Albert O. Hirschman - Wikipedia

Albert Otto Hirschman was an economist and the author of several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the ... AlbertO.Hirschman FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Economist(1915–2012) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "AlbertO.Hirschman" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2013)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) AlbertOttoHirschmanHirschman(left)interpretingfortheaccusedGermanAntonDostlerinItaly1945Born(1915-04-07)April7,1915Berlin,GermanEmpireDiedDecember10,2012(2012-12-10)(aged 97)EwingTownship,NewJersey,UnitedStatesInstitutions UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley FederalReserveBoard YaleUniversity ColumbiaUniversity HarvardUniversity InstituteforAdvancedStudy FieldPoliticaleconomyAlma materUniversityofTrieste LondonSchoolofEconomics UniversityofParisContributionsHidinghandprincipleInformationatIDEAS / RePEc AlbertOttoHirschman[1](bornOtto-AlbertHirschmann;April7,1915–December10,2012)wasaneconomistandtheauthorofseveralbooksonpoliticaleconomyandpoliticalideology.Hisfirstmajorcontributionwasintheareaofdevelopmenteconomics.[2]Hereheemphasizedtheneedforunbalancedgrowth.Hearguedthatdisequilibriashouldbeencouragedtostimulategrowthandhelpmobilizeresources,becausedevelopingcountriesareshortofdecisionmakingskills.Keytothiswasencouragingindustrieswithmanylinkagestootherfirms. Hislaterworkwasinpoliticaleconomyandthereheadvancedtwoschemata.Thefirstdescribesthethreebasicpossibleresponsestodeclineinfirmsorpolities(quitting,speakingup,stayingquiet)inExit,Voice,andLoyalty(1970).[3]Theseconddescribesthebasicargumentsmadebyconservatives(perversity,futilityandjeopardy)inTheRhetoricofReaction(1991). InWorldWarII,heplayedakeyroleinrescuingrefugeesinoccupiedFrance. Contents 1Earlylifeandeducation 2Career 3Work 3.1Herfindahl–HirschmanIndex 3.2Books 4Selectedarticles 5Awards 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Earlylifeandeducation[edit] OttoAlbertHirschmanwasbornin1915intoanaffluentJewishfamilyinBerlin,Germany,thesonofCarlHirschmann,asurgeon[4]andHedwigMarcuseHirschmann.Hehadasister,UrsulaHirschmann.[5]In1932,hestartedstudyingatFriedrich-Wilhelms-Universität,wasactiveintheanti-fascistresistanceandemigratedtoParis,[6]continuedatHECParis,theSorbonne,theLondonSchoolofEconomicsandtheUniversityofTrieste,wherehereceivedhisdoctorateineconomicsin1938.[5] Inthesummerof1936,HirschmanspentthreemonthsasavolunteerfightingonbehalfoftheSpanishRepublicintheSpanishCivil War.[4][5]AfterFrancesurrenderedtotheNazis,heworkedwithVarianFryfromtheEmergencyRescueCommitteetohelpmanyofEurope'sleadingartistsandintellectualstoescapetotheUnitedStates;[4]HirschmanhelpedtoleadthemfromoccupiedFrancetoSpainthroughpathsinthePyreneesMountainsandthentoPortugal.[4][7]ThoserescuedincludedMarcChagall,HannahArendtandMarcelDuchamp.[7] Career[edit] From1941–1943hewasaRockefellerFellowattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.HeservedintheUnitedStatesArmy(1943–1946)whereheworkedintheOfficeofStrategicServices,andservedastheinterpreterfortheGermangeneralAntonDostleratthefirstAlliedwarcrimestrial.[8][9] From1946–1952hewasappointedChiefoftheWesternEuropeanandBritishCommonwealthSectionoftheFederalReserveBoard.[citationneeded] From1952–1954hewasafinancialadvisortotheNationalPlanningBoardofColombiaandthenext2yearsmadealivingasaprivateeconomiccounselorinBogotá.[citationneeded] Thereafterheheldasuccessionofacademicappointmentsineconomics;from1956–1958atYaleUniversity,from1958–1964atColumbiaUniversity,andfor10yearsatHarvardUniversity(1964–1974).HeworkedfortheInstituteforAdvancedStudyfrom1974–2012untilhisdeath.[3] Hediedattheageof97onDecember10,2012,somemonthsafterthepassingofhiswifeofoverseventyyears,SarahHirschman(néeChapiro).[10] Work[edit] Hisfirstmajorcontributionwasintheareaofdevelopmenteconomicswiththe1958bookTheStrategyofEconomicDevelopment.Hereheemphasizedtheneedforunbalancedgrowth.Hearguedthatdisequilibriashouldbeencouragedtostimulategrowthandhelpmobilizeresources,becausedevelopingcountriesareshortofdecisionmakingskills.Keytothiswasencouragingindustrieswithmanylinkagestootherfirms.[citationneeded]Hearguedagainst"BigPush"approachestodevelopment,suchasthoseadvocatedbyPaulRosenstein-Rodan.[11] Inhis1967essayTheprincipleofthehidinghand,Hirschmanhelpeddevelopthehidinghandprinciple.[citationneeded] Hislaterworkwasinpoliticaleconomy,whereheadvancedtwoschemata.InExit,Voice,andLoyalty(1970)hedescribedthethreebasicpossibleresponsestodeclineinfirmsorpolities(quitting,speakingup,stayingquiet).[3] Theseconddescribesthebasicargumentsmadebyconservatives(perversity,futilityandjeopardy)inTheRhetoricofReaction(1991). InThePassionsandtheInterestsHirschmannrecountsahistoryoftheideaslayingtheintellectualgroundworkforcapitalism.Hedescribeshowthinkersintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesembracedthesinofavariceasanimportantcounterweighttohumankind'sdestructivepassions.CapitalismwaspromotedbythinkersincludingMontesquieu,SirJamesSteuart,andAdamSmithasrepressingthepassionsfor"harmless"commercialactivities.Hirschmannotedthattermsincluding"vice"and"passion"gavewayto"suchblandterms"as"advantage"and"interest."[citationneeded]Hirschmandescribeditasthebookhemostenjoyedwriting.[citationneeded]AccordingtoHirschmanbiographerJeremyAdelman,itreflectedHirschman'spoliticalmoderation,achallengetoreductiveaccountsofhumannaturebyeconomistsasa"utility-maximizingmachine"aswellasMarxianorcommunitarian"nostalgiaforaworldthatwaslosttoconsumeravarice."[12][page needed] Herfindahl–HirschmanIndex[edit] In1945,Hirschmanproposedamarketconcentrationindexwhichwasthesquarerootofthesumofthesquaresofthemarketshareofeachparticipantinthemarket.[13]In1950,OrrisC.Herfindahlproposedasimilarindex(butwithoutthesquareroot),apparentlyunawareofthepriorwork.[14]Thus,itisusuallyreferredtoastheHerfindahl–HirschmanIndex. Books[edit] 1945.NationalPowerandtheStructureofForeignTrade1980expandeded.,Berkeley :UniversityofCaliforniaPress[13] 1955.Colombia;highlightsofadevelopingeconomy.Bogotá:BancodelaRepublicaPress. 1958.TheStrategyofEconomicDevelopment.NewHaven,Conn.:YaleUniversityPress.ISBN 0-300-00559-8 1961.LatinAmericanissues;essaysandcommentsNewYork:TwentiethCenturyFund. 1963.JourneystowardProgress:StudiesofEconomicPolicy-MakinginLatinAmerica.NewYork:TwentiethCenturyFund 1967.DevelopmentProjectsObserved.Washington,D.C.:TheBrookingsInstitution.ISBN 0-815-73651-7(paper). 1970.Exit,Voice,andLoyalty:ResponsestoDeclineinFirms,Organizations,andStates.Cambridge,Massachusetts:HarvardUniversityPress.ISBN 0-674-27660-4(paper). 1971.ABiasforHope:EssaysonDevelopmentandLatinAmerica.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress. 1977.ThePassionsandtheInterests:PoliticalArgumentsForCapitalismBeforeItsTriumph.Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN 0-691-01598-8. 1980.NationalPowerandtheStructureofForeignTrade.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress. 1981.Essaysintrespassing:economicstopoliticsandbeyond.Cambridge(Eng.);NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress. 1982.Shiftinginvolvements:privateinterestandpublicaction.Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress. 1984.Gettingaheadcollectively:grassrootsexperiencesinLatinAmerica(withphotographsbyMitchellDenburg).NewYork:PergamonPress 1985.Abiasforhope:essaysondevelopmentandLatinAmerica.Boulder:WestviewPress. 1986.Rivalviewsofmarketsocietyandotherrecentessays.NewYork:Viking. 1991.TheRhetoricofReaction:Perversity,Futility,Jeopardy.Cambridge,Massachusetts:TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversityPress.ISBN 0-674-76867-1(cloth)andISBN 0-674-76868-X(paper). 1995.Apropensitytoself-subversion.Cambridge,Massachusetts:HarvardUniversityPress. 1998.Crossingboundaries:selectedwritings.NewYork:ZoneBooks;Cambridge,Massachusetts:DistributedbytheMITPress. 2013.WorldlyPhilosopher:TheOdysseyofAlbertO.HirschmanbyJeremyAdelman.ISBN 9780691155678.PrincetonUniversityPress.Princeton,NJ(2013) 2013TheEssentialHirschmaneditedbyJeremyAdelman(PrincetonUniversityPress)384pages;16essays Selectedarticles[edit] "OnMeasuresofDispersionforaFiniteDistribution."JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation38,no.223(September1943):346–352. "TheCommodityStructureofWorldTrade."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics57,no.4(August1943):565–595. "DevaluationandtheTradeBalance:ANote."TheReviewofEconomicsandStatistics31,no.1(February1949):50–53. "NegotiationsandtheIssues."TheReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,33,no.1(February1951):49–55. "TypesofConvertibility."TheReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,33,no.1(February1951):60–62. "CurrencyAppreciationasanAnti-InflationaryDevice:FurtherComment."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics,66,no.1(February1952):117–120. "EconomicPolicyinUnderdevelopedCountries."EconomicDevelopmentandCulturalChange,5,no.4(July1957):362–370. "InvestmentPoliciesand'Dualism'inUnderdevelopedCountries."TheAmericanEconomicReview47,no.5(September1957):550–570. "InvitationtoTheorizingabouttheDollarGlut."TheReviewofEconomicsandStatistics42,no.1(February1960):100–102. "TheCommodityStructureofWorldTrade:Reply."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics75,no.1(February1961):165–166. "ModelsofReformmongering."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics77,no.2(May1963):236–257. "ObstaclestoDevelopment:AClassificationandaQuasi-VanishingAct."EconomicDevelopmentandCulturalChange13,no.4(July1965):385–393. "ThePoliticalEconomyofImport-SubstitutingIndustrializationinLatinAmerica."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics82,no.1(February1968):1–32. "Underdevelopment,ObstaclestothePerceptionofChange,andLeadership."Daedalus97,no.3(Summer1968):925–937. "AnAlternativeExplanationofContemporaryHarriednes."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics87,no.4(November1973):634–637. "TheChangingToleranceforIncomeInequalityintheCourseofEconomicDevelopment",WorldDevelopment,Vol.1,No.12,(December'1973'). "OnHegel,Imperialism,andStructuralStagnation",JournalofDevelopmentEconomics,('1976'). "BeyondAsymmetry:CriticalNotesonMyselfasaYoungManandonSomeOtherOldFriends."InternationalOrganization32,no.1(Winter1978):45–50. "Exit,Voice,andtheState."WorldPolitics31,no.1(October1978):90–107. "TheRiseandDeclineofDevelopmentEconomics."InternationalSymposiumonLatinAmerica,Bar-IlanUniversity,Israel,'1980'. "'Exit,Voice,andLoyalty':FurtherReflectionsandaSurveyofRecentContributions."TheMilbankMemorialFundQuarterly.HealthandSociety58,no.3(Summer1980):430–453. "RivalInterpretationsofMarketSociety:Civilizing,Destructive,orFeeble?."JournalofEconomicLiterature20,no.4(December1982):1463–1484. "AgainstParsimony:ThreeEasyWaysofComplicatingSomeCategoriesofEconomicDiscourse."BulletinoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences37,no.8(May1984):11–28. "AgainstParsimony:ThreeEasyWaysofComplicatingSomeCategoriesofEconomicDiscourse."AmericanEconomicReview72,no.2(1984):89–96 "UniversityActivitiesAbroadandHumanRightsViolations:Exit,Voice,orBusinessasUsual."HumanRightsQuarterly6,no.1(February1984):21–26. "ThePoliticalEconomyofLatinAmericanDevelopment:SevenExercisesinRetrospection."LatinAmericanResearchReview22,no.3(1987):7–36. "Exit,Voice,andtheFateoftheGermanDemocraticRepublic:AnEssayinConceptualHistory."WorldPolitics45,no.2(January1993):173–202. "SocialConflictsasPillarsofDemocraticMarketSociety."PoliticalTheory22,no.2(May1994):203–218. Awards[edit] In2001,Hirschmanwasnamedamongthetop100Americanintellectuals,asmeasuredbyacademiccitations,inRichardPosner'sbook,PublicIntellectuals:AStudyofDecline.[15] In2003,hewontheBenjaminE.LippincottAwardfromtheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociationtorecognizeaworkofexceptionalqualitybyalivingpoliticaltheoristforhisbookThePassionsandtheInterests:PoliticalArgumentsforCapitalismbeforeItsTriumph.[citationneeded] In2007,theSocialScienceResearchCouncilestablishedanannualprizeinhonorofHirschman.[16] Seealso[edit] Economicdevelopment Hirschmancycle Exit,Voice,andLoyaltyModel LatinAmericanstudies FernandoHenriqueCardoso GuillermoO'Donnell PhilippeC.Schmitter References[edit] Citations ^orHirshman. ^Hirschman,A.O.(1958)TheStrategyofEconomicDevelopment.YaleUniversityPress ^abcDowding,Keith(2015-03-26).Lodge,Martin;Page,EdwardC;Balla,StevenJ(eds.)."AlbertO.Hirschman,Exit,VoiceandLoyalty:ResponsestoDeclineinFirms,Organizations,andStates".TheOxfordHandbookofClassicsinPublicPolicyandAdministration.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.30.ISBN 978-0-19-964613-5. ^abcdBookreviewof“WorldlyPhilosopher:TheOdysseyofAlbertO.Hirschman”(Princeton),byJeremyAdelman :TheGiftofDoubt:AlbertO.HirschmanandthepoweroffailurebyMalcolmGladwellTheNewYorker,2013 ^abc(inGerman)HonorarydegreeawardedtoAlbertO.HirschmanbyFreeUniversityofBerlin ^Löhr,Isabella(2014-01-15)."JeremyAdelman,WorldlyPhilosopher.TheOdysseyofAlbertO.Hirschman.Princeton/Oxford,PrincetonUniversityPress2013".HistorischeZeitschrift.299(2):573–576.doi:10.1515/hzhz-2014-0531.ISSN 2196-680X. ^abYardley,William(2012-12-23)."AlbertHirschman,OptimisticEconomist,Diesat97".TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN 0362-4331.Retrieved2021-06-06. ^Yardley,William(December23,2012)."AlbertHirschman,OptimisticEconomist,Diesat97".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedJuly23,2013. ^Adelman,Jeremy.(2013).Worldlyphilosopher :theodysseyofAlbertO.Hirschman.Princeton,NJ.ISBN 978-0-691-15567-8.OCLC 820123478. ^Green,David(October12,2014)."Economistwhostudiedprogressandfoughtfascismdies".Ha’aretz.RetrievedJanuary6,2015. ^Paul.,Krugman(1999).Development,geography,andeconomictheory.MITPress.ISBN 0-262-61135-X.OCLC 742205196. ^Adelman,Jeremy(April7,2013).WorldlyPhilosopher:TheOdysseyofAlbertO.Hirschman.PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0691155678. ^abAlbertO.Hirschman(1980-01-01).NationalPowerandtheStructureofForeignTrade.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.p. 19.ISBN 978-0-520-04082-3....therewasaposteriorinventor,O.C.Herfindahl,whoproposedthesameindex,exceptforthesquareroot... ^OrrisCHerfindahl(1950).Concentrationinthesteelindustry.Dissertation:ColumbiaUniversity.OCLC 5732189. ^Posner,Richard(2001).PublicIntellectuals:AStudyofDecline.HarvardUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-674-00633-1. ^"AlbertO.HirschmanPrizeoftheSocialScienceResearchCouncil".SocialScienceResearchCouncil.RetrievedJuly23,2013. Sources EuropaPublications(2003).TheInternationalWho'sWho2004.Routledge.ISBN 978-1-85743-217-6.Retrieved24April2010. Furtherreading[edit] MicheleAlacevich.2021.AlbertO.Hirschman:AnIntellectualBiography.ColumbiaUniversityPress. JeremyAdelman.2013.WorldlyPhilosopher:TheOdysseyofAlbertO.Hirschman.PrincetonUniversityPress Externallinks[edit] Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:AlbertO.Hirschman WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoAlbertOttoHirschman. AlbertHirschmanPapersattheSeeleyG.MuddManuscriptLibrary,PrincetonUniversity TheNewYorkReviewofBooksBibliography AmherstCommencementRecognition AlbertO.HirschmanPrizeandLecture ObituaryfromtheInstituteforAdvancedStudyArchived2012-12-14attheWaybackMachine "AgreatlateralthinkerdiedonDecember10th"TheEconomist2012. MichaelLaver."Exit,Voice,andLoyaltyrevisited:TheStrategicProductionandConsumptionofPublicandPrivateGoods,"BritishJournalofPoliticalScience.Vol.6.(Oct.1976).pp. 463–482. vteInstitutionaleconomicsInstitutionaleconomists WernerAbelshauser ClarenceEdwinAyres JoeS.Bain ShimshonBichler RobertA.Brady DanielBromley Ha-JoonChang JohnMauriceClark JohnR.Commons RichardT.Ely RobertH.Frank JohnKennethGalbraith WaltonHaleHamilton OrrisC.Herfindahl AlbertO.Hirschman GeoffreyHodgson JánosKornai SimonKuznets HunterLewis JesseW.Markham WesleyClairMitchell GunnarMyrdal JonathanNitzan WarrenSamuels FrançoisSimiand HerbertA.Simon FrankStilwell GeorgeW.StockingSr. LarsPålssonSyll ThorsteinVeblen EdwardLawrenceWheelwright ErichZimmermann Newinstitutionaleconomists DaronAcemoglu ArmenAlchian MasahikoAoki StevenN.S.Cheung RonaldCoase HaroldDemsetz AvnerGreif ClaudeMénard DouglassNorth MancurOlson ElinorOstrom OliverE.Williamson Behavioraleconomists GeorgeAinslie DanAriely NavaAshraf OferAzar DouglasBernheim SamuelBowles SarahBrosnan ColinCamerer DavidCesarini Kay-YutChen RachelCroson WernerDeBondt PaulDolan StephenDuneier CatherineC.Eckel ArminFalk UrsFischbacher HerbertGintis UriGneezy DavidHalpern CharlesA.Holt DavidRyanJust DanielKahneman ArielKalil GeorgeKatona JeffreyR.Kling GeorgeLoewenstein GrahamLoomes BrigitteC.Madrian GaryMcClelland MatteoMotterlini SendhilMullainathan MichaelNorton MatthewRabin HowardRachlin KlausM.Schmidt EldarShafir HershShefrin RobertJ.Shiller UweSunde RichardThaler AmosTversky RobertW.Vishny GeorgWeizsäcker Economicsociologists JensBeckert FredL.Block JamesS.Coleman PaulDiMaggio PaulaEngland MarkGranovetter DonaldAngusMacKenzie JoelM.Podolny LynetteSpillman RichardSwedberg LaurentThévenot CarloTrigilia HarrisonWhite VivianaZelizer Keyconceptsandideas Acceleratoreffect Administeredprices Barrierstoentry Boundedrationality Conspicuousconsumption Conspicuousleisure Conventionalwisdom Countervailingpower Effectivecompetition Herfindahlindex Hidinghandprinciple Hirschmancycle Instrumentalism Kuznetscycles Marketconcentration Marketpower Marketstructure Penaltyoftakingthelead Satisficing Shortageeconomy Structure–conduct–performanceparadigm Technostructure Theoryoftwo-levelplanning Veblengoods Vebleniandichotomy Relatedfields Culturaleconomics Developmenteconomics Englishhistoricalschoolofeconomics Evolutionaryeconomics Evolutionarypsychology Frenchhistoricalschool Historicalschoolofeconomics Legalrealism Microeconomics Post-Keynesianeconomics AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) ISNI 1 VIAF 1 2 WorldCat Nationallibraries Norway Spain France(data) Catalonia UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Russia 2 Scientificdatabases CiNii(Japan) Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology SUDOC(France) 1 Trove(Australia) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_O._Hirschman&oldid=1049515634" 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