was promoted to be commander-in-chief by common accord. In my humble opinion, if he is consulted on all matters concerning the garrison there will be harmony among the ranks, and the able and less able officers will be assigned their proper place.

The Former Han dynasty prospered because wise and moral counsellors were made welcome and mean and petty men kept at a distance. The Latter Han fell because mean and petty men were made welcome and wise and moral counsellors kept at a distance. Whenever the late Emperor discussed this thing with me, he expressed his exasperation and disgust with the last Han emperors, Huan and Ling for that reason. Your present chief civil and military officers GuoYouzhi, Fei Yi, Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan, are all men willing to lay down their lives in the line of duty. If, as I could wish, Your Majesty made them welcome and trusted them, then we could count the days to the rise of the house of Han.

I, your servant, was formerly a commoner who tilled his own fields in Nanyang. I sought only to stay alive in troublous times, and had no ambition to make myself known to our dukes and earls. The late Emperor took no account of my lowly station; he condescended to pay three visits to my rustic dwelling to ask my opinion on current affairs. Out of gratitude I promised to serve the late Emperor unflaggingly. Subsequently his fortunes were reversed, and I was given responsibility in the aftermath of defeat, at a time of peril and disarray. There has been my place for twenty-one years.

The late Emperor, aware of my caution and prudence, entrusted me on his deathbed with a heavy burden. After I received my orders, my nights were all sleepless, from worry that I could not fulfil my trust, and fear that I would tarnish the late Emperor's glory. Hence in the fifth month I crossed the Lu River and led an expedition deep into the wilderness. Now the southern tribes are pacified, our weapons and armour are adequate; the time is ripe to lead our armies north to pacify the Central Plains. I will exhaust my poor skill as a soldier to expel their cruel and traitorous overlords, thus to restore the house of Han and reclaim the ancient capital. In this way I shall do my duty to repay the late Emperor and loyally serve Your Majesty. As to the weighing of the wisdom of policies at home and offering honest counsel, that is the task of Youzhi, Yi and Yun.

I request Your Majesty to place the job of suppressing the bandits and restoring the dynasty in my hands; if I fail to, execute my commission, I will suffer due punishment, to be reported to the spirit of the late Emperor. If beneficial counsel not forthcoming, Yunzhi, Yi and Yun should be blamed for being remiss, and their fault proclaimed. Your Majesty for your part should also take thought for the future, enquire into the principles of good statecraft, judiciously admit good advice, and deeply study the late Emperor's last testament. Your servant would then be eternally beholden to you.

I shall soon be gone afar. As I write this report I cannot hold back my tears, and I hardly know what I write. （卜立德譯）

Memorial to the Emperor before the Northern Expedition

By Zhuge Liang

I, your humble subject Zhuge Liang, have this to say:

The late Emperor had by far not yet attained his objective of restoring the Han Dynasty before he deceased halfway in his career. Now the country is divided into three camps, and Yizhou has exhausted it resources. It is indeed a critical moment when survival is at stake. However, the royal guards keep vigilant at court while the loyal soldiers with high aim fight selflessly on the battlefield, because they bear in mind the late Emperor’s special grace, wishing to repay it to Your Majesty. It would be most judicious that you give more open-minded hearing to your counselors, so as to aggrandize his legacy of noble virtues and heighten thearmymen’s morale. In the meantime, it would be inadvisable to strain your modesty or make inapt remarks, thus blocking faithful remonstrances.

The court and the chancellery are one entity. No difference should be made between them in respect of promoting and commending the good or punishing and criticizing the evil. Those who are guilty of misconduct or creditable for devotion and noble character should be referred to the authorities to be penalized or awarded on their merits, so as to manifest Your Majesty’s justice and perspicacity. It would be inappropriate to show partiality and make distinction between regulations inside and outside the court.

Ministers such as GuoYouzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, having integrity and probity as well as faith in our cause and purity of mind, were selected by the late Emperor to be used by Your Majesty. I think that they should be consulted on all court affairs, be they great or small, before they are put into execution. This will certainly be conducive to making up for loopholes and defects in our work and to effecting greater successes. General Xiang Chong, a man of good nature, wellversed in tactics, formerly used on probation and considered by the late Emperor as capable, has been recommended by all to be the Military Superintendent. In my humble opinion, he should be consulted on all matters concerning the army, be they great or small. This will surely contribute to the harmony in the army and to putting both the superior and the indifferent people in their proper places.

To be close to virtuous courtiers and alien to knavish ones was what made the Earlier Han Dynasty strong and prosperous, while to be close to knavish courtiers and alien to virtuous ones was what made the Latter Han Dynasty collapse. When the late Emperor was still alive, he did not fail to sign with regret and bear a bitter grudge against Emperors Huan and Ling every time he discussed this history with me. Ministers such as Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan are all constant and loyal subjects. It is hoped that Your Majesty will hold them dear and trust them. In that case, the revival of the Han Dynasty can be expected in the nearest future.

I was originally a commoner, tilling my land in Nanyang, trying merely to survive in the troublous times, not seeking to be known to the nobility. The late Emperor,disregarding my humble birth and low position, condescended to pay me three visits in my thatched cottage, consulting me on contemporary issues. I was therefore very grateful to him and promised him my whole-hearted service. Later our army suffered a disastrous defeat, I was appointed as envoy to Wu at the time of the debacle, and was installed in office at a moment of great peril and tribulation. Since then twenty one years have elapsed. Knowing my prudence, the late Emperor entrusted me with that task of great consequence upon his demise. Being thus committed, I have often worried at night, fearing lest I should fail to live up to the trust, reflecting discredit upon His Majesty’s sagacity.Consequently, I led the troops to cross the River Lu in the fifth month,penetrating into the depth of the barren land. Now that the southern territoryis stabilized and armaments are sufficient, it is high time to reward the army, so as to march north and recover the central part of the country. I wish that I might exhaust my mediocre ability in extirpating the treacherous malefactors and restoring the Han Dynasty with a triumphant re-entry into the lost capital. This is what I should do to repay the kindness of the late Emperor and to perform my duty to Your Majesty. As for handling matters with discretion and weighing advantages and disadvantages as well as making faithful remonstrances,they are the concern of Guo, Fei and Dong. I beg Your Majesty to enjoin upon methe success of the expedition and the revival of the Han Dynasty. Should I fail, then call me to task and have me duly punished, so as to solace the soul of the late Emperor. In the absence of outspoken suggestions regarding theadvancement of virtues and morality, Guo, Fei and Dong are to be corrected andto have their fault of remissness made known to everybody.

It would be wisethat Your Majesty also give more consideration to State affairs, soliciting thegood opinions on conducting the government and accepting with discernment otherpeople’s views, so as to realize the late Emperor’s wish as expressed in histestament. I shall be most grateful to you for your kindness. Upon my departureto a remote region, I cannot help shedding tears while writing this memorial,not quite clear myself on what I have herein related.（謝百魁譯）

轉自： 譯匠