Circumfix - Wikipedia

Examples Circumfix FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch NottobeconfusedwithCircumflex. Affixes Prefix Suffix Circumfix Duplifix Infix Interfix Transfix Simulfix Suprafix Disfix Seealso: Nullmorpheme vte Acircumfix(abbreviatedCIRC)[1](alsoconfixorambifix)isanaffixwhichhastwoparts,oneplacedatthestartofaword,andtheotherattheend.Circumfixescontrastwithprefixes,attachedtothebeginningsofwords;suffixes,attachedattheend;andinfixes,insertedinthemiddle.CircumfixesarecommoninMalay[2]andGeorgian.[3] Contents 1Examples 1.1Germaniclanguages 1.2EastAsianlanguages 1.3Austronesianlanguages 1.4Otherlanguages 2Seealso 3References Examples[edit] ⟩Anglebrackets⟨areusedtomarkoffcircumfixes. Germaniclanguages[edit] ThecircumfixisprobablymostwidelyknownfromtheGermanpastparticiple,whichisge-⟩...⟨-t(ge-prefix+-tsuffix)forregularverbs.Theverbspiel-en,forexample,hastheparticiplege-spiel-t.Dutchhasasimilarsystem(spel-en→ge-speel-dinthiscase).InDutch,thecircumfixge-⟩...⟨-te(ge-prefix+-tesuffix)canbeusedtoformcertaincollectivenouns(berg(mountain)→ge-berg-te(mountainrange)). EastAsianlanguages[edit] InJapanese,somelinguistsconsidero-⟩...⟨-ninaru(o-honorificprefix+niparticle+verbnaru)ando-⟩...⟨-suru(o-prefix+-surusuffix/verbsuru)tobehonorificcircumfixes;[4]forexampleyom-u(′read′)...→o-⟩yom-i⟨-ninaru(respectful),o-⟩yom-i⟨-suru(humble). Inaddition,OldJapanesehadaprohibitiveconstructionna-⟩...⟨-so2(ne)(wherethebracketedneisoptional),whichatleastonelinguist(ja)considerstobeacircumfixalwordform;anexampleusingtheOldJapaneseverb′write′(kak-u)wouldbena-⟩kak-i1⟨-so2(ne).TheformwithoutthebracketednesurvivedmarginallyintoEarlyMiddleJapanese,buthasnoequivalentinanymodernJapanesedialectoranyotherJaponiclanguage.Instead,allmodernJaponiclanguagesanddialectsexpresstheprohibitivewithasuffixalparticlena(whichisprobablyrelatedtotheprefixalpartoftheOldJapaneseconstruction)attachedtoanon-pastformoftheverb;e.g.,TōkyōJapanesekaku-na,KyōtoJapanesekaku-na,KagoshimaJapanesekaʔ-naorkan-na,Hachijōkaku-na,YamatohamaAmamikʰakʰu-na,NakijinKunigamihḁkˀu:-na,ShuriOkinawankaku-na,IrabuMiyakoankafï-na,HaterumaYaeyamanhḁku-na,andYonagunikʰagu-n-na(all′don'twrite!′).Inadditiontothecircumfixalforms,OldJapanesealsohadasuffixalformsimilartothemodernforms(e.g.,kak-u-na),aswellasaprefixalformna-kak-i1,whichisalsonotreflectedinanymodernJaponicvariety. Austronesianlanguages[edit] Malayhaseightcircumfixes: per-⟩...⟨-kan per-⟩...⟨-i ber-⟩...⟨-an ke-⟩...⟨-an pen-⟩...⟨-an per-⟩...⟨-an se-⟩...⟨-nya ke-⟩...⟨-i Forexample,thecircumfixke-⟩...⟨-ancanbeaddedtotherootadil"fair/just"toformke-adil-an"fairness/justice".[5] Otherlanguages[edit] InmostNorthAfricanandsomeLevantinevarietiesofArabic,verbsarenegatedbyplacingthecircumfixma⟩...⟨šaroundtheverbtogetherwithallitsprefixesandsuffixeddirect-andindirect-objectpronouns.Forexample,Egyptianbitgibuhum-laha"youbringthemtoher"isnegatedasma⟩bitgibuhum-lahā⟨š"youdon'tbringthemtoher". InBerberlanguagesthefeminineismarkedwiththecircumfixt⟩...⟨t.Thewordafus"hand"becomest⟩afus⟨t.InKabyle,θ⟩issli⟨θ"bride"derivesfromissli"groom".Frombni,tobuild,witht⟩...⟨tweobtaintbnit"thoubuildest". NegationinGuaraníisalsodonewithcircumfixes,nd⟩...⟨iandnd⟩...⟨mo'ãiforfuturenegation. InsomeSlaviclanguages,andinHungarian,thesuperlativeofadjectivesisformedwithacircumfix.Forexample,inCzech,thecircumfixnej⟩...⟨šíisused–mladý"young"becomesnejmladší"youngest".ThecorrespondingcircumfixinHungarianisleg⟩...⟨bb,asinlegnagyobb"biggest",fromnagy"big".(Inbothcases,thecomparativeformisproducedusingthesuffixwithouttheprefix:mladší"younger";nagyobb"bigger".) InGurmanchemaandWolof,nounclassesareindicatedbycircumfix. Seealso[edit] Circumposition Epenthesis References[edit] ^Comrie,Bernard;Haspelmath,Martin;Bickel,Balthasar(2008)."Leipzigglossingrules:Conventionsforinterlinearmorpheme-by-morphemeglosses".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2019-08-04.Retrieved2016-04-12. ^Tadmor,Uri(2005),"Malay-IndonesianandMalayiclanguages",inStrazny,Philipp(ed.),EncyclopediaofLinguistics,NewYork:FitzroyDearborn,pp. 644–647 ^Colarusso,John(2005),"GeorgianandCaucasianlanguages",inStrazny,Philipp(ed.),EncyclopediaofLinguistics,NewYork:FitzroyDearborn,pp. 380–383 ^Boeckx,Cedric;Niinuma,Fumikazu(2004),"ConditionsonAgreementinJapanese",NaturalLanguageandLinguisticTheory,22(3):453–480,doi:10.1023/B:NALA.0000027669.59667.c5 ^Baryadi,I.Praptomo(2011).MorfologidalamIlmuBahasa(inIndonesian).Yogyakarta:SanataDharmaUniversityPublishers.pp. 42–43. AlexisAmidNemeandEricLaporte(2013),Pattern-and-rootinflectionalmorphology:theArabicbrokenplural|year= AlexisAmidNemeandEricLaporte(2015),DocomputerscientistsdeeplyunderstandArabicmorphology?-هليفهمالمهندسونالحاسوبيّونعلمالصرففهماًعميقاً؟,availablealsoinArabic,Indonesian,French Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumfix&oldid=1027490981" Categories:AffixesHiddencategories:CS1Indonesian-languagesources(id) Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةBrezhonegCatalàDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoفارسیItalianoქართულიLietuviųMalagasyNederlands日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийSvenska中文 Editlinks