Foreign policy - Wikipedia

A state's foreign policy or external policy is its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political ... Foreignpolicy FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Government'sstrategyinrelatingwithothernations Forthemagazine,seeForeignPolicy. "Foreignaffairs"redirectshere.Forthemagazine,seeForeignAffairs.Forotheruses,seeForeignaffairs(disambiguation). J.K.Paasikivi,thePresidentofFinland,wasrememberedasamainarchitectofFinland'sforeignpolicywiththeSovietUnionaftertheSecondWorldWar.[1]Fromlefttoright:PresidentPaasikiviandSovietheadofstateKlimentVoroshilovinMoscow. PartofthePoliticsseriesPolitics Outline Index Category Primarytopics Outlineofpoliticalscience Indexofpoliticsarticles Politicsbycountry Politicsbysubdivision Politicaleconomy Politicalhistory Politicalhistoryoftheworld Politicalphilosophy Politicalsystems Anarchy City-state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academicdisciplines Politicalscience(politicalscientists) Internationalrelations(theory) Comparativepolitics Politicalanalysis Politicaltheory Policystudies Politicalpsychology Politicalsociology Publicadministration Bureaucracy(street-level) Technocracy Adhocracy Policy Publicpolicy(doctrine) Domesticpolicy Foreignpolicy Civilsociety Publicinterest Branchesofgovernment Separationofpowers Legislature Executive Judiciary Electioncommission Relatedtopics Sovereignty Theoriesofpoliticalbehavior Biologyandpoliticalorientation Politicalorganisations Critiqueofpoliticaleconomy Subseries Electoralsystems Elections voting Unitarism Federalism Government forms Ideology Politicalcampaigning Politicalparties  Politicsportalvte Astate'sforeignpolicyorexternalpolicy(asopposedtointernalordomesticpolicy)isitsobjectivesandactivitiesinrelationtoitsinteractionswithotherstates,unions,andotherpoliticalentities,whetherbilaterallyorthroughmultilateralplatforms.[2]TheEncyclopediaBritannicanotesthatagovernment'sforeignpolicymaybeinfluencedby"domesticconsiderations,thepoliciesorbehaviourofotherstates,orplanstoadvancespecificgeopoliticaldesigns."[2] Contents 1History 2Objectives 2.1Defense 2.2Economic 2.3Internationalist 3Influences 3.1Size 3.2Formofgovernment 4Study 5Seealso 6References 7Furtherreading 8Externallinks History[edit] Seealso:Diplomatichistory Theideaoflong-termmanagementofrelationshipsfollowedthedevelopmentofprofessionaldiplomaticcorpsthatmanageddiplomacy.Since1711,thetermdiplomacyhasbeentakentomeantheartandpracticeofconductingnegotiationsbetweenrepresentativesofgroupsornations.[citationneeded] Inthe18thcentury,duetoextremeturbulenceinEuropeandiplomacyandongoingconflicts,thepracticeofdiplomacywasoftenfragmentedbythenecessitytodealwithisolatedissues,termed"affairs".Therefore,whiledomesticmanagementofsuchissueswastermedcivilaffairs(peasantriots,treasuryshortfalls,andcourtintrigues),thetermforeignaffairswasappliedtothemanagementoftemporaryissuesoutsidethesovereignrealm.ThistermremainedinwidespreaduseintheEnglish-speakingstatesintothe20thcentury,andremainsthenameofdepartmentsinseveralstatesthatmanageforeignrelations.Althoughoriginallyintendedtodescribeshorttermmanagementofaspecificconcern,thesedepartmentsnowmanageallday-to-dayandlong-terminternationalrelationsamongstates.[citationneeded] OrganisationssuchastheCouncilofForeignRelationsintheUnitedStatesaresometimesemployedbygovernmentforeignrelationsorganisationstodevelopforeignpolicyproposalsasalternativestoexistingpolicy,ortoprovideanalyticalassessmentsofevolvingrelationships.[citationneeded] Objectives[edit] Thereareseveralobjectivesthatmaymotivateagovernment'sforeignpolicy.Amongotherreasons,foreignpolicymaybedirectedfordefenseandsecurity,foreconomicbenefit,ortoprovideassistancetostatesthatneedit.Allforeignpolicyobjectivesareinterconnectedandcontributetoasingle,comprehensiveforeignpolicyforeachstate.Unlikedomesticpolicy,foreignpolicyissuestendtoarisesuddenlyinresponsetodevelopmentsandmajoreventsinforeigncountries.[3] Defense[edit] Foreignpolicyisoftendirectedforthepurposeofensuringnationalsecurity.[4]Governmentsformingmilitaryallianceswithforeignstatesinordertodeterandshowstrongerresistancetoattack.[5]Foreignpolicyalsofocusesoncombatingadversarialstatesthroughsoftpower,internationalisolation,orwar. Inthe21stcentury,defensiveforeignpolicyhasexpandedtoaddressthethreatofglobalterrorism.[6][7][8] Economic[edit] Foreignpolicyiscentralforacountry'srolewithintheworldeconomyandinternationaltrade.Economicforeignpolicyissuesmayincludetheestablishmentoftradeagreements,thedistributionofforeignaid,andthemanagementofimportsandexports. Internationalist[edit] Manystateshavedevelopedhumanitarianprogramsundertheconceptoftheresponsibilitytoprotect.Proponentsofliberalinternationalismbelievethatitisthedutyofstrongerandmorewell-offcountriestoassistandsupportlesspowerfulcountries.Thisideaisoftenassociatedwiththeidealistschoolofthought.Liberalinternationalistsupportcantaketheformofdefensiveoreconomicsupport.[9] Influences[edit] Size[edit] Superpowersareabletoprojectpowerandexercisetheirinfluenceacrosstheworld,whilegreatpowersandmiddlepowershavemoderateinfluenceinglobalaffairs. Smallpowershavelessabilitytoexerciseinfluenceunilaterally,astheyhavefewereconomicandmilitaryresourcestoleverage.Asaresult,theyaremorelikelytosupportinternationalandmultilateralorganizations.Thediplomaticbureaucraciesofsmallerstatesarealsosmaller,whichlimitstheircapacitytoengageincomplexdiplomacy.Smallerstatesmayseektoallythemselveswithlargercountriesforeconomicanddefensivebenefits,ortheymayavoidinvolvementininternationaldisputessoastoremainonfriendlytermswithallcountries.[10] Formofgovernment[edit] Thepoliticalinstitutionsandformsofgovernmentplayaroleinacountry'sforeignpolicy.Inademocracy,publicopinionandthemethodsofpoliticalrepresentationbothaffectacountry'sforeignpolicy.[11]Democraticcountriesarealsobelievedtobelesslikelytoresorttomilitaryconflictwithoneanother.[12]Autocraticstatesarelesslikelytouselegalismintheirforeignpolicies.[13]Underadictatorship,astate'sforeignpolicymaydependheavilyonthepreferencesofthedictator.[14]Dictatorsthatinterferesignificantlywiththeirforeignpolicyapparatusmaybelesspredictableandmorelikelytomakeforeignpolicyblunders.[15] Study[edit] Mainarticle:Foreignpolicyanalysis Thestudyofforeignpolicyconsiderswhyandhowstatesinteractwithoneanotherandmaintainrelations.Severalschoolsofthoughtexistinthestudyofforeignpolicy,includingtherationalactormodelbasedonrationalchoicetheory,thegovernmentbargainingmodelthatpositstheforeignpolicyapparatusasseveralcompetinginterests,andtheorganizationalprocessmodelthatpositstheforeignpolicyapparatusasinterlinkedbureaucraciesthateachplaytheirownrole.[16] Thinktanksexistthatstudyforeignpolicyspecifically,includingtheCouncilonForeignRelationsintheUnitedStatesandtheChathamHouseintheUnitedKingdom. Seealso[edit] Alliance Balanceofpower(internationalrelations) Diplomacy Intergovernmentalorganization Internationalrelationstheory Internationalrelations References[edit] ^Wilsford,David,ed.(1995).PoliticalleadersofcontemporaryWesternEurope:abiographicaldictionary.Greenwood.pp. 347–352. ^abForeignpolicy,EncyclopediaBritannica(publishedJanuary30,2020). ^Wood,B.Dan;Peake,JeffreyS.(1998)."TheDynamicsofForeignPolicyAgendaSetting".AmericanPoliticalScienceReview.92:173–184. ^Mintz,Alex;Redd,StevenB.(2013)."PolicyPerspectivesonNationalSecurityandForeignPolicyDecisionMaking".PolicyStudiesJournal.41. ^Leeds,BrettAshley(2003-07-01)."DoAlliancesDeterAggression?TheInfluenceofMilitaryAlliancesontheInitiationofMilitarizedInterstateDisputes".AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience.47(3):427–439.doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00031.ISSN 1540-5907. ^Lai,Brian(2017).TerrorismandForeignPolicy.OxfordUniversityPress. ^Savun,Burcu;Phillips,BrianJ.(2009)."Democracy,ForeignPolicy,andTerrorism".JournalofConflictResolution.53:878–904. ^Silke,Andrew(2003)."RetaliatingAgainstTerrorism".Terrorists,VictimsandSociety:PsychologicalPerspectivesonTerrorismanditsConsequences.JohnWiley&Sons.pp. 215–232. ^Orford,Anne(2013)."MoralInternationalismandtheResponsibilitytoProtect".EuropeanJournalofInternationalLaw.24:83–108. ^Steinsson,Sverrir;Thorhallsson,Baldur(2017)."SmallStateForeignPolicy".OxfordResearchEncyclopediaofPolitics.OxfordUniversityPress. ^Risse-Kappen,Thomas(1991)."PublicOpinion,DomesticStructure,andForeignPolicyinLiberalDemocracies".WorldPolitics.43(4):479–512. ^Hegre,Håvard(2014)."Democracyandarmedconflict".JournalofPeaceResearch.51(2):159–172.doi:10.1177/0022343313512852.ISSN 0022-3433.S2CID 146428562. ^Erdmann,Gero;Bank,André;Hoffmann,Bert;Richter,Thomas(2013).InternationalCooperationofAuthoritarianRegimes:TowardaConceptualFramework.GermanInstituteforGlobalandAreaStudies. ^Kneuer,Marianne(2017)."AutocraticRegimesandForeignPolicy".TheOxfordEncyclopediaofForeignPolicyAnalysis.OxfordUniversityPress. ^Frantz,Erica;Ezrow,NatashaM.(2009)."'YesMen'andtheLikelihoodofForeignPolicyMistakesAcrossDictatorships".APSA2009TorontoMeetingPaper. ^GrahamT.Allison(1969):ConceptualModelsandtheCubanMissileCrisis.TheAmericanPoliticalScienceReview,Vol.63,No.3(Sep.,1969),pp.689-718 Furtherreading[edit] ChristopherHill,TheChangingPoliticsofForeignPolicy,Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan,2003. Jean-FrédéricMorinandJonathanPaquin,ForeignPolicyAnalysis:AToolbox,Palgrave,2018. SteveSmith,AmeliaHadleyandTimDunne(eds),ForeignPolicy:Theories,Actors,Cases,1sted.,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2008. FrankA.StengelandRainerBaumann,"Non-StateActorsandForeignPolicy,"TheOxfordEncyclopediaofForeignPolicyAnalysis,editedbyCameronThies,266–86.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456. 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