Revised NEO Personality Inventory - Wikipedia

The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) is a personality inventory that assesses an individual on five dimensions of personality, the so-called Big ... RevisedNEOPersonalityInventory FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch BigFivepersonalitytraitinventory TheRevisedNEOPersonalityInventory(NEOPI-R)isapersonalityinventorythatassessesanindividualonfivedimensionsofpersonality,theso-calledBigFivepersonalitytraits.Thesetraitsareopennesstoexperience,conscientiousness,extraversion,agreeableness,andneuroticism.Inaddition,theNEOPI-RalsoreportsonsixsubcategoriesofeachBigFivepersonalitytrait(calledfacets). Historically,developmentoftheRevisedNEOPI-Rbeganin1978whenCostaandMcCraepublishedapersonalityinventory.Theresearcherslaterpublishedthreeupdatedversionsoftheirpersonalityinventoryin1985,1992,and2005.ThesewerecalledtheNEOPI,NEOPI-R(orRevisedNEOPI),andNEOPI-3,respectively.Therevisedinventoriesfeatureupdatedvocabularythatcouldbeunderstoodbyadultsofanyeducationlevel,aswellaschildren. Theinventorieshavebothlongerandshorterversions,withthefullNEOPI-Rconsistingof240itemsandprovidingdetailedfacetscores.Bycontrast,theshorterNEO-FFI(NEOFive-FactorInventory)comprised60items(12pertrait).Thetestwasoriginallydevelopedforusewithadultmenandwomenwithoutovertpsychopathology.Ithasalsobeenfoundtobevalidforusewithchildren. Contents 1Personalitydimensions 2Formsandadministration 3Reliability 4Effectofage 5Validity 6Adaptationsinotherlanguages 7Critiques 8Alternativeversions 9Cross-culturalresearch 10Brainandgenetics 11Seealso 12References 13Externallinks Personalitydimensions[edit] AtableofthepersonalitydimensionsmeasuredbytheNEOPI-R,includingfacets,isasfollows: Neuroticism Extraversion Opennesstoexperience Agreeableness Conscientiousness Anxiety Warmth/ Kindness[1] Fantasy/ Imagination[1]/ Trust(inOthers[1])/ Competence/ Self-efficacy[1]/ Hostility/ Anger[1]/ Gregariousness Aesthetics/ ArtisticInterest[1]/ Straightforwardness/ Morality[1]/ Order(liness)[1]/ Organizing[1] Depression Assertiveness Feelings/ Emotionality[1] Altruism Dutifulness/ SenseofDuty/Obligation[1] Self-consciousness Activity(Level[1])/ LivelyTemperament[2] Actions/ Adventurousness[1]/Exploration[2] Compliance/ Cooperation[1] AchievementStriving Impulsiveness/ Immoderation[1] ExcitementSeeking Ideas/ IntellectualInterest[1]/Curiosity[2] Modesty Self-Discipline/ Willpower[1] VulnerabilitytoStress/ Fear[1]/Learnedhelplessness[1] PositiveEmotion/ Cheerfulness[1]/Vivacity[2] Values/ Psychologicalliberalism[1]/Tolerancetoambiguity[1] Tendermindedness/ Sympathy[1] Deliberation/ Cautiousness[1] Formsandadministration[edit] Inthemostrecentpublication,therearetwoformsfortheNEO,self-report(formS)andobserver-report(formR)versions.Bothformsconsistof240items(descriptionsofbehavior)answeredonafive-pointLikertscale.Finally,thereisa60-iteminventory,theNEOFFI.Therearepaperandcomputerversionsofbothforms. Themanualreportsthatadministrationofthefullversionshouldtakebetween30and40minutes.CostaandMcCraereportedthatanindividualshouldnotbeevaluatedifmorethan40itemsaremissing.Theyalsostatethatdespitethefactthattheassessmentis"balanced"tocontrolfortheeffectsofacquiescenceandnay-saying,thatifmorethan150responses,orfewerthan50responses,are"agree"or"stronglyagree,"theresultsshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution. Scorescanbereportedtomosttest-takerson"YourNEOSummary,"whichprovidesabriefexplanationoftheassessment,andgivestheindividualsdomainlevelsandastrengths-baseddescriptionofthreelevels(high,medium,andlow)ineachdomain.Forexample,lowNreads"Secure,hardy,andgenerallyrelaxedevenunderstressfulconditions,"whereashighNreads"Sensitive,emotional,andpronetoexperiencefeelingsthatareupsetting."Forprofileinterpretation,facetanddomainscoresarereportedinTscoresandarerecordedvisuallyascomparedtotheappropriatenorminggroup.[3] Reliability[edit] TheinternalconsistencyoftheNEOscaleswasassessedon1,539individuals.[4]TheinternalconsistencyoftheNEOPI-Rwashigh,at:N=.92,E=.89,O=.87,A=.86,C=.90.Theinternalconsistencyofthefacetscalesrangedfrom.56to.81.TheinternalconsistencyoftheNEOPI-3wasconsistentwiththatoftheNEOPI-R,withαrangingfrom.89to.93forthefivedomains.Internalconsistencycoefficientfromthefacets,witheachfacetscalecomprisingfeweritemsthaneachoftheBigFivescales,werenecessarilysmaller,rangingfrom.54to.83.[4] FortheNEOFFI(the60itemdomainonlyversion)theinternalconsistenciesreportedinthemanualwere:N=.79,E=.79,O=.80,A=.75,C=.83.Intheliterature,theNEOFFIisusedmoreoften,withinvestigatorsusingtheNEOPI-Rusuallyusingtheitemsfromjustthedomainstheyareinterestedin.Sherryetal.(2007)foundinternalconsistenciesfortheFFItobeasfollows:N=.85,E=.80,O=.68,A=.75,C=.83.[5] TheNEOhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.TheinternalconsistencycoefficientsofthedomainscoresofatranslationoftheNEOthathasbeenusedinthePhilippinesaresatisfactory.Thealphasforthedomainscoresrangefrom.78to.90,[6]withfacetalphashavingamedianof.61.[7]Observer-ratingsNEOPI-Rdatafrom49differentcultureswasusedascriterioninarecentstudywhichtestedwhetherindividuals'perceptionsofthe"nationalcharacter"ofacultureaccuratelyreflectedthepersonalityofthemembersofthatculture(itdidnot).[8] Thetest-retestreliabilityoftheNEOPI-Rhasalsobeenfoundtobesatisfactory.Thetest-retestreliabilityofanearlyversionoftheNEOafter3monthswas:N=.87,E=.91,O=.86.[9]Thetest-retestreliabilityforover6years,asreportedintheNEOPI-Rmanual,wasthefollowing:N=.83,E=.82,O=.83,A=.63,C=.79.CostaandMcCraepointedoutthatthesefindingsnotonlydemonstrategoodreliabilityofthedomainscores,butalsotheirstability(amongindividualsovertheageof30).Scoresmeasuredsixyearsapartvariedonlymarginallymorethanscoresmeasuredafewmonthsapart.[10] ThepsychometricpropertiesofNEOPI-Rscaleshavebeenfoundtogeneralizeacrossages,cultures,andmethodsofmeasurement.[11] Effectofage[edit] Althoughindividualdifferences(rank-order)tendtoberelativelystableinadulthood,therearematurationalchangesinpersonalitythatarecommontomostpeople(mean-levelchanges).Mostcross-sectionalandlongitudinalstudiessuggestthatneuroticism,extraversion,andopennesstendtodecline,whereasagreeablenessandconscientiousnesstendtoincreaseduringadulthood.[12]Ameta-analysisof92personalitystudiesthatusedseveraldifferentinventories(amongthemNEOPI-R)foundthatsocialdominance,conscientiousness,andemotionalstabilityincreasedwithage,especiallyintheagespanof20to40.[13] Validity[edit] CostaandMcCraereportedintheNEOmanualresearchfindingsregardingtheconvergentanddiscriminantvalidityoftheinventory.Examplesofthesefindingsincludethefollowing: FortheMyers-BriggsTypeIndicator,IntroversioniscorrelatedwiththeNEOfacetWarmthat−0.61,andwiththeNEOfacetGregariousnessat−0.59.IntuitioniscorrelatedwiththeNEOfacetFantasyat0.43andwiththeNEOfacetAestheticsat0.56.FeelingiscorrelatedwiththeNEOfacetTender-mindednessat0.39. FortheSelf-DirectedSearch(apersonalityinventorydevelopedbyJohnL.Hollandforcareerswork),ArtisticiscorrelatedwiththeNEOfacetAestheticat0.56,InvestigativeiscorrelatedwiththeNEOfacetIdeasat0.43,andSocialiscorrelatedwiththeNEOfacetTender-mindednessat0.36. AnumberofstudiesevaluatedthecriterionvalidityoftheNEO.Forexample,Conard(2005)foundthatConscientiousnesssignificantlypredictedtheGPAofcollegestudents,overandaboveusingSATscoresalone.[14]InastudyconductedinSeville,Spain,Cano-Garciaandhiscolleagues(2005)foundthat,usingaSpanishversionoftheinventory,dimensionsoftheNEOcorrelatedwithteacherburnout.Neuroticismwasrelatedtothe"emotionalexhaustion"dimensionofburnout,andAgreeableness,withthe"personalaccomplishment"burnoutdimension.[15]Finally,Korukonda(2007)foundthatNeuroticismwaspositivelyrelatedtocomputeranxiety;OpennessandAgreeablenesswerenegativelyrelatedtocomputeranxiety.[16] Adaptationsinotherlanguages[edit] TheNEO-PI-Rhasbeenextensivelyusedacrosscultures.AspertheinformationonthePsychologicalAssessmentResources(PAR)website(PARisthepublisheroftheNEO-PI-R),theNEO-PI-Rhasbeentranslatedinto40languages.TheselanguagesareAfrikaans,Albanian,Arabic,Bulgarian,Chinese,Croatian,Estonian,Filipino,Finnish,Hebrew,Hindi,Hmong,Hungarian,Icelandic,Indonesian,Italian,Japanese,Kannada,Korean,Latvian,Lithuanian,Malay,Marathi,Persian,Peruvian,Polish,Portuguese,Romanian,Russian,Serbian,Slovene,Sotho,Spanish,Taiwanese,Thai,Tigrignan,Turkish,Urdu,Vietnamese,andXhosa. Critiques[edit] CriticalreviewsoftheNEOPI-Rwerepublishedinthe12theditionoftheMentalMeasurementsYearbook(MMY).TheNEO-Pi-R(whichonlymeasures57%oftheknowntraitvarianceinthenormalpersonalityspherealone)hasbeenseverelycriticizedbothintermsofitsfactoranalytic/constructvalidityanditspsychometricproperties.[17][18]WidigercriticizedtheNEOfornotcontrollingforsocialdesirabilitybias.[19]Hearguedthattestdeveloperscannotassumeparticipantswillbehonest,especiallyinsettingswhereitbenefitspeopletopresentthemselvesinabetterlight(e.g.,forensicorpersonnelsettings).Ben-PorathandWallerpointedoutthattheNEOInventoriescouldbeimprovedwiththeadditionofcontrolsfordishonestyandsocialdesirability.[20] Juni,inanotherreviewoftheNEOPI-RfortheMMY,praisedtheNEOPI-Rforincludingbothself-andother-reportscales,makingiteasierforpsychologiststocorroborateinformationprovidedbyaclientorresearchparticipant.[21]However,JunicriticizedtheNEOPI-RforitsconceptualizationusingtheFiveFactorModel(FFM)ofpersonality.JuniarguedthattheexistenceoftheFFMwasphenomenologicalandatheoretical,themodelgainingpopularityasaresultoftheinfluenceoftheauthors(McCraeandCosta)inthepsychologicalcommunity.TheNEOPI-Rhasalsobeencriticizedbecauseofitsmarket-oriented,proprietarynature.[22]InresponsetotheexpenseinvolvedinusingproprietarypersonalityinventoriessuchastheNEO,otherresearchershavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheInternationalPersonalityItemPool(IPIP);IPIPitemsandscalesareavailablefreeofcharge.[23] NEOPI-Rwasalsocritisedforbeingpossiblytoocomplextoundersandforlesseducatedorlessintelligentindividuals.[24] Alternativeversions[edit] AshortenedversionofNEOPI-Rhasbeenpublished.TheshortenedversionistheNEOFive-FactorInventory(NEO-FFI).Itcomprises60itemsandisdesignedtotake10to15minutestocomplete;bycontrast,theNEOPI-Rtakes45to60minutestocomplete.TheNEO-FFIwasrevisedin2004.[25]WiththepublicationoftheNEOPI-3in2005,arevisedversionoftheNEO-FFIwasalsopublished.[4]TherevisionoftheNEO-FFIinvolvedthereplacementof15ofthe60items.Therevisededitionisthoughttobemoresuitableforyoungerindividuals.[4]Thenewversionhadastrongerfactorstructureandincreasedreliability.[4] PublicdomaininventoriesthatcorrelatewellwithNEOPI-RhavebeenpublishedusingitemsfromtheInternationalPersonalityItemPoolandarecollectivelyknownasthe"IPIP-NEO".LewisGoldbergpublisheda300-questionversionofthe30-facetscalein1999.[26]JohnJohnsonandMaplesetal.havedevelopedafew120-questionversionsbasedonIPIPquestions.[27][28] Veryshort(5itemseach)IPIP-basedanaloguestotheNEOPI-RscalesarealsopartoftheAnalogforMultipleBroadbandInventories,[29]aninventorydesignedtoapproximatealargenumberofdifferentpersonalityscaleswithaminimalnumberofitems. Cross-culturalresearch[edit] EvidenceoftheNEOscales'stabilityindifferentcountriesandculturescanbeconsideredevidenceofitsvalidity.Agreatdealofcross-culturalresearchhasbeencarriedoutontheFive-FactorModelofPersonality.MuchoftheresearchhasreliedontheNEOPI-RandtheshorterNEO-FFI.McCraeandAllik(2002)[30]editedabookconsistingofpapersbearingoncross-culturalresearchontheFFM.ResearchfromChina,[31][32]Estonia,Finland,[33]thePhilippines,France,[34]German-speakingcountries,[35]India,[36]Portugal,[37]Russia,[38]SouthKorea,[39]Turkey,[40]Vietnam,[41]andZimbabwe[42]haveshowntheFFMtoberobustacrosscultures. Rolland,onthebasisofthedatafromanumberofcountries,assertedthattheneuroticism,openness,andconscientiousnessdimensionsarecross-culturallyvalid.[43]Rollandfurtheradvancedtheviewthattheextraversionandagreeablenessdimensionsaremoresensitivetoculturalcontext.Agedifferencesinthefive-factorsofpersonalityacrosstheadultlifespanareparallelinsamplesfromGermany,Italy,Portugal,Croatia,andSouthKorea.[44]DataexaminedfrommanydifferentcountrieshaveshownthattheageandgenderdifferencesinthosecountriesresembleddifferencesfoundinU.S.samples.[45]Aninterculturalfactoranalysisyieldedacloseapproximationtothefive-factormodel. McCrae,Terraccianoetal.(2005)furtherreporteddatafrom51cultures.Theirstudyfoundacross-culturalequivalencybetweenNEOPI-Rfivefactorsandfacets.[46] WiththerecentdevelopmentoftheNEOPI-3,cross-culturalresearchwilllikelybegintocomparethenewerversionwiththeNEOPI-R.PiedmontandBraganza(2015)comparedtheNEOPI-RtotheNEOPI-3usinganadultsamplefromIndia.[47]TheyusedanEnglishversionoftheNEOPI-3inordertomeasureitsutilityinindividualswhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguage.PiedmontandBraganzafoundthattheNEOPI-3hadslightlyhigheritem/totalcorrelationsandbettertest-retestreliabilitythantheNEOPI-R.TheysuggestedthattheNEOPI-3hasthepotentialtobeutilizedwiththosewhodonotspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage. Brainandgenetics[edit] TheNEOPI-Rhasbeenusedinresearchpertainingtoboth(a)genotypeandpersonalityand(b)brainandpersonality.Suchstudies,however,havenotalwaysbeenconclusive.Forexample,onestudyfoundsomeevidenceforanassociationbetweenNEOPI-Rfacetsandpolymorphisminthetyrosinehydroxylasegene,[48]whileanotherstudycouldnotconfirmthefinding.[49] InastudypublishedinScience,Leschetal.(1996)foundarelationshipbetweentheserotonintransportergeneregulatoryregion(5-HTTLPR)andtheneuroticismsubscale.Individualswithashorterallelehadhigherneuroticismscoresthanindividualswiththelongerallele.Theeffectwassignificantforheterozygotesandevenstrongerforpeoplehomozygousfortheshorterallele.Althoughthefindingisimportant,thisspecificgenecontributestoonly4%ofthephenotypicvariationinneuroticism.Theauthorsconcludedthat"ifothergeneswerehypothesizedtocontributesimilargenedosageeffectstoanxiety,approximately10to15genesmightbepredictedtobeinvolved."[50] Seealso[edit] Psychologicaltesting Psychometrics 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^Lesch,K.P.,Bengel,D.,Heils,A.,Sabol,S.,Greenberg,B.,Petri,S.,Benjamin,C.,Hamer,D.&Murphy,D.(1996)."AssociationofAnxiety-RelatedTraitswithaPolymorphismintheSerotoninTransporterGeneRegulatoryRegion".Science.274(5292):1527–1530.Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1527L.doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1527.PMID 8929413.S2CID 35503987.{{citejournal}}:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) Externallinks[edit] PI-RProductPageforpublisherofNEOPI-R InternationalItemPool,analternativeandfreesourceofitemsavailableforresearchonpersonality vtePsychologicalandpsychiatricevaluationandtestingIntelligencetests WechslerAdultIntelligenceScale WechslerIntelligenceScaleforChildren Stanford–BinetIntelligenceScales Woodcock–JohnsonTestsofCognitiveAbilities KaufmanAssessmentBatteryforChildren CognitiveAssessmentSystem DifferentialAbilityScales AmmonsQuickTest Personalitytests MinnesotaMultiphasicPersonalityInventory 16PFQuestionnaire RevisedNEOPersonalityInventory Projectivetests Thematicapperceptiontest 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