Linguistic knowledge 語言學概論重點(一)

Easy→root (字根):free morpheme.單一字根有意義。

Uneasy → prefix + stem (字幹) 就像角色扮演，不一樣的位置名稱跟著改變。

Uneasily → stem + suffix 跳到主要內容 Linguisticknowledge│語言學概論重點(一) 1月18,2018 CHAPTER1WhatIsLanguage? Linguisticknowledge Whenyouknowalanguage,youcanspeakandbeunderstoodbyotherswhoknowthatlanguage. 1Deafpeoplesignlanguage: Spokenlanguageandsignlanguagediffer(不同)onlyintheirmodalityofexpression. 說的語言和手語不同的地方只在表達的方式。

2Yettheabilitytocarryout: abilitytocarryoutthesimplestconversationrequiresprofound(深度的)knowledgethatmostspeakersareunawareof. 進行簡單的交談都需要深度的知識，但說話者都不知情。

Linguisticknowledgeincludesthefollowingpoints. soundsystemwordsSentencesAndNonsentencesmeaning phonology音韻學phonetics語音學Morphology詞彙學syntax句法學Semantics語意學 1Knowledgeofthesoundsystem(phonology音韻學andphonetics語音學) 音韻學：關於語言的心理層面。

語音學：語言的物理、生理層面。

Knowingalanguagemeansknowingwhatsoundsareinthatlanguageandwhat. Soundsarenot. Itmeansalsoknowingwhichsoundsmaystartaword,endaword,andfolloweachother. 中文釋義：聲音的系統是透過聲音，可以知道是或不是這個語言，它意謂著說：這個聲音開始於那一個字、那一個字的結束並依序跟隨。

2Knowledgeofwords(morphology詞彙學) 詞彙學：詞彙學是以語言的詞彙為研究對象，研究詞彙的起源和發展、詞的構造、構成及規範。

Soundsandsoundpatternsofourlanguageconstitute(構成)onlyonepartofourlinguisticknowledge. 2.1ArbitraryRelationofFormandMeaning(獨有的型式和解釋關係) Ifyoudonotknowalanguage,thewords(andsentences)ofthatlanguagewillbemainlyincomprehensible(難以理解),becausetherelationshipbetweenspeechsoundsandthemeaningstheyrepresent(代表)is,forthemostpart,anarbitraryone. 中文釋義：聲音和音調的格式於語言構造只是語言知識的一部分，只在自己的語言體系中所代表的唯一意思。

附註：Arbitrary獨斷的。

2.2ArbitraryRelationofsignlanguages(手語的獨斷性) Speakandsignlanguageintheknowledgeofthesoundsystemarearbitrary. 一個系統換一個語言就沒有意思 Thisconventionalandarbitraryrelationshipbetweentheform(sound)andmeaning(concept)ofawardisalsotrueinsignlanguages. 2.3Onomatopoeic(擬聲的)words Soundsymbolisminlanguage:wordspronunciationsuggeststheirmeanings.Mostlanguagescontainonomatopoeicwordslikesmurmurthatimitate(模仿)thesoundsassociated(關聯的)withtheobjectsoractionstheyreferto. 中文釋義：在語言中，聲音的象徵於字的發音提供了它們的意思，大部分的語言包括了擬聲字，就像murmur，仿效的聲音和動作及物件是相連結的。

2.4Thecreativityoflinguisticknowledge(語言的創造性) Creativityisalanguagequality. 中文釋義：創造性是語言的特質。

Nodictionarycanlistallthepossiblesentences,becausethenumberofsentencesinalanguageisinfinite. Knowingalanguagemeansbeingabletoproduceandunderstandnewsentencesneverspokenbefore. Thatisthecreativeaspectoflanguage. Evensomeinvoluntarycrieslike"ouch"changeaccordingtothelanguagewespeak. SteponanItalianspeaker'stoesandhewillcry"ahi."Frenchspeakersoftenfilltheirpauseswiththevowelsoundthatstartstheirwordfor"egg"-oeuf-asoundthatdoesnotoccurinEnglish. 3KnowledgeOfSentencesAndNonsentences(syntax句法學) languagenotonlyallowsustoproduceandunderstandaninfinite(無限)numberofwell-formedsentences.Italsopermits(允許)todistinguish(區分)formedofrightornot. 中文釋義：語言不只允許我們產生或了解無限量的合乎文法句子；也允許我們去區別出合乎文法或不合乎文法的句子。

Grammaticalsentences: Johnkissedthelittleoldladywhoownedtheshaggydog. Johnis difficulttolove. ItisdifficulttoloveJohn. Johnisanxioustogo. John,whowasastudent,flunkedhisexams. Ungrammaticalsentences: WhoownedtheshaggydogJohnkissedthelittleoldlady. ItisanxioustogoJohn. ExamshisflunkedstudentawaswhoJohn. 4Knowledgeofthemeaning–semantics(semantics語意學→meaningofsentence) LinguisticknowledgeandPerformance 1Linguisticcompetence→thelinguisticknowledgeofthelanguage 2LinguisticPerformance:theactualuseofthelanguage. Ex:highaffectivefilter:emotion,nervous.(很容易緊張自我設限) 2.1Lexicon←→mentaldictionary=>;allthewordsusedinalanguage. 2.2Grammarinabroadersense.(廣義上的語法) WhatIsGrammar? Itfocusesontheactualuseofthespeakersofalanguage. Ex: Iamtallerthanhe(傳統性文法prescriptivegrammar) Iamtallerthanhim(敘述性文法descriptive=standard) 1.DescriptiveGrammars 1Phonology(音韻字):Rulesforcombiningsoundsintowords.規則合併成詞的聲音。

2Morphology(詞彙學=單字):Rulesofwordformation. 3Syntax(語法):Rulesforcombiningwordsintophrasesandphrasesintosentences. 4Semantics(語意學=句子):Aswellastherulesforassigning( 指定)meaning. 5Lexicon(詞彙):Thegrammar,togetherwitha‘mentaldictionary’. 2.PrescriptiveGrammars Prestigedialect-thatvarietyofthelanguagespokenbypeopleinpositionsofpower.(掌權者使用的語言) Linguistically,prestigeandstandarddialectsdonothavesuperiorgrammars. Writingisnotacquirednaturallythoughsimpleexposurestootherspeakingthelanguagesare,butmustbetaught. 中文：寫作不是一個自然可以習得的，須要透過教導。

3.GeneralGrammar=>UniversalGrammar(UG): Generalgrammarwastorevealthosefeaturescommontoalllanguages. Thenatureoflanguageingeneralandpromoted(推崇)theideaofgeneralgrammarasdistinct(不同)fromspecialgrammar. NoamChomsky’sview:thatUGispartofbiologically(生物)endowed(得天獨厚)humanlanguagefaculty.AmajoraimoflinguistictheoryistodiscoverthenatureofUG. 普遍性語法:語言學的一個理論概念，所有語言的共通法，語言的架構innate+talent(天生的) 4.SignLanguages Inshort,signedlanguagesresemble(類似)spokenlanguagesinallmajoraspects(方面). Thisuniversalityisexpected(預期)because,regardlessofthemodalityinwhichitisexpressed,languageisabiologicallybasedability. 簡而言之，手語在主要的方向與口語是相類似的，不管它以何形式被展現，語言是一個生物學上的基本能力。

WhatIsNot(Human)Language Displacementanddiscreteness(creativity)aretwofundamentalpropertiesthatdistinguishhumanlanguagefromthecommunicationsystemsofbirdsandotheranimals. 沒有創造性(creativity=discreteness)和代替性(displacement)這2種特性不能被稱為語言。

Languageandthought(語言和思想) Sapir-Whorfhypothesis(假說): 1Linguisticdeterminism語言決定論(strongest) becauseitholdsthatthelanguagewespeakdetermineshowweperceiveandthinkabouttheworld.[L.D.] 人的思想由他的語言所決定→語言跟思想之間的關聯。

2Linguisticrelativism語言相對論(weaker) itsaysthatdifferentlanguageencodedifferentcategoriesandthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesthereforethinkabouttheworldindifferentways.[L.Y.] 你所學的語言會影響你看世界的角度，但不是決定的。

ButtheSapir-Whorfstronghypothesisiswrong. People’sthoughtsandperceptions(觀念)arenotdeterminedbythewordsandstructuresoftheirlanguage. Wearenotprisoners(囚犯)ofourlinguisticsystems. ※Politicians(政治家)andmarketerscertainly(肯定)believethatlanguagecaninfluence(影響)ourthoughtsandvalues. ※TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisholdsthattheparticularlanguagewespeakdeterminesorinfluencesourthoughtandperceptions(認識)oftheworld. Chapter2Morphology:TheWordsOfLanguage ContentWordsandFunctionWords Languagesmakeanimportantdistinction(分別)betweentwokindsofwords–contentwordsandfunctionwords. 1Contentwords: nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs(副詞)sometimescalledtheopenclasswords.Becausewecanandregularly(經常)doaddnewwordstotheseclasses. 2Functionwords: conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronounssometimescalledtheclosedclasswords.Becausetheyspecifygrammaticalrelationsandhavelittleornosemanticcontent. 連接詞，介詞，冠詞，代詞有時也被稱為封閉類的字。

因為他們指定的語法關係，並只有些微的或語義解釋。

Morphemes 1Theminimalunitsofmeaning.(最小意思的最小單位) 2Cannotbefurtheranalyzed.(不可再分解) BoundandFreeMorphemes: [Free]knowledgeoftheindividual(個別)Morphemes. [bound]knowledgeoftherulesthatcombinethem.(需合併) Affixes:綴詞 Affixes(prefix,suffix,infixandcircumfix)areallboundmorphemes. Prefixes:regain(inthebeginning).放在字首 "unhappy"consistsoftheprefix"un-" Suffixes:acceptable(intheend).放在字尾 looking　吃了　詞幹-後綴　出現在詞幹之後 Infixes:in(at)themiddle.放在字中 ＂saxomaphone＂意指吃過飯；詞幹；通常出現在詞幹之中，常見於婆羅洲-菲律賓語系或南島語系裡。

Circumfixes:incatthebeginningandend.可放在字首或字尾 ascattered環綴＋詞幹＋環綴一部分出現在詞幹前，另一部分出現在詞幹後 Rootsandstems Easy→root(字根):freemorpheme.單一字根有意義。

Uneasy→prefix+stem(字幹) 就像角色扮演，不一樣的位置名稱跟著改變。

Uneasily→stem+suffix EX: System→root systematic→stem(system)+suffix(atic) unsystematic→prefix(un)+stem(systematic) BoundRoots(沒辦法自己存在) DerivationalMorphology(BoundMorphology) Boundmorphemesaddanewwordwithanewmeaning. (改變了詞性，衍生出另一個字和字義發音可能會有變化) InflectionalMorphology(八大詞類) -s(third-personsingular),-s,-'s,-es,-ed,-en-ing,-er,-est. Zero-formMorphology(沒有變化的詞彙) Amorphologythatdoesn’tchangethewordeitherinspellingorpronciation. 並不能改變這個詞無論是在拼寫或發音。

Ex:hit,hit,hit.(發音沒有變化) sit,set,set.(拼音沒有變化) n.（不會變化單複數的名詞）:sheep,fish,deer,salmon,offspring,species. Child→children Foot→feet ring,rang,rung. Makingcompoundsplural(複合名詞複數) Isnotalwayssimplyadding–sasingirlfriendsorsheepdogs. Ex:formanyspeakersthepluralofmother-in-lawismothers-in-law,whereasthepossessiveformismother-in-law’s. Lexicalgaps(沒有這樣使用，文法上正確) Peoplewholiveinthestreamsandlakescan’tcontroltheirbodies.(文法正確但沒人如此使用) EX:Disobvious→看起來像個字但它是錯的。

WordCoinage造字方法 Coinaword Inventaword Makeupaword 1.Back-Formation(回朔) 2.Compound 3.Acronym(縮寫) Back-Formation Back-Formationarewordscreatedbymisinterpretinganaffixlook-alikesuchas-erasanactualaffix, so,forexample,theverbpeddlewasformedunderthemistakenassumptionthatpeddlerwaspeddle+-er. 1.peddler->peddle 2.sightseeing->sightsee 3.stoker->stoke 4.editor->edit CompoundWord 複合字的字，由第二個組成的詞性決定。

(重音第一個；詞性第二個) Whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillalsobeinthiscategory:noun+noun=noun Girl(名詞)+Friend(名詞)=名詞 Fighter(名詞)+bomber(名詞)=名詞 Home(名詞)+work(名詞)=名詞 Paper(名詞)+Clip(名詞)=名詞 Elevator(名詞)+Operator(名詞)=名詞 Land(名詞)+Lord(名詞)=名詞 Mail(名詞)+Man(名詞)=名詞 Adjective+Adjective=Adjective Bitter(形容詞)+Sweet(形容詞)=形容詞 Icy(形容詞)+Cold(形容詞)=形容詞 Red(形容詞)+Hot(形容詞)=形容詞 Worldly(形容詞)+Wise(形容詞)=形容詞 InEnglish,therightmostwordinacompoundistheheadofthecompound. Theheadisthepartofawordorphrasethatdeterminesthegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound: noun+adjective=Adjective Head(名詞)+Strong(形容詞)=形容詞 Poor(形容詞)+House(名詞)=名詞 White(形容詞)+Wash(動詞)=動詞 Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts; ablackboardmaybegreenorwhite. NoteveryonewhowearsaredcoatisaRedcoat(英軍)。

Othercompoundsrevealothermeaningrelationsbetweentheparts, whicharenotentirelyconsistentbecausemanycompoundsareidiomatic(狸語). Aboathouseisahouseforboats,butacathouseisnotahouseforcats. (Itisslangforahouseofprostitutionorwhorehouse.) Ajumpingbeanisabeanthatjumps,afallingstarisastarthat(appearsto)fall,andamagnifyingglassisaglassthatmagnifies;butalookingglassisnotaglassthatlooks,norisaneatingappleanapplethateats,andlaughinggasdoesnotlaugh. Intheexamplessofar,themeaningofeachcompoundincludesatleasttosomeextentthemeaningsoftheindividualparts. However,manycompoundsnowadaysdonotseemtorelatetothemeaningsoftheindividualpartsatall. Ajack-in-a-boxisatropicaltree,andaturncodtisatraitor. Ahighbrowdoesnotnecessarilyhaveahighbrow,nordoesabigwighaveabigwig,nordoesaneggheadhaveanegg-shaoedhead. 樹狀圖-TreeDiagrams 判斷斜體的字 1.terroriz"ed"=inflectional(八大詞類)suffix(字尾) 2.un"civil"ized=FreeRoot(可單獨存在的字根) 3.terror"ize"=Derivational(非八大：改變詞性)suffix 4."luke"warm=Boundroot(不可單獨存在的字根) 5."im"possible=derivationalprefix 6.noisycrow=phraseconsistingofadjectiveplusnoun 7.scarecrow=compoundnoun 8.thecrow=grammaticalmorphemefollowedbylexical(語詞的)morpheme 9.crowlike=rootmorphemeplusderivationalsuffix 10.crows=rootmorphemeplusinflectionalaffix deactivation=de+act+active+activate+activation replaces=re+place+s retroactive=re+tro+active befriended=be+friend+ed televise=tele+vise margin=margin endearment=en+dear+ment psychology=psych+ology unpalatable=un+palat+able holiday=holi+day grandmother=grand+mother morphemic=morphe+mic mistreatment=mis+treat+ment saltpeter=salt+peter airsickness=air+sick+ness bureaucrat=bure+au+crat democrat=demo+crat airstocrat=aristo+crat plutocrat=pluto+crat democracy=demo+crat+cracy democratic=demo+crat+cratic democratically=demo+crat+crati+cally democratization=demo+crat+cratiza+tion democratize=demo+crat+crati+ze democratizer=demo+crat+cratiz+cratizer democratizing=demo+crat+cratiz+ing democratized=demo+crat+cratiz+ed 頁數 1│2│3 分享 取得連結 Facebook Twitter Pinterest 以電子郵件傳送 其他應用程式 標籤 學術文章 標籤： 學術文章 分享 取得連結 Facebook Twitter Pinterest 以電子郵件傳送 其他應用程式 留言 Unknown2018年11月4日晚上9:35只能說我看完了整本才發現原來有中文版真的哭了回覆刪除回覆CatherineHuang2018年11月5日上午8:20恭喜你，完成了原文閱讀，功力更上一層。

刪除回覆回覆回覆Unknown2018年11月4日晚上9:36感謝你回覆刪除回覆CatherineHuang2018年11月5日上午8:21不會，有幫助就好。

刪除回覆回覆回覆新增留言載入更多… 張貼留言 這個網誌中的熱門文章 語言學(三)PhoneticsandLanguageinSociety 5月23,2014 Phonetics:TheSoundsoflanguage/語音學：語言的聲音重點導覽:1.甚麼是Phonetics。

2.語音學有幾種。

 3.母音和子音。

SoundSegments/音段Phonetics:Thesoundsoflanguage,relatingtospoken. Thestudyofspeechsounds.語音學：語言的聲音，有關於口語。

研究講話的聲音。

Todescribespeechsounds,itisnecessarytoknowwhatanindividualsoundis,andhoweachsounddiffersfromallothers.來形容講話的聲音，有必要知道什麼是個別的聲音，以及每個聲音不同於所有其他的。

Thisisnotaseasyasitmayseemforwhenwespeak,thesoundsseemtoruntogetheranditisn'tatallobviouswhereonesoundendsandthenextbegins.當我們說時它看起來可能不是容易，聲音似乎念在了一起，一個聲音的結束和一個聲音的開始不是所有的發音都顯而易見的。

However,whenweknowthelanguageweheartheindividualsoundsinour“mind’sear”andareabletomakesenseofthem,unlikethesignpainterinthecartoon.然而，當我們知道的語言，我們聽到個別的聲音在我們的“心靈的耳朵”，並且能夠製作他們的情感，不像在卡通的視覺畫家。

AspeakerofEnglishknowsthattherearethreesoundsintheword bus.使用英語的說話者都知道，bus這個字有三種聲音。

Yet,physicallythewordisjustonecontinuoussound.然而，實際上這個詞僅僅是一個連續 分享 取得連結 Facebook Twitter Pinterest 以電子郵件傳送 其他應用程式 閱讀完整內容 「高雄-仁武」☑正忠排骨飯 9月22,2020 2019.01.14攝好像有漲價了，但沒有新的菜單，所以實際上價格還是以店家為準喔！正忠排骨飯MENU-店家是說滿三個就可以外送，對於不多的團購公司訂單真的蠻方便。

2019.01.04攝正忠排骨飯應該是耳熟能詳的便當店了，有時候也會特地去品嘗這樣的便當店。

分店應該也到處都可以看到。

今天訂購外送的這家是在仁武的正忠排骨店家地址：高雄市仁武區仁雄路37號 分享 取得連結 Facebook Twitter Pinterest 以電子郵件傳送 其他應用程式 2則留言 閱讀完整內容 檢舉濫用情形