What is Top-Down Processing? - Video & Lesson Transcript

Top-down processing refers to how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory ... forTeachers forSchools forWorkingScholars® forCollegeCredit LogIn SignUp Menu Plans Plans Courses Courses AcademicCourses BusinessCourses EnglishCourses HistoryCourses HumanitiesCourses MathCourses PsychologyCourses ScienceCourses SocialScienceCourses SpanishCourses AllCourses CollegeandProfessionalCourses CollegeCredit TransferCredit ProfessionalDevelopment Exploreover 4,600 videocourses BrowseAllCourses AcademicCourses CollegeandProfessionalCourses ByGrade ByGrade ElementarySchoolCourses MiddleSchoolCourses HighSchoolCourses CollegeCourses TransferCreditsCourses GraduateandPost-GradCourses AdultEducationCourses TestPrep TestPrep TeacherCertification TeacherCertification CollegeCreditandGraduateTests CollegeCreditandGraduateTests Nursing Nursing RealEstate RealEstate AllTestPreparationCourses PRAXIS TExES CSET/CBEST FTCE GACE AllTeacherCertificationTestPrepCourses CLEP DSST AP GRE HESI TEAS NCLEX RealEstateLicenses RealEstateSales RealEstateBrokers RealEstateAppraisal Teach Teach TeachingResourcesandCurriculum StateStandardSkills LessonPlans TeacherCertification TeacherProfessionalDevelopment Tutoring Tutoring MathTutoring MathTutoring ScienceTutoring ScienceTutoring BusinessTutoring BusinessTutoring HumanitiesTutoring HumanitiesTutoring AlgebraTutoring CalculusTutoring GeometryTutoring Pre-calculusTutoring StatisticsTutoring TrigonometryTutoring AllMathTutoring BiologyTutoring ChemistryTutoring PhysicsTutoring AllScienceTutoring AccountingTutoring EconomicsTutoring FinanceTutoring AllBusinessTutoring HistoryTutoring LiteratureTutoring WritingTutoring AllHumanitiesTutoring SignUp AcademicCourses BusinessCourses EnglishCourses HistoryCourses HumanitiesCourses MathCourses PsychologyCourses ScienceCourses SocialScienceCourses SpanishCourses AllCourses CollegeandProfessionalCourses CollegeCredit TransferCredit ProfessionalDevelopment TeacherCertification PRAXIS TExES CSET/CBEST FTCE GACE AllTeacherCertificationTestPrepCourses CollegeReadiness CLEP DSST AP GRE Nursing HESI TEAS NCLEX RealEstate RealEstateLicenses RealEstateSales RealEstateBrokers RealEstateAppraisal MathTutoring AlgebraTutoring CalculusTutoring GeometryTutoring Pre-calculusTutoring StatisticsTutoring TrigonometryTutoring AllMathTutoring ScienceTutoring BiologyTutoring ChemistryTutoring PhysicsTutoring AllScienceTutoring BusinessTutoring AccountingTutoring EconomicsTutoring FinanceTutoring AllBusinessTutoring HumanitiesTutoring HistoryTutoring LiteratureTutoring WritingTutoring AllHumanitiesTutoring Copyright Lesson Transcript AmandaCarpenter,ChrisClause Author AmandaCarpenter AmandaCarpenterhastaughtmulti-levelsubjectsforover18years.ShehasaMastersinCurriculumandInstructionfromWesternGovernorsUniversity.AmandaholdsaK-6thteachinglicensefromthestateofAlabamaaswellascertificationforTESOLandTEFL. Viewbio Instructor ChrisClause Chrisisaneducatorwithabackgroundinpsychologyandcounseling.HealsoholdsaPhDinpublicaffairs,andhasworkedasacounselorandteacherforcommunitycollegestudentsformorethan10years. Viewbio Whatistop-downprocessing?Learnitsdefinition,seeexamplesoftop-downprocessinginpsychology,andreadaboutthedifferencebetweentop-downvsbottom-upprocessing. Updated:07/09/2021 TableofContentsWhatisTop-DownProcessing?Top-DownProcessingBenefitsandDrawbacksTop-DownProcessingExamplesTop-DownvsBottom-UpProcessingLessonSummaryShow Createanaccount WhatisTop-DownProcessing?Thedefinitionoftop-downprocessingistheprocessofapplyingpreexistingschemasandmemoriestonewsensoryinformation,inordertointerpretthisdatamoreefficientlyandaccurately.Thispsychologicalconstructismeanttohelpexplaintherelationshipbetweensensation,thestimulireceivedbyvariousreceptorsthroughoutthebody,andperception,howthisinformationisinterpretedbythebrain.Thistheoryarguesthat,wheninformationaboutstimuliisreceivedbythebrain,ahypothesisismadeaboutthisnewscenariousingthecontextandpastexperience,withouthavingtoevaluateeveryfeatureoftheinformationbeingreceived.Inthisway,theinformationflowsfromthetop,down,hencethephrasetop-down.Theseperceptionshelpinterpretthenewinformation.BritishpsychologistRichardGregoryintroducedtheconceptoftop-downprocessingin1970.Hearguedthatsensoryinformationonitsownisinsufficienttocreateperceptionashumansexperienceit,becausemostoftheinformationislostbythetimeitarrivesatthebrain.Thus,thebrainmustdependonpriorknowledgeandexperiencestoproperlyprocesstheinformation.EvidenceforTop-DownProcessingInordertotransmitsensoryinformationtothebrain,theinformationmustbereceivedbyreceptors,suchasthoseinsenseorgansliketheeye,ear,ornose.Psychologistsfindithardtoexplainhowsensoryinputisconvertedintoperceptionssuchassight,sound,touch,taste,andsmell.Themajorissuethatdividesthesepsychologistsiswhetherperceptionreliesonexpectationsandpreviousknowledge,orifperceptionreliesonthepresentinformationinthegivenenvironment.Forexample,saythatsomeoneisreadingabookinalibrary,andtheyseethatthetitleofthenextchapteristhesameasthetitleoftheirfavoritesong.Thismakesthemstartthinkingaboutthesong,andeventually,itgetsstuckintheirhead.Althoughthey'renotlisteningtothesongatthatmoment,asmallpieceofthecurrentsensoryinformationthey'reprocessing(thechaptertitle)hasactivatedamemory(theirfavoritesong).Anotherexamplemightbeachildrefusingtotakeasinglebiteofanapple,becausetheydon'twanttoeatanythingsweetrightnow.Althoughtheyhaven'tbittenintotheapplethey'reholdingrightnowtochecktoseeifit'ssweet,seeingtheapplehasmadethemrememberthetasteofotherapplesthey'vehad,andconnectthatmemorytothisnewone.Bothoftheseexamplesfollowacommonpattern,thatsupportsGregory'stheoryoftop-downprocessing: Sensorydataentersthebrain Knowledgestoredinthebrainisactivatedbythedata Thebraincanonlymakeaninferenceaboutthedataifthebrainhaspriorknowledgeofthedata Withtop-downprocessing,perceptionsarelimitedbypriorknowledge. Top-DownProcessingThroughouttheday,eachofusisexposedtoapotentiallylimitlessnumberofsensoryexperiences.Juststopwhereveryouarerightnowandtakeamomenttoreallyattuneyoursensestotheenvironmentaroundyou.Nomatterwhereyouareorwhatyou'redoing,therearemultiplesights,sounds,smells,textures,and(ifyou'reeating)eventastes,allfloodingyoursensesand,subsequently,yourbrainaswespeak.Inpsychology,thesetwoseparatesystemsarecommonlythoughtofassensationandperception.Sensationinvolvesbringingininformationthroughthefivesenses,andperceptionishowourbrainsmakesenseofthatinformation.Psychologistsoftenrefertothewayinwhichoursensationandperceptionsystemsworkbothseparatelyandtogetherasprocessing.Ingeneral,whenitcomestoprocessinginthecontextofsensationandperception,twotypesofprocessingarecommonlydescribed,namelybottom-upprocessingandtop-downprocessing.Let'stakeacloserlookattop-downprocessing. Anerroroccurredtryingtoloadthisvideo. Tryrefreshingthepage,orcontactcustomersupport. YoumustcCreateanaccounttocontinue watching Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher CreateYourAccountToContinueWatching Asamember,you'llalsogetunlimitedaccesstoover84,000 lessonsinmath,English,science,history,andmore.Plus,getpracticetests,quizzes,andpersonalizedcoachingtohelpyou succeed. Getunlimitedaccesstoover84,000lessons. Tryitnow Itonlytakesafewminutestosetupandyoucancancelanytime. Alreadyregistered?Loginherefor access  Back Resourcescreatedbyteachersforteachers Over30,000videolessons &teachingresources‐all inoneplace. Videolessons Quizzes&Worksheets ClassroomIntegration LessonPlans IwoulddefinitelyrecommendStudy.comtomycolleagues.It’slikeateacherwavedamagicwandanddidtheworkforme.Ifeellikeit’salifeline. JenniferB. Teacher Tryitnow Back Comingupnext: WhatisEducationalBias?-Definition&Types You'reonaroll.Keepupthegoodwork! TakeQuiz Watch NextLesson  Replay Justcheckingin.Areyoustillwatching? Yes!Keepplaying. Yournextlessonwillplayin 10seconds 0:01Top-DownProcessing 1:17Definition 2:10Examples 4:05LessonSummary Save Save Save Wanttowatchthisagainlater? LoginorsignuptoaddthislessontoaCustomCourse. LoginorSignup Timeline Autoplay Autoplay Speed Speed 125Kviews Video Quiz Course 125K views Top-DownProcessingBenefitsandDrawbacksTherearebenefitsanddrawbackstotop-downprocessing.Onebenefitisthatithelpsthebraintoprocessnewinformationmorequickly.Theworldisaverybusyplace,andthesensesarealwaysperceivingmultiplethings.Top-downprocessingshortensthepathwaybetweensensationandperception.Italsohelpsthebraintorecognizepatterns,andpatternrecognitionhelpshumanstounderstandhowtointeractwiththeworld.However,sometimestheassumptionsthatthebrainmakesasaresultoftop-downprocessingcanbewrong.Whenplayingavideogame,theuserwillgetusedtothebuttonsontheircontrollerandwhattheydowithinthegame.Eachbutton,orcombinationsofbuttons,willproduceadifferentactioninthegame.Whensomethingnewhappenswithinthegame,withexperience,theywon'tstruggleasmuchtorememberwhichbuttontopress.However,iftheyplayanewgamewhereeachbuttonmeanssomethingcompletelydifferent,theymightstrugglewiththenewset-up.Theirpastexperienceswillhinderthembeingabletoadapttothenewsituation.Top-DownProcessingExamplesOneexampleoftop-downprocessingistheStoopeffect,whichshowshowinterferenceaffectsreactiontime.Forexample,onalistofdifferentcolorswherethewordandthetextcolordonotmatch,thebraincantakelongertoprocessandidentifytextcolororreadthewordbecauseoftheconflictinginformation. ThisisanexampleoftheStroopEffect.Thecolorofthewordsdonotmatchthewrittenword,makingithardertoreadtheresponse. Top-downprocessingexplainswhyreadingandrememberingthislistcanbedifficult.Inmostcases,thebrainwillreadandprocesstheworditselfbeforethinkingaboutthecolorofthetext,makingiteasiertoreadtheworditselfratherthannamewhatcolorthewordis.Anotherexampleoftop-downprocessinginreadingishowpeoplecanunderstandmisspelledwords.Imaginereceivingatextfromafriendthatsays"I'llberighttehre."Eventhoughoneofthewordsismisspelled,withcontextandpastexperiencereadingsimilarsentences,mostpeoplewouldstilllikelybeabletointerpretitandrealizewhattheymeanttosend:"I'llberightthere."Infact,insomecases,peoplemightnotevennoticethetypowasthere.Withtop-downprocessing,themindappliespreviousexperienceandknowledgetoidentifythemisspelledwordbycorrectingtheerrorswithoutthereadernoticing.Writingandtypingisahighleveltaskforthebrain,andbycorrectingthetypos,thebraincanfocusonthetaskofturningthesentencesintocomplexideas.Onelastexampleoftop-downprocessingistheabilitytoavoiddangeroussituations.Knowingnottosteponasnakeordrivetoofastintheraincankeepapersonoutofdanger.Theknowledgetoavoidthesetypesofsituationscomestheabilitytoquicklytiepriorknowledgeintothepresentsituation.Top-DownvsBottom-UpProcessingPsychologistEleanorGibsonintroducedthetheoryofbottom-upprocessingin1966.Thisprocessinvolvesinformationtravelingupfromthesensorysystemtothebrainforinterpretation:hencethename,bottom-upprocessing.Gibsonarguedthatsensationandperceptionarethesame,andarenotdependentonlearningandcontext.Bottom-upprocessingisdata-driven,andemphasisisplacedonthestimuli.Therehasbeensomedebateonwhichtheoryisright,assomepsychologistsaredividedonwhetherperceptionreliesdirectlyonsensationandhowmuchofarolepriorknowledgeandexperiencesplay.Thedifferencesbetweenthesetheoriescanbeseeninthetablebelow: Top-Down Bottom-Up Reliesonknowledgeandexperience DataDriven Beginswiththemindandtravelstothesensorysystem Beginsinthesensorysystemandtravelstothemind Perception Sensation PsychologistEleanorGibson,whofirstintroducedthetheoryofBottom-Upprocessing. LessonSummaryTop-downprocessingwasfirstintroducedbyRichardGregoryandisassociatedwithsensationandperception.Top-downprocessingworksfromthebraintothesensorysystem,hencethetop-downreference.Oncethisinformationisreceivedbythesensorysystem,priorknowledgeisactivated,andthebraincanformahypothesisregardingtheinformationbeingreceived.Examplesoftop-downprocessingare: TheStroopEffect Theabilitytoreadtypos Avoidingdangeroussituations Incontrasttotop-downprocessing,EleanorGibsonintroducedthetheoryofbottom-upprocessing.Bottom-upprocessingworksfromthesensorysystemtothebrain,thusthebottom-upname.Gibsonbelievedthistypeofprocessingisdata-drivenandsensationandperceptionarethesame. DefinitionIfyoulookatadiagramofthecentralnervoussystem,youwillnoticethatthebrainisliterallypositionedhigher,orontop,ofthesensorysystems.Therefore,higher-levelcognitiveprocesses,suchasthinking,areconsideredtobeatthetopofthesensationandperceptionprocess.Ontheotherhand,lowerlevelbrainstructures,suchasthoseinvolvedinthesensorysystemsofvision,touch,orhearing,areconsideredtobeatthebottom.Top-downprocessingreferstohowourbrainsmakeuseofinformationthathasalreadybeenbroughtintothebrainbyoneormoreofthesensorysystems.Top-downprocessingisacognitiveprocessthatinitiateswithourthoughts,whichflowdowntolower-levelfunctions,suchasthesenses.Thisisincontrasttobottom-upprocessing,whichistheprocessofthesensesprovidinginformationabouttheenvironmentuptothebrain.ExamplesLet'slookatacoupleofeverydayexamplesthatwillhelpyoubetterunderstandtheconceptoftop-downprocessing.Ifyoueversataroundafireroastingmarshmallowsasakid,thenyoumightrememberthefirsttimeyoulearnedaboutthepoweroffire.Nodoubtatsomepoint,curiositygotthebestofyou,andyougotalittletooclose.Itdidn'ttakelongforthepaintotravelfromyourskintoyourbrainandforyourbraintotellyoutogetback.Thatprocessisessentiallybottom-upprocessing. Whataboutthenexttimeyousatnexttothefire?Top-downprocessinghopefullyhelpedyouperceivethefireashotandhelpedyouavoidhavingtolearnthatlessonalloveragain.Yourbrainknewfromexperiencethatthefirewashot,andyoumayhaveevenbrieflyfelttheheatofthefireasifitwerereallyburningalloveragain.Thehigher-levelprocessesofthinkingandmemorycameintoplay.Eventhoughyoursensorysystemswereavailabletoletyouknowthatfirehurts,incaseyoutouchedthefireagain,thankstotop-downprocessing,youhopefullyavoidedrepeatingabadexperience.Another(lesspainful)exampleoftop-downprocessinginactioninvolvesyourfavoritemovie.Goaheadandthinkofyourall-timefavoritemovie.Ibetthatyoucanrecitetheentiremovielineforlineandreplayeverysceneinyourhead,eventhoughitmighthavebeenyearssinceyouhaveseenit.Youreyeshavetakeninthevisualimagesandyourearshavetakeninthesoundsofthedialogueandmusicenoughtimesthatithasbeencommittedtomemory.Thisabilitytoreplayyourfavoritemovieinyourheadispossibleduetotop-downprocessingabilities.Yourthoughtsandmemoriescanre-createthemovieinyourhead,whichforthemostpartcanbejustassatisfyingasactuallyseeingit.Wedon'tneedtorelyonoursensestoprovideuswiththesightsandsoundsofthemovie,weonlyneedtorelyonourhigher-levelcognitiveabilitiesandwecanwatchthatmovieasoftenaswelike.LessonSummarySensationandperceptionaretwoprocessesthatallowustohaveanawarenessofourenvironmentandmakesenseofwhatweareexperiencing.Top-downprocessinginvolveshigher-levelcognitivefunctions,suchasthinkingandmemory,whichallowustoutilizeinformationthathaspreviouslybeentakeninbyoursensorysystems.Top-downprocessingallowsustoavoidtheneedtore-experiencethingsoverandoveragain.Usingtop-downprocessing,wecanapplyinformationfrompastexperiencestocurrentsituations.LearningOutcomesMeasureyourabilitytocompletethesetasksafterviewingthislesson: Provideadescriptionofsensationandperception Expressanunderstandingoftop-downprocessinganddetailthewaysinwhichweuseit TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount VideoTranscript Top-DownProcessingThroughouttheday,eachofusisexposedtoapotentiallylimitlessnumberofsensoryexperiences.Juststopwhereveryouarerightnowandtakeamomenttoreallyattuneyoursensestotheenvironmentaroundyou.Nomatterwhereyouareorwhatyou'redoing,therearemultiplesights,sounds,smells,textures,and(ifyou'reeating)eventastes,allfloodingyoursensesand,subsequently,yourbrainaswespeak.Inpsychology,thesetwoseparatesystemsarecommonlythoughtofassensationandperception.Sensationinvolvesbringingininformationthroughthefivesenses,andperceptionishowourbrainsmakesenseofthatinformation.Psychologistsoftenrefertothewayinwhichoursensationandperceptionsystemsworkbothseparatelyandtogetherasprocessing.Ingeneral,whenitcomestoprocessinginthecontextofsensationandperception,twotypesofprocessingarecommonlydescribed,namelybottom-upprocessingandtop-downprocessing.Let'stakeacloserlookattop-downprocessing. DefinitionIfyoulookatadiagramofthecentralnervoussystem,youwillnoticethatthebrainisliterallypositionedhigher,orontop,ofthesensorysystems.Therefore,higher-levelcognitiveprocesses,suchasthinking,areconsideredtobeatthetopofthesensationandperceptionprocess.Ontheotherhand,lowerlevelbrainstructures,suchasthoseinvolvedinthesensorysystemsofvision,touch,orhearing,areconsideredtobeatthebottom.Top-downprocessingreferstohowourbrainsmakeuseofinformationthathasalreadybeenbroughtintothebrainbyoneormoreofthesensorysystems.Top-downprocessingisacognitiveprocessthatinitiateswithourthoughts,whichflowdowntolower-levelfunctions,suchasthesenses.Thisisincontrasttobottom-upprocessing,whichistheprocessofthesensesprovidinginformationabouttheenvironmentuptothebrain.ExamplesLet'slookatacoupleofeverydayexamplesthatwillhelpyoubetterunderstandtheconceptoftop-downprocessing.Ifyoueversataroundafireroastingmarshmallowsasakid,thenyoumightrememberthefirsttimeyoulearnedaboutthepoweroffire.Nodoubtatsomepoint,curiositygotthebestofyou,andyougotalittletooclose.Itdidn'ttakelongforthepaintotravelfromyourskintoyourbrainandforyourbraintotellyoutogetback.Thatprocessisessentiallybottom-upprocessing. Whataboutthenexttimeyousatnexttothefire?Top-downprocessinghopefullyhelpedyouperceivethefireashotandhelpedyouavoidhavingtolearnthatlessonalloveragain.Yourbrainknewfromexperiencethatthefirewashot,andyoumayhaveevenbrieflyfelttheheatofthefireasifitwerereallyburningalloveragain.Thehigher-levelprocessesofthinkingandmemorycameintoplay.Eventhoughyoursensorysystemswereavailabletoletyouknowthatfirehurts,incaseyoutouchedthefireagain,thankstotop-downprocessing,youhopefullyavoidedrepeatingabadexperience.Another(lesspainful)exampleoftop-downprocessinginactioninvolvesyourfavoritemovie.Goaheadandthinkofyourall-timefavoritemovie.Ibetthatyoucanrecitetheentiremovielineforlineandreplayeverysceneinyourhead,eventhoughitmighthavebeenyearssinceyouhaveseenit.Youreyeshavetakeninthevisualimagesandyourearshavetakeninthesoundsofthedialogueandmusicenoughtimesthatithasbeencommittedtomemory.Thisabilitytoreplayyourfavoritemovieinyourheadispossibleduetotop-downprocessingabilities.Yourthoughtsandmemoriescanre-createthemovieinyourhead,whichforthemostpartcanbejustassatisfyingasactuallyseeingit.Wedon'tneedtorelyonoursensestoprovideuswiththesightsandsoundsofthemovie,weonlyneedtorelyonourhigher-levelcognitiveabilitiesandwecanwatchthatmovieasoftenaswelike.LessonSummarySensationandperceptionaretwoprocessesthatallowustohaveanawarenessofourenvironmentandmakesenseofwhatweareexperiencing.Top-downprocessinginvolveshigher-levelcognitivefunctions,suchasthinkingandmemory,whichallowustoutilizeinformationthathaspreviouslybeentakeninbyoursensorysystems.Top-downprocessingallowsustoavoidtheneedtore-experiencethingsoverandoveragain.Usingtop-downprocessing,wecanapplyinformationfrompastexperiencestocurrentsituations.LearningOutcomesMeasureyourabilitytocompletethesetasksafterviewingthislesson: Provideadescriptionofsensationandperception Expressanunderstandingoftop-downprocessinganddetailthewaysinwhichweuseit TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher UnlockYourEducation Seeforyourselfwhy30millionpeopleuseStudy.com BecomeaStudy.commemberandstartlearningnow. BecomeaMember Alreadyamember?LogIn  Back Resourcescreatedbyteachersforteachers Over30,000videolessons &teachingresources‐all inoneplace. Videolessons Quizzes&Worksheets ClassroomIntegration LessonPlans IwoulddefinitelyrecommendStudy.comtomycolleagues.It’slikeateacherwavedamagicwandanddidtheworkforme.Ifeellikeit’salifeline. JenniferB. Teacher Tryitnow Back Createanaccount Top-DownProcessing:Examples|WhatisTop-DownProcessing? Starttoday.Tryitnow EducationalPsychology:HelpandReview 11chapters| 354lessons {{courseNav.course.topics.length}}chapters| {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}lessons |{{course.flashcardSetCount}} flashcardset{{course.flashcardSetCoun>1?'s':''}} Ch1. HistoryandEducationalAims:Helpand... Goto HistoryandEducationalAims:HelpandReview Ch2. DevelopmentalPsychologyinChildren... Goto DevelopmentalPsychologyinChildrenandAdolescents:HelpandReview Ch3. MotivationinLearning:Helpand... Goto MotivationinLearning:HelpandReview Ch4. AssessmentsofLearning:Helpand... Goto AssessmentsofLearning:HelpandReview Ch5. CognitivePerspectiveinPsychology:HelpandReview CognitivePerspectiveofLearning&InformationProcessing 10:13 TheAtkinson&ShiffrinModelofMemory:TypesofMemoryandStorage 8:59 CategoriesofMemory:Sensory&Long-Term 5:36 Short-TermMemory:HowSTMWorks 9:47 ImprovingRetrievalofMemories:MnemonicDevices 8:42 RetrievingLong-TermMemories:Interference,Amnesia&State-DependentMemory 12:36 KnowledgeOrganization:SchemataandScripts 7:31 TypesofInformationTransfer 6:27 CognitiveThinking:Creativity,BrainstormingandConvergent&DivergentThinking 7:12 HowtoAdvanceCreativityinaLearningEnvironment 6:48 TypesofProblems&ProblemSolvingStrategies 8:42 Top-DownProcessing:Examples&Definition 4:40 5:59 NextLesson WhatisEducationalBias?-Definition&Types WhatisBias?-Definition&Types 5:56 ConvergentThinking:Definition&Examples 3:28 CognitiveMap:DefinitionandExamples 3:17 FunctionalFixednessinPsychology:Definition&Examples 6:22 BellRingerActivityIdeasforScienceClasses BrainTeasersforHighSchoolStudents CognitiveAcademicLanguageProficiency 5:40 CriticalThinkingWordProblems FinancialLiteracyGamesforStudents GeometryintheRealWorldProjectIdeas 4:13 HigherLevelThinkingQuestionsforReading 7:01 HowtoImproveStudySkills LanguageArtsBellRingers MarketingGamesforStudents 4:47 One-WayCommunication:Definition&Examples 5:02 ReadingBellRingers ScienceBellRingers SocialStudiesBellRingers TableofContents:ExamplesandFormat 3:00 TeachingwithFilminHighSchool TeachingKidstoProgram TeachingVisualLiteracy UnderstandingandTeachingtheDigitalGeneration 5:00 UsingPowerPointintheClassroom WhatAreLiberalArts?-Definition,Subjects&Importance 4:11 GeorgeKelly:Theory&Biography 6:01 TheImportanceofVisualPerceptioninCognitiveProcesses Goto CognitivePerspectiveinPsychology:HelpandReview Ch6. BehavioralPerspectiveinPsychology:... Goto BehavioralPerspectiveinPsychology:HelpandReview Ch7. ResearchDesignandAnalysis:Helpand... Goto ResearchDesignandAnalysis:HelpandReview Ch8. InstructionalPedagogy:Helpand... Goto InstructionalPedagogy:HelpandReview Ch9. IndividualDifferencesinChildren:... Goto IndividualDifferencesinChildren:HelpandReview Ch10. StudentDevelopment&... Goto StudentDevelopment&Differences Ch11. CareerDevelopmentSkills&... Goto CareerDevelopmentSkills&Tools Top-DownProcessing:Examples|WhatisTop-DownProcessing?RelatedStudyMaterials RecommendedLessonsandCoursesforYou RelatedLessons RelatedCourses RelatedLessons AttentionandTop-Downvs.Bottom-UpProcessing Bottom-UpProcessinginPsychology|Definition&Examples Temperament:Definition&Theories IndividualTherapyTypes|Psychodynamic,Cognitive&Behavioral ClarkLeonardHull:Methodology&Theories HowGoalsContributetoWell-Being FeatureAnalysis&TemplateTheoryModel&Examples|WhatisRecognitionbyComponentsTheory? FalseMemoryOverview&Examples|WhatCausesFalseMemories? TheChicagoSchoolofFunctionalism:Psychologists&Research StereotypeThreat:Definition&Examples VestibularSenseinPsychology|Theory&Examples GestaltConcept,Principles&SixLaws|WhatisGestalt? ObjectPermanenceAge&Examples|WhatisObjectPermanence? PsychoanalyticSchoolsApproachtoPsychopathologyTheory CognitiveMapTypes&Examples|WhatisaCognitiveMap? HowtoDisagreewiththeGroup:ExamplesofIdiosyncrasyCredits TheRoleofAttentioninPerceptualDevelopment SelectiveAttention|Theory&Examples SchemataOverview&Types|Scheme&CognitiveScripts MisinformationEffect|Examples,Psychology,&ElizabethLoftus RelatedCourses MentalHealthStudyGuide WorthPublishersPsychology:OnlineTextbookHelp PsychologyofLearning Psychology102:EducationalPsychology Psychology106:AbnormalPsychology ILTSSchoolPsychologist(237):TestPracticeandStudyGuide IntroductiontoPsychology:CertificateProgram Psychology:HighSchool EducationalPsychology:TutoringSolution ResearchMethodsinPsychology:HelpandReview IntroductiontoPsychology:HomeworkHelpResource AbnormalPsychology:HelpandReview AbnormalPsychology:TutoringSolution AbnormalPsychology:HomeworkHelpResource EducationalPsychologyTextbook APPsychologySyllabusResource&LessonPlans HumanGrowth&DevelopmentSyllabusResource&LessonPlans DSSTLifespanDevelopmentalPsychology:StudyGuide&TestPrep HighSchoolPsychologySyllabusResource&LessonPlans PositivePsychologyStudyGuide RelatedTopics BrowsebyCourses PraxisPsychology(5391)Prep Psychology105:ResearchMethodsinPsychology APPsychologyTextbook DSSTLifespanDevelopmentalPsychology:StudyGuide&TestPrep SocialPsychologySyllabusResource&LessonPlans EducationalPsychologySyllabusResource&LessonPlans UExcelIntroductiontoPsychology:StudyGuide&TestPrep IntrotoPsychology:HelpandReview IntroductiontoPsychology:CertificateProgram APPsychology:HomeschoolCurriculum ResearchMethodsinPsychology:HomeworkHelpResource UExcelAbnormalPsychology:StudyGuide&TestPrep ResearchMethodsinPsychology:TutoringSolution UExcelLifeSpanDevelopmentalPsychology:StudyGuide&TestPrep HumanGrowthandDevelopment:HomeworkHelpResource BrowsebyLessons PositiveBodyLanguage:Examples&Signs WhatisOrdinal-LinguisticPersonification? SchemaBuilding:Theories,Strategies&Tasks SocialEpidemiology:Definition&Methods EffectsofDivorceonChildren ImpostorSyndrome MarkSnyder'sSelf-MonitoringSystem:Definition&Scale InvoluntaryEmotionalExpressionDisorder:Symptoms&Treatment TheSpotlightEffectinPsychology WhatisAnti-Intellectualism? WhatisWillpower? NonverbalSignsofAggression Autism&LowSelf-Esteem GroupPatterns:Definition&Explanation ReflectiveEquilibrium:Definition&Examples Createanaccounttostartthiscoursetoday Usedbyover30millionstudentsworldwide Createanaccount Likethislesson Share Exploreourlibraryofover84,000 lessons Search Browse Browsebysubject CollegeCourses Business English ForeignLanguage History Humanities Math Science SocialScience SeeAllCollegeCourses HighSchoolCourses AP CommonCore GED HighSchool SeeAllHighSchoolCourses OtherCourses College&CareerGuidanceCourses CollegePlacementExams EntranceExams GeneralTestPrep K-8Courses SkillsCourses TeacherCertificationExams SeeAllOtherCourses Upgradetoenroll × Enrollinginacourseletsyouearnprogressbypassingquizzesandexams. Trackcourseprogress Takequizzesandexams Earncertificatesofcompletion Youwillalsobeableto: CreateaGoal Createcustomcourses Getyourquestionsanswered UpgradetoPremiumtoaddallthesefeaturestoyouraccount! UpgradeNow UpgradetoPremiumtoaddallthesefeaturestoyouraccount! ×