Rote learning - Wikipedia

Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. The method rests on the premise that the recall of repeated material becomes faster the more ... Rotelearning FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Amemorizationtechniquebasedonrepetition "Byheart"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeByHeart. Aflashcardsprogram(Anki) Rotelearningisamemorizationtechniquebasedonrepetition.Themethodrestsonthepremisethattherecallofrepeatedmaterialbecomesfasterthemoreonerepeatsit.Someofthealternativestorotelearningincludemeaningfullearning,associativelearning,spacedrepetitionandactivelearning. Contents 1Versuscriticalthinking 2Bynationandculture 3Incomputerscience 4Learningmethodsforschool 5Seealso 6References 7Externallinks Versuscriticalthinking[edit] Rotelearningiswidelyusedinthemasteryoffoundationalknowledge.Examplesofschooltopicswhererotelearningisfrequentlyusedincludephonicsinreading,theperiodictableinchemistry,multiplicationtablesinmathematics,anatomyinmedicine,casesorstatutesinlaw,basicformulaeinanyscience,etc.Bydefinition,rotelearningeschewscomprehension,sobyitselfitisanineffectivetoolinmasteringanycomplexsubjectatanadvancedlevel.Forinstance,oneillustrationofrotelearningcanbeobservedinpreparingquicklyforexams,atechniquewhichmaybecolloquiallyreferredtoas"cramming". Rotelearningissometimesdisparagedwiththederogativetermsparrotfashion,regurgitation,cramming,ormuggingbecauseonewhoengagesinrotelearningmaygivethewrongimpressionofhavingunderstoodwhattheyhavewrittenorsaid.Itisstronglydiscouragedbymanynewcurriculumstandards.Forexample,scienceandmathematicsstandardsintheUnitedStatesspecificallyemphasizetheimportanceofdeepunderstandingoverthemererecalloffacts,whichisseentobelessimportant.TheNationalCouncilofTeachersofMathematicsstated:Morethanever,mathematicsmustincludethemasteryofconceptsinsteadofmerememorizationandthefollowingofprocedures.Morethanever,schoolmathematicsmustincludeanunderstandingofhowtousetechnologytoarrivemeaningfullyatsolutionstoproblemsinsteadofendlessattentiontoincreasinglyoutdatedcomputationaltedium.[1]However,advocatesoftraditionaleducationhavecriticizedthenewAmericanstandardsasslightinglearningbasicfactsandelementaryarithmetic,andreplacingcontentwithprocess-basedskills.Inmathandscience,rotemethodsareoftenused,forexampletomemorizeformulas.Thereisgreaterunderstandingifstudentscommitaformulatomemorythroughexercisesthatusetheformularatherthanthroughroterepetitionoftheformula.Newerstandardsoftenrecommendthatstudentsderiveformulasthemselvestoachievethebestunderstanding.[2]Nothingisfasterthanrotelearningifaformulamustbelearnedquicklyforanimminenttestandrotemethodscanbehelpfulforcommittinganunderstoodfacttomemory.However,studentswholearnwithunderstandingareabletotransfertheirknowledgetotasksrequiringproblem-solvingwithgreatersuccessthanthosewholearnonlybyrote.[3]... Ontheotherside,thosewhodisagreewiththeinquiry-basedphilosophymaintainthatstudentsmustfirstdevelopcomputationalskillsbeforetheycanunderstandconceptsofmathematics.Thesepeoplewouldarguethattimeisbetterspentpracticingskillsratherthanininvestigationsinventingalternatives,orjustifyingmorethanonecorrectanswerormethod.Inthisview,estimatinganswersisinsufficientand,infact,isconsideredtobedependentonstrongfoundationalskills.Learningabstractconceptsofmathematicsisperceivedtodependonasolidbaseofknowledgeofthetoolsofthesubject.Thus,thesepeoplebelievethatrotelearningisanimportantpartofthelearningprocess.[4] Bynationandculture[edit] WhilethesystemiswidelypracticedinschoolsinHongKong,China,Brazil,Canada,India,SriLanka,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Malaysia,Singapore,Japan,Romania,Italy,SouthKorea,Turkey,SaudiArabia,Malta,Myanmar,Kenya,Greece,andVietnam,ithasbeencriticizedbynumerousacademics.[5][6][7][8][9] Incomputerscience[edit] Seealso:Memoization Rotelearningisalsousedtodescribeasimplelearningpatternusedinmachinelearning,althoughitdoesnotinvolverepetition,unliketheusualmeaningofrotelearning.Themachineisprogrammedtokeepahistoryofcalculationsandcomparenewinputagainstitshistoryofinputsandoutputs,retrievingthestoredoutputifpresent.Thispatternrequiresthatthemachinecanbemodeledasapurefunction—alwaysproducingsameoutputforsameinput—andcanbeformallydescribedasfollows: f(   x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n {\displaystyle\x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}} )→(   y 1 , y 2 , . . . , y p {\displaystyle\y_{1},y_{2},...,y_{p}} )→store((   x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n {\displaystyle\x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{n}} ),(   y 1 , y 2 , . . . , y p {\displaystyle\y_{1},y_{2},...,y_{p}} ))[10] RotelearningwasusedbySamuel'sCheckersonanIBM701,amilestoneintheuseofartificialintelligence.[11] Learningmethodsforschool[edit] Theflashcard,outline,andmnemonicdevicearetraditionaltoolsformemorizingcoursematerialandareexamplesofrotelearning.[12][13][14][15] Seealso[edit] Cramming(education) –Learningtechnique OswegoMovement Recalloffacts –Educationvalue References[edit] ^UnderstandingtheRevisedNCTMStandards:ArithmeticisStillMissing! ^NationalCouncilofTeachersofMathematics."PrinciplesandStandardsforSchoolMathematics".Retrieved6May2011. ^Hilgard,ErnestR.;Irvine;Whipple(October1953)."Rotememorization,understanding,andtransfer:anextensionofKatona'scard-trickexperiments".JournalofExperimentalPsychology.46(4):288–292.doi:10.1037/h0062072.PMID 13109128. ^PreliminaryReport,NationalMathematicsAdvisoryPanel,January,2007 ^Feynman,Richard;Leighton,Ralph(1985).Surelyyou'rejoking,Mr.Feynman!.NewYork:W.W.Norton.ISBN 978-0-7861-7728-8. ^Jones,Dorian(2007-03-21)."Turkey:RevolutionizingTheClassroom".DeutscheWelle.Retrieved2008-08-12. ^Feynman,Richard;Robbins,Jeffrey(2005).ThePleasureofFindingThingsOut:TheBestShortWorksofRichardP.Feynman.NewYork:BasicBooks.ISBN 9780465023950. ^Bean,JohnC.(2011).EngagingIdeas:TheProfessor'sGuidetoIntegratingWriting,CriticalThinkingandActiveLearningintheClassroom(2 ed.).JohnWiley&Sons.p. 384.ISBN 978-1-118-06233-3. ^Mulnix,J.W.(2010)."Thinkingcriticallyaboutcriticalthinking".EducationalPhilosophyandTheory.44(5):464–479.doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x. ^MingXue;ChangjunZhu(25April2009).AStudyandApplicationonMachineLearningofArtificialIntelligence.ArtificialIntelligence,2009.JCAI'09.InternationalJointConferenceon.pp. 272–274.doi:10.1109/JCAI.2009.55.{{citeconference}}:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^"RoteLearning". ^Preston,Ralph(1959).TeachingStudyHabitsandSkills,Rinehart.OriginalfromtheUniversityofMarylanddigitizedAugust7,2006. ^Cohn,Marvin(1979).HelpingYourTeen-AgeStudent:WhatParentsCanDotoImproveReadingandStudySkills,Dutton,ISBN 978-0-525-93065-5. ^Ebbinghaus,H.(1913).Memory:AContributiontoExperimentalPsychology,Teacher’sCollege,ColumbiaUniversity(Englishedition). ^Schunk,DaleH.(2008).LearningTheories:AnEducationalPerspective,PrenticeHall,ISBN 0-13-010850-2. Externallinks[edit] WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoRotelearning. vteStandards-basededucationreformintheUnitedStatesIndividuals BenjaminBloom JeromeBruner RhetaDeVries CalebGattegno ConstanceKamii MariaMontessori JeanPiaget WilliamSpady MarcTucker LevVygotsky Theories Activelearning Blockscheduling Cognitiveload Constructivism Developmentallyappropriatepractice Discoverylearning Holisticeducation Holisticgrading Inclusion Inquiry-basedlearning Inventivespelling Open-spaceschool Outcome-basededucation Problem-basedlearning Smallschoolsmovement Values Achievementgap Excellenceandequity Learningstandards AdequateYearlyProgress CertificateofInitialMastery Goals2000 NationalReadingPanel NationalScienceEducationStandards NationalSkillStandardsBoard NoChildLeftBehindAct PrinciplesandStandardsforSchoolMathematics Standards-basedassessment Authenticassessment Criterion-referencedtest Norm-referencedtest Highschoolgraduationexamination Standardizedtests ListofstandardizedtestsintheUnitedStates Standardizedtestingandpublicpolicy Standardizedcurriculum Decodabletext Directinstruction Grades Guidedreading Lecture Phonics Rotelearning Standardalgorithms Tracking(education) Traditionaleducation Traditionalmathematics Wholelanguage vteHumanmemoryBasicconcepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy TypesSensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Haptic Iconic Motorlearning Visual Short-term "TheMagicalNumberSeven,PlusorMinusTwo" Workingmemory Long-term Activerecall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningfullearning Personal-event Procedural Rotelearning Selectiveretention Tipofthetongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde selective transientglobal Decaytheory Forgettingcurve Interferencetheory Memoryinhibition Motivatedforgetting Repressedmemory Retrieval-inducedforgetting Weaponfocus Memoryerrors Confabulation Cryptomnesia Hindsightbias Imaginationinflation Memorybiases Memoryconformity Misattributionofmemory Misinformationeffect Source-monitoringerror Falsememory Deese–Roediger–McDermottparadigm Falsememorysyndrome Memoryimplantation Lostinthemalltechnique Recovered-memorytherapy Researchmethods Exceptionalmemory Indirecttestsofmemory Memorydisorder Ingroups Collectivememory Politicsofmemory Culturalmemory Memoryandsocialinteractions Memoryconformity Transactivememory Othertopics Aging Artofmemory chunking mnemonic Effectsofalcohol Effectsofexercise Emotion Memoryimprovement Sleep Trauma Insociety Memorysport WorldMemoryChampionships ShasPollak Related Absent-mindedness Atkinson–Shiffrinmemorymodel Context-dependent&state-dependentmemory Childhoodmemory Exosomaticmemory Freerecall Intermediate-termmemory Involuntarymemory flashbacks LevelsofProcessingmodel Metamemory Musclememory Priming intertrial Prospective&retrospectivememory TheSevenSinsofMemory PeopleResearchers RichardC.Atkinson RobertA.Bjork StephenJ.Ceci SusanClancy HermannEbbinghaus SigmundFreud PatriciaGoldman-Rakic IvanIzquierdo MarciaK.Johnson EricKandel ElizabethLoftus GeoffreyLoftus JamesMcGaugh EleanorMaguire GeorgeArmitageMiller BrendaMilner LynnNadel HenryL.RoedigerIII DanielSchacter RichardShiffrin ArthurP.Shimamura LarrySquire SusumuTonegawa AnneTreisman EndelTulving RobertStickgold Patients HM KC CliveWearing Other JonathanHancock PaulR.McHugh DominicO'Brien BenPridmore CosmosRossellius AndriySlyusarchuk  Psychologyportal  Philosophyportal Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rote_learning&oldid=1083269594" Categories:AcademicpressureinEastAsiancultureEducationreformLearningmethodsMemoryPedagogyHiddencategories:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslistArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages العربيةDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEuskaraفارسیFrançais한국어עבריתಕನ್ನಡNederlandsРусскийСрпски/srpskiSuomiதமிழ்TürkçeTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks