Kurt Schneider - Wikipedia

Kurt Schneider (7 January 1887 – 27 October 1967) was a German psychiatrist known largely for his writing on the diagnosis and understanding of ... KurtSchneider FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Germanpsychologist NottobeconfusedwithCarlSchneider. ForotherpeoplenamedKurtSchneider,seeKurtSchneider(disambiguation). KurtSchneiderBorn(1887-01-07)7January1887Crailsheim,KingdomofWürttembergDied27October1967(1967-10-27)(aged 80)Alma materHumboldtUniversityofBerlinUniversityofTübingenOccupationPsychiatristKnown forDiagnosisandunderstandingofschizophrenia KurtSchneider(7January1887–27October1967)wasaGermanpsychiatristknownlargelyforhiswritingonthediagnosisandunderstandingofschizophrenia,aswellaspersonalitydisordersthenknownaspsychopathicpersonalities.[1] Contents 1Biography 2HeidelbergSchoolofPsychiatry 3Publications 4Contributionstopsychiatry 4.1Mooddisorders 4.2Psychosis 4.2.1First-ranksymptomsofschizophrenia 4.3Psychopathicpersonalities 5References Biography[edit] SchneiderwasborninCrailsheim,KingdomofWürttembergin1887.HebeganhispsychiatrictraininginCologne;however,histrainingwasinterruptedbythefirstWorldWar,inwhichheservedontheWesternFront.[2]Whenhispost-warcareerbegan,SchneiderwasinfluencedandmentoredbyMaxScheler,aphilosophyprofessorandoneoftheco-foundersofthephenomenologicalmovementinphilosophy.[3]SchelerservedasSchneider’ssupervisorforhispostgraduatedegreeinphilosophyin1921. SchneiderappliedScheler’stheoryofemotionstohisstudiesandthistheorywasthetopicofhisfirstmajorpublications.[4][5] In1931hebecamedirectoroftheGermanPsychiatricResearchInstituteinMunich,whichwasfoundedbyEmilKraepelin.DisgustedbythedevelopingtideofpsychiatriceugenicschampionedbytheNaziParty,Schneiderlefttheinstitute,butdidserveasadoctorfortheGermanarmedforcesduringWorldWarII.[6] Afterthewar,academicswhohadnottakenpartintheNazieugenicspolicieswereappointedtoservein,andrebuildGermany'smedicalinstitutions.SchneiderwasappointedDeanoftheMedicalSchoolatHeidelbergUniversityandremainedthereuntilhisretirementin1955. HeidelbergSchoolofPsychiatry[edit] SchneiderandKarlJaspersfoundedtheHeidelbergschoolofpsychiatry.[7] Publications[edit] Schneideralsowroteandpublishedmanybooksandarticles;hisfirstbookonpsychopathicpersonalitiesin1923rantonineeditionsanddiscussedthepsychologicaldifferencesbetweentwosortsofdepressiveconditions–melancholicandreactive.Schneider’spublication,“FirstRankSymptoms,”remainsoneofhismostnotablecontributionstothefieldofpsychiatryandoutlinedthediagnosticcriteriaforschizophrenia.Eventhoughhepublished“FirstRankSymptoms”in1939,theworkremainedunnoticeduntilmuchlater,primarilyduetotheSecondWorldWar.[8]Hispaper,TheStratificationofEmotionalLifeandtheStructureofDepressiveStates,wasnotedasoneofthefirstapplicationsofphenomenologicalphilosophytopsychiatry.[9]Hismosthistoricallysignificantpublication,"ClinicalPsychopathology"wasoriginallypublishedin1946,butitwaslatertitled"BeiträgezurPsychiatrie".Initsthirdedition,itwastitled"KlinischePsychopathologie",beforeitsfinaledition,whichwastranslatedintoEnglishas"ClinicalPsychopathology". Contributionstopsychiatry[edit] Schneiderwasconcernedwithimprovingthemethodofdiagnosisinpsychiatry.Hecontributedtodiagnosticproceduresandthedefinitionofdisordersinthefollowingareasofpsychiatry: Mooddisorders[edit] Schneidercoinedthetermsendogenousdepression,derivedfromEmilKraepelin'suseoftheadjectivetomeanbiologicalinorigin,andreactivedepression,moreusuallyseeninoutpatients,in1920.[10] Psychosis[edit] LikeKarlJaspers,Schneiderparticularlychampioneddiagnosesbasedontheform,ratherthanthecontentofasignorsymptom.Forexample,hearguedthatadelusionshouldnotbediagnosedbythecontentofthebelief,butbythewayinwhichabeliefisheld. Hewasalsoconcernedwithdifferentiatingschizophreniafromotherformsofpsychosis,bylistingthepsychoticsymptomsthatareparticularlycharacteristicofschizophrenia.ThesehavebecomeknownasSchneiderianFirst-RankSymptomsorsimply,first-ranksymptoms.[11] First-ranksymptomsofschizophrenia[edit] Auditoryhallucinations. Auditoryhallucinationstakingtheformofavoiceorvoicesrepeatingthesubject'sthoughtsoutloud. Auditoryhallucinationsdiscussingthesubjectorarguingabouthim/herandreferringtohim/herinthethirdperson. Auditoryhallucinationsdiscussingthepatient'sthoughtsasorbeforetheyoccur. Auditoryhallucinationstakingtheformofacommentaryonthesubject'sthoughtsorbehavior. Theexperienceofintrusionofunusualideasorthoughtsintothesubject'smindasaresultoftheactionofsomeexternalagency(Thoughtinsertion). Theexperiencethatthesubject'sthinkingisnolongerconfinedwithinhis/herownmindbutissharedbyorisaccessibletootherpeople(Thoughtbroadcasting). Theexperienceofbeingdeprivedofthoughtasaresultoftheremovalofthesubject'sthoughtsfromthemindbysomepersonorinfluence(Thoughtwithdrawal). Theexperiencethatactions,sensations,bodilymovements,emotionsorthoughtprocessesaregeneratedbyanoutsideagencythattakesoverthewillofthesubject(Passivityexperiences). Primarydelusions:beliefsarisingsuddenly‘outofaclearbluesky’fromanormalperceptionwhichwouldseemcommonplaceandunrelatedtoothersbutwhichneverthelessgeneratesanunshakabledelusionalconviction.[12] Delusionalperception-thebeliefthatanormalperceptionhasspecialsignificanceormeaning.[13] Thereliabilityofusingfirst-ranksymptomsforthediagnosisofschizophreniahassincebeenquestioned,[14]althoughthetermsmightstillbeuseddescriptivelybymentalhealthprofessionalswhodonotusethemasdiagnosticaids. Individualswithdissociativeidentitydisordermayexperiencefirst-ranksymptomsmorecommonlythanevenpatientswithschizophrenia[15]thoughpatientswithDIDlackthenegativesymptomsofschizophreniaandnormallydonotmistakehallucinationsforreality.[16] Differentiatingbetweendissociativeidentitydisorderandpsychoticdisordersisnotdonebylistingfirst-ranksymptomsastheseconditionshaveaconsiderableoverlapyetadifferentoverallclinicalpictureandtreatmentapproach.[17] Psychopathicpersonalities[edit] Schneideralsoplayedakeyroleindevelopingconceptsofpsychopathy,usedinabroadsensetomeanpersonalitydisorderorparticularlytheconnotationofGemütlosepsychopathywithantisocialpersonalitydisorder.Hepublishedtheinfluential'ThePsychopathicPersonalities'in1923.Thiswasbasedinpartonhisearlier1921work'ThePersonalityandFateofRegisteredProstitutes'whereheoutlined12charactertypes. Schneidersoughttoputpsychopathydiagnosesonamorallyneutralandscientificfooting.Hedefinedabnormalpersonalityasastatisticaldeviationfromthenorm,vaguelyconceptualised.Hethoughtverycreativeorintelligentpeoplehadabnormalpersonalitiesbydefinition,butdefinedthepsychopathicpersonalityasthosewhosufferedfromtheirabnormalpersonalityorcausedsufferingtosocietybecauseofit.Hedidnotseetheseasmentalillnessesassuch-thusaddingtoadivide,contrarytoEugenBleulerforexample,betweenthoseconsideredpsychoticandthoseconsideredpsychopathic. Schneider'sunsystematictypologywasbasedonhisclinicalviews.Heproposed10psychopathicpersonalities:thoseshowingabnormalmood/activity;theinsecuresensitiveandinsecureanankastic(drifting,feckless);fanatics;self-assertive;emotionallyunstable;explosive;Gemütlose;Haltloseandasthenic. Schneider'sworkinthisrespectissaidtohaveinfluencedallfuturedescriptivetypologies,includingthecurrentclassificationsofpersonalitydisordersintheDSM-VandICD-10.Nevertheless,Schneiderisconsideredtonotexactlyhavesucceededinhisattemptedandclaimedproductionofavalue-freenon-judgmentaldiagnosticsystem.[18]Infact,Schneider'smixingofthemedicalandthemoralhasbeendescribedasthemostnoteworthyaspectofthiswork,whichhasbeenlinkedbacktoGermanreceptionofCesareLombroso'stheoryofthe'borncriminal',redefinedbyEmilKraepelinandothers(seealsoKoch)intopsychiatrictermsasa'moraldefect'.AfterWorldWarIitlivedoninSchneider's'gemütlos'(compassionless)psychopaths,orwhatKarlBirnbaumcalled'amoral'psychopaths.IthasbeendescribedasremarkablethatSchneidercriticizedKraepelinandothersforbasingtheirpersonalitydiagnosesonmoraljudgments,yetappearedtodosohimself.Forexample,Schneideradmittedthatthe'sufferingofsociety'wasa'totallysubjective'and'teleological’criterionfordefiningpsychopathicpersonalities,butsaidthatin'scientificstudies'thiscouldbeavoidedbyoperatingbythebroaderstatisticalcategoryofabnormalpersonalities,whichhebelievedwerealwayscongenitalandthereforelargelyhereditary.Theattempttofinessetheproblemofvaluejudgmentshasbeendescribedas'clearlyunsatisfactory'.[19] References[edit] ^Yuhas,Daisy."ThroughoutHistory,DefiningSchizophreniaHasRemainedAChallenge".ScientificAmericanMind(March2013).Retrieved2March2013. ^Cutting,John;Mouratidou,Maria;Fuchs,Thomas;Owen,Gareth(September2016)."MaxScheler'sinfluenceonKurtSchneider".HistoryofPsychiatry.27(3):336–344.doi:10.1177/0957154X16649304.ISSN 0957-154X.PMID 27194114.S2CID 30866217. ^Cutting,John;Mouratidou,Maria;Fuchs,Thomas;Owen,Gareth(September2016)."MaxScheler'sinfluenceonKurtSchneider".HistoryofPsychiatry.27(3):336–344.doi:10.1177/0957154X16649304.ISSN 0957-154X.PMID 27194114.S2CID 30866217. ^Cutting,John;Mouratidou,Maria;Fuchs,Thomas;Owen,Gareth(September2016)."MaxScheler'sinfluenceonKurtSchneider".HistoryofPsychiatry.27(3):336–344.doi:10.1177/0957154X16649304.ISSN 0957-154X.PMID 27194114.S2CID 30866217. ^Janzarik,Werner;Viviani,R.;Berrios,G.E.(June1998)."Jaspers,KurtSchneiderandtheHeidelbergschoolofpsychiatry".HistoryofPsychiatry.9(34):241–252.doi:10.1177/0957154X9800903406.ISSN 0957-154X.PMID 11620106.S2CID 35423791. ^TheMind-bodyProblemExplained:TheBiocognitiveModelforPsychiatry ^Janzarik,Werner;Viviani,R.;Berrios,G.E.(1998)."Jaspers,KurtSchneiderandtheHeidelbergschoolofpsychiatry".HistoryofPsychiatry.9(34):241–252.doi:10.1177/0957154x9800903406.ISSN 0957-154X.PMID 11620106.S2CID 35423791. ^Katschnig,Heinz(October2018)."Psychiatry'scontributiontothepublicstereotypeofschizophrenia:Historicalconsiderations".JournalofEvaluationinClinicalPractice.24(5):1093–1100.doi:10.1111/jep.13011.PMC 6174929.PMID 30112785. ^Katschnig,Heinz(October2018)."Psychiatry'scontributiontothepublicstereotypeofschizophrenia:Historicalconsiderations".JournalofEvaluationinClinicalPractice.24(5):1093–1100.doi:10.1111/jep.13011.PMC 6174929.PMID 30112785. ^Schneider,Kurt(1920)."DieSchichtungdesemotionalenLebensundderAufbauderDepressionszustände".ZeitschriftfürdiegesamteNeurologieundPsychiatrie.59:281–86.doi:10.1007/BF02901090. ^Schneider,K.ClinicalPsychopathology.NewYork:GruneandStratton.1959. ^Johnstone,E.C.;Humphreys,M.S.;Lang,F.H.;Lawrie,S.M.;Sandler,R.(21July2011).Schizophrenia:ConceptsandClinicalManagement(2011.NotethatdelusionalperceptionisNOTanothertermforprimarydelusions,aspreviouslystated ed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 25.ISBN 9780521200998. ^"Delusionalperception-OxfordReference". ^BertelsenA(2002)."Schizophreniaandrelateddisorders:experiencewithcurrentdiagnosticsystems".Psychopathology.35(2–3):89–93.doi:10.1159/000065125.PMID 12145490.S2CID 41076230. ^Spiegel,D.;Loewenstein,R.J.;Lewis-Fernández,R.;Sar,V.;Simeon,D.;Vermetten,E.;Cardeña,E.;Dell,P.F.(2011)."DissociativedisordersinDSM-5"(PDF).DepressionandAnxiety.28(9):824–852.doi:10.1002/da.20874.PMID 21910187.S2CID 46518635.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on1May2013. ^CardenaE,GleavesDH(2007)."DissociativeDisorders".InHersenM,TurnerSM,BeidelDC(eds.).AdultPsychopathologyandDiagnosis.JohnWiley&Sons.pp. 473–503.ISBN 978-0-471-74584-6. ^Shibayama,M(2011)."[Differentialdiagnosisbetweendissociativedisordersandschizophrenia]".SeishinShinkeigakuZasshi.113(9):906–11.PMID 22117396. ^HenningSass&AlanFelthous(2008)Chapter1:HistoryandConceptualDevelopmentofPsychopathicDisordersinInternationalHandbookonPsychopathicDisordersandtheLaw.EditedbyAlanFelthous,HenningSass ^RichardWetzell(2000)Inventingthecriminal:ahistoryofGermancriminology,1880-1945pg148&297 AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries France(data) UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Netherlands Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology SUDOC(France) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schneider&oldid=1068031744" 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