Google Arts & Culture - Wikipedia

Google Arts & Culture (formerly Google Art Project) is an online platform of high-resolution images and videos of artworks and cultural artifacts from ... GoogleArts&Culture FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch WebsitecreatedbyGoogleCulturalInstitute Thisarticlecontainscontentthatiswrittenlikeanadvertisement.Pleasehelpimproveitbyremovingpromotionalcontentandinappropriateexternallinks,andbyaddingencyclopediccontentwrittenfromaneutralpointofview.(May2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) GoogleArts&CultureScreenshotofthewebsite,showingdifferentthemes.Developer(s)GoogleCulturalInstituteGoogleInc.InitialreleaseFebruary 1,2011;11yearsago (2011-02-01)Websiteartsandculture.google.com GoogleArts&Culture(formerlyGoogleArtProject)isanonlineplatformofhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosofartworksandculturalartifactsfrompartnerculturalorganizationsthroughouttheworld. Itutilizeshigh-resolutionimagetechnologythatenablestheviewertotourpartnerorganizationcollectionsandgalleriesandexploretheartworks'physicalandcontextualinformation.Theplatformincludesadvancedsearchcapabilitiesandeducationaltools.[1] Contents 1Sitecomponents 1.1Featuresoffirst-generationGoogleArts&Culture 1.1.1VirtualGalleryTour 1.1.2ArtworkView 1.1.3CreateanArtworkCollection 1.2Featuresofsecond-generationGoogleArts&Culture 1.2.1ExploreandDiscover 1.2.2VideoandAudioContent 1.2.3Education 1.2.4ArtSelfie 2Development 2.1Technologyused 2.2Technologylimitations 3Institutionsandworks 3.1Listoftheinitial17partnermuseums 3.2PartiallistofGoogleCulturalInstitutepartners 4Influences 4.1ContemporaryGoogleinitiatives 4.2GoogleCulturalInstitute 5Reception 5.1Praise 5.2Criticism 6Timelineofintroductions 6.12011 6.22012 6.32013 6.42014 6.52015 6.62016 6.72017 6.82018 6.92019 6.102020 6.112021 7Similarinitiatives 8Footnotes 9Sources 10Externallinks Sitecomponents[edit] Featuresoffirst-generationGoogleArts&Culture[edit] VirtualGalleryTour[edit] ThroughtheVirtualGalleryTour(alsoknownasGalleryView)userscanvirtually'walkthrough'thegalleriesofeachpartnerculturalorganization,usingthesamecontrolsasGoogleStreetVieworbyclickingonthegallery'sfloorplan. ArtworkView[edit] FromtheGalleryView(alsoknownasMicroscopeView),userscanzoominonaparticularartworktoviewthepictureingreaterdetail.AsofApril2012,over32,000high-qualityimageswereavailable.[citationneeded]TheMicroscopeviewprovidesadynamicimageofanartworkandscholarlyandcontextualinformationtoenhancetheirunderstandingofthework.Whenexamininganartwork,userscouldalsoaccessinformationontheitem'sphysicalcharacteristics(e.g.size,material(s),artist).AdditionaloptionswereViewingNotes,HistoryoftheArtwork,andArtistInformation,whichuserscaneasilyaccessfromthemicroscopeviewinterface.Eachculturalorganizationwasallowedtoincludeasmuchmaterialastheywantedtocontribute,sothelevelofinformationvaried.[2] CreateanArtworkCollection[edit] Userscancompileanynumberofimagesfromthepartnerorganizationsandsavespecificviewsofartworkstocreateapersonalizedvirtualexhibition.UsingGoogle'slinkabbreviator(Goo.gl),userscouldsharetheirartworkcollectionwithothersthroughsocialmediaandconventionalonlinecommunicationmechanisms.Thisfeaturewassosuccessfulupontheplatform'slaunchthatGooglehadtodedicateadditionalserverstosupportit.[3]Thesecond-generationplatformintegratedGoogle'ssocialmediaplatformGoogle+,sothatsiteuserscoulduploadvideoandaudiocontenttopersonalizetheirgalleryandsharetheirowncollectionsthroughsocialmedia.[4] Featuresofsecond-generationGoogleArts&Culture[edit] ExploreandDiscover[edit] Inthesecondlaunchoftheplatform,Googleupdatedtheplatform'ssearchcapabilitiessothatuserscouldmoreeasilyandintuitivelyfindartworks.Userscouldfindartbyfilteringtheirsearchwithseveralcategories,includingartist,museum,typeofwork,dateandcountry.Thesearchresultsweredisplayedinaslideshowformat.[1]Thisnewfunctionenabledsiteuserstomoreeasilysearchacrossnumerouscollections. VideoandAudioContent[edit] Severalpartnerculturalorganizationsoptedtoincludeguidedtoursorwelcomevideosoftheirgalleries.Thisprovideduserstheoptiontovirtuallywalkthroughamuseumandlistentoanaudioguideforcertainartworks,ortofollowavideotourthatguidedthemthroughagallery.Forexample,MichelleObamafilmedawelcomevideofortheWhiteHousegallerypage,[5]andIsrael'sHolocaustMuseumYadVashemlaunchedaYouTubechannelwith400hoursoforiginalvideofootagefromthetrialofAdolfEichmannwhichuserscouldaccessthroughthemuseum'sArts&Cultureexhibits.[6] Education[edit] GoogleArts&Cultureincludesseveraleducationaltoolsandresourcesforteachersandstudents,suchaseducationalvideos,arthistorytimelines,arttoolkits,andcomparativeteachingresources.[7]Twofeatures,called"LookLikeanExpert"and"DIY",provideactivitiessimilartothoseoftenfoundinartgalleries.Forexample,onequizaskssitevisitorstomatchapaintingtoaparticularstyle;anotherasksvisitorstofindasymbolwithinaspecifiedpaintingthatrepresentsaprovidedstory. ArtSelfie[edit] GoogleArts&Cultureallowspeopletofindtheirfineartlikenessbysnappingaselfie.Theappmatchestheuser'sfacetooldartmuseumportraitsfromGoogle'sdatabase.TheapptoppedthedownloadchartsinJanuary2018.[8]ThefeaturewasinitiallycreatedbyCyrilDiagne.[9][10] Development[edit] VideoshowingthetechnologyandprocessesusedtocaptureimagesoftheWhiteHousefortheGoogleArts&Culture TheplatformemergedasaresultofGoogle's"20-percenttime"policy,bywhichemployeeswereencouragedtospend20%oftheirtimeworkingonaninnovativeprojectofinterest.[11]Asmallteamofemployeescreatedtheconceptfortheplatformafteradiscussiononhowtousethefirm'stechnologytomakemuseum'artworkmoreaccessible.[12]Theplatformconceptfitthefirm'smission"toorganizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful."[13]Accordingly,inmid-2009,Googleexecutivesagreedtosupporttheproject,andtheyengagedonlinecuratorsofnumerousmuseumstocommittotheinitiative.[14] TheplatformwaslaunchedonFebruary1,2011bytheGoogleCulturalInstitutewithcontributionsfrominternationalmuseums,includingtheTateGallery,London,theMetropolitanMuseumofArt.NewYorkCity;andtheUffizi,Florence.[15]OnApril3,2012,Googleannouncedamajorexpansion,withmorethan34,000artworksfrom151museumsandartsorganizationsfrom40countries,includingtheArtGalleryofOntario,theWhiteHouse,theAustralianRockArtGalleryatGriffithUniversity,theMuseumofIslamicArt,Doha,andtheHongKongMuseumofArt.[16] Technologyused[edit] TheGoogleStreetViewCameracaptures360degreeimagesasitmovesthroughthelocation.Usually,thecamerasitsatopacartocaptureStreetViewimages,buttheplatformcamerawasinstalledonanindoortrolley. Theteamleveragedexistingtechnologies,includingGoogleStreetViewandPicasa,andbuiltnewtoolsspecificallyfortheplatform. Theycreatedanindoor-versionofthecamerasystemtocapturegalleryimagesbypushingthecamera'trolley'throughamuseum.ItalsousedprofessionalpanoramicheadsClaussRODEONVRHeadHdAndClaussVRHeadSTtotakehigh-resolutionphotosoftheartworkswithinagallery.Thistechnologyallowedexcellentattentiontodetailandthehighestimageresolution.Eachpartnermuseumselectedoneartworktobecapturedatultra-highresolutionwithapproximately1,000timesmoredetailthantheaveragedigitalcamera.[2]Thelargestimage,AlexanderAndreyevichIvanov'sTheApparitionofChristtothePeople,isover12gigapixels.Tomaximizeimagequality,theteamcoordinatedwithpartnermuseums'lightingtechniciansandphotographyteams.Forexample,atTateBritain,theycollaboratedtocaptureagigapixelimageofNoWomanNoCryinbothnaturallightandinthedark.Tatesuggestedthismethodtocapturethepainting'shiddenphosphorescentimage,whichglowsinthedark.TheGooglecamerateamhadtoadapttheirmethodandkeepthecamerashutteropenfor8secondsinthedarktocaptureadistinctenoughimage.Now,unlikeatTate,fromthesite,onecanviewthepaintinginbothlightsettings.[17] Oncetheimageswerecaptured,theteamusedGoogleStreetViewsoftwareandGPSdatatoseamlesslystitchtheimagesandconnectthemtomuseumfloorplans.Eachimagewasmappedaccordingtolongitudeandlatitude,sothatuserscanseamlesslytransitiontoitfromGoogleMaps,lookinginsidethepartnermuseums'galleries.StreetViewwasalsointegratedwithPicasa,foraseamlesstransitionfromgalleryviewtomicroscopeview.[12] Theuserinterfaceletssitevisitorsvirtually'walkthrough'gallerieswithGoogleStreetView,andlookatartworkswithPicasa,whichprovidesthemicroscopeviewtozoomintoimagesforgreaterdetailthanisvisibletothenakedeye.[2]Additionally,themicroscopeviewofartworksincorporatesotherresources—includingGoogleScholar,GoogleDocsandYouTube—souserscanlinktoexternalcontenttolearnmoreaboutthework.[18]Finally,theplatformincorporatesGoogle'sURLcompacter(Goo.gl),sothatuserscansaveandeasilysharetheirpersonalcollections.[18] TheplatformhasbeenintegratedwiththesocialmediaplatformGoogle+toenableuserstosharetheirpersonalcollectionswiththeirnetworks.ThisintegrationalsoletssitevisitorsuseGoogle+Hangoutsformoreinteractivepurposes.Thesesituationsmightinclude:aprofessorgivinganonlinelecturetostudents,engaginginvideoandshared-screendiscussionsaboutacollection,oranexpertleadingavirtualtourofadistantmuseumtoremoteattendees.[4] TheresultingplatformisaJava-basedGoogleAppEngineWebapplication,whichexistsonGoogle'sinfrastructure.[18] Technologylimitations[edit] HansHolbeintheYounger'sTheAmbassadors LucVincent,directorofengineeringatGoogleandheadoftheteamresponsibleforStreetViewfortheplatform,statedconcernoverthequalityofpanoramacamerashisteamusedtocapturegalleryandartworkimages.Inparticular,hebelievesthatimprovedaperturecontrolwouldenablemoreconsistentqualityofgalleryimages.[2] Someartworkswereparticularlydifficulttocaptureandre-presentaccuratelyasvirtual,two-dimensionalimages.Forexample,GoogledescribedtheinclusionofHansHolbeintheYounger'sTheAmbassadorsas"tough".Thiswasduetotheanamorphictechniquesdistortingtheimageofaskullintheforegroundofthepainting.WhenlookingattheoriginalpaintingattheNationalGalleryinLondon,thedepictionoftheskullappearsdistorteduntiltheviewerphysicallystepstothesideofthepainting.Oncetheviewerislookingattheshapefromtheintendedvantagepoint,thelifelikedepictionoftheskullmaterializes.Theeffectisstillapparentinthegigapixelversionofthepaintingbutwaslesspronouncedinthe"walk-through"function.[19] AsNewYorkTimesartreviewerRobertaSmithsaid:"[GoogleArts&Culture]isverymuchaworkinprogress,fullofbugsandinformationgaps,andsometimesblurry,careeringvirtualtours."[2]Thoughthesecond-generationplatformsolvedsometechnologicalissues,thefirmplanstocontinuedevelopingadditionalenhancementsforthesite.Futureimprovementscurrentlyunderconsiderationinclude:upgradingpanoramacameras,moredetailedwebmetrics,andimprovedsearchabilitythroughmeta-tagginganduser-generatedmeta-tagging.[3]Thefirmisalsoconsideringtheadditionofanexperimentalpagetotheplatform,tohighlightemergingtechnologiesthatartistsareusingtoshowcasetheirworks.[20] Institutionsandworks[edit] Seventeenpartnermuseumswereincludedinthelaunchoftheproject.Theoriginal1,061high-resolutionimages(by486differentartists)areshownin385virtualgalleryrooms,with6,000StreetView–stylepanoramas.[19][21] Listoftheinitial17partnermuseums[edit] Belowisalistoftheoriginalseventeenpartnermuseumsatthetimeoftheplatform'slaunch.AllimagesshownareactualimagesfromGoogleArts&Culture: PartnerMuseum Gigapixelartwork Title Artist Date AlteNationalgalerieBerlin,Germany IntheConservatory ÉdouardManet 1878–1879 FreerGalleryofArt,SmithsonianWashington,DC,USA ThePrincessfromtheLandofPorcelain JamesMcNeillWhistler 1863–1865 FrickCollectionNewYork,USA StFrancisintheDesert GiovanniBellini c.1480 GemäldegalerieBerlin,Germany TheMerchantGeorgGisze HansHolbeintheYounger 1497–1562 MuseumKampaPrague,CzechRepublic TheCathedral(Katedrála) FrantišekKupka 1912–1913 MetropolitanMuseumofArtNewYork,USA TheHarvesters PieterBruegeltheElder 1565 MuseumofModernArtNewYork,USA TheStarryNight VincentvanGogh 1889 MuseoReinaSofiaMadrid,Spain TheBottleofAnísdelMono JuanGris 1914 Thyssen-BornemiszaMuseumMadrid,Spain YoungKnightinaLandscape VittoreCarpaccio 1510 NationalGalleryLondon,UK TheAmbassadors HansHolbeintheYounger 1533 PalaceofVersaillesVersailles,France Marie-AntoinettedeLorraine-Habsbourg,QueenofFrance,andherchildren LouiseÉlisabethVigéeLeBrun 1787 RijksmuseumAmsterdamAmsterdam,Netherlands NightWatch RembrandtHarmensz.vanRijn 1642 StateHermitageMuseumSt.Petersburg,Russia TheReturnoftheProdigalSon RembrandtHarmenszvanRijn 1663–1665 StateTretyakovGalleryMoscow,Russia TheAppearanceofChristBeforethePeople AlexanderAndreyevichIvanov 1837–1857 TateBritainLondon,UK NoWomanNoCry ChrisOfili 1998 UffiziFlorence,Italy TheBirthofVenus SandroBotticelli 1483–1485 CapitolineMuseumsRome,Italy CapitolineWolf 500BC–480BC VanGoghMuseumAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBedroom VincentvanGogh 1888 OnApril3,2012,Googleannouncedtheexpansionoftheplatformtoinclude151culturalorganizations,withnewpartnerscontributingagigapixelimageofoneoftheirworks.[1] PartiallistofGoogleCulturalInstitutepartners[edit] Themuseumimageredirectstothemuseum'sofficialpageontheGoogleArts&Cultureplatform,theGoogleStreetViewlogoindicatesthatthemuseumhasanadaptedversionofStreetView Country/Territory Museums UnitedStates NationalBuildingMuseum Smithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseum SmithsonianNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory Smithsonian'sNationalPostalMuseum AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory IntrepidSea,Air&SpaceMuseum MetropolitanMuseumofArt ArtInstituteofChicago@GoogleArts&Culture NASA@GoogleArts&Culture TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum@GoogleArts&Culture MuseumofFineArts,Boston@GoogleArts&Culture PhiladelphiaMuseumofArt@GoogleArts&Culture LIFEPhotoCollection@GoogleArts&Culture U.S.NationalArchives@GoogleArts&Culture PublicArtinPublicPlaces@GoogleArts&Culture TheCloistersMuseumandGardens@GoogleArts&Culture ThePhillipsCollection@GoogleArts&Culture LosAngelesCountyMuseumofArt@GoogleArts&Culture TheFrickCollection@GoogleArts&Culture MinneapolisInstituteofArt@GoogleArts&Culture TheFeministInstituteDigitalExhibitProject@GoogleArts&Culture Canada NationalGalleryofCanada RoyalOntarioMuseum CanadaAviationandSpaceMuseum CanadaAgricultureandFoodMuseum Mexico NationalMuseumofArt NationalMuseumofAnthropology NationalMuseumofDeath [es] Peru LimaArtMuseum MuseumofContemporaryArtofLima PuertoRico MuseumofArtofPuertoRico MuseumofArtofPonce Colombia ColombianNationalMuseum MuseumofContemporaryArtofBogotá GoldMuseum Venezuela CentroCulturalUCAB Guatemala IxchelMuseumofIndigenousTextilesandClothing Argentina NationalMuseumofFineArtsofArgentina MuseumofContemporaryArtofBuenosAires Ecuador CasadelAlabadoMuseumofPre-ColumbianArt Chile AndeanUniversityMuseumoftheArts Brazil NationalMuseumofBrazil NationalMuseumofFineArts Influences[edit] TheGoogleArtProjectwasadevelopmentofthevirtualmuseumprojectsofthe1990sand2000s,followingthefirstappearanceofonlineexhibitionswithhigh-resolutionimagesofartworksin1995.Inthelate1980s,artmuseumpersonnelbegantoconsiderhowtheycouldexploittheinternettoachievetheirinstitutions'missionsthroughonlineplatforms.Forexample,in1994ElizabethBroun,DirectoroftheSmithsonianAmericanArtMuseum,spoketotheSmithsonianCommissiononthefutureofart,stating:"WeneedtoputourinstitutionalenergybehindtheideaofgettingtheSmithsonianhookeduptothepeopleandschoolsofAmerica."Shethenoutlinedthemuseum'sobjectivetoconserve,protect,present,andinterpretexhibits,explaininghowelectronicmediacouldhelpachievethesegoals.[22]Theexpansionofinternetprogramsandresourceshasshapedthedevelopmentoftheplatform.[19][23] ContemporaryGoogleinitiatives[edit] TheToledoMuseumofArtworkedwithGoogletoremove21artworksfromtheirvirtualexhibitionbecausetheartists(ortheirheirs)stillholdthecopyrighttotheimages. AnotherGoogleinitiative—GoogleBooks—affectedthedevelopmentoftheplatformfromanon-technologicalperspective.Googlefacedasix-year-longcourtcaserelatingtoseveralissueswithcopyrightinfringement.GoogleBookscatalogedfulldigitalcopiesoftexts,includingthosestillprotectedbycopyright,thoughGoogleclaimeditwaspermissibleunderthefairuseclause.Googleendeduppaying$125milliontocopyright-holdersoftheprotectedbooks,thoughthesettlementagreementwasmodifiedanddebatedseveraltimesbeforeitwasultimatelyrejectedbyfederalcourts.Inhisdecision,JudgeDennyChinstatedthesettlementagreementwould"giveGoogleasignificantadvantageovercompetitors,rewardingitforengaginginwholesalecopyingofcopyrightedworkswithoutpermission,"andcouldleadtoantitrustissues.JudgeChinsaidinfutureopen-accessinitiatives,Googleshouldusean"opt-in"method,ratherthanprovidingcopyrightownerstheoptionto"opt-out"ofanarrangement.[24] Afterthiscontroversy,GoogletookadifferentapproachtointellectualpropertyrightsfortheGoogleArts&Culture.Theplatform'sintellectualpropertypolicyis: Thehigh-resolutionimageryofartworksfeaturedontheplatformsiteisownedbythemuseums,andtheseimagesmaybesubjecttocopyrightlawsaroundtheworld.TheStreetViewimageryisownedbyGoogle.Alloftheimageryonthissiteisprovidedforthesolepurposeofenablingyoutouseandenjoythebenefitoftheplatformsite,inthemannerpermittedbyGoogle'sTermsofService.ThenormalGoogleTermsofServiceapplytoyouruseoftheentiresite.[20] TheGoogleteamwassensitivetocopyrightissuesofartworks,andpartnermuseumstaffwereabletoaskGoogletoblurouttheimagesofcertainworks,whicharestillprotectedbycopyrights.Inafewcases,museumswantedtoincludeartworksbymodernandcontemporaryartists,manyofwhomstillholdthecopyrighttotheirworks.Forexample,TateBritainapproachedChrisOfilitogethispermissiontocaptureandreproducehisworksontheplatform.[17] However,sincetheprojectexpandedinApril2012,Googlehasfacedafewintellectualpropertyissues.Someoftheworksaddedtotheonlineexhibitionsarestillprotectedbycopyright,astheartistorhisorherheirsholdstherighttotheimagefor70years.Asaresult,theToledoMuseumofArtaskedGoogletoremove21artworksfromthewebsite,includingworksbyHenriMatisseandothermodernartists.[25] GoogleCulturalInstitute[edit] ByDecember2013[update],thecontentsoftheprojectwereaccessiblefromGoogleCulturalInstitute,aninitiativeunveiledbyGooglefollowingthe2011launchofGoogleArts&Culture(knownasGoogleArtProjectatthetimeoflaunch). TheCulturalInstitutewaslaunchedin2011with42newexhibitsonlineonOctober10,2012.[26][27][28][29][30]TheCulturalInstitutestrove"tomakeimportantculturalmaterialavailableandaccessibletoeveryoneandtodigitallypreserveittoeducateandinspirefuturegenerations."[31]AsofJune2013,itincludedover6millionitems-photos,videos,anddocuments.[32] Theinitiativehaspartneredwithanumberofinstitutionstomakeexhibitionandarchivalcontentavailableonline,includingtheBritishMuseum,[33][34][35]YadVashem,[36][37]theMuseoGalileoinFlorence,[38]CenterforJewishHistoryinNewYorkCity,[39]Auschwitz-BirkenauStateMuseum,[40]andtheMuseumofPolishHistoryinWarsaw.[41][42]Theearliestnotableprojectwasasearchablearchiveandonlinedigitalexhibitionseries,inpartnershipwiththeNelsonMandelaCentreofMemory,whichallowedpeopletoaccessNelsonMandela'spersonaldiariesandpreviouslyunreleaseddraftsofhismanuscriptsforthesequeltohisautobiographyLongWalktoFreedom.[43] InadditiontoGoogleArts&Culture,theCulturalInstituteincludestheWorldWondersProject,whichpresentsthree-dimensionalrecreationsofworldheritagesites,andarchivalexhibitions,manyinpartnershipwithmuseumsaroundtheworld.Italsofeaturesdigitizedobjectsfromarchives,libraries,andawiderarrayofmuseumsnotstrictlydevotedtoart.[44] Reception[edit] TheGoogleArts&Culturestirredupdebateamongscholars,museumpersonnel,artcritics,andnewswriters.Sinceitsinitiallaunch,ithasreceivedfairlyconsistentpositivefeedbackandavarietyofcriticism.Withthesecondgenerationplatform,Googleappearstohaverespondedtosomeearliercriticisms. Praise[edit] Positivefeedbackabouttheplatformhascenteredonanincreasedaudiencegainingaccesstoart,themarketingexternalityformuseums,andthepotentialforthefuturedevelopmentoftheinitiative. Increasesaccesstoart.Solongasonehasinternetaccess,anyone,anywhere,atanytimecanvisittheGoogleArts&Culture,enablingaudienceswhootherwisewouldbeunlikelytovisitthesemuseumstoseetheirworks."Armchairtourists"arenowabletotoursomeoftheworld'sgreatestartexhibitswithoutleavingtheirseat.[45]Professorsandstudentscangoonvirtualfieldtripswithouttheusualassociatedcosts,andhavearemoteconversationwithanexpertfromamuseumorotherinstitution.[4] Bettervisitorexperience.Userscanavoidconstraintsoftime,moneyandphysicaldifficulty.Theyneednotplanarestrictiveone-timevisittoacollection,orarrivetofindoutworkisnotonview.Theyarenotbotheredbyothervisitors. TriggersnewvisitorsManyarthistoriansandscholarshavepositedthatonlineexhibitionswoulddrivemorepeopletothegallery,andtheGoogleArts&Culturehassupportedthistheory.Theresearchestablishedthatthereisastatisticallysignificantrelationshipbetweenthosewhovisittheplatformandthosewhoareinspiredtogoonarealtourofamuseum.[46]Infurthersupportofthisconcept,withintwoweeksofthelaunchoftheplatform,MoMAsawitswebsite'strafficincreasebyabout7%.[14]Itis,however,unclearhowmanyphysicalvisitorscametoMoMAasaresultoftheplatform. Complementsrealvisitstoagallery.WhiletherehasbeensomeskepticismthattheGoogleArts&Cultureseekstoreplacereal-timevisitstoartgalleries,manyhavesuggestedthatthevirtualtoursactuallycomplementreal-timevisits.Researchshowsthatpeoplearemorelikelytoenjoytheirreal-timevisittoamuseumafterparticipatinginavirtualtour.[46]Severalmuseumpersonnelhavesupportedthisconceptanecdotally.JulianRaby,directoroftheFreerGalleryofArtstated:"Thegigapixelexperiencebringsusveryclosetotheessenceoftheartistthroughdetailthatsimplycan'tbeseeninthegalleryitself.Farfromeliminatingthenecessityofseeingartworksinperson,[Arts&Culture]deepensourdesiretogoinsearchoftherealthing."[47]ThisviewwassharedbyBrianKennedy,directoroftheToledoMuseumofArt,whobelievedthatacademicswouldstillwanttoviewartworkinthreedimensions,evenifthegigapixelimagesprovidedbetterclaritythanviewingtheartworkinthegallery.Similarly,AmitSood—theGoogleprojectleader—saidthat"nothingbeatsthefirst-personexperience".[19] Hasfuturedevelopmentpotential.SomescholarsandartcriticsbelievetheGoogleArts&Culturewillchangehowmuseumsusetheweb.Forinstance,NancyProctor—HeadofMobileStrategy&InitiativesattheSmithsonian—suggestedthatmuseumsmayeventuallyutilizetheplatformtoprovidemuseummapsandgalleryinformationinsteadofprintedmaterials.Itmightbecomepossibleformuseumvisitorstoholduptheirsmartphoneinfrontofanartwork,andtheplatformcouldoverlayinformation.theplatformcouldalsoprovideaseamlesstransitionfromaGoogleMaptoaninsidegallerymap,avoidingtheneedforprintedcollateral.[3] Democratizationofculture.Withtherapidincreaseofinformationthatisavailableonline,weareinaperiodofdemocratizationofknowledge.Anelitegroupofprofessionalsandexpertsarenolongertheonlypeoplewiththeabilitytodistributerespectedinformation.Rather,throughweb-basedinitiativeslikeWikipedia,anyonewithwebaccesscancontributetoandhelpshapepublicknowledge.[48] TheGoogleArts&Cultureis,accordingtosome,ademocraticinitiative.[49]Itaimstogivemorepeopleaccesstoartbyremovingbarrierslikecostandlocation.Someartorculturalexhibitshavebeenlimitedtoasmallgroupofviewers(e.g.PhDstudents,academicresearchers)duetodeterioratingconditionsofwork,lackofavailablewallspaceinamuseum,orothersimilarfactors.Digitizedreproductions,however,canbeaccessibletoanyonefromanylocation.Thistypeofonlineresourcecantransformresearchandacademiabyopeningaccesstopreviouslyexclusiveartworks,enablingmultidisciplinaryandmulti-institutionallearning.[50]Itprovidespeopletheopportunitytoexperienceartindividually,andaplatformtobecomeinvolvedintheconversation.[3]Forexample,theplatformnowletsuserscontributetheirowncontent,addingtheirinsighttothepubliccollectionofknowledge. Manyscholarshavearguedthatweareexperiencingabreakdownofthecanonofhighart,[22]andtheGoogleArts&Cultureisbeginningtoreflectthis.WhenitjustincludedtheGrandMastersofWesternArt,theprojectfacedstrongcriticism.Asaresultofthisoutburst,thewebsitenowincludessomeindigenousandgraffitiartworks.Thisplatformalsoprovidesanewcontextthroughwhichpeopleencounterart,ultimatelyreflectingthisshiftawayfromthecanonofhighart.[3] Criticism[edit] Afewinitialcriticismsoftheplatform,includingtheskewedrepresentationofartworks,havelostsomevaliditywiththelaunchofthesecondgenerationplatform. Eurocentrism:Duringitsinitiallaunch,manycriticsarguedthatGoogleArts&CultureprovidedaWestern-biasedrepresentationofart.MostmuseumsincludedinthefirstphaseoftheProjectwerefromWesternEurope,Washington,DC,andNewYork,NY.[51]AccordingtoDianaSkaar,headofpartnershipsfortheplatform,Googleresponded:"Afterthelaunchofroundone,wegotanoverwhelmingresponsefrommuseumsworldwide.Soforroundtwo,wereallywantedtobalanceregionalmuseumswiththosethataremorenationallyorgloballyrecognized."[52]Now,theplatform'sexpandedrepositoryincludesgraffitiworks,dotpaintings,rockart,andindigenousartworks.[53] Althoughthatparticularcriticismmayhavebeenresolved,thereareotherneglectedcriticisms: Selectionofcontent:AlthoughtheGoogleArts&Culturenowpartnerswith134newmuseums,somecriticsbelieveitstillmaypresentaskewedrepresentationofartandarthistory.Googleandthepartnermuseumsareabletodecidewhatinformationtoinclude,andwhatartworkstheywillmakeavailable(andatwhatlevelofquality);somebelievethisiscounter-intuitivetothewebsite'sseeminglydemocraticobjective.[54]Forexample,intheWhiteHousevirtualcollection,onephotoofaformerFirstLadydoesnotincludeakeypieceofinformationtounderstandthecontextoftheimage.GraceCoolidgeoftenworebrightlycoloredclothes.InherWhiteHouseportrait,shewasdressedinaredsleevelessflapperdressandstoodnexttoalargewhitedog.Therearetwoversionsofthispicture:oneshowingCoolidgeonawhitebackgroundwithsofterlines,andoneshowingherontheWhiteHouselawn.TheGoogleArts&Culturedescriptionleavesoutthereasonforwhytherearetwoimages.PresidentCoolidgepreferredhiswifetowearawhitedress.Theartist,however,wantedthedresstocontrastwiththewhitedog.PresidentCoolidgethenretorted,"Dyethedog!"[5]Whileperhapsnotcrucialtounderstandingtheexhibit,thisandotherexamplesshowthatGoogleArts&Cultureandpartnermuseumsareinapositionofpowertocuratethecontentandeducationalinformationofthevirtualexhibition.[54] Audience:Somecriticshaveexpressedconcernovertheintendedaudienceoftheplatform,asthisshouldshapethetypeofcontentavailablethroughtheplatform.Forexample,DirectoroftheCenterfortheFutureofMuseums,ElizabethMerritt,describedtheprojectasan"interestingexperiment"butwasskepticalastoitsintendedaudience.[19] Possiblesecurityrisks:SomecriticshaveraisedthequestionofhowArts&CulturevisitorsmightmaliciouslyusetheStreetViewimages.Forexample,byprovidinghighlydetailedimagesofgalleries,peoplecouldusethisplatformtomapoutmuseumsecuritysystems,andthenbeabletocircumventtheseprotectivemeasuresduringabreak-in.[55] Timelineofintroductions[edit] AllofthesemuseumshaveanadaptedversionofGoogleStreetViewdesignedtophotographbuildinginteriors. 2011[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded February1[56] FreerGalleryofArt,FrickCollection,MetropolitanMuseumofArt,MoMATretyakovGallery,HermitageMuseumAlteNationalgalerie,GemäldegalerieMuseoReinaSofia,Thyssen-BornemiszaMuseumMuseumKampaNationalGallery,TateBritainPalaceofVersaillesUffiziGalleryVanGoghMuseum,RijksmuseumAmsterdam August16 NationalMuseumofIraq[57] 2012[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded March22 StateRussianMuseum[58] April3 TheIsraelMuseum[59]J.PaulGettyMuseum[60]MuseumofFineArts,Houston[61]Nationalmuseum[62] April4 MuseumofFineArts[63]DeYoungMuseum[64]TheNelson-AtkinsMuseumofArt[65] April6 PushkinMuseum[66] April7 IndianapolisMuseumofArt[67] May29 NationalGalleryofDenmark[68] June23 ComputerHistoryMuseum[69] December17 Ateneum[70] 2013[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded March27 MuseumofAppliedArts[71] April4 Mudam[72] April8 CorningMuseumofGlass[73] April29 LarcoMuseum[74] May20 BeyelerFoundation[75] May21 TheNationalMuseumofArt,ArchitectureandDesign[76]ThorvaldsenMuseum[77] May22 KunsthistorischesMuseum[78] October7 NationalMuseumofKorea[79] October21 MuseumofIslamicArt[80] October31 NationalLibraryofIreland[81] December6 Inhotim,IberêCamargoFoundation,InstitutoMoreiraSalles,MuseudaImagemedoSom[82] 2014[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded January30 MuseumofContemporaryArtofBogotá[83] June23 SlovakNationalGallery[84]ErnestZmetákArtGallery[84]Stredoslovenskágaléria[85] August20 TheRoyalOntarioMuseum[86] September16 PuebloGrandeMuseum[87] September29 DeutschesMuseum[88] October27[89] NationalMuseumofWesternArtNationalMuseumofModernArtOharaMuseumofArtKobeCityMuseumKobeFashionMuseumSaitamaPrefecturalMuseumoftheSakitamaAncientBurialMoundsShizuokaPrefecturalMuseumofArtShizuokaCityTokaidoHiroshigeMuseumShohakuArtMuseum November25 BrukenthalNationalMuseum[90] 2015[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded January28 TheVancouverArtGallery[91] February15 LiptovskágalériaPetraMichalaBohúňa[92] March2[93] QueenslandMuseumAustralianWarMemorialNationalMuseumofAustraliaNationalPortraitGalleryPowerhouseMuseum,AustralianCentrefortheMovingImagePublicRecordOfficeVictoria March3 NationalMuseumofIndonesia[94] March21 TheBarjeelArtFoundation[95] April24 RobbenIslandMuseum[96] May21[97] HongKongMuseumofMedicalSciences HongKongMaritimeMuseum June18 NationalMuseumofModernandContemporaryArt July6 NationalCowboy&WesternHeritageMuseum[98] July14 MuseoDoloresOlmedo[99] September19 HubeiProvincialMuseum[100] November12 TheBritishMuseum[101] 2016[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded January21 MuseuAfroBrasil[102]Dr.BhauDajiLadMuseum[103] February11 MuseumofArtsandCrafts[104] February12 FloridaStateUniversityMuseumofFineArts[105] March10 TheFrickPittsburgh[106] April26 SydneyOperaHouse[107] May3 SilhakMuseum[108] May20 MuseumofFineArtsofLyon[109] July19 DulwichPictureGallery[110] July20 TheNationalMuseumofMongolia[111] July22[112] IndianMuseumSalarJungMuseumNehruMemorialMuseum&LibraryNationalGalleryofModenArt August25[113] ChinaPaperCuttingMuseum HangzhouArtsandCraftsMuseum September13 StateDarwinMuseum[114] September19 GwacheonNationalScienceMuseum[115] October7 SeodaemunMuseumofNaturalHistory[116] October26 TallinnCityMuseum[117] November3[118] MuseoNacionaldelaMuerteMuseoMexicanodeDiseñoMuseodeArtePopular November21 CinémathèqueFrançaise[119] December12 TheGeyuanGarden[120]TheHeGarden[120]TheMuseumoftheTombofHanGuanglingKing[120] December15 NewOrleansMuseumofArt[121] 2017[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded February15 AucklandArtGalleryToioTāmaki[122] March25 ArtResearchCenterintheRitsumeikanUniversity[123] June5 NationalMuseumofArchaeology[124] June6 MuseuNacionaldeBelasArtes[125] June8 IxchelMuseum[126] June12 ImperialMuseumofBrazil[127]MuseodelTraje[128]DesignMuseumofBarcelona[128]MuseumofArtsandPopularCustomsofSeville[128] June13 TheHepworthWakefieldMuseum[129] June14 ModeMuseumAntwerpen[130] July8 MalacañangMuseum[131] July20 BunkaGakuenUniversity[132] September20 MuseumofEuropeanandMediterraneanCivilisations[133] October24 IntrepidSea,Air&SpaceMuseum[134] November13 GranTeatredelLiceu[135] November24 ChhatrapatiShivajiMaharajVastuSangrahalaya[136] December30 PartitionMuseum[137] 2018[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded January5 PapaloteMuseodelNiño[138] February27 MuséedesConfluences[139] March7 SãoPauloArtBiennial[140] March13 CentroCulturalBancodoBrasilSãoPaulo[141]KoreaInternationalCooperationAgency[142]TheNationalMuseumofScotland[143] March22 KoreaNationalMaritimeMuseum[144] May23 LithuanianNationalMuseumofArt[145] May27 FridaKahloMuseum[146] June21 ChinaNationalSilkMuseum[147]GyeongjuNationalMuseum[148]SookmyungWomen'sUniversityMuseum[148]NationalPalaceMuseumofKorea[148] July23 CentroCostarricensedeCienciayCultura[149]MuseodelJade[149] September AmericanUniversityofBeirut[150] October2 BibliotecaSormani[151]MuseodelleCulture[151]MuseodelNovecento[151]MuseoCivicodiStoriaNaturalediMilano[151] October10 NationalMuseumofKraków[152] November13 DumfriesHouse[153] December3 Mauritshuis[154] 2019[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded January15 NationalMuseumofAncientArt[155]MuseudeArtePopular[156]NationalMuseumofEthnology[156]GrãoVascoNationalMuseum[156]NationalArchaeologyMuseum[156] January17 MuseuNacionaldaMúsica[157] February26 MonnaiedeParis[158] March4 MuséePasteur[159] March6 Röntgen-Gedächtnisstätte[160]RealAcademiaNacionaldeMedicinadeEspaña[161]MuseoNavaldeMadrid[162] March9 MuseumsforCommunicationinBerlin,Frankfurt&Nuremberg[163] March14 DeutschesRöntgen-Museum[164] April18 TheRoyalIrishAcademy[165] June12 AnneFrankHouse[166] June17 MuséedesBeaux-ArtsdeQuimper[167] June18 LeCartonvoyageur[168] June20 PowerStationofArt[169] June24 BladesofGloryCricketMuseum[170] July9 AppenzellerNobleMemorialMuseum[171] July10 MuseoSoumaya[172] July30 ThaiFilmArchive[173] August19 GalleryofModernArt[174] August21 NationalMotorMuseum[175] September17 TheFrontPalace[176] September18 ThaiFlagMuseum[177] October31 NairobiNationalMuseum[178] November12 NationalPalaceMuseum[179] 2020[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded January24 MuseoParroquialdeTapicesdePastrana[180] February6 TheNationalMuseumofPrague[181] February28 TheTankMuseum[182] March4 FoGuangShanBuddhaMuseum[183] March17 TheLeopoldMuseum[184] March18 TheMuseumofWorldCulture[185]NationalPortraitGallery[186] March19 Livrustkammaren[187] March20 ÖsterreichischeGalerieBelvedere[188] March22 InsectMuseumofWestChina[189] March25 GardenMuseum[190] April6 AltePinakothek[191] April17 RoyalOperaHouseofMumbai[192] April21 CinetecaNacionaldeMéxico[193] April27 FotoMuseoCuatroCaminos[194] April29 NakamuraKeithHaringCollection[195] May1 WajimaMuseumofUrushiArt[196] May7 LaScala[197] May13 MuseodelaGuardiaCivil[198] May18 MuseoNacionaldeBellasArtes[199]TheLudwigRoseliusMuseum[200]ThePaulaModersohn-BeckerMuseum[200]CasaBuonarroti[201]ScienceandTechnologyFoundationMuseum[it][202]CittàdellaScienza[203] May19 TheMeijiShrine[204]TheSezonMuseumofModernArt[204] May20 TheMuseumofRadiology[it][205]TheFoundlingMuseum[206]MuséedesimpressionnismesGiverny[207] June17 LeipzigBachArchive[208] June18 RoyalAcademyofArts[209] July14 LeeUngnoMuseum[210] July30 GrohmannMuseum[211]MilwaukeePublicMuseum[211] August12 LevineMuseumoftheNewSouth[212] September7 TheHamburgPortMuseum[de][213] September17 TheMuseumofManandNature[214][215]MobilierNational[216] October6 TheNationalTaiwanMuseumofFineArts[217] November17 MuseudeArtedaBahia[218] November20 TheElectropolisMuseum[219] November25 TheFolkwangMuseum[220] December3 BeethovenHouse[221] December11 GwangjuBiennale[222] December30 YoonDongjuMemorialHallinYonseiUniversity[223] 2021[edit] Releasedate Majorlocationsadded February21 MuseudoDouro[224] March10 BerlinMusicalInstrumentMuseum[225] March11 ÉcolePolytechnique[226] March26 SongArtMuseum[227] March29 GloriaSteinem'sHistoricManhattanApartment[228] April26 SãoPauloMetro[229] April28[230] AfricanArtists'FoundationReleArtGalleryTerraKulture May18 SydneyJewishMuseum[231] June18 Villa-LobosMuseum[232] July12 BayerischeStaatsoper July23 PalazzodelGiardino[233]CastellodeiBurattini-MuseoGiordanoFerrari[233]SalaBaganzaWineMuseum[233]CasadellaMusica(Parma)[233]FondazioneMuseoGlaucoLombardi[233]MuseumofParmigianoReggiano[233]MuseoEttoreGuatelli[233]TheOfficeofArtsandCultureinSuanSunandhaRajabhatUniversity[234] August22 TonhalleZürich[235] September19 MUCHOMuseodelChocolate[236] September28[237] MattressFactoryTheClementeMuseumPittsburghGlassCenter October6 WitsUniversityOriginsCentre[238] October8 YemisiShyllonMuseumofArt[239] October14 SimataiGreatWallTouristArea[240] October20[241] RoyalŁazienkiMuseumMuseumofFolkMusicalInstrumentsinSzydlowiecFryderykChopinInstitute October21 BratislavaTheatreInstitute[242] November11 SupremeFederalCourt[243] November22 QuirinalPalace[244] December3 NationalandUniversityLibraryofSlovenia[245]BeekeepingMuseuminRadovljica[245]PosavjeMuseumBrežice[245] Similarinitiatives[edit] BannerforWikiLovesArtNouveau[246]ExhibitiononEuropeana.Manymuseumsandartsorganizationshavecreatedtheirownonlinedataandvirtualexhibitions.Someoffervirtual3-DtourssimilartotheGoogleArts&Culture'sgalleryview,whereasotherssimplyreproduceimagesfromtheircollectionontheinstitution'swebpage.Somemuseumshavecollectionsthatexistsolelyincyberspaceandareknownasvirtualmuseums. BucharestNaturalHistoryMuseum[247]andtheMuseumoftheRomanianPeasant[248]offervirtualtoursoftwoofRomania'slargerhistorical/anthropologicalmuseums. Europeanaisavirtualrepositoryofartworks,literature,culturalobjects,relics,andmusicalrecordings/writingsfromover2000Europeaninstitutions.[249] ImagesfortheFuture[250]isaprojectdedicatedtodigitizingaudiovisualculturalobjectsoftheNetherlands,andmakingtheseexhibitsavailablethroughitsonlinearchive.[250] PublicCatalogueFoundationhasdigitizedallthecirca210,000oilpaintingsinpublicownershipintheUnitedKingdom,andmadethepaintingsviewablebythepublicthroughaseriesofaffordablecataloguesand,inpartnershipwiththeBBC,the"YourPaintings"website.[251]Worksbysome40,000paintersareincluded. KhanAcademy'ssmARThistoryisamultimediaresourcewithvideos,audioguides,mobileapplicationsandcommentaryfromarthistorians. ThePradolaunchedavirtualcollection,incollaborationwithGoogleEarth,inJanuary2009.Thewebsitecontainedphotosof14Pradopaintings,eachwithupto14gigapixels. TheVirtualMuseumofCanadaisavirtualcollectioncontainingexhibitsfromthousandofCanadianlocal,provincialandnationalmuseums. WikipediaGLAM("galleries,libraries,archives,andmuseums",alsoincludingbotanicandzoologicalgardens)helpsculturalinstitutionssharetheirresourceswiththeworldthroughcollaborativeprojectswithexperiencedWikipediaeditors. 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