Prefix - Wikipedia

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. ... Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. For example, when the ... Prefix FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Affixwhichisplacedbeforethestemofaword Thisarticleisaboutthelinguisticfeature.Forotheruses,seePrefix(disambiguation). AcomparisonofprepositionsanddirectionalprefixesinGreek,Latin,English,andGerman. Affixes Prefix Suffix Circumfix Duplifix Infix Interfix Transfix Simulfix Suprafix Disfix Seealso: Nullmorpheme vte Aprefixisanaffixwhichisplacedbeforethestemofaword.[1]Addingittothebeginningofonewordchangesitintoanotherword.Forexample,whentheprefixun-isaddedtothewordhappy,itcreatesthewordunhappy.Particularlyinthestudyoflanguages,aprefixisalsocalledapreformative,becauseitalterstheformofthewordstowhichitisaffixed. Prefixes,likeotheraffixes,canbeeitherinflectional,creatinganewformofthewordwiththesamebasicmeaningandsamelexicalcategory(butplayingadifferentroleinthesentence),orderivational,creatinganewwordwithanewsemanticmeaningandsometimesalsoadifferentlexicalcategory.[2]Prefixes,likeallotheraffixes,areusuallyboundmorphemes.[1] InEnglish,therearenoinflectionalprefixes;Englishusessuffixesinsteadforthatpurpose. Thewordprefixisitselfmadeupofthestemfix(meaning"attach",inthiscase),andtheprefixpre-(meaning"before"),bothofwhicharederivedfromLatinroots. Contents 1Englishlanguage 1.1ListofEnglishderivationalprefixes 1.2Hyphenation 2Japaneselanguage 3Bantulanguages 3.1ExamplefromLuganda 4Navajo 5Sunwar 6Russian 7German 8Seealso 9References 9.1Workscited Englishlanguage[edit] ListofEnglishderivationalprefixes[edit] Mainarticle:Englishprefixes Thisisafairlycomprehensive,althoughnotexhaustive,listofderivationalprefixesinEnglish.Dependingonpreciselyhowonedefinesaderivationalprefix,someoftheneoclassicalcombiningformsmayormaynotqualifyforinclusioninsuchalist.Thislisttakesthebroadviewthatacro-andauto-countasEnglishderivationalprefixesbecausetheyfunctionthesamewaythatprefixessuchasover-andself-do. Asfornumeralprefixes,onlythemostcommonmembersofthatclassareincludedhere.ThereisalargeseparatetablecoveringthemallatNumeralprefix>TableofnumberprefixesinEnglish. Prefix Meaning Example Comments a- "not" asymmetric,"notsymmetric" takestheforman-beforevowels;seeprivativealpha acro- "high" acrophobia,"fearofheights"(more) allo- "other" allotransplantation,"transplantoftissuefromanotherperson"(more) alter- "other" alterego,"otherpersonality"(more) ante- "prior" antebellum,"beforeawar" anti- "opposite" anti-inflammatory,"againstinflammation"(more) auto- "byoneselforitself" automobile,"movesitself"(more) bi- "two" bicentennial,"consistingoforoccurringeverytwocenturies" binomial,"twoterms" SeenumberprefixesinEnglish co- "together" cooperation,"workingtogether" takestheformcon-beforevowels cis- "onthesameside" cisgenesis,"genesdon'tchangewithinbreedingandbirthsetting" contra- "below" ;"against" contraindication,"againstindication"(more) counter- "against" countermeasure,"actionagainst"(more) de- "negative,remove" deactivate,"stopfromworking" di- "two" diatomic,"twoatoms" dipole,"twopoles" SeenumberprefixesinEnglish dis- "negative,remove" disappear,"vanish"(more) down- "down";"reduce" downshift,"shifttoalowergear"downregulation,"regulationtowardlessenedexpression"(more) dys- "negative,badly,wrongly" dysfunction,"badfunction"(more) epi- "uponaddition","above" epidural,"outsidetheduramater"(more) extra- "toagreaterextent" ;"beyond" extracellular,"outsideacell"(more) fore- "before" foresight,"seeingbeforehand"(more) hemi- "half" hemisphere,"halfofasphere"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish hexa- "six" hexagon,"six-sidedpolygon"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish hyper- "beyond" hypercalcemia,"toomuchcalciumintheblood"(more) Seehyper hypo- "marginal";"notenough" hypokalemia,"notenoughpotassiumintheblood"(more) ig- "not" ignoble,"notnoble"ignorant,(fromrootsmeaning)"notknowing"(more) ig-(beforegn-orn-),il-(beforel-),im-(beforeb-,m-,orp-),in-(beforemostletters),orir-(beforer-) il- "not" illegal,"notlegal"(more) ig-(beforegn-orn-),il-(beforel-),im-(beforeb-,m-,orp-),in-(beforemostletters),orir-(beforer-) im- "not" imbalance,"lackofbalance"(more) ig-(beforegn-orn-),il-(beforel-),im-(beforeb-,m-,orp-),in-(beforemostletters),orir-(beforer-) in- "not" inactive,"notactive" ig-(beforegn-orn-),il-(beforel-),im-(beforeb-,m-,orp-),in-(beforemostletters),orir-(beforer-) infra- "below" infrared,"belowredonthespectrum"(more) inter- "between" interobserver,"betweenobservers"(more) intra- "within" intracellular,"insideacell"(more) ir- "not" irregular,"notregular"(more) ig-(beforegn-orn-),il-(beforel-),im-(beforeb-,m-,orp-),in-(beforemostletters),orir-(beforer-) macro- "large-scale" ;"exceptionallyprominent" macroeconomics,"workingsofentireeconomies"(more) mal- "unpleasant","not" malocclusion,"badocclusion"(more) maxi- "big","asbigaspossible" maxi-single,"singlewithextras"(more) meso- "middle" mesoamerican,"middleoftheAmericas"(more) meta- "self-referential" metadata,"datathatprovidesinformationaboutotherdata"(more) micro- "small-scale" micrometer,"small-measurementinstrument"(more) mid- "middle" midportion,"middlepart"(more) mini- "small" miniature,"small";"smallerversion"(more) mis- "bad","wrong" misspelling,"incorrectspelling"(more) mono- "one" monotheism,"beliefinonegod"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish multi- "many","morethanone" multiplex,"manysignalsinonecircuit"(more) non- "no","not" nonstop,"withoutstopping"(more) octo- "eight" octopus,"eight-footed"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish over- "excess","toomuch";"ontop" overexpression,"toomuchexpression"overcoat,"outercoat"(more) pan- "all" pancytopenia,"lowcountsacrossallcelltypes"pan-American,"involvingalloftheAmericas"(more) Sometimes"all-"isused,especiallyinAsianEnglish,whereAll-UnionwasastandardtranslationoftheRussianwordmeaning"pan-USSR"or"USSR-wide",and"All-India"isasimilarstandardterminIndia,comparabletowordssuchasnational,nationwide,orfederal(inthecaseoffederations). para- "beside";"beyond";"relatedto";"altered" paranormal,"beyondthenormal"paresthesia,"alteredsensation"paramilitary,"military-like"(more) penta- "five" pentateuch,"thefivebooksofMoses"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish per- "through";"throughout" percutaneous,"throughtheskin"(more) peri- "around" pericardial,"aroundtheheart"(more) poly- "many" polyglot,"manylanguages"(more) post- "after" postoperative,"aftersurgery"(more) pre- "before";"already" preassembled,"alreadybuilt"(more) pro- "onbehalfof" ;"before" pro-science,"infavorofscience"(more) proto- "first";"primitive";"precursor" Proto-Indo-European,"precursorofIndo-European"(more) pseudo- "false","specious" pseudonym,"fakename"(more) quadri- "four" quadrilateral,"four-sided"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish quasi- "somewhat","resembling" quasiparticulate,"resemblingparticles"(more) re- "again" reestablish,"establishagain"(more) self- "[actingonorby]oneself" self-cleaning,"cleansitself"(more) Bynormativeconvention,alwayshyphenated(exceptforafewmultiprefixcompoundssuchasunselfconscious) semi- "partial";"somewhat";"half" semiarid,"somewhatarid"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish sub- "below" subzero,"belowzero"(more) super- "above";"morethan";"great" supermarket,"bigmarket"(more) supra- "above" supraorbital,"abovetheeyesockets"(more) tetra- "four" tetravalent,"fourvalenceelectrons"(more) SeenumberprefixesinEnglish trans- "across";"connecting" transatlantic,"acrosstheAtlanticOcean"(more) tri- "three" tripartite,"threeparts"(more) ultra- "beyond";"extremely" ultraviolet,"beyondvioletonthespectrum"(more) un- "not";"remove";"opposite" unopened,"notopened"(more) under- "beneath";"notenough" underexposure,"notenoughexposure"(more) up- "up";"increase" upshift,"shifttoahighergear"upregulation,"regulationtowardincreasedexpression"(more) xeno- "foreign" xenophobia,"fearofstrangersorforeigners"xenotransplantation,"transplantfromanotherspecies"(more) Hyphenation[edit] ThechoicebetweenhyphenationorsolidstylingforprefixesinEnglishiscoveredatHyphen>Prefixesandsuffixes. Japaneselanguage[edit] CommonlyusedprefixesinJapaneseincludeお〜(o-)andご〜(go-).Theyareusedaspartofthehonorificsystemofspeech,andareusedasmarkersforpoliteness,showingrespectforthepersonorthingtheyareaffixedto,notablyalsobeingusedeuphemistically.[3][4] Bantulanguages[edit] IntheBantulanguagesofAfrica,whichareagglutinating,thenounclassisconveyedthroughprefixes,whichisdeclinedandagreeswithallofitsargumentsaccordingly.[5] ExamplefromLuganda[edit] Nounclass Prefix 1 o-mu- 1a ∅ 2 a-ba- 3 o-mu- 4 e-mi- 5 e-ri-/CC- 6 a-ma- 7 e-ki- 8 e-bi- 9 e-N- 10 e-N-/zi- ò-mú-límíAG-CL1-farmerò-mú-nénéAG-CL1-fatò-mú-kâddéAG-CL1-oldò-múAG.oneà-∅-gêndahe-PRES-goò-mú-límíò-mú-nénéò-mú-kâddéò-múà-∅-gêndaAG-CL1-farmerAG-CL1-fatAG-CL1-oldAG.onehe-PRES-goTheone,old,fatfarmergoes. Navajo[edit] VerbsintheNavajolanguageareformedfromawordstemandmultipleaffixes.Forexample,eachverbrequiresoneoffournon-syllabicprefixes(∅,ł,d,l)tocreateaverbtheme.[6] Sunwar[edit] IntheSunwarlanguageofEasternNepal,theprefixma-मisusedtocreatenegativeverbs.Itistheonlyverbalprefixinthelanguage. ma.rimʃoNEG.nicealchild [7]ma.rimʃoalNEG.nicechildBadchild!(scolding) Russian[edit] Asapartoftheformationofnouns,prefixesarelesscommoninRussianthansuffixes,butalterthemeaningofaword. пред-andположение'position'becomesпредположение'supposition' пре-andобразование'formation(verb)'becomesпреобразование'transformation'[8] German[edit] InGerman,derivativesformedwithprefixesmaybeclassifiedintwocategories:thoseusedwithsubstantivesandadjectives,andthoseusedwithverbs.[9]Forderivativesubstantivesandadjectives,onlytwoproductiveprefixesaregenerallyaddabletoanysubstantiveoradjectiveasof1970:un-,whichexpressesnegation(asinungesund,fromgesund),andur-,whichmeans"original,primitive"insubstantives,andhasanemphaticfunctioninadjectives.ge-,ontheotherhand,expressesunionortogetherness,butonlyinaclosedgroupofwords—itcannotsimplybeaddedtoanynounoradjective.[10] Verbalprefixescommonlyinusearebe-,ent-,er-,ge-,miss-,ver-,andzer-(seealsoSeparableverb).[10]be-expressesstrengtheningorgeneralization.ent-expressesnegation.ge-indicatesthecompletionofanaction,whichiswhyitsmostcommonusehasbecometheformingofthepastparticipleofverbs;ver-hasanemphaticfunction,oritisusedtoturnasubstantiveoranadjectiveintoaverb.[9]Insomecases,theprefixparticleent-(negation)canbeconsideredtheoppositeofparticlebe-,whileer-canbeconsideredtheoppositeofver-.[11][12] Theprefixer-usuallyindicatesthesuccessfulcompletionofanaction,andsometimestheconclusionmeansdeath.[13]Withfewerverbs,itindicatesthebeginningofanaction.[9][13]Theprefixer-isalsousedtoformverbsfromadjectives(e.g.erkaltenisequivalenttokaltwerdenwhichmeans"togetcold").[13] Seealso[edit] Affix Suffix Privative Boundandunboundmorphemes Englishprefix ListofGreekandLatinrootsinEnglish substring#Prefix Metricprefix References[edit] ^abWilson2011,p. 152–153.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFWilson2011(help) ^Beard,Robert(1998)."SheDerivation".TheHandbookofMorphology.Blackwell.pp. 44–45. ^Miyake,Yoshimi(1999).TheJapanesedeferentialprefixo:Anaturalhistory(PhD).UniversityofMichigan.hdl:2027.42/131729.Retrieved2021-05-12. ^Kaiser,Stefan;Ichikawa,Yasuko;Kobayashi,Noriko;Yamamoto,Hilofumi(2013).Japanese:AComprehensiveGrammar.pp. 29–31.ISBN 9780415687393. ^Nurse,Derek;Philippson,Gérard,eds.(2003).TheBantulanguages.London:Routledge.pp. 103–110.ISBN 9780700711345. ^Young&Morgan(1980).TheNavajoLanguage:AGrammarandColloquialDictionary.UniversityofNewMexicoPress.p. 99. ^Borchers,D.(2008).AGrammarofSunwar:DescriptiveGrammar,Paradigms,TextsandGlossary.BrillAcademicPublishers.p. 169. ^Wade,T.(2000).AComprehensiveRussianGrammar.BlackwellPublishers.pp. 32,33.ISBN 9781405136396. ^abcChambers,W.WalkerandWilkie,JohnR.(1970)AShortHistoryoftheGermanLanguage,London:Methuen&Company,Ltd.,p.63 ^abCf.Chambers,W.WalkerandWilkie,JohnR.(1970)AShortHistoryoftheGermanLanguage,London:Methuen&Company,Ltd.,p.63 ^DanielBoileau(1820)TheNatureandGeniusoftheGermanLanguagepp.203,211 ^Maylor,B.Roger(2002)Lexicaltemplatemorphology:changeofstateandtheverbalprefixesinGermanp.12 ^abcSchmidt,Karla(1974)EasywaystoenlargeyourGermanvocabularyp.86 Workscited[edit] Mihaliček,Vedrana;Wilson,Christin(2011).LanguageFiles:MaterialsforanIntroductiontoLanguageandLinguistics.OhioStateUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-8142-5179-9. LookupprefixinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPrefixes. Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prefix&oldid=1093089970" Categories:PrefixesAffixesLexicalunitsLinguisticsterminologyWordsHiddencategories:HarvandSfnno-targeterrorsArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataArticlescontainingJapanese-languagetextCommonslinkislocallydefined Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaBasaBaliবাংলাБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChiShonaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGàidhligGalego한국어ՀայերենHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaИронÍslenskaItalianoJawaҚазақшаKiswahiliKurdîLatinaLatviešuLietuviųLugandaМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlandsNedersaksies日本語NorskbokmålOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsРусиньскыйРусскийसंस्कृतम्ShqipSimpleEnglishSiSwatiSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаVènetoTiếngViệtVolapükWalon吴语ייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks