Ch. 29 Introduction to Quantum Physics - OpenStax
文章推薦指數: 80 %
Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics needed to deal with submicroscopic objects. Because these objects are smaller than we can observe ... SkiptoContentGotoaccessibilitypageKeyboardshortcutsmenuCollegePhysics2eIntroductiontoQuantumPhysicsCollegePhysics2eIntroductiontoQuantumPhysicsCloseMenuContentsContentsHighlightsPrintTableofcontentsPreface1 Introduction:TheNatureofScienceandPhysicsIntroductiontoScienceandtheRealmofPhysics,PhysicalQuantities,andUnits1.1Physics:AnIntroduction1.2PhysicalQuantitiesandUnits1.3Accuracy,Precision,andSignificantFigures1.4ApproximationGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises2 KinematicsIntroductiontoOne-DimensionalKinematics2.1Displacement2.2Vectors,Scalars,andCoordinateSystems2.3Time,Velocity,andSpeed2.4Acceleration2.5MotionEquationsforConstantAccelerationinOneDimension2.6Problem-SolvingBasicsforOne-DimensionalKinematics2.7FallingObjects2.8GraphicalAnalysisofOne-DimensionalMotionGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises3 Two-DimensionalKinematicsIntroductiontoTwo-DimensionalKinematics3.1KinematicsinTwoDimensions:AnIntroduction3.2VectorAdditionandSubtraction:GraphicalMethods3.3VectorAdditionandSubtraction:AnalyticalMethods3.4ProjectileMotion3.5AdditionofVelocitiesGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises4 Dynamics:ForceandNewton'sLawsofMotionIntroductiontoDynamics:Newton’sLawsofMotion4.1DevelopmentofForceConcept4.2Newton’sFirstLawofMotion:Inertia4.3Newton’sSecondLawofMotion:ConceptofaSystem4.4Newton’sThirdLawofMotion:SymmetryinForces4.5Normal,Tension,andOtherExamplesofForces4.6Problem-SolvingStrategies4.7FurtherApplicationsofNewton’sLawsofMotion4.8ExtendedTopic:TheFourBasicForces—AnIntroductionGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises5 FurtherApplicationsofNewton'sLaws:Friction,Drag,andElasticityIntroduction:FurtherApplicationsofNewton’sLaws5.1Friction5.2DragForces5.3Elasticity:StressandStrainGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises6 UniformCircularMotionandGravitationIntroductiontoUniformCircularMotionandGravitation6.1RotationAngleandAngularVelocity6.2CentripetalAcceleration6.3CentripetalForce6.4FictitiousForcesandNon-inertialFrames:TheCoriolisForce6.5Newton’sUniversalLawofGravitation6.6SatellitesandKepler’sLaws:AnArgumentforSimplicityGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises7 Work,Energy,andEnergyResourcesIntroductiontoWork,Energy,andEnergyResources7.1Work:TheScientificDefinition7.2KineticEnergyandtheWork-EnergyTheorem7.3GravitationalPotentialEnergy7.4ConservativeForcesandPotentialEnergy7.5NonconservativeForces7.6ConservationofEnergy7.7Power7.8Work,Energy,andPowerinHumans7.9WorldEnergyUseGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises8 LinearMomentumandCollisionsIntroductiontoLinearMomentumandCollisions8.1LinearMomentumandForce8.2Impulse8.3ConservationofMomentum8.4ElasticCollisionsinOneDimension8.5InelasticCollisionsinOneDimension8.6CollisionsofPointMassesinTwoDimensions8.7IntroductiontoRocketPropulsionGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises9 StaticsandTorqueIntroductiontoStaticsandTorque9.1TheFirstConditionforEquilibrium9.2TheSecondConditionforEquilibrium9.3Stability9.4ApplicationsofStatics,IncludingProblem-SolvingStrategies9.5SimpleMachines9.6ForcesandTorquesinMusclesandJointsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises10 RotationalMotionandAngularMomentumIntroductiontoRotationalMotionandAngularMomentum10.1AngularAcceleration10.2KinematicsofRotationalMotion10.3DynamicsofRotationalMotion:RotationalInertia10.4RotationalKineticEnergy:WorkandEnergyRevisited10.5AngularMomentumandItsConservation10.6CollisionsofExtendedBodiesinTwoDimensions10.7GyroscopicEffects:VectorAspectsofAngularMomentumGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises11 FluidStaticsIntroductiontoFluidStatics11.1WhatIsaFluid?11.2Density11.3Pressure11.4VariationofPressurewithDepthinaFluid11.5Pascal’sPrinciple11.6GaugePressure,AbsolutePressure,andPressureMeasurement11.7Archimedes’Principle11.8CohesionandAdhesioninLiquids:SurfaceTensionandCapillaryAction11.9PressuresintheBodyGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises12 FluidDynamicsandItsBiologicalandMedicalApplicationsIntroductiontoFluidDynamicsandItsBiologicalandMedicalApplications12.1FlowRateandItsRelationtoVelocity12.2Bernoulli’sEquation12.3TheMostGeneralApplicationsofBernoulli’sEquation12.4ViscosityandLaminarFlow;Poiseuille’sLaw12.5TheOnsetofTurbulence12.6MotionofanObjectinaViscousFluid12.7MolecularTransportPhenomena:Diffusion,Osmosis,andRelatedProcessesGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises13 Temperature,KineticTheory,andtheGasLawsIntroductiontoTemperature,KineticTheory,andtheGasLaws13.1Temperature13.2ThermalExpansionofSolidsandLiquids13.3TheIdealGasLaw13.4KineticTheory:AtomicandMolecularExplanationofPressureandTemperature13.5PhaseChanges13.6Humidity,Evaporation,andBoilingGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises14 HeatandHeatTransferMethodsIntroductiontoHeatandHeatTransferMethods14.1Heat14.2TemperatureChangeandHeatCapacity14.3PhaseChangeandLatentHeat14.4HeatTransferMethods14.5Conduction14.6Convection14.7RadiationGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises15 ThermodynamicsIntroductiontoThermodynamics15.1TheFirstLawofThermodynamics15.2TheFirstLawofThermodynamicsandSomeSimpleProcesses15.3IntroductiontotheSecondLawofThermodynamics:HeatEnginesandTheirEfficiency15.4Carnot’sPerfectHeatEngine:TheSecondLawofThermodynamicsRestated15.5ApplicationsofThermodynamics:HeatPumpsandRefrigerators15.6EntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics:DisorderandtheUnavailabilityofEnergy15.7StatisticalInterpretationofEntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics:TheUnderlyingExplanationGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises16 OscillatoryMotionandWavesIntroductiontoOscillatoryMotionandWaves16.1Hooke’sLaw:StressandStrainRevisited16.2PeriodandFrequencyinOscillations16.3SimpleHarmonicMotion:ASpecialPeriodicMotion16.4TheSimplePendulum16.5EnergyandtheSimpleHarmonicOscillator16.6UniformCircularMotionandSimpleHarmonicMotion16.7DampedHarmonicMotion16.8ForcedOscillationsandResonance16.9Waves16.10SuperpositionandInterference16.11EnergyinWaves:IntensityGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises17 PhysicsofHearingIntroductiontothePhysicsofHearing17.1Sound17.2SpeedofSound,Frequency,andWavelength17.3SoundIntensityandSoundLevel17.4DopplerEffectandSonicBooms17.5SoundInterferenceandResonance:StandingWavesinAirColumns17.6Hearing17.7UltrasoundGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises18 ElectricChargeandElectricFieldIntroductiontoElectricChargeandElectricField18.1StaticElectricityandCharge:ConservationofCharge18.2ConductorsandInsulators18.3Coulomb’sLaw18.4ElectricField:ConceptofaFieldRevisited18.5ElectricFieldLines:MultipleCharges18.6ElectricForcesinBiology18.7ConductorsandElectricFieldsinStaticEquilibrium18.8ApplicationsofElectrostaticsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises19 ElectricPotentialandElectricFieldIntroductiontoElectricPotentialandElectricEnergy19.1ElectricPotentialEnergy:PotentialDifference19.2ElectricPotentialinaUniformElectricField19.3ElectricalPotentialDuetoaPointCharge19.4EquipotentialLines19.5CapacitorsandDielectrics19.6CapacitorsinSeriesandParallel19.7EnergyStoredinCapacitorsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises20 ElectricCurrent,Resistance,andOhm'sLawIntroductiontoElectricCurrent,Resistance,andOhm'sLaw20.1Current20.2Ohm’sLaw:ResistanceandSimpleCircuits20.3ResistanceandResistivity20.4ElectricPowerandEnergy20.5AlternatingCurrentversusDirectCurrent20.6ElectricHazardsandtheHumanBody20.7NerveConduction–ElectrocardiogramsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises21 CircuitsandDCInstrumentsIntroductiontoCircuitsandDCInstruments21.1ResistorsinSeriesandParallel21.2ElectromotiveForce:TerminalVoltage21.3Kirchhoff’sRules21.4DCVoltmetersandAmmeters21.5NullMeasurements21.6DCCircuitsContainingResistorsandCapacitorsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises22 MagnetismIntroductiontoMagnetism22.1Magnets22.2FerromagnetsandElectromagnets22.3MagneticFieldsandMagneticFieldLines22.4MagneticFieldStrength:ForceonaMovingChargeinaMagneticField22.5ForceonaMovingChargeinaMagneticField:ExamplesandApplications22.6TheHallEffect22.7MagneticForceonaCurrent-CarryingConductor22.8TorqueonaCurrentLoop:MotorsandMeters22.9MagneticFieldsProducedbyCurrents:Ampere’sLaw22.10MagneticForcebetweenTwoParallelConductors22.11MoreApplicationsofMagnetismGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises23 ElectromagneticInduction,ACCircuits,andElectricalTechnologiesIntroductiontoElectromagneticInduction,ACCircuitsandElectricalTechnologies23.1InducedEmfandMagneticFlux23.2Faraday’sLawofInduction:Lenz’sLaw23.3MotionalEmf23.4EddyCurrentsandMagneticDamping23.5ElectricGenerators23.6BackEmf23.7Transformers23.8ElectricalSafety:SystemsandDevices23.9Inductance23.10RLCircuits23.11Reactance,InductiveandCapacitive23.12RLCSeriesACCircuitsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises24 ElectromagneticWavesIntroductiontoElectromagneticWaves24.1Maxwell’sEquations:ElectromagneticWavesPredictedandObserved24.2ProductionofElectromagneticWaves24.3TheElectromagneticSpectrum24.4EnergyinElectromagneticWavesGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises25 GeometricOpticsIntroductiontoGeometricOptics25.1TheRayAspectofLight25.2TheLawofReflection25.3TheLawofRefraction25.4TotalInternalReflection25.5Dispersion:TheRainbowandPrisms25.6ImageFormationbyLenses25.7ImageFormationbyMirrorsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises26 VisionandOpticalInstrumentsIntroductiontoVisionandOpticalInstruments26.1PhysicsoftheEye26.2VisionCorrection26.3ColorandColorVision26.4Microscopes26.5Telescopes26.6AberrationsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises27 WaveOpticsIntroductiontoWaveOptics27.1TheWaveAspectofLight:Interference27.2Huygens'sPrinciple:Diffraction27.3Young’sDoubleSlitExperiment27.4MultipleSlitDiffraction27.5SingleSlitDiffraction27.6LimitsofResolution:TheRayleighCriterion27.7ThinFilmInterference27.8Polarization27.9*ExtendedTopic*MicroscopyEnhancedbytheWaveCharacteristicsofLightGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises28 SpecialRelativityIntroductiontoSpecialRelativity28.1Einstein’sPostulates28.2SimultaneityAndTimeDilation28.3LengthContraction28.4RelativisticAdditionofVelocities28.5RelativisticMomentum28.6RelativisticEnergyGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises29 QuantumPhysicsIntroductiontoQuantumPhysics29.1QuantizationofEnergy29.2ThePhotoelectricEffect29.3PhotonEnergiesandtheElectromagneticSpectrum29.4PhotonMomentum29.5TheParticle-WaveDuality29.6TheWaveNatureofMatter29.7Probability:TheHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple29.8TheParticle-WaveDualityReviewedGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises30 AtomicPhysicsIntroductiontoAtomicPhysics30.1DiscoveryoftheAtom30.2DiscoveryofthePartsoftheAtom:ElectronsandNuclei30.3Bohr’sTheoryoftheHydrogenAtom30.4XRays:AtomicOriginsandApplications30.5ApplicationsofAtomicExcitationsandDe-Excitations30.6TheWaveNatureofMatterCausesQuantization30.7PatternsinSpectraRevealMoreQuantization30.8QuantumNumbersandRules30.9ThePauliExclusionPrincipleGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises31 RadioactivityandNuclearPhysicsIntroductiontoRadioactivityandNuclearPhysics31.1NuclearRadioactivity31.2RadiationDetectionandDetectors31.3SubstructureoftheNucleus31.4NuclearDecayandConservationLaws31.5Half-LifeandActivity31.6BindingEnergy31.7TunnelingGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises32 MedicalApplicationsofNuclearPhysicsIntroductiontoApplicationsofNuclearPhysics32.1DiagnosticsandMedicalImaging32.2BiologicalEffectsofIonizingRadiation32.3TherapeuticUsesofIonizingRadiation32.4FoodIrradiation32.5Fusion32.6Fission32.7NuclearWeaponsGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises33 ParticlePhysicsIntroductiontoParticlePhysics33.1TheYukawaParticleandtheHeisenbergUncertaintyPrincipleRevisited33.2TheFourBasicForces33.3AcceleratorsCreateMatterfromEnergy33.4Particles,Patterns,andConservationLaws33.5Quarks:IsThatAllThereIs?33.6GUTs:TheUnificationofForcesGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&Exercises34 FrontiersofPhysicsIntroductiontoFrontiersofPhysics34.1CosmologyandParticlePhysics34.2GeneralRelativityandQuantumGravity34.3Superstrings34.4DarkMatterandClosure34.5ComplexityandChaos34.6High-temperatureSuperconductors34.7SomeQuestionsWeKnowtoAskGlossarySectionSummaryConceptualQuestionsProblems&ExercisesA|AtomicMassesB|SelectedRadioactiveIsotopesC|UsefulInformationD|GlossaryofKeySymbolsandNotationAnswerKeyChapter1Chapter2Chapter3Chapter4Chapter5Chapter6Chapter7Chapter8Chapter9Chapter10Chapter11Chapter12Chapter13Chapter14Chapter15Chapter16Chapter17Chapter18Chapter19Chapter20Chapter21Chapter22Chapter23Chapter24Chapter25Chapter26Chapter27Chapter28Chapter29Chapter30Chapter31Chapter32Chapter33Chapter34Index Figure 29.1 Ablackflyimagedbyanelectronmicroscopeisasmonstrousasanyscience-fictioncreature.(credit:U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureviaWikimediaCommons) ChapterOutline 29.1 QuantizationofEnergy 29.2 ThePhotoelectricEffect 29.3 PhotonEnergiesandtheElectromagneticSpectrum 29.4 PhotonMomentum 29.5 TheParticle-WaveDuality 29.6 TheWaveNatureofMatter 29.7 Probability:TheHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple 29.8 TheParticle-WaveDualityReviewed Quantummechanicsisthebranchofphysicsneededtodealwithsubmicroscopicobjects.Becausetheseobjectsaresmallerthanwecanobservedirectlywithoursensesandgenerallymustbeobservedwiththeaidofinstruments,partsofquantummechanicsseemasforeignandbizarreaspartsofrelativity.But,likerelativity,quantummechanicshasbeenshowntobevalid—truthisoftenstrangerthanfiction.Certainaspectsofquantummechanicsarefamiliartous.Weacceptasfactthatmatteriscomposedofatoms,thesmallestunitofanelement,andthattheseatomscombinetoformmolecules,thesmallestunitofacompound.(SeeFigure29.2.)Whilewecannotseetheindividualwatermoleculesinastream,forexample,weareawarethatthisisbecausemoleculesaresosmallandsonumerousinthatstream.Whenintroducingatoms,wecommonlysaythatelectronsorbitatomsindiscreteshellsaroundatinynucleus,itselfcomposedofsmallerparticlescalledprotonsandneutrons.Wearealsoawarethatelectricchargecomesintinyunitscarriedalmostentirelybyelectronsandprotons.Aswithwatermoleculesinastream,wedonotnoticeindividualchargesinthecurrentthroughalightbulb,becausethechargesaresosmallandsonumerousinthemacroscopicsituationswesensedirectly. Figure 29.2 Atomsandtheirsubstructurearefamiliarexamplesofobjectsthatrequirequantummechanicstobefullyexplained.Certainoftheircharacteristics,suchasthediscreteelectronshells,areclassicalphysicsexplanations.Inquantummechanicsweconceptualizediscrete“electronclouds”aroundthenucleus. ClassicalphysicsisagoodapproximationofmodernphysicsunderconditionsfirstdiscussedintheTheNatureofScienceandPhysics.Quantummechanicsisvalidingeneral,anditmustbeusedratherthanclassicalphysicstodescribesmallobjects,suchasatoms.Atoms,molecules,andfundamentalelectronandprotonchargesareallexamplesofphysicalentitiesthatarequantized—thatis,theyappearonlyincertaindiscretevaluesanddonothaveeveryconceivablevalue.Quantizedistheoppositeofcontinuous.Wecannothaveafractionofanatom,orpartofanelectron’scharge,or14-1/3cents,forexample.Rather,everythingisbuiltofintegralmultiplesofthesesubstructures.Quantumphysicsisthebranchofphysicsthatdealswithsmallobjectsandthequantizationofvariousentities,includingenergyandangularmomentum.Justaswithclassicalphysics,quantumphysicshasseveralsubfields,suchasmechanicsandthestudyofelectromagneticforces.Thecorrespondenceprinciplestatesthatintheclassicallimit(large,slow-movingobjects),quantummechanicsbecomesthesameasclassicalphysics.Inthischapter,webeginthedevelopmentofquantummechanicsanditsdescriptionofthestrangesubmicroscopicworld.Inlaterchapters,wewillexaminemanyareas,suchasatomicandnuclearphysics,inwhichquantummechanicsiscrucial. PreviousNextDoyouknowhowyoulearnbest?KineticbyOpenStaxoffersaccesstoinnovativestudytoolsdesignedtohelpyoumaximizeyourlearningpotential.ExploreKineticCitation/Attribution Wanttocite,share,ormodifythisbook?Thisbookusesthe CreativeCommonsAttributionLicense andyoumustattributeOpenStax. Attributioninformation Ifyouareredistributingallorpartofthisbookinaprintformat, thenyoumustincludeoneveryphysicalpagethefollowingattribution: Accessforfreeathttps://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units Ifyouareredistributingallorpartofthisbookinadigitalformat, thenyoumustincludeoneverydigitalpageviewthefollowingattribution: Accessforfreeathttps://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units Citationinformation Usetheinformationbelowtogenerateacitation.Werecommendusinga citationtoolsuchas thisone. Authors:PaulPeterUrone,RogerHinrichs Publisher/website:OpenStax Booktitle:CollegePhysics2e Publicationdate:Jul13,2022 Location:Houston,Texas BookURL:https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units SectionURL:https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/29-introduction-to-quantum-physics ©Jun30,2022OpenStax.TextbookcontentproducedbyOpenStaxislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense.TheOpenStaxname,OpenStaxlogo,OpenStaxbookcovers,OpenStaxCNXname,andOpenStaxCNXlogo arenotsubjecttotheCreativeCommonslicenseandmaynotbereproducedwithoutthepriorandexpresswritten consentofRiceUniversity.
延伸文章資訊
- 1Introduction to quantum mechanics - Wikipedia
Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic ...
- 2Ch. 29 Introduction to Quantum Physics - OpenStax
Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics needed to deal with submicroscopic objects. Because th...
- 3Introduction to quantum mechanics / David J. Griffiths - Fisica.net
Introduction to quantum mechanics / David J. Griffiths. ... The purpose of this book is to teach ...
- 4Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 3/e (Hardcover) - 天瓏
書名:Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 3/e (Hardcover),ISBN:1107189632,作者:David J. Griffiths, Darr...
- 5Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 3rd Edition - Amazon
A clear and accessible introduction to theory and applications of quantum mechanics for junior/se...