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"The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of ... MilitaryWiki Explore MainPage Discuss AllPages Community InteractiveMaps Popularpages Mostvisitedarticles BattleofMogadishu(1993) ListofactivedutyUnitedStatesfour-starofficers ComparisonoftheT-90AandM1A2Abrams ListofUnitedStatesNavySEALs Projectmaintenance Doubleredirects Brokenredirects Wantedcategories Wantedpages Wantedtemplates UncategorizedCategories Shortpages Unusedcategories FANDOM Games Anime Movies TV Video Wikis ExploreWikis CommunityCentral StartaWiki Don'thaveanaccount? 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InPropaganda:TheFormationofMen'sAttitudes,JacquesElluldiscussespsychologicalwarfareasacommonpeacepolicypracticebetweennationsasaformofindirectaggressioninplaceofmilitaryaggression.Thistypeofpropagandadrainsthepublicopinionofanopposingregimebystrippingawayitspoweronpublicopinion.Thisformofaggressionishardtodefendagainstbecausenointernationalcourtofjusticeiscapableofprotectingagainstpsychologicalaggressionsinceitcannotbelegallyadjudicated.Theonlydefenseisusingthesamemeansofpsychologicalwarfare.Itistheburdenofeverygovernmenttodefenditsstateagainstpropagandaaggression."Herethepropagandistsis[sic]dealingwithaforeignadversarywhosemoraleheseekstodestroybypsychologicalmeanssothattheopponentbeginstodoubtthevalidityofhisbeliefsandactions."[2] ThetactichaslongbeenusedbyhategroupssuchastheKKKinordertoperpetuatetheirgrasponpowerandviewoftheworld. [3] TheU.S.DepartmentofDefensedefinespsychologicalwarfareas: "Theplanneduseofpropagandaandotherpsychologicalactionshavingtheprimarypurposeofinfluencingtheopinions,emotions,attitudes,andbehaviorofhostileforeigngroupsinsuchawayastosupporttheachievementofnationalobjectives."[4] ThisdefinitionindicatesthatacriticalelementoftheU.S.psychologicaloperationscapabilitiesincludespropagandaandbyextensioncounterpropaganda.JointPublication3-53establishesspecificpolicytousepublicaffairsmediumstocounterpropagandafromforeignorigins.[5] DuringWorldWarIItheUnitedStatesJointChiefsofStaffdefinedpsychologicalwarfaremorebroadlystating"Psychologicalwarfareemploysanyweapontoinfluencethemindoftheenemy.Theweaponsarepsychologicalonlyintheeffecttheyproduceandnotbecauseoftheweaponsthemselves."[6] Contents 1History 1.1CyrustheGreat 1.2AlexandertheGreat 1.3TheMongols 1.4SpanishCivilWar 1.5WorldWarII 1.6ColdWar 2Modernpsychologicalwarfareoperations 2.1Germany 2.2UnitedKingdom 2.3UnitedStatesofAmerica 3Categoriesofpsychologicalwarfare 4Seealso 5References 5.1Bibliography 6Externallinks History CyrustheGreat AlthoughthefirstGreatkingoftheAchaemenidEmpirewasknownasaconqueror,heisalsorememberedforhistolerancetowardsthosehedefeated.[7] Toavoidarevoltbythenewlyconqueredpeoples,CyrustheGreatshowedrespecttotheircustomsandallowedthemtocontinuetopracticetheirreligions.Healsofreed40,000JewishslavesinBabylon,sentthembacktoJudahandfundedthebuildingofanewtempleinJerusalem,whichgavehimthetitle"Liberator"andMessiahintheOldTestament.[8] CyrusisalsoknownforthecreationofhisnewImperialGuards,"TheImmortals".Notably,inmid-battle,theyremovedthedeadfromthebattlefieldsowhetherthebattleiswonorlost,theirenemiesnevertrulysawadeadImmortal.ThenamecomesfromthefactthatnoImmortalappearedtohavedied.AccordingtoancienthistorianssuchasHerodotus,theyhavebeensaidattimestowearathintiaraovertheirfacetogivethemafaceless,menacinglookthatcontributedtotheir"deathless"reputation. AlexandertheGreat Althoughnotalwaysaccreditedasthefirstpractitionerofpsychologicalwarfare,AlexandertheGreatundoubtedlyshowedhimselftobeeffectiveinswayingthemindsetsofthepopulacesthatwereconqueredinhiscampaigns.ThisfactisevidentuponstudyandresearchintotheremaininghistoricalrecordsregardingthetermsofpeacefromthereignofAlexanderofMacedonia.Thoughfewrecordsexist,theyindicatethatAlexander,orattheveryleasthisadvisers,wereveryshrewdnegotiatorsandwellversedinachievingdiplomacy.[citationneeded] TokeepthenewMacedonianstateandassortmentofpowerfulGreektribesfromrevoltingagainsttheirleader,AlexandertheGreatleftsomeofhismenbehindineachcitytointroduceGreekculture,controlit,oppressdissidentviews,andinterbreed.Alexanderpaidhissoldierstomarrynon-Greekwomen.Hewantedtoassimilatepeopleofallnations.[citationneeded] TheMongols GenghisKhan,leaderoftheMongolianEmpireinthe13thcenturyAD,unitedhispeopletoeventuallycreatethelargestcontiguousempireinhumanhistory.Defeatingthewilloftheenemywasthetoppriority. Beforeattackingasettlement,theMongolgeneralsdemandedsubmissiontotheKhan,andthreatenedtheinitialvillageswithcompletedestructioniftheyrefusedtosurrender.Afterwinningthebattle,theMongolgeneralsfulfilledtheirthreatsandmassacredthesurvivors. ExamplesincludethedestructionofthenationsofKievandKhwarizm.Consequently,talesoftheencroachinghordespreadtothenextvillagesandcreatedanauraofinsecuritythatunderminedthepossibilityoffutureresistance. SubsequentnationsweremuchmorelikelytosurrendertotheMongolswithoutfighting.Oftenthis,asmuchastheMongols'tacticalprowess,securedquickMongolvictories. GenghisKhanalsoemployedtacticsthatmadehisnumbersseemgreaterthantheyactuallywere.Duringnightoperationsheorderedeachsoldiertolightthreetorchesatdusktogivetheillusionofanoverwhelmingarmyanddeceiveandintimidateenemyscouts.Healsosometimeshadobjectstiedtothetailsofhishorses,sothatridingonopenanddryfieldsraisedacloudofdustthatgavetheenemytheimpressionofgreatnumbers.Hissoldiersusedarrowsspeciallynotchedtowhistleastheyflewthroughtheair,creatingaterrifyingnoise. TheMongolsalsoemployedothergruesometerrortacticstoweakenthewilltoresist.OneinfamousincidentoccurredduringTamerlane'sIndiancampaign.Tamerlane,anheirtotheMongolmartialtradition,builtapyramidof90,000humanheadsinfrontofthewallsofDelhi,toconvincethemtosurrender. Othertacticsincludedfiringseveredhumanheadsfromcatapultsintoenemylinesandovercitywallstofrightenenemysoldiersandcitizensandspreaddiseasesintheclosedconfinesofabesiegedcity.Theresultswerethusnotonlypsychologicalsincein1347,theMongolsunderJanibegcatapultedcorpsesinfectedwithplagueintothetradingcityofKaffainCrimea,makingitoneofthefirstknownusesofbiologicalwarfare. SpanishCivilWar AfterthebeginningoftheSpanishCivilWar,theNationalistGeneralQueipodeLlanostartedbroadcastingtransmissionstobeheardbyRepublicanzonelisteners.Overloudspeakershecouldbeheardsaying:"Redsoldiers,abandonarms.Francoforgivesandredeems.Followtheexamplesetbyyourcomradeswhohavejoinedourranks.Onlythenyouwillachievevictory,happinessathome,andpeaceinyourheart." WorldWarII AnexampleofaWorldWarIIeraleafletmeanttobedroppedfromanAmericanB-17overaGermancity.Seethefiledescriptionpageforatranslation. OneofthefirstleadersinexorablytogainfanaticalsupportthroughtheuseofmicrophonetechnologywasGermany'sAdolfHitler.Byfirstcreatingaspeakingenvironment,designedbyJosephGoebbels,hewasabletoexaggeratehispresencetomakehimseemmessianic.Hitleralsocoupledthiswiththeresonatingprojectionsofhisorationsforeffect.BritishPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillmadesimilaruseofradioforpropagandaagainsttheGermans. TheBritishsetupthePoliticalWarfareExecutivetoproduceanddistribute'black'and'white'propaganda(seeCategoriesofpsychologicalwarfaresectionfordefinitions).Throughtheuseofpowerfultransmitters,broadcastscouldbemadeacrossEurope.SeftonDelmermanagedasuccessfulblackpropagandacampaignthroughseveralradiostationswhichweredesignedtobepopularwithGermantroopswhileatthesametimeintroducingnewsmaterialthatwouldweakentheirmoraleunderaveneerofauthenticity. DuringWorldWarII,psychologicalwarfarewasusedbythemilitary. TheGermanStukasusedahigh-pitchsirenattachedtotheplanetolowerthemoraleoftheirenemieswhentheyperformedairraidsonenemyfront.Thesireniscommonlycomparedtothesoundofairplanesfallingfromtheskyinmoderncinema. TheinvasionofNormandywasconsideredsuccessfulinpartbecauseofthedisplayedfusionofpsychologicalwarfareandmilitarydeception.[citationneeded] Asanexample,beforeD-Day,OperationQuicksilver,oneelementofOperationFortitude,whichitselfwaspartofalargerdeceptionstrategy(OperationBodyguard),createdafictional"FirstUnitedStatesArmyGroup"(FUSAG)commandedbyGeneralGeorgePattonthatsupposedlywouldinvadeFranceatthePas-de-Calais.Americantroopsusedfalsesignals,decoyinstallationsandphonyequipmenttodeceiveGermanobservationaircraftandradiointerceptionoperators. Whentheactualinvasionbegan,thesuccessofFortitudewasthatitmisledtheGermanHighCommandintobelievingthelandingswereadiversionandofkeepingreservesawayfromthebeaches.ErwinRommelwastheprimarytargetofthepsychologicalaspectsofthisoperation[citationneeded].ConvincedthatPattonwouldleadtheinvasion,Rommelwascaughtoff-guardandunabletoreactstronglytotheNormandyinvasion,asPatton'sillusoryFUSAGhadnot"yet"landed.ConfidenceinhisownintelligenceandjudgementrenderedtheGermanresponsetothebeachheadineffectual[citationneeded]. ColdWar Theterm"ColdWar"wascoinedbytheEnglishwriterGeorgeOrwell,afterthedroppingofthefirstatomicbombsin1945hadusheredinanewworldalsoforeseenbyH.G.Wells.Itdescribedaworldwherethetwomajorpowers—eachpossessingnuclearweaponsandtherebythreatenedwithmutualassureddestruction—nevermetindirectmilitarycombat.Instead,intheirstruggleforglobalinfluencetheyengagedinongoingpsychologicalwarfare. Modernpsychologicalwarfareoperations WilliamJoyce,whowas"LordHaw-Haw"toBritishwartimelisteners,nowsilencedandunderarrest,liesinanambulanceunderarmedguardbeforebeingtakenfromBritishSecondArmyHeadquarterstoahospital. Mostusesofthetermpsychologicalwarfarereferstomilitarymethodssuchas: Distributingpamphlets,e.g.inthePersianGulfWar,encouragingdesertionor(inWorldWarII)supplyinginstructionsonhowtosurrender Propagandaradiostations,suchasLordHaw-HawinWorldWarIIonthe"Germanycalling"station Renamingcitiesandotherplaceswhencaptured,suchastherenamingofSaigontoHoChiMinhCityaftercommunistvictoryintheVietnamWar Shockandawemilitarystrategy FalseFlagevents ProjectingrepetitiveandannoyingsoundsandmusicforlongperiodsathighvolumetowardsgroupsundersiegelikeinOperationNiftyPackage.InIraqandAfghanistan,U.S.counterinsurgencyusedmusic,mostcommonlyAmericanheavymetalorrockmusic,toconfuseorscarelocalmilitia. Disturbingchickennoiseswererepeatedlyplayedoveraloud-speakeratGuantanamoBayforover25hoursasaformofsleepdeprivation. Useofloudspeakersystemstocommunicatewithenemysoldiers Directphonecallstointimidateenemycommandingofficersandtheirfamilies[citationneeded] MostofthesetechniquesweredevelopedduringWorldWarIIorearlier,andhavebeenusedtosomedegreeineveryconflictsince.DanielLernerwasintheOSS(thepredecessortotheAmericanCIA)andinhisbook,attemptstoanalyzehoweffectivethevariousstrategieswere. Heconcludesthatthereislittleevidencethatanyofthemweredramaticallysuccessful,exceptperhapssurrenderinstructionsoverloudspeakerswhenvictorywasimminent.Itshouldbenoted,though,thatmeasuringthesuccessorfailureofpsychologicalwarfareisveryhard,astheconditionsareveryfarfrombeingacontrolledexperiment. Germany Theothersideoftheaboveleaflet.ThisisthetextofaspeechgivenbyFranklinD.Roosevelt,translatedintoGerman.Clickhereforatranslation. IntheGermanBundeswehr,theZentrumOperativeInformationanditssubordinateBataillonfürOperativeInformation950areresponsibleforthePSYOPefforts(calledOperativeInformationinGerman).BoththecenterandthebattalionaresubordinatetothenewStreitkräftebasis(JointServicesSupportCommand,SKB)andtogetherconsistofabout1,200soldiersspecialisinginmoderncommunicationandmediatechnologies.OneprojectoftheGermanPSYOPforcesistheradiostationStimmederFreiheit(Sada-eAzadi,VoiceofFreedom),[9]heardbythousandsofAfghans.AnotheristhepublicationofvariousnewspapersandmagazinesinKosovoandAfghanistan,whereGermansoldiersservewithNATO. UnitedKingdom IntheBritishArmedForces,PSYOPSarehandledbythetri-service15PsychologicalOperationsGroup.(SeealsoMI5andSecretIntelligenceService).TheBritishwereoneofthefirstmajormilitarypowerstousepsychologicalwarfareinWorldWarII,especiallyagainsttheJapanese.TheGurkhas,whoareNepalesesoldiersinBritishservice,havealwaysbeenfearedbytheenemyduetotheiruseofacurvedknifecalledthekukri. TheBritishusedthisfeartogreateffect,asGurkhaswereusedtoterrorizeJapanesesoldiersthroughnighttimeraidsontheircampsandtheywereterrifyingalsotoArgentinesoldiers,mostofthemconscripts,duringtheFalklandsWar. UnitedStatesofAmerica SeealsoPsychologicalOperations(UnitedStates) ThepurposeofUnitedStatespsychologicaloperationsistoinduceorreinforceattitudesandbehaviorsfavorabletoUSobjectives.TheSpecialActivitiesDivision(SAD)isadivisionoftheCentralIntelligenceAgency'sNationalClandestineService,responsibleforCovertActionand"SpecialActivities".Thesespecialactivitiesincludecovertpoliticalinfluence(whichincludespsychologicaloperations)andparamilitaryoperations.[10]SAD'spoliticalinfluencegroupistheonlyUSunitallowedtoconducttheseoperationscovertlyandisconsideredtheprimaryunitinthisarea.[10] DedicatedpsychologicaloperationsunitsexistintheUnitedStatesArmy.TheUnitedStatesNavyalsoplansandexecuteslimitedPSYOPmissions.UnitedStatesPSYOPunitsandsoldiersofallbranchesofthemilitaryareprohibitedbylawfromtargetingU.S.citizenswithPSYOPwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates(ExecutiveOrderS-1233,DODDirectiveS-3321.1,andNationalSecurityDecisionDirective130).WhileUnitedStatesArmyPSYOPunitsmayoffernon-PSYOPsupporttodomesticmilitarymissions,theycanonlytargetforeignaudiences. "VietCong,beware!"-SouthVietnamleafletsurgingthedefectionofVietCong TheUnitedStatesrananextensiveprogramofpsychologicalwarfareduringtheVietnamWar.ThePhoenixProgramhadthedualaimofassassinatingVietCongpersonnelandterrorizinganypotentialsympathizersorpassivesupporters.ChieuHoiprogramoftheSouthVietnamgovernmentpromotedVietCongdefections. AU.S.AirForceO-2ofthe9thSpecialOperationsSquadrondroppingChieuHoileafletsovertheRepublicofVietnam. WhenmembersoftheVCIwereassassinated,CIAandSpecialForcesoperativesplacedplayingcardsinthemouthofthedeceasedasacallingcard.DuringthePhoenixProgram,over19,000VietCongsupporterswerekilled.[11] TheCIAmadeextensiveuseofContradeathsquadsinNicaraguatodestabilizetheSandinistagovernment,whichtheU.S.maintainedwascommunist.[12]TheCIAusedpsychologicalwarfaretechniquesagainstthePanamaniansbybroadcastingpirateTVbroadcasts.TheCIAhasextensivelyusedpropagandabroadcastsagainsttheCubangovernmentthroughTVMarti,basedinMiami,Florida.However,theCubangovernmenthasbeensuccessfulatjammingthesignalofTVMarti. DuringtheWacoSiege,theFBIandATFconductedpsychologicaloperationsonthemen,womenandchildreninsidetheMountCarmelcomplex.Thisincludedusingloudspeakerstoplaysoundsofanimalsbeingslaughtered,drillingnoisesandclipsfromtalkshowsabouthowmuchtheirleaderDavidKoreshwashated.Inaddition,verybright,flashinglightswereusedatnight.[13] IntheIraqWar,theUnitedStatesusedtheshockandawecampaigntopsychologicallymaim,andbreakthewilloftheIraqiArmytofight. AnAmericanPSYOPleafletdisseminatedduringtheIraqWar.Itshowsacaricatureofal-QaedainIraqleaderal-Zarqawicaughtinarattrap.Thecaptionreads"Thisisyourfuture,Zarqawi"(هذامستقبلكيازرقاوي). Morerecently,anarticleinRollingStonemagazineallegestheUnitedStateshasconductedpsychologicaloperationsonitsownsenatorsandotherdecisionmakersinordertoinfluenceforeignpolicy.ThearticlequotesU.S.ArmyLt.Col.MichaelHolmesdescribinghowtheU.S.Armyillegallyorderedateamofsoldiersspecializingin"psychologicaloperations"tomanipulatevisitingAmericansenatorsintoprovidingmoretroopsandfundingforthewar.AccordingtoHolmes,theorderscamefromthecommandofLt.Gen.WilliamB.Caldwell,athree-stargeneralinchargeoftrainingAfghantroops.[14]Gen.DavidPetraeus,commanderoftheforcesinAfghanistan,orderedaninvestigationintotheallegationsmadeinthearticle.[15] AU.S.ArmyfieldmanualreleasedinJanuary2013statesthat"InformandInfluenceActivities"arecriticalfordescribing,directing,andleadingmilitaryoperations.SeveralArmyDivisionleadershipstaffareassignedto“planning,integrationandsynchronizationofdesignatedinformation-relatedcapabilities."[16] Categoriesofpsychologicalwarfare InhisbookDanielLernerdividespsychologicalwarfareoperationsintothreecategories:[17][pageneeded] White[Omissions+Emphasis] Truthfulandnotstronglybiased,wherethesourceofinformationisacknowledged. Grey[Omissions+Emphasis+Racial/Ethnic/ReligiousBias] Largelytruthful,containingnoinformationthatcanbeprovenwrong;thesourceisnotidentified. Black[Commissionsoffalsification] Inherentlydeceitful,informationgivenintheproductisattributedtoasourcethatwasnotresponsibleforitscreation. Mr.Lernerpointsoutthatgreyandblackoperationsultimatelyhaveaheavycost,inthatthetargetpopulationsoonerorlaterrecognizesthemaspropagandaanddiscreditsthesource.Hewrites,"ThisisoneofthefewdogmasadvancedbySykewarriorsthatislikelytoendureasanaxiomofpropaganda:Credibilityisaconditionofpersuasion.Beforeyoucanmakeamandoasyousay,youmustmakehimbelievewhatyousay."[17]:28Consistentwiththisidea,theAlliedstrategyinWorldWarIIwaspredominantlyoneoftruth(withcertainexceptions).[citationneeded] Seealso ElectromagneticWeapon Demoralization(warfare) Informationwarfare Lawfare Mediamanipulation Militarypsychology Mindgames Minorsabotage PoliticalWarfare Propaganda Propaganda:TheFormationofMen'sAttitudes Psychologicalmanipulation Talibanpropaganda Whitepropaganda NATO AbleArcher83 USspecific: InformationOperationsRoadmap Psychologicaloperations(UnitedStates) SpecialActivitiesDivision VietCongandPAVNstrategyandtactics ZarqawiPSYOPprogram WorldWarII: PoliticalWarfareExecutive PsychologicalWarfareDivision USSR Activemeasures Related: Asymmetricwarfare Fourthgenerationwarfare References ↑"Forces.gc.ca".Journal.forces.gc.ca.http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo9/no1/05-clow-eng.asp.Retrieved2011-05-18.  ↑Ellul,Jacques(1973).Propaganda:TheFormationofMen’sAttitudes,p.xiii.Trans.KonradKellen&JeanLerner.VintageBooks,NewYork.ISBN978-0-394-71874-3. ↑http://books.google.com/books?id=o6s84xxDakkC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=kkk+psychological+terror&source=bl&ots=DjdKOSjQFy&sig=-a4KmZOrRkHCmQHN-9g4-Pk6tAg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SlceUYfyLLH7yAG1yYHwBw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA ↑PhilTaylor(1987)."GlossaryofRelevantTerms&AcronymsPropagandaandPsychologicalWarfareStudiesUniversityofLeedsUK".UniversityofLeedsUK.http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&folder=64&paper=665.Retrieved2008-04-19.  ↑Garrison,WC(1999).InformationOperationsandCounter-Propaganda:MakingaWeaponofPublicAffairs,StrategyResearchProject,U.S.ArmyWarCollege,p.12,1999,April4,2012),12. ↑From"OverallStrategicPlanfortheUnitedStates'PsychologicalWarfare,"1March1943,JCSRecords,StrategicIssues,Reel11.QuotedinLuaerrorinpackage.luaatline80:module'Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration'notfound. ↑www.iranchamber.com ↑www.livius.org ↑"Sada-e-azadi.net".Sada-e-azadi.net.http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/Joomla/index.php?lang=en.Retrieved2011-05-18.  ↑10.010.1ExecutiveSecrets:CovertActionandthePresidency,WilliamJ.Daugherty,UniversityofKentuckyPress,2004. ↑JanqDesigns."Specialoperation-Phoenix".Specialoperations.com.http://www.specialoperations.com/History/Vietnam/phoenix.html.Retrieved2011-05-18.  ↑"IstheU.S.OrganizingSalvador-StyleDeathSquadsinIraq?".DemocracyNow!.2005-01-10.http://www.democracynow.org/2005/1/10/is_the_u_s_organizing_salvador.Retrieved2008-12-16.  ↑"FunnyTorture".https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUf8KBjKBpM&t=39m4s.  ↑"AnotherRunawayGeneral:ArmyDeploysPsy-OpsonU.S.Senators".RollingStone.2011-02-23.http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/another-runaway-general-army-deploys-psy-ops-on-u-s-senators-20110223?page=1.Retrieved2008-12-16.  ↑"Claim:'Psy-ops'targetedSteveIsraelNewsdayFebruary24,2011".Newsday.com.2011-02-24.http://www.newsday.com/long-island/politics/claim-psy-ops-targeted-steve-israel-1.2711615.Retrieved2011-05-18.  ↑"PentagongearinguptofightthePRwar"WashingtonPost,February6,2013 ↑17.017.1DanielLerner.PsychologicalWarfareAgainstNaziGermany:TheSykewarCampaign,D-DaytoVE-Day.ISBN0-262-12045-3or0-262-62019-7(1949).GeorgeW.Stewart,NewYork;Reprinted(1971)MITPress. Bibliography FredCohen.Frauds,Spies,andLies-andHowtoDefeatThem.ISBN1-878109-36-7(2006).ASPPress. FredCohen.WorldWar3...InformationWarfareBasics.ISBN1-878109-40-5(2006).ASPPress. GaglianoGiuseppe.Guerrapsicologia.Disinformazioneemovimentisociali.IntroduzionedelGen.CarloJeanediAlessandroPolitiEditriceAracne,Roma,2012. GaglianoGiuseppe.Guerrapsicologia.Saggiosullemodernetecnichemilitari,diguerracognitivaedisinformazione.IntroduzionedelGen.CarloJean,EditriceFuoco,Roma2012. PaulM.A.Linebarger.PsychologicalWarfare.InternationalPropagandaandCommunications.ISBN0-405-04755-X(1948).Revisedsecondedition,Duell,SloanandPearce(1954). Externallinks WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPsychologicalwarfare. LookuppsychologicalwarfareinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Movie:Psywar:TheRealBattlefieldistheMindbyMetanoiafilms Thehistoryofpsychologicalwarfare IWSPsychologicalOperations(PsyOps)/InfluenceOperations PentagonpsychologicalwarfareoperationUSATodayDecember15,2005 U.S.AdaptsCold-WarIdeatoFightTerroristsNYTimesMarch18,2008 USArmyPSYOPSInfo-DetailedinformationabouttheUSArmyPsychologicalOperationSoldiers IWS —TheInformationWarfareSite U.S. —PSYOPproducingmid-easternkidscomicbook TheInstituteofHeraldry —PsychologicalOperations Psychologicalwarfare ThispageusesCreativeCommonsLicensedcontentfromWikipedia(viewauthors). 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