Google Arts & Culture - Wikipedia
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Google Arts & Culture (formerly Google Art Project) is an online platform of high-resolution images and videos of artworks and cultural artifacts from ...
GoogleArts&Culture
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GoogleArts&CultureScreenshotofthewebsite,showingdifferentthemes.Developer(s)GoogleCulturalInstituteGoogleInc.InitialreleaseFebruary 1,2011;11yearsago (2011-02-01)Websiteartsandculture.google.com
GoogleArts&Culture(formerlyGoogleArtProject)isanonlineplatformofhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosofartworksandculturalartifactsfrompartnerculturalorganizationsthroughouttheworld.
Itutilizeshigh-resolutionimagetechnologythatenablestheviewertotourpartnerorganizationcollectionsandgalleriesandexploretheartworks'physicalandcontextualinformation.Theplatformincludesadvancedsearchcapabilitiesandeducationaltools.[1]
Contents
1Sitecomponents
1.1Featuresoffirst-generationGoogleArts&Culture
1.1.1VirtualGalleryTour
1.1.2ArtworkView
1.1.3CreateanArtworkCollection
1.2Featuresofsecond-generationGoogleArts&Culture
1.2.1ExploreandDiscover
1.2.2VideoandAudioContent
1.2.3Education
1.2.4ArtSelfie
2Development
2.1Technologyused
2.2Technologylimitations
3Institutionsandworks
3.1Listoftheinitial17partnermuseums
3.2PartiallistofGoogleCulturalInstitutepartners
4Influences
4.1ContemporaryGoogleinitiatives
4.2GoogleCulturalInstitute
5Reception
5.1Praise
5.2Criticism
6Timelineofintroductions
6.12011
6.22012
6.32013
6.42014
6.52015
6.62016
6.72017
6.82018
6.92019
6.102020
6.112021
7Similarinitiatives
8Footnotes
9Sources
10Externallinks
Sitecomponents[edit]
Featuresoffirst-generationGoogleArts&Culture[edit]
VirtualGalleryTour[edit]
ThroughtheVirtualGalleryTour(alsoknownasGalleryView)userscanvirtually'walkthrough'thegalleriesofeachpartnerculturalorganization,usingthesamecontrolsasGoogleStreetVieworbyclickingonthegallery'sfloorplan.
ArtworkView[edit]
FromtheGalleryView(alsoknownasMicroscopeView),userscanzoominonaparticularartworktoviewthepictureingreaterdetail.AsofApril2012,over32,000high-qualityimageswereavailable.[citationneeded]TheMicroscopeviewprovidesadynamicimageofanartworkandscholarlyandcontextualinformationtoenhancetheirunderstandingofthework.Whenexamininganartwork,userscouldalsoaccessinformationontheitem'sphysicalcharacteristics(e.g.size,material(s),artist).AdditionaloptionswereViewingNotes,HistoryoftheArtwork,andArtistInformation,whichuserscaneasilyaccessfromthemicroscopeviewinterface.Eachculturalorganizationwasallowedtoincludeasmuchmaterialastheywantedtocontribute,sothelevelofinformationvaried.[2]
CreateanArtworkCollection[edit]
Userscancompileanynumberofimagesfromthepartnerorganizationsandsavespecificviewsofartworkstocreateapersonalizedvirtualexhibition.UsingGoogle'slinkabbreviator(Goo.gl),userscouldsharetheirartworkcollectionwithothersthroughsocialmediaandconventionalonlinecommunicationmechanisms.Thisfeaturewassosuccessfulupontheplatform'slaunchthatGooglehadtodedicateadditionalserverstosupportit.[3]Thesecond-generationplatformintegratedGoogle'ssocialmediaplatformGoogle+,sothatsiteuserscoulduploadvideoandaudiocontenttopersonalizetheirgalleryandsharetheirowncollectionsthroughsocialmedia.[4]
Featuresofsecond-generationGoogleArts&Culture[edit]
ExploreandDiscover[edit]
Inthesecondlaunchoftheplatform,Googleupdatedtheplatform'ssearchcapabilitiessothatuserscouldmoreeasilyandintuitivelyfindartworks.Userscouldfindartbyfilteringtheirsearchwithseveralcategories,includingartist,museum,typeofwork,dateandcountry.Thesearchresultsweredisplayedinaslideshowformat.[1]Thisnewfunctionenabledsiteuserstomoreeasilysearchacrossnumerouscollections.
VideoandAudioContent[edit]
Severalpartnerculturalorganizationsoptedtoincludeguidedtoursorwelcomevideosoftheirgalleries.Thisprovideduserstheoptiontovirtuallywalkthroughamuseumandlistentoanaudioguideforcertainartworks,ortofollowavideotourthatguidedthemthroughagallery.Forexample,MichelleObamafilmedawelcomevideofortheWhiteHousegallerypage,[5]andIsrael'sHolocaustMuseumYadVashemlaunchedaYouTubechannelwith400hoursoforiginalvideofootagefromthetrialofAdolfEichmannwhichuserscouldaccessthroughthemuseum'sArts&Cultureexhibits.[6]
Education[edit]
GoogleArts&Cultureincludesseveraleducationaltoolsandresourcesforteachersandstudents,suchaseducationalvideos,arthistorytimelines,arttoolkits,andcomparativeteachingresources.[7]Twofeatures,called"LookLikeanExpert"and"DIY",provideactivitiessimilartothoseoftenfoundinartgalleries.Forexample,onequizaskssitevisitorstomatchapaintingtoaparticularstyle;anotherasksvisitorstofindasymbolwithinaspecifiedpaintingthatrepresentsaprovidedstory.
ArtSelfie[edit]
GoogleArts&Cultureallowspeopletofindtheirfineartlikenessbysnappingaselfie.Theappmatchestheuser'sfacetooldartmuseumportraitsfromGoogle'sdatabase.TheapptoppedthedownloadchartsinJanuary2018.[8]ThefeaturewasinitiallycreatedbyCyrilDiagne.[9][10]
Development[edit]
VideoshowingthetechnologyandprocessesusedtocaptureimagesoftheWhiteHousefortheGoogleArts&Culture
TheplatformemergedasaresultofGoogle's"20-percenttime"policy,bywhichemployeeswereencouragedtospend20%oftheirtimeworkingonaninnovativeprojectofinterest.[11]Asmallteamofemployeescreatedtheconceptfortheplatformafteradiscussiononhowtousethefirm'stechnologytomakemuseum'artworkmoreaccessible.[12]Theplatformconceptfitthefirm'smission"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful."[13]Accordingly,inmid-2009,Googleexecutivesagreedtosupporttheproject,andtheyengagedonlinecuratorsofnumerousmuseumstocommittotheinitiative.[14]
TheplatformwaslaunchedonFebruary1,2011bytheGoogleCulturalInstitutewithcontributionsfrominternationalmuseums,includingtheTateGallery,London,theMetropolitanMuseumofArt.NewYorkCity;andtheUffizi,Florence.[15]OnApril3,2012,Googleannouncedamajorexpansion,withmorethan34,000artworksfrom151museumsandartsorganizationsfrom40countries,includingtheArtGalleryofOntario,theWhiteHouse,theAustralianRockArtGalleryatGriffithUniversity,theMuseumofIslamicArt,Doha,andtheHongKongMuseumofArt.[16]
Technologyused[edit]
TheGoogleStreetViewCameracaptures360degreeimagesasitmovesthroughthelocation.Usually,thecamerasitsatopacartocaptureStreetViewimages,buttheplatformcamerawasinstalledonanindoortrolley.
Theteamleveragedexistingtechnologies,includingGoogleStreetViewandPicasa,andbuiltnewtoolsspecificallyfortheplatform.
Theycreatedanindoor-versionofthecamerasystemtocapturegalleryimagesbypushingthecamera'trolley'throughamuseum.ItalsousedprofessionalpanoramicheadsClaussRODEONVRHeadHdAndClaussVRHeadSTtotakehigh-resolutionphotosoftheartworkswithinagallery.Thistechnologyallowedexcellentattentiontodetailandthehighestimageresolution.Eachpartnermuseumselectedoneartworktobecapturedatultra-highresolutionwithapproximately1,000timesmoredetailthantheaveragedigitalcamera.[2]Thelargestimage,AlexanderAndreyevichIvanov'sTheApparitionofChristtothePeople,isover12gigapixels.Tomaximizeimagequality,theteamcoordinatedwithpartnermuseums'lightingtechniciansandphotographyteams.Forexample,atTateBritain,theycollaboratedtocaptureagigapixelimageofNoWomanNoCryinbothnaturallightandinthedark.Tatesuggestedthismethodtocapturethepainting'shiddenphosphorescentimage,whichglowsinthedark.TheGooglecamerateamhadtoadapttheirmethodandkeepthecamerashutteropenfor8secondsinthedarktocaptureadistinctenoughimage.Now,unlikeatTate,fromthesite,onecanviewthepaintinginbothlightsettings.[17]
Oncetheimageswerecaptured,theteamusedGoogleStreetViewsoftwareandGPSdatatoseamlesslystitchtheimagesandconnectthemtomuseumfloorplans.Eachimagewasmappedaccordingtolongitudeandlatitude,sothatuserscanseamlesslytransitiontoitfromGoogleMaps,lookinginsidethepartnermuseums'galleries.StreetViewwasalsointegratedwithPicasa,foraseamlesstransitionfromgalleryviewtomicroscopeview.[12]
Theuserinterfaceletssitevisitorsvirtually'walkthrough'gallerieswithGoogleStreetView,andlookatartworkswithPicasa,whichprovidesthemicroscopeviewtozoomintoimagesforgreaterdetailthanisvisibletothenakedeye.[2]Additionally,themicroscopeviewofartworksincorporatesotherresources—includingGoogleScholar,GoogleDocsandYouTube—souserscanlinktoexternalcontenttolearnmoreaboutthework.[18]Finally,theplatformincorporatesGoogle'sURLcompacter(Goo.gl),sothatuserscansaveandeasilysharetheirpersonalcollections.[18]
TheplatformhasbeenintegratedwiththesocialmediaplatformGoogle+toenableuserstosharetheirpersonalcollectionswiththeirnetworks.ThisintegrationalsoletssitevisitorsuseGoogle+Hangoutsformoreinteractivepurposes.Thesesituationsmightinclude:aprofessorgivinganonlinelecturetostudents,engaginginvideoandshared-screendiscussionsaboutacollection,oranexpertleadingavirtualtourofadistantmuseumtoremoteattendees.[4]
TheresultingplatformisaJava-basedGoogleAppEngineWebapplication,whichexistsonGoogle'sinfrastructure.[18]
Technologylimitations[edit]
HansHolbeintheYounger'sTheAmbassadors
LucVincent,directorofengineeringatGoogleandheadoftheteamresponsibleforStreetViewfortheplatform,statedconcernoverthequalityofpanoramacamerashisteamusedtocapturegalleryandartworkimages.Inparticular,hebelievesthatimprovedaperturecontrolwouldenablemoreconsistentqualityofgalleryimages.[2]
Someartworkswereparticularlydifficulttocaptureandre-presentaccuratelyasvirtual,two-dimensionalimages.Forexample,GoogledescribedtheinclusionofHansHolbeintheYounger'sTheAmbassadorsas"tough".Thiswasduetotheanamorphictechniquesdistortingtheimageofaskullintheforegroundofthepainting.WhenlookingattheoriginalpaintingattheNationalGalleryinLondon,thedepictionoftheskullappearsdistorteduntiltheviewerphysicallystepstothesideofthepainting.Oncetheviewerislookingattheshapefromtheintendedvantagepoint,thelifelikedepictionoftheskullmaterializes.Theeffectisstillapparentinthegigapixelversionofthepaintingbutwaslesspronouncedinthe"walk-through"function.[19]
AsNewYorkTimesartreviewerRobertaSmithsaid:"[GoogleArts&Culture]isverymuchaworkinprogress,fullofbugsandinformationgaps,andsometimesblurry,careeringvirtualtours."[2]Thoughthesecond-generationplatformsolvedsometechnologicalissues,thefirmplanstocontinuedevelopingadditionalenhancementsforthesite.Futureimprovementscurrentlyunderconsiderationinclude:upgradingpanoramacameras,moredetailedwebmetrics,andimprovedsearchabilitythroughmeta-tagginganduser-generatedmeta-tagging.[3]Thefirmisalsoconsideringtheadditionofanexperimentalpagetotheplatform,tohighlightemergingtechnologiesthatartistsareusingtoshowcasetheirworks.[20]
Institutionsandworks[edit]
Seventeenpartnermuseumswereincludedinthelaunchoftheproject.Theoriginal1,061high-resolutionimages(by486differentartists)areshownin385virtualgalleryrooms,with6,000StreetView–stylepanoramas.[19][21]
Listoftheinitial17partnermuseums[edit]
Belowisalistoftheoriginalseventeenpartnermuseumsatthetimeoftheplatform'slaunch.AllimagesshownareactualimagesfromGoogleArts&Culture:
PartnerMuseum
Gigapixelartwork
Title
Artist
Date
AlteNationalgalerieBerlin,Germany
IntheConservatory
ÉdouardManet
1878–1879
FreerGalleryofArt,SmithsonianWashington,DC,USA
ThePrincessfromtheLandofPorcelain
JamesMcNeillWhistler
1863–1865
FrickCollectionNewYork,USA
StFrancisintheDesert
GiovanniBellini
c.1480
GemäldegalerieBerlin,Germany
TheMerchantGeorgGisze
HansHolbeintheYounger
1497–1562
MuseumKampaPrague,CzechRepublic
TheCathedral(Katedrála)
FrantišekKupka
1912–1913
MetropolitanMuseumofArtNewYork,USA
TheHarvesters
PieterBruegeltheElder
1565
MuseumofModernArtNewYork,USA
TheStarryNight
VincentvanGogh
1889
MuseoReinaSofiaMadrid,Spain
TheBottleofAnísdelMono
JuanGris
1914
Thyssen-BornemiszaMuseumMadrid,Spain
YoungKnightinaLandscape
VittoreCarpaccio
1510
NationalGalleryLondon,UK
TheAmbassadors
HansHolbeintheYounger
1533
PalaceofVersaillesVersailles,France
Marie-AntoinettedeLorraine-Habsbourg,QueenofFrance,andherchildren
LouiseÉlisabethVigéeLeBrun
1787
RijksmuseumAmsterdamAmsterdam,Netherlands
NightWatch
RembrandtHarmensz.vanRijn
1642
StateHermitageMuseumSt.Petersburg,Russia
TheReturnoftheProdigalSon
RembrandtHarmenszvanRijn
1663–1665
StateTretyakovGalleryMoscow,Russia
TheAppearanceofChristBeforethePeople
AlexanderAndreyevichIvanov
1837–1857
TateBritainLondon,UK
NoWomanNoCry
ChrisOfili
1998
UffiziFlorence,Italy
TheBirthofVenus
SandroBotticelli
1483–1485
CapitolineMuseumsRome,Italy
CapitolineWolf
500BC–480BC
VanGoghMuseumAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBedroom
VincentvanGogh
1888
OnApril3,2012,Googleannouncedtheexpansionoftheplatformtoinclude151culturalorganizations,withnewpartnerscontributingagigapixelimageofoneoftheirworks.[1]
PartiallistofGoogleCulturalInstitutepartners[edit]
Themuseumimageredirectstothemuseum'sofficialpageontheGoogleArts&Cultureplatform,theGoogleStreetViewlogoindicatesthatthemuseumhasanadaptedversionofStreetView
Country/Territory
Museums
UnitedStates
NationalBuildingMuseum
Smithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseum
SmithsonianNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory
Smithsonian'sNationalPostalMuseum
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory
IntrepidSea,Air&SpaceMuseum
MetropolitanMuseumofArt
ArtInstituteofChicago@GoogleArts&Culture
NASA@GoogleArts&Culture
TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum@GoogleArts&Culture
MuseumofFineArts,Boston@GoogleArts&Culture
PhiladelphiaMuseumofArt@GoogleArts&Culture
LIFEPhotoCollection@GoogleArts&Culture
U.S.NationalArchives@GoogleArts&Culture
PublicArtinPublicPlaces@GoogleArts&Culture
TheCloistersMuseumandGardens@GoogleArts&Culture
ThePhillipsCollection@GoogleArts&Culture
LosAngelesCountyMuseumofArt@GoogleArts&Culture
TheFrickCollection@GoogleArts&Culture
MinneapolisInstituteofArt@GoogleArts&Culture
TheFeministInstituteDigitalExhibitProject@GoogleArts&Culture
Canada
NationalGalleryofCanada
RoyalOntarioMuseum
CanadaAviationandSpaceMuseum
CanadaAgricultureandFoodMuseum
Mexico
NationalMuseumofArt
NationalMuseumofAnthropology
NationalMuseumofDeath [es]
Peru
LimaArtMuseum
MuseumofContemporaryArtofLima
PuertoRico
MuseumofArtofPuertoRico
MuseumofArtofPonce
Colombia
ColombianNationalMuseum
MuseumofContemporaryArtofBogotá
GoldMuseum
Venezuela
CentroCulturalUCAB
Guatemala
IxchelMuseumofIndigenousTextilesandClothing
Argentina
NationalMuseumofFineArtsofArgentina
MuseumofContemporaryArtofBuenosAires
Ecuador
CasadelAlabadoMuseumofPre-ColumbianArt
Chile
AndeanUniversityMuseumoftheArts
Brazil
NationalMuseumofBrazil
NationalMuseumofFineArts
Influences[edit]
TheGoogleArtProjectwasadevelopmentofthevirtualmuseumprojectsofthe1990sand2000s,followingthefirstappearanceofonlineexhibitionswithhigh-resolutionimagesofartworksin1995.Inthelate1980s,artmuseumpersonnelbegantoconsiderhowtheycouldexploittheinternettoachievetheirinstitutions'missionsthroughonlineplatforms.Forexample,in1994ElizabethBroun,DirectoroftheSmithsonianAmericanArtMuseum,spoketotheSmithsonianCommissiononthefutureofart,stating:"WeneedtoputourinstitutionalenergybehindtheideaofgettingtheSmithsonianhookeduptothepeopleandschoolsofAmerica."Shethenoutlinedthemuseum'sobjectivetoconserve,protect,present,andinterpretexhibits,explaininghowelectronicmediacouldhelpachievethesegoals.[22]Theexpansionofinternetprogramsandresourceshasshapedthedevelopmentoftheplatform.[19][23]
ContemporaryGoogleinitiatives[edit]
TheToledoMuseumofArtworkedwithGoogletoremove21artworksfromtheirvirtualexhibitionbecausetheartists(ortheirheirs)stillholdthecopyrighttotheimages.
AnotherGoogleinitiative—GoogleBooks—affectedthedevelopmentoftheplatformfromanon-technologicalperspective.Googlefacedasix-year-longcourtcaserelatingtoseveralissueswithcopyrightinfringement.GoogleBookscatalogedfulldigitalcopiesoftexts,includingthosestillprotectedbycopyright,thoughGoogleclaimeditwaspermissibleunderthefairuseclause.Googleendeduppaying$125milliontocopyright-holdersoftheprotectedbooks,thoughthesettlementagreementwasmodifiedanddebatedseveraltimesbeforeitwasultimatelyrejectedbyfederalcourts.Inhisdecision,JudgeDennyChinstatedthesettlementagreementwould"giveGoogleasignificantadvantageovercompetitors,rewardingitforengaginginwholesalecopyingofcopyrightedworkswithoutpermission,"andcouldleadtoantitrustissues.JudgeChinsaidinfutureopen-accessinitiatives,Googleshouldusean"opt-in"method,ratherthanprovidingcopyrightownerstheoptionto"opt-out"ofanarrangement.[24]
Afterthiscontroversy,GoogletookadifferentapproachtointellectualpropertyrightsfortheGoogleArts&Culture.Theplatform'sintellectualpropertypolicyis:
Thehigh-resolutionimageryofartworksfeaturedontheplatformsiteisownedbythemuseums,andtheseimagesmaybesubjecttocopyrightlawsaroundtheworld.TheStreetViewimageryisownedbyGoogle.Alloftheimageryonthissiteisprovidedforthesolepurposeofenablingyoutouseandenjoythebenefitoftheplatformsite,inthemannerpermittedbyGoogle'sTermsofService.ThenormalGoogleTermsofServiceapplytoyouruseoftheentiresite.[20]
TheGoogleteamwassensitivetocopyrightissuesofartworks,andpartnermuseumstaffwereabletoaskGoogletoblurouttheimagesofcertainworks,whicharestillprotectedbycopyrights.Inafewcases,museumswantedtoincludeartworksbymodernandcontemporaryartists,manyofwhomstillholdthecopyrighttotheirworks.Forexample,TateBritainapproachedChrisOfilitogethispermissiontocaptureandreproducehisworksontheplatform.[17]
However,sincetheprojectexpandedinApril2012,Googlehasfacedafewintellectualpropertyissues.Someoftheworksaddedtotheonlineexhibitionsarestillprotectedbycopyright,astheartistorhisorherheirsholdstherighttotheimagefor70years.Asaresult,theToledoMuseumofArtaskedGoogletoremove21artworksfromthewebsite,includingworksbyHenriMatisseandothermodernartists.[25]
GoogleCulturalInstitute[edit]
ByDecember2013[update],thecontentsoftheprojectwereaccessiblefromGoogleCulturalInstitute,aninitiativeunveiledbyGooglefollowingthe2011launchofGoogleArts&Culture(knownasGoogleArtProjectatthetimeoflaunch).
TheCulturalInstitutewaslaunchedin2011with42newexhibitsonlineonOctober10,2012.[26][27][28][29][30]TheCulturalInstitutestrove"tomakeimportantculturalmaterialavailableandaccessibletoeveryoneandtodigitallypreserveittoeducateandinspirefuturegenerations."[31]AsofJune2013,itincludedover6millionitems-photos,videos,anddocuments.[32]
Theinitiativehaspartneredwithanumberofinstitutionstomakeexhibitionandarchivalcontentavailableonline,includingtheBritishMuseum,[33][34][35]YadVashem,[36][37]theMuseoGalileoinFlorence,[38]CenterforJewishHistoryinNewYorkCity,[39]Auschwitz-BirkenauStateMuseum,[40]andtheMuseumofPolishHistoryinWarsaw.[41][42]Theearliestnotableprojectwasasearchablearchiveandonlinedigitalexhibitionseries,inpartnershipwiththeNelsonMandelaCentreofMemory,whichallowedpeopletoaccessNelsonMandela'spersonaldiariesandpreviouslyunreleaseddraftsofhismanuscriptsforthesequeltohisautobiographyLongWalktoFreedom.[43]
InadditiontoGoogleArts&Culture,theCulturalInstituteincludestheWorldWondersProject,whichpresentsthree-dimensionalrecreationsofworldheritagesites,andarchivalexhibitions,manyinpartnershipwithmuseumsaroundtheworld.Italsofeaturesdigitizedobjectsfromarchives,libraries,andawiderarrayofmuseumsnotstrictlydevotedtoart.[44]
Reception[edit]
TheGoogleArts&Culturestirredupdebateamongscholars,museumpersonnel,artcritics,andnewswriters.Sinceitsinitiallaunch,ithasreceivedfairlyconsistentpositivefeedbackandavarietyofcriticism.Withthesecondgenerationplatform,Googleappearstohaverespondedtosomeearliercriticisms.
Praise[edit]
Positivefeedbackabouttheplatformhascenteredonanincreasedaudiencegainingaccesstoart,themarketingexternalityformuseums,andthepotentialforthefuturedevelopmentoftheinitiative.
Increasesaccesstoart.Solongasonehasinternetaccess,anyone,anywhere,atanytimecanvisittheGoogleArts&Culture,enablingaudienceswhootherwisewouldbeunlikelytovisitthesemuseumstoseetheirworks."Armchairtourists"arenowabletotoursomeoftheworld'sgreatestartexhibitswithoutleavingtheirseat.[45]Professorsandstudentscangoonvirtualfieldtripswithouttheusualassociatedcosts,andhavearemoteconversationwithanexpertfromamuseumorotherinstitution.[4]
Bettervisitorexperience.Userscanavoidconstraintsoftime,moneyandphysicaldifficulty.Theyneednotplanarestrictiveone-timevisittoacollection,orarrivetofindoutworkisnotonview.Theyarenotbotheredbyothervisitors.
TriggersnewvisitorsManyarthistoriansandscholarshavepositedthatonlineexhibitionswoulddrivemorepeopletothegallery,andtheGoogleArts&Culturehassupportedthistheory.Theresearchestablishedthatthereisastatisticallysignificantrelationshipbetweenthosewhovisittheplatformandthosewhoareinspiredtogoonarealtourofamuseum.[46]Infurthersupportofthisconcept,withintwoweeksofthelaunchoftheplatform,MoMAsawitswebsite'strafficincreasebyabout7%.[14]Itis,however,unclearhowmanyphysicalvisitorscametoMoMAasaresultoftheplatform.
Complementsrealvisitstoagallery.WhiletherehasbeensomeskepticismthattheGoogleArts&Cultureseekstoreplacereal-timevisitstoartgalleries,manyhavesuggestedthatthevirtualtoursactuallycomplementreal-timevisits.Researchshowsthatpeoplearemorelikelytoenjoytheirreal-timevisittoamuseumafterparticipatinginavirtualtour.[46]Severalmuseumpersonnelhavesupportedthisconceptanecdotally.JulianRaby,directoroftheFreerGalleryofArtstated:"Thegigapixelexperiencebringsusveryclosetotheessenceoftheartistthroughdetailthatsimplycan'tbeseeninthegalleryitself.Farfromeliminatingthenecessityofseeingartworksinperson,[Arts&Culture]deepensourdesiretogoinsearchoftherealthing."[47]ThisviewwassharedbyBrianKennedy,directoroftheToledoMuseumofArt,whobelievedthatacademicswouldstillwanttoviewartworkinthreedimensions,evenifthegigapixelimagesprovidedbetterclaritythanviewingtheartworkinthegallery.Similarly,AmitSood—theGoogleprojectleader—saidthat"nothingbeatsthefirst-personexperience".[19]
Hasfuturedevelopmentpotential.SomescholarsandartcriticsbelievetheGoogleArts&Culturewillchangehowmuseumsusetheweb.Forinstance,NancyProctor—HeadofMobileStrategy&InitiativesattheSmithsonian—suggestedthatmuseumsmayeventuallyutilizetheplatformtoprovidemuseummapsandgalleryinformationinsteadofprintedmaterials.Itmightbecomepossibleformuseumvisitorstoholduptheirsmartphoneinfrontofanartwork,andtheplatformcouldoverlayinformation.theplatformcouldalsoprovideaseamlesstransitionfromaGoogleMaptoaninsidegallerymap,avoidingtheneedforprintedcollateral.[3]
Democratizationofculture.Withtherapidincreaseofinformationthatisavailableonline,weareinaperiodofdemocratizationofknowledge.Anelitegroupofprofessionalsandexpertsarenolongertheonlypeoplewiththeabilitytodistributerespectedinformation.Rather,throughweb-basedinitiativeslikeWikipedia,anyonewithwebaccesscancontributetoandhelpshapepublicknowledge.[48]
TheGoogleArts&Cultureis,accordingtosome,ademocraticinitiative.[49]Itaimstogivemorepeopleaccesstoartbyremovingbarrierslikecostandlocation.Someartorculturalexhibitshavebeenlimitedtoasmallgroupofviewers(e.g.PhDstudents,academicresearchers)duetodeterioratingconditionsofwork,lackofavailablewallspaceinamuseum,orothersimilarfactors.Digitizedreproductions,however,canbeaccessibletoanyonefromanylocation.Thistypeofonlineresourcecantransformresearchandacademiabyopeningaccesstopreviouslyexclusiveartworks,enablingmultidisciplinaryandmulti-institutionallearning.[50]Itprovidespeopletheopportunitytoexperienceartindividually,andaplatformtobecomeinvolvedintheconversation.[3]Forexample,theplatformnowletsuserscontributetheirowncontent,addingtheirinsighttothepubliccollectionofknowledge.
Manyscholarshavearguedthatweareexperiencingabreakdownofthecanonofhighart,[22]andtheGoogleArts&Cultureisbeginningtoreflectthis.WhenitjustincludedtheGrandMastersofWesternArt,theprojectfacedstrongcriticism.Asaresultofthisoutburst,thewebsitenowincludessomeindigenousandgraffitiartworks.Thisplatformalsoprovidesanewcontextthroughwhichpeopleencounterart,ultimatelyreflectingthisshiftawayfromthecanonofhighart.[3]
Criticism[edit]
Afewinitialcriticismsoftheplatform,includingtheskewedrepresentationofartworks,havelostsomevaliditywiththelaunchofthesecondgenerationplatform.
Eurocentrism:Duringitsinitiallaunch,manycriticsarguedthatGoogleArts&CultureprovidedaWestern-biasedrepresentationofart.MostmuseumsincludedinthefirstphaseoftheProjectwerefromWesternEurope,Washington,DC,andNewYork,NY.[51]AccordingtoDianaSkaar,headofpartnershipsfortheplatform,Googleresponded:"Afterthelaunchofroundone,wegotanoverwhelmingresponsefrommuseumsworldwide.Soforroundtwo,wereallywantedtobalanceregionalmuseumswiththosethataremorenationallyorgloballyrecognized."[52]Now,theplatform'sexpandedrepositoryincludesgraffitiworks,dotpaintings,rockart,andindigenousartworks.[53]
Althoughthatparticularcriticismmayhavebeenresolved,thereareotherneglectedcriticisms:
Selectionofcontent:AlthoughtheGoogleArts&Culturenowpartnerswith134newmuseums,somecriticsbelieveitstillmaypresentaskewedrepresentationofartandarthistory.Googleandthepartnermuseumsareabletodecidewhatinformationtoinclude,andwhatartworkstheywillmakeavailable(andatwhatlevelofquality);somebelievethisiscounter-intuitivetothewebsite'sseeminglydemocraticobjective.[54]Forexample,intheWhiteHousevirtualcollection,onephotoofaformerFirstLadydoesnotincludeakeypieceofinformationtounderstandthecontextoftheimage.GraceCoolidgeoftenworebrightlycoloredclothes.InherWhiteHouseportrait,shewasdressedinaredsleevelessflapperdressandstoodnexttoalargewhitedog.Therearetwoversionsofthispicture:oneshowingCoolidgeonawhitebackgroundwithsofterlines,andoneshowingherontheWhiteHouselawn.TheGoogleArts&Culturedescriptionleavesoutthereasonforwhytherearetwoimages.PresidentCoolidgepreferredhiswifetowearawhitedress.Theartist,however,wantedthedresstocontrastwiththewhitedog.PresidentCoolidgethenretorted,"Dyethedog!"[5]Whileperhapsnotcrucialtounderstandingtheexhibit,thisandotherexamplesshowthatGoogleArts&Cultureandpartnermuseumsareinapositionofpowertocuratethecontentandeducationalinformationofthevirtualexhibition.[54]
Audience:Somecriticshaveexpressedconcernovertheintendedaudienceoftheplatform,asthisshouldshapethetypeofcontentavailablethroughtheplatform.Forexample,DirectoroftheCenterfortheFutureofMuseums,ElizabethMerritt,describedtheprojectasan"interestingexperiment"butwasskepticalastoitsintendedaudience.[19]
Possiblesecurityrisks:SomecriticshaveraisedthequestionofhowArts&CulturevisitorsmightmaliciouslyusetheStreetViewimages.Forexample,byprovidinghighlydetailedimagesofgalleries,peoplecouldusethisplatformtomapoutmuseumsecuritysystems,andthenbeabletocircumventtheseprotectivemeasuresduringabreak-in.[55]
Timelineofintroductions[edit]
AllofthesemuseumshaveanadaptedversionofGoogleStreetViewdesignedtophotographbuildinginteriors.
2011[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
February1[56]
FreerGalleryofArt,FrickCollection,MetropolitanMuseumofArt,MoMATretyakovGallery,HermitageMuseumAlteNationalgalerie,GemäldegalerieMuseoReinaSofia,Thyssen-BornemiszaMuseumMuseumKampaNationalGallery,TateBritainPalaceofVersaillesUffiziGalleryVanGoghMuseum,RijksmuseumAmsterdam
August16
NationalMuseumofIraq[57]
2012[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
March22
StateRussianMuseum[58]
April3
TheIsraelMuseum[59]J.PaulGettyMuseum[60]MuseumofFineArts,Houston[61]Nationalmuseum[62]
April4
MuseumofFineArts[63]DeYoungMuseum[64]TheNelson-AtkinsMuseumofArt[65]
April6
PushkinMuseum[66]
April7
IndianapolisMuseumofArt[67]
May29
NationalGalleryofDenmark[68]
June23
ComputerHistoryMuseum[69]
December17
Ateneum[70]
2013[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
March27
MuseumofAppliedArts[71]
April4
Mudam[72]
April8
CorningMuseumofGlass[73]
April29
LarcoMuseum[74]
May20
BeyelerFoundation[75]
May21
TheNationalMuseumofArt,ArchitectureandDesign[76]ThorvaldsenMuseum[77]
May22
KunsthistorischesMuseum[78]
October7
NationalMuseumofKorea[79]
October21
MuseumofIslamicArt[80]
October31
NationalLibraryofIreland[81]
December6
Inhotim,IberêCamargoFoundation,InstitutoMoreiraSalles,MuseudaImagemedoSom[82]
2014[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
January30
MuseumofContemporaryArtofBogotá[83]
June23
SlovakNationalGallery[84]ErnestZmetákArtGallery[84]Stredoslovenskágaléria[85]
August20
TheRoyalOntarioMuseum[86]
September16
PuebloGrandeMuseum[87]
September29
DeutschesMuseum[88]
October27[89]
NationalMuseumofWesternArtNationalMuseumofModernArtOharaMuseumofArtKobeCityMuseumKobeFashionMuseumSaitamaPrefecturalMuseumoftheSakitamaAncientBurialMoundsShizuokaPrefecturalMuseumofArtShizuokaCityTokaidoHiroshigeMuseumShohakuArtMuseum
November25
BrukenthalNationalMuseum[90]
2015[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
January28
TheVancouverArtGallery[91]
February15
LiptovskágalériaPetraMichalaBohúňa[92]
March2[93]
QueenslandMuseumAustralianWarMemorialNationalMuseumofAustraliaNationalPortraitGalleryPowerhouseMuseum,AustralianCentrefortheMovingImagePublicRecordOfficeVictoria
March3
NationalMuseumofIndonesia[94]
March21
TheBarjeelArtFoundation[95]
April24
RobbenIslandMuseum[96]
May21[97]
HongKongMuseumofMedicalSciences
HongKongMaritimeMuseum
June18
NationalMuseumofModernandContemporaryArt
July6
NationalCowboy&WesternHeritageMuseum[98]
July14
MuseoDoloresOlmedo[99]
September19
HubeiProvincialMuseum[100]
November12
TheBritishMuseum[101]
2016[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
January21
MuseuAfroBrasil[102]Dr.BhauDajiLadMuseum[103]
February11
MuseumofArtsandCrafts[104]
February12
FloridaStateUniversityMuseumofFineArts[105]
March10
TheFrickPittsburgh[106]
April26
SydneyOperaHouse[107]
May3
SilhakMuseum[108]
May20
MuseumofFineArtsofLyon[109]
July19
DulwichPictureGallery[110]
July20
TheNationalMuseumofMongolia[111]
July22[112]
IndianMuseumSalarJungMuseumNehruMemorialMuseum&LibraryNationalGalleryofModenArt
August25[113]
ChinaPaperCuttingMuseum
HangzhouArtsandCraftsMuseum
September13
StateDarwinMuseum[114]
September19
GwacheonNationalScienceMuseum[115]
October7
SeodaemunMuseumofNaturalHistory[116]
October26
TallinnCityMuseum[117]
November3[118]
MuseoNacionaldelaMuerteMuseoMexicanodeDiseñoMuseodeArtePopular
November21
CinémathèqueFrançaise[119]
December12
TheGeyuanGarden[120]TheHeGarden[120]TheMuseumoftheTombofHanGuanglingKing[120]
December15
NewOrleansMuseumofArt[121]
2017[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
February15
AucklandArtGalleryToioTāmaki[122]
March25
ArtResearchCenterintheRitsumeikanUniversity[123]
June5
NationalMuseumofArchaeology[124]
June6
MuseuNacionaldeBelasArtes[125]
June8
IxchelMuseum[126]
June12
ImperialMuseumofBrazil[127]MuseodelTraje[128]DesignMuseumofBarcelona[128]MuseumofArtsandPopularCustomsofSeville[128]
June13
TheHepworthWakefieldMuseum[129]
June14
ModeMuseumAntwerpen[130]
July8
MalacañangMuseum[131]
July20
BunkaGakuenUniversity[132]
September20
MuseumofEuropeanandMediterraneanCivilisations[133]
October24
IntrepidSea,Air&SpaceMuseum[134]
November13
GranTeatredelLiceu[135]
November24
ChhatrapatiShivajiMaharajVastuSangrahalaya[136]
December30
PartitionMuseum[137]
2018[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
January5
PapaloteMuseodelNiño[138]
February27
MuséedesConfluences[139]
March7
SãoPauloArtBiennial[140]
March13
CentroCulturalBancodoBrasilSãoPaulo[141]KoreaInternationalCooperationAgency[142]TheNationalMuseumofScotland[143]
March22
KoreaNationalMaritimeMuseum[144]
May23
LithuanianNationalMuseumofArt[145]
May27
FridaKahloMuseum[146]
June21
ChinaNationalSilkMuseum[147]GyeongjuNationalMuseum[148]SookmyungWomen'sUniversityMuseum[148]NationalPalaceMuseumofKorea[148]
July23
CentroCostarricensedeCienciayCultura[149]MuseodelJade[149]
September
AmericanUniversityofBeirut[150]
October2
BibliotecaSormani[151]MuseodelleCulture[151]MuseodelNovecento[151]MuseoCivicodiStoriaNaturalediMilano[151]
October10
NationalMuseumofKraków[152]
November13
DumfriesHouse[153]
December3
Mauritshuis[154]
2019[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
January15
NationalMuseumofAncientArt[155]MuseudeArtePopular[156]NationalMuseumofEthnology[156]GrãoVascoNationalMuseum[156]NationalArchaeologyMuseum[156]
January17
MuseuNacionaldaMúsica[157]
February26
MonnaiedeParis[158]
March4
MuséePasteur[159]
March6
Röntgen-Gedächtnisstätte[160]RealAcademiaNacionaldeMedicinadeEspaña[161]MuseoNavaldeMadrid[162]
March9
MuseumsforCommunicationinBerlin,Frankfurt&Nuremberg[163]
March14
DeutschesRöntgen-Museum[164]
April18
TheRoyalIrishAcademy[165]
June12
AnneFrankHouse[166]
June17
MuséedesBeaux-ArtsdeQuimper[167]
June18
LeCartonvoyageur[168]
June20
PowerStationofArt[169]
June24
BladesofGloryCricketMuseum[170]
July9
AppenzellerNobleMemorialMuseum[171]
July10
MuseoSoumaya[172]
July30
ThaiFilmArchive[173]
August19
GalleryofModernArt[174]
August21
NationalMotorMuseum[175]
September17
TheFrontPalace[176]
September18
ThaiFlagMuseum[177]
October31
NairobiNationalMuseum[178]
November12
NationalPalaceMuseum[179]
2020[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
January24
MuseoParroquialdeTapicesdePastrana[180]
February6
TheNationalMuseumofPrague[181]
February28
TheTankMuseum[182]
March4
FoGuangShanBuddhaMuseum[183]
March17
TheLeopoldMuseum[184]
March18
TheMuseumofWorldCulture[185]NationalPortraitGallery[186]
March19
Livrustkammaren[187]
March20
ÖsterreichischeGalerieBelvedere[188]
March22
InsectMuseumofWestChina[189]
March25
GardenMuseum[190]
April6
AltePinakothek[191]
April17
RoyalOperaHouseofMumbai[192]
April21
CinetecaNacionaldeMéxico[193]
April27
FotoMuseoCuatroCaminos[194]
April29
NakamuraKeithHaringCollection[195]
May1
WajimaMuseumofUrushiArt[196]
May7
LaScala[197]
May13
MuseodelaGuardiaCivil[198]
May18
MuseoNacionaldeBellasArtes[199]TheLudwigRoseliusMuseum[200]ThePaulaModersohn-BeckerMuseum[200]CasaBuonarroti[201]ScienceandTechnologyFoundationMuseum[it][202]CittàdellaScienza[203]
May19
TheMeijiShrine[204]TheSezonMuseumofModernArt[204]
May20
TheMuseumofRadiology[it][205]TheFoundlingMuseum[206]MuséedesimpressionnismesGiverny[207]
June17
LeipzigBachArchive[208]
June18
RoyalAcademyofArts[209]
July14
LeeUngnoMuseum[210]
July30
GrohmannMuseum[211]MilwaukeePublicMuseum[211]
August12
LevineMuseumoftheNewSouth[212]
September7
TheHamburgPortMuseum[de][213]
September17
TheMuseumofManandNature[214][215]MobilierNational[216]
October6
TheNationalTaiwanMuseumofFineArts[217]
November17
MuseudeArtedaBahia[218]
November20
TheElectropolisMuseum[219]
November25
TheFolkwangMuseum[220]
December3
BeethovenHouse[221]
December11
GwangjuBiennale[222]
December30
YoonDongjuMemorialHallinYonseiUniversity[223]
2021[edit]
Releasedate
Majorlocationsadded
February21
MuseudoDouro[224]
March10
BerlinMusicalInstrumentMuseum[225]
March11
ÉcolePolytechnique[226]
March26
SongArtMuseum[227]
March29
GloriaSteinem'sHistoricManhattanApartment[228]
April26
SãoPauloMetro[229]
April28[230]
AfricanArtists'FoundationReleArtGalleryTerraKulture
May18
SydneyJewishMuseum[231]
June18
Villa-LobosMuseum[232]
July12
BayerischeStaatsoper
July23
PalazzodelGiardino[233]CastellodeiBurattini-MuseoGiordanoFerrari[233]SalaBaganzaWineMuseum[233]CasadellaMusica(Parma)[233]FondazioneMuseoGlaucoLombardi[233]MuseumofParmigianoReggiano[233]MuseoEttoreGuatelli[233]TheOfficeofArtsandCultureinSuanSunandhaRajabhatUniversity[234]
August22
TonhalleZürich[235]
September19
MUCHOMuseodelChocolate[236]
September28[237]
MattressFactoryTheClementeMuseumPittsburghGlassCenter
October6
WitsUniversityOriginsCentre[238]
October8
YemisiShyllonMuseumofArt[239]
October14
SimataiGreatWallTouristArea[240]
October20[241]
RoyalŁazienkiMuseumMuseumofFolkMusicalInstrumentsinSzydlowiecFryderykChopinInstitute
October21
BratislavaTheatreInstitute[242]
November11
SupremeFederalCourt[243]
November22
QuirinalPalace[244]
December3
NationalandUniversityLibraryofSlovenia[245]BeekeepingMuseuminRadovljica[245]PosavjeMuseumBrežice[245]
Similarinitiatives[edit]
BannerforWikiLovesArtNouveau[246]ExhibitiononEuropeana.Manymuseumsandartsorganizationshavecreatedtheirownonlinedataandvirtualexhibitions.Someoffervirtual3-DtourssimilartotheGoogleArts&Culture'sgalleryview,whereasotherssimplyreproduceimagesfromtheircollectionontheinstitution'swebpage.Somemuseumshavecollectionsthatexistsolelyincyberspaceandareknownasvirtualmuseums.
BucharestNaturalHistoryMuseum[247]andtheMuseumoftheRomanianPeasant[248]offervirtualtoursoftwoofRomania'slargerhistorical/anthropologicalmuseums.
Europeanaisavirtualrepositoryofartworks,literature,culturalobjects,relics,andmusicalrecordings/writingsfromover2000Europeaninstitutions.[249]
ImagesfortheFuture[250]isaprojectdedicatedtodigitizingaudiovisualculturalobjectsoftheNetherlands,andmakingtheseexhibitsavailablethroughitsonlinearchive.[250]
PublicCatalogueFoundationhasdigitizedallthecirca210,000oilpaintingsinpublicownershipintheUnitedKingdom,andmadethepaintingsviewablebythepublicthroughaseriesofaffordablecataloguesand,inpartnershipwiththeBBC,the"YourPaintings"website.[251]Worksbysome40,000paintersareincluded.
KhanAcademy'ssmARThistoryisamultimediaresourcewithvideos,audioguides,mobileapplicationsandcommentaryfromarthistorians.
ThePradolaunchedavirtualcollection,incollaborationwithGoogleEarth,inJanuary2009.Thewebsitecontainedphotosof14Pradopaintings,eachwithupto14gigapixels.
TheVirtualMuseumofCanadaisavirtualcollectioncontainingexhibitsfromthousandofCanadianlocal,provincialandnationalmuseums.
WikipediaGLAM("galleries,libraries,archives,andmuseums",alsoincludingbotanicandzoologicalgardens)helpsculturalinstitutionssharetheirresourceswiththeworldthroughcollaborativeprojectswithexperiencedWikipediaeditors.
Footnotes[edit]
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^"MagyarművekaGoogleArtProjectben".NyelvésTudomány(inHungarian).2013-03-27.Retrieved2021-05-20.
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