Gospel - Wikipedia

In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus, culminating in his trial and death and concluding ... Gospel FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch BookswhichdescribethelifeandteachingsofJesus NottobeconfusedwithBible. ThisarticleisaboutthewrittenaccountsofthelifeofJesus.FortheChristianmessage,the"goodnews",seethegospel.Forotheruses,seeGospel(disambiguation). PartofaseriesonBooksoftheNewTestamentPapyrus46,oneoftheoldestNewTestamentpapyri,showing2Cor11:33-12:9 GospelsandActs FourEvangelists MatthewMarkLukeJohn LukanActs ActsoftheApostles EpistlesandApocalypse Paulineepistles Romans 1Corinthians2Corinthians GalatiansEphesians PhilippiansColossians 1Thessalonians2Thessalonians 1Timothy2Timothy TitusPhilemon Hebrews Catholicepistles James 1Peter2Peter 1John2John3John Jude Apocalypse BookofRevelation Authorship Luke-ActsJohannineworks PaulineepistlesHebrews Petrineepistles Relatedtopics NewTestamentcanon NewTestamentmanuscripts SynopticGospels Johannineliterature(epistles) Pastoralepistles  Bibleportal Christianityportalvte GospeloriginallymeanttheChristianmessage("thegospel"),butinthe2ndcenturyitcametobeusedalsoforthebooksinwhichthemessagewassetout.[1]Inthissenseagospelcanbedefinedasaloose-knit,episodicnarrativeofthewordsanddeedsofJesus,culminatinginhistrialanddeathandconcludingwithvariousreportsofhispost-resurrectionappearances.[2]Modernscholarsarecautiousofrelyingonthegospelsuncritically,butnevertheless,theyprovideagoodideaofthepubliccareerofJesus,andcriticalstudycanattempttodistinguishtheoriginalideasofJesusfromthoseofthelaterauthors.[3][4] ThefourcanonicalgospelswereprobablywrittenbetweenAD66and110.[5][6][7]Allfourwereanonymous(withthemodernnamesaddedinthe2ndcentury),almostcertainlynonewerebyeyewitnesses,andallaretheend-productsoflongoralandwrittentransmission.[8]Markwasthefirsttobewritten,usingavarietyofsources.[9][10]TheauthorsofMatthewandLukebothindependentlyusedMarkfortheirnarrativeofJesus'scareer,supplementingitwithacollectionofsayingscalledtheQ sourceandadditionalmaterialuniquetoeach.[11]Thereisnear-consensusthatJohnhaditsoriginsasthehypotheticalSignsGospelthoughttohavebeencirculatedwithinaJohanninecommunity.[12]ThecontradictionsanddiscrepanciesbetweenthefirstthreeandJohnmakeitimpossibletoacceptbothtraditionsasequallyreliable.[13] Manynon-canonicalgospelswerealsowritten,alllaterthanthefourcanonicalgospels,andlikethemadvocatingtheparticulartheologicalviewsoftheirvariousauthors.[14][15]ImportantexamplesincludethegospelsofThomas,Peter,Judas,andMary;infancygospelssuchasthatofJames(thefirsttointroducetheperpetualvirginityofMary);andgospelharmoniessuchastheDiatessaron. Contents 1Etymology 2Canonicalgospels 2.1Contents 2.2Composition 2.3Genreandhistoricalreliability 2.4Textualhistoryandcanonisation 3Non-canonical(apocryphal)gospels 4Seealso 5Notes 6References 6.1Citations 6.2Bibliography 7Externallinks Etymology[edit] GospelistheOldEnglishtranslationofGreekεὐαγγέλιον,meaning"goodnews";[16]thismaybeseenfromanalysisofευαγγέλιον(εὖ"good"+ἄγγελος"messenger"+-ιονdiminutivesuffix).TheGreektermwasLatinizedasevangeliumintheVulgate,andtranslatedintoLatinasbonaannuntiatio.InOldEnglish,itwastranslatedasgōdspel(gōd"good"+spel"news").TheOldEnglishtermwasretainedasgospelinMiddleEnglishBibletranslationsandhenceremainsinusealsoinModernEnglish. Canonicalgospels[edit] Mainarticles:GospelofMatthew,GospelofMark,GospelofLuke,andGospelofJohn Contents[edit] ThefirstpageoftheGospelofMarkinArmenian,bySargisPitsak,14thcentury. ThefourcanonicalgospelsarethoseofMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn.TheysharethesamebasicoutlineofthelifeofJesus:hebeginshispublicministryinconjunctionwiththatofJohntheBaptist,callsdisciples,teachesandhealsandconfrontsthePharisees,diesonthecross,andisraisedfromthedead.[17] Eachhasitsowndistinctiveunderstandingofhimandhisdivinerole[15]andscholarsrecognizethatthedifferencesofdetailbetweenthegospelsareirreconcilable,andanyattempttoharmonizethemwouldonlydisrupttheirdistincttheologicalmessages.[18] TheGospelofMarkneverreferstoJesusas"God"orclaimsthatheexistedpriortohisearthlylife,doesnotdescribehisbirth,makesnoattempttotracehisancestrybacktoKingDavidorAdam,andoriginallyhadnopost-resurrectionappearances,[19][20]althoughMark16:7,inwhichayoungmandiscoveredinthetombinstructsthewomentotell"thedisciplesandPeter"thatJesuswillseethemagaininGalilee,hintsthattheauthorknewofthetradition.[21] MatthewandLukebasetheirnarrativesofthelifeofJesusonthatinMark,buteachmakessubtlechanges,MatthewstressingJesus'sdivinenature–forexample,the"youngman"whoappearsatJesus'stombinMarkbecomesaradiantangelinMatthew.[22][23]Similarly,themiraclestoriesinMarkconfirmJesus'sstatusasanemissaryofGod(whichwasMark'sunderstandingoftheMessiah),butinMatthewtheydemonstratedivinity.[24] Luke,whilefollowingMark'sgospelmorefaithfullythandoesMatthew,hasexpandedonthesource,correctedMark'sgrammarandsyntax,andeliminatedsomepassagesentirely,notablymostofChapters6and7.[25]John,themostovertlytheological,isthefirsttomakeChristologicaljudgementsoutsidethecontextofthenarrativeofJesus'slife.[15] Matthew,MarkandLukearetermedthesynopticgospelsbecausetheypresentverysimilaraccountsofthelifeofJesus,whileJohnpresentsasignificantlydifferentpictureofJesus'slifeandministry,[26]omittinganymentionofhisancestry,birthandchildhood,hisbaptism,temptationandtransfiguration.[26]John'schronologyandarrangementofincidentsisalsodistinctlydifferent,clearlydescribingthepassageofthreeyearsinJesus'sministryincontrasttothesingleyearofthesynoptics,placingthecleansingoftheTempleatthebeginningratherthanattheend,andtheLastSupperonthedaybeforePassoverinsteadofbeingaPassovermeal.[27]TheGospelofJohnistheonlygospeltocallJesusGod.IncontrasttoMark,whereJesushideshisidentityastheMessiah,inJohnheopenlyproclaimsit.[28] Composition[edit] TheSynopticsources:theGospelofMark(thetripletradition),Q(thedoubletradition),andmaterialuniquetoMatthew(theM source),Luke(theL source),andMark[29] Seealso:Synopticproblem LiketherestoftheNewTestament,thefourcanonicalgospelswerewritteninGreek.[30]TheGospelofMarkprobablydatesfromc.AD66–70,[5]MatthewandLukearoundAD85–90,[6]andJohnAD90–110.[7]Minorchangesandredactionsmayhavecontinuedaslateasthe3rdcentury.Thegospelsappeartobeanonymous;themoderntitles("GospelaccordingtoMatthew",etc.)donotappeartohavebeenpartoftheearliestformsofthework.TheywereeventuallyascribedtoMatthewtheApostle,MarktheEvangelist,LuketheEvangelist,andJohntheApostle.Afewconservativescholarsdefendthetraditionalascriptions,butforavarietyofreasonsthemajorityofscholarshaveabandonedthisvieworholditonlytenuously.[31][32]Notably,thereisagapofdecadesbeforethereisclearwrittenevidenceoftheascriptionstothegospels,suggestingtheyweremadeinthemid-to-late2ndcenturyandarenotoriginaltothetext;traditionalistssuggesttheseascriptionsweremadeearlier,however.MostscholarsinsteadsuggestthatthegospelswerewrittenbyunknowneruditeGreek-speakingChristiansrecordingreceivedtraditionsofJesus,andinthecaseofMatthewandLuke,usingMarkasabasistobuildupon.[8]Despitetheiranonymity,theauthorofLuke–ActsseemstohinttobeatravelingcompanionofPaultheApostle,andtheauthorofJohnseemstohintheisthe"beloveddisciple"ofJesus.Asadissentingview,RichardBauckhamdefendstheauthenticityofthetraditionalascriptionofJohn,believingittobewrittenbytheapostleataveryoldagewiththeexpressedgoalofaddinginformationthatwasmissinginthesynopticgospels,andsuggeststhatthesynopticgospelswereatleastcompiledusinginterviewswithstill-livingeyewitnesses.[33] IntheimmediateaftermathofJesus'sdeath,hisfollowersapparentlyexpectedhimtoreturnatanymoment,likelywithintheirownlifetimes,andconsequentlytherewaslittlemotivationtowriteanythingdownforfuturegenerations.However,aseyewitnessesbegantodie,andasthemissionaryneedsofthechurchgrew,therewasanincreasingdemandandneedforwrittenversionsofthefounder'slifeandteachings.[34]Thestagesofthisprocesscanbesummarisedasfollows:[35] Oraltraditions–storiesandsayingspassedonlargelyasseparateself-containedunits,notinanyorder; Writtencollectionsofmiraclestories,parables,sayings,etc.,withoraltraditioncontinuingalongsidethese; Writtenproto-gospelsprecedingandservingassourcesforthegospels–thededicatoryprefaceofLuke,forexample,testifiestotheexistenceofpreviousaccountsofthelifeofJesus.[36] Gospelsformedbycombiningproto-gospels,writtencollectionsandstill-currentoraltradition. Markisgenerallyagreedtobethefirstgospeltobewritten;[9]itusesavarietyofsources,includingconflictstories(Mark2:1–3:6),apocalypticdiscourse(4:1–35),andcollectionsofsayings,althoughnotthesayingsgospelknownastheGospelofThomasandprobablynottheQ sourceusedbyMatthewandLuke.[10]TheauthorsofMatthewandLuke,actingindependently,usedMarkfortheirnarrativeofJesus'scareer,supplementingitwiththecollectionofsayingscalledtheQ sourceandadditionalmaterialuniquetoeachcalledtheM source(Matthew)andtheL source(Luke).[11][note1]Mark,MatthewandLukearecalledthesynopticgospelsbecauseoftheclosesimilaritiesbetweenthemintermsofcontent,arrangement,andlanguage.[37]TheauthorsandeditorsofJohnmayhaveknownthesynoptics,butdidnotusetheminthewaythatMatthewandLukeusedMark.[38]Mostformcriticsthatthisgospelhaditsoriginsasa"signs"source(orgospel)thatcirculatedwithintheJohanninecommunity(whichproducedJohnandthethreeepistlesassociatedwiththename)andlaterexpandedwithaPassionnarrativeaswellasaseriesofdiscourses.[12][note2] AllfouralsousetheJewishscriptures,byquotingorreferencingpassages,orbyinterpretingtexts,orbyalludingtoorechoingbiblicalthemes.[40]Suchusecanbeextensive:Mark'sdescriptionoftheParousia(secondcoming)ismadeupalmostentirelyofquotationsfromscripture.[41]Matthewisfullofquotationsandallusions,[42]andalthoughJohnusesscriptureinafarlessexplicitmanner,itsinfluenceisstillpervasive.[43]TheirsourcewastheGreekversionofthescriptures,calledtheSeptuagint;theydonotseemfamiliarwiththeoriginalHebrew.[44] Genreandhistoricalreliability[edit] Mainarticles:HistoricalreliabilityoftheGospelsandQuestforthehistoricalJesus Theconsensusamongmodernscholarsisthatthegospelsareasubsetoftheancientgenreofbios,orancientbiography.[45]Ancientbiographieswereconcernedwithprovidingexamplesforreaderstoemulatewhilepreservingandpromotingthesubject'sreputationandmemory;thegospelswereneversimplybiographical,theywerepropagandaandkerygma(preaching).[46]Assuch,theypresenttheChristianmessageofthesecondhalfofthefirstcenturyAD,[47]andasLuke'sattempttolinkthebirthofJesustotheCensusofQuiriniusdemonstrates,thereisnoguaranteethatthegospelsarehistoricallyaccurate.[48] ThemajorityviewamongcriticalscholarsisthattheauthorsofMatthewandLukehavebasedtheirnarrativesonMark'sgospel,editinghimtosuittheirownends,andthecontradictionsanddiscrepanciesbetweenthesethreeandJohnmakeitimpossibletoacceptbothtraditionsasequallyreliable.[13]Inaddition,thegospelswereadtodayhavebeeneditedandcorruptedovertime,leadingOrigentocomplaininthe3rdcenturythat"thedifferencesamongmanuscriptshavebecomegreat,...[becausecopyists]eitherneglecttocheckoverwhattheyhavetranscribed,or,intheprocessofchecking,theymakeadditionsordeletionsastheyplease".[49]Mostoftheseareinsignificant,butmanyaresignificant,[50]anexamplebeingMatthew1:18,alteredtoimplythepre-existenceofJesus.[51]Forthesereasonsmodernscholarsarecautiousofrelyingonthegospelsuncritically,butneverthelesstheydoprovideagoodideaofthepubliccareerofJesus,andcriticalstudycanattempttodistinguishtheoriginalideasofJesusfromthoseofthelaterauthors.[3][4] ScholarsusuallyagreethatJohnisnotwithouthistoricalvalue:certainofitssayingsareasoldorolderthantheirsynopticcounterparts,itsrepresentationofthetopographyaroundJerusalemisoftensuperiortothatofthesynoptics,itstestimonythatJesuswasexecutedbefore,ratherthanon,Passover,mightwellbemoreaccurate,anditspresentationofJesusinthegardenandthepriormeetingheldbytheJewishauthoritiesarepossiblymorehistoricallyplausiblethantheirsynopticparallels.[52]Nevertheless,itishighlyunlikelythattheauthorhaddirectknowledgeofevents,orthathismentionsoftheBelovedDiscipleashissourceshouldbetakenasaguaranteeofhisreliability.[53] Textualhistoryandcanonisation[edit] Mainarticle:DevelopmentoftheNewTestamentcanon Theoldestgospeltextknownis𝔓52,afragmentofJohndatingfromthefirsthalfofthe2ndcentury.[54]ThecreationofaChristiancanonwasprobablyaresponsetothecareerofthehereticMarcion(c.85–160),whoestablishedacanonofhisownwithjustonegospel,thegospelofLuke,whichheeditedtofithisowntheology.[55]TheMuratoriancanon,theearliestsurvivinglistofbooksconsidered(byitsownauthoratleast)toformChristianscripture,includedMatthew,Mark,LukeandJohn.IrenaeusofLyonswentfurther,statingthattheremustbefourgospelsandonlyfourbecausetherewerefourcornersoftheEarthandthustheChurchshouldhavefourpillars.[1][56] Non-canonical(apocryphal)gospels[edit] Mainarticle:NewTestamentapocrypha Seealso:ListofGospels TheGospelofThomas Themanyapocryphalgospelsarosefromthe1stcenturyonward,frequentlyunderassumednamestoenhancetheircredibilityandauthority,andoftenfromwithinbranchesofChristianitythatwereeventuallybrandedheretical.[57]Theycanbebroadlyorganisedintothefollowingcategories:[58] Infancygospels:aroseinthe2ndcentury,includetheGospelofJames,alsocalledtheProtoevangelium,whichwasthefirsttointroducetheconceptofthePerpetualVirginityofMary,andtheInfancyGospelofThomas(nottobeconfusedwiththeunrelatedCopticGospelofThomas),bothofwhichrelatedmanymiraculousincidentsfromthelifeofMaryandthechildhoodofJesusthatarenotincludedinthecanonicalgospels. Ministrygospels Sayingsgospelsandagrapha Passion,resurrectionandpost-resurrectiongospels Gospelharmonies:inwhichthefourcanonicalgospelsarecombinedintoasinglenarrative,eithertopresentaconsistenttextortoproduceamoreaccessibleaccountofJesus'slife. Theapocryphalgospelscanalsobeseenintermsofthecommunitieswhichproducedthem: TheJewish-ChristiangospelsaretheproductsofChristiansofJewishoriginwhohadnotgivenuptheirJewishidentity:theyregardedJesusasthemessiahoftheJewishscripture,butdidnotagreethathewasGod,anideawhich,althoughcentraltoChristianityasiteventuallydeveloped,iscontrarytoJewishbeliefs. Gnosticgospelsupholdtheideathattheuniverseistheproductofahierarchyofgods,ofwhomtheJewishgodisaratherlow-rankingmember.GnosticismholdsthatJesuswasentirely"spirit",andthathisearthlylifeanddeathwerethereforeonlyanappearance,notareality.ManyGnostictextsdealnotinconceptsofsinandrepentance,butwithillusionandenlightenment.[59] Themajorapocryphalgospels(afterBartEhrman,"LostChristianities"–commentsoncontentarebyEhrmanunlessotherwisenoted)[60] Title Probable date Content EpistleoftheApostles Mid2ndc. Anti-gnosticdialoguebetweenJesusandthedisciplesaftertheresurrection,emphasisingtherealityofthefleshandofJesus'sfleshlyresurrection GospelAccordingtotheHebrews Early2ndc. EventsinthelifeofJesus;Jewish-Christian,withpossiblegnosticovertones GospeloftheEbionites Early2ndc. Jewish-Christian,embodyinganti-sacrificialconcerns GospeloftheEgyptians Early2ndc. "Salome"figuresprominently;Jewish-Christianstressingasceticism GospelofMary 2ndc. DialogueofMaryMagdalenewiththeapostles,andhervisionofJesus'ssecretteachings. ItwasoriginallywritteninGreekandisofteninterpretedasaGnostictext.ItistypicallynotconsideredagospelbyscholarssinceitdoesnotfocusonthelifeofJesus.[61] GospeloftheNazareans Early2ndc. AramaicversionofMatthew,possiblylackingthefirsttwochapters;Jewish-Christian GospelofNicodemus 5thc. Jesus'strial,crucifixionanddescentintoHell GospelofPeter Early2ndc. FragmentarynarrativeofJesus'strial,deathandemergencefromthetomb.ItseemstobehostiletowardJews,andincludesdoceticelements.[62]ItisanarrativegospelandisnotableforassertingthatHerod,notPontiusPilate,orderedthecrucifixionofJesus.Ithadbeenlostbutwasrediscoveredinthe19thcentury.[62] GospelofPhilip 3rdc. MysticalreflectionsofthedisciplePhilip GospeloftheSaviour Late2ndc. FragmentaryaccountofJesus'slasthours CopticGospelofThomas Early2ndc. TheOxfordDictionaryoftheChristianChurchsaysthattheoriginalmaydatefromc.150.[63]Somescholarsbelievethatitmayrepresentatraditionindependentfromthecanonicalgospels,butthatdevelopedoveralongtimeandwasinfluencedbyMatthewandLuke;[63]otherscholarsbelieveitisalatertext,dependentfromthecanonicalgospels.[64][65]WhileitcanbeunderstoodinGnosticterms,itlacksthecharacteristicfeaturesofGnosticdoctrine.[63]Itincludestwouniqueparables,theparableoftheemptyjarandtheparableoftheassassin.[66]Ithadbeenlostbutwasdiscovered,inaCopticversiondatingfromc.350,atNagHammadiin1945–46,andthreepapyri,datedtoc.200,whichcontainfragmentsofaGreektextsimilartobutnotidenticalwiththatintheCopticlanguage,havealsobeenfound.[63] InfancyGospelofThomas Early2ndc. MiraculousdeedsofJesusbetweentheagesoffiveandtwelve GospelofTruth Mid2ndc. JoysofSalvation PapyrusEgerton2 Early2ndc. Fragmentary,fourepisodesfromthelifeofJesus Diatessaron Late2ndc. Gospelharmony(andthefirstsuchgospelharmony)composedbyTatian;mayhavebeenintendedtoreplacetheseparategospelsasanauthoritativetext.ItwasacceptedforliturgicalpurposesforasmuchastwocenturiesinSyria,butwaseventuallysuppressed.[67][68] ProtoevangeliumofJames Mid2ndc. BirthandearlylifeofMary,andbirthofJesus GospelofMarcion Mid2ndc. MarcionofSinope,c.150,hadamuchshorterversionofthegospelofLuke,differingsubstantiallyfromwhathasnowbecomethestandardtextofthegospelandfarlessorientedtowardstheJewishscriptures.Marcion'scriticssaidthathehadeditedouttheportionsofLukehedidnotlike,thoughMarcionarguedthathiswasthemoregenuinelyoriginaltext.Heissaidtohaverejectedallothergospels,includingthoseofMatthew,MarkandespeciallyJohn,whichheallegedhadbeenforgedbyIrenaeus. SecretGospelofMark Uncertain AllegedlyalongerversionofMarkwrittenforanelectaudience GospelofJudas Late2ndc. PurportstotellthestoryofthegospelfromtheperspectiveofJudas,thedisciplewhoisusuallysaidtohavebetrayedJesus.ItpaintsanunusualpictureoftherelationshipbetweenJesusandJudas,inthatitappearstointerpretJudas'sactnotasbetrayal,butratherasanactofobediencetotheinstructionsofJesus.ThetextwasrecoveredfromacaveinEgyptbyathiefandthereaftersoldontheblackmarketuntilitwasfinallydiscoveredbyacollectorwho,withthehelpofacademicsfromYaleandPrinceton,wasabletoverifyitsauthenticity.ThedocumentitselfdoesnotclaimtohavebeenauthoredbyJudas(itis,rather,agospelaboutJudas),andisknowntodatetoatleast180AD.[69] GospelofBarnabas 14th–16thc. ContradictstheministryofJesusincanonicalNewTestamentandstronglydeniesPaulinedoctrine,buthasclearparallelswithIslam,mentioningMuhammadasMessengerofGod.Jesusidentifieshimselfasaprophet,notthesonofGod.[70] Seealso[edit] Christianityportal Agrapha Apocalypticliterature TheAquarianGospelofJesustheChrist AuthorshipoftheBible BodmerPapyri DatingtheBible Fifthgospel(genre) Thegospel Gospel(liturgy) Gospelharmony GospelinIslam GospelofMarcion Jesusism Jewish-Christiangospels ListofGospels Notes[edit] ^ThepriorityofMarkisacceptedbymostscholars,butthereareimportantdissentingopinions:seethearticleSynopticproblem. ^ThedebateoverthecompositionofJohnistoocomplextobetreatedadequatelyinasingleparagraph;foramorenuancedviewseeAune(1987),"GospelofJohn".[39] References[edit] Citations[edit] ^abCross&Livingstone2005,p. 697. ^Alexander2006,p. 16. ^abReddish2011,pp. 21–22. ^abSanders1995,pp. 4–5. ^abPerkins1998,p. 241. ^abReddish2011,pp. 108,144. ^abLincoln2005,p. 18. ^abReddish2011,pp. 13,42. ^abGoodacre2001,p. 56. ^abBoring2006,pp. 13–14. ^abLevine2009,p. 6. ^abBurge2014,p. 309. ^abTuckett2000,p. 523. ^Petersen2010,p. 51. ^abcCulpepper1999,p. 66. ^Woodhead2004,p. 4. ^Thompson2006,p. 183. ^Scholz2009,p. 192. ^Burkett2002,p. 158. ^Parker1997,p. 125. ^Telford1999,p. 149. ^Beaton2005,pp. 117,123. ^Morris1986,p. 114. ^Aune1987,p. 59. ^Johnson2010a,p. 48. ^abBurkett2002,p. 217. ^Anderson2011,p. 52. ^Burkett2002,p. 214. ^Honoré1986,pp. 95–147. ^Porter2006,p. 185. ^Lindars,Edwards&Court2000,p. 41. ^BDEhrman."WhyDatetheGospelsafter70CE?".TheBartEhrmanBlog.Retrieved2022-06-10. ^Bauckham,Richard(2006).Jesusandtheeyewitnesses:theGospelsaseyewitnesstestimony.GrandRapids,Mich.:WilliamB.EerdmansPub.Co.ISBN 0-8028-3162-1.OCLC 69423233. ^Reddish2011,p. 17. ^Burkett2002,pp. 124–125. ^Martens2004,p. 100. ^Goodacre2001,p. 1. ^Perkins2012,p. [page needed]. ^Aune1987,pp. 243–245. ^Allen2013,pp. 43–44. ^Edwards2002,p. 403. ^Beaton2005,p. 122. ^Lieu2005,p. 175. ^Allen2013,p. 45. ^Lincoln2004,p. 133. ^Dunn2005,p. 174. ^Keith&LeDonne2012,p. [page needed]. ^Reddish2011,p. 22. ^Ehrman2005a,pp. 7,52. ^Ehrman2005a,p. 69. ^Ehrman1996,pp. 75–76. ^Theissen&Merz1998,pp. 36–37. ^Lincoln2005,p. 26. ^Fant&Reddish2008,p. 415. ^Ehrman2005a,p. 34. ^Ehrman2005a,p. 35. ^Aune2003,pp. 199–200. ^Ehrman&Plese2011,p. passim. ^Pagels1989,p. xx. ^Ehrman2005b,pp. xi–xii. ^Bernhard2006,p. 2. ^abCross&Livingstone2005,"GospelofSt.Peter". ^abcdCross&Livingstone2005,"GospelofThomas". ^Casey2010,p. [page needed]. ^Meier1991,p. [page needed]. ^Funk,Hoover&JesusSeminar1993,"TheGospelofThomas". ^Metzger2003,p. 117. ^Gamble1985,pp. 30–35. ^Ehrman2006,p. passim. ^Wiegers1995. 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Charlesworth,JamesH.(2008).TheHistoricalJesus:AnEssentialGuide.AbingdonPress.ISBN 978-0687021673. Cross,FrankLeslie;Livingstone,ElizabethA.(2005).TheOxfordDictionaryoftheChristianChurch.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0192802903. Culpepper,R.Alan(1999)."TheChristologyoftheJohannineWritings".InKingsbury,JackDean;Powell,MarkAllanPowell;Bauer,DavidR.(eds.).WhoDoYouSaythatIAm?:EssaysonChristology.WestminsterJohnKnoxPress.ISBN 9780664257521. Donahue,John(2005).TheGospelofMark.LiturgicalPress.ISBN 978-0814659656. Duling,DennisC.(2010)."TheGospelofMatthew".InAune,DavidE.(ed.).TheBlackwellCompaniontotheNewTestament.Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-1444318944. Dunn,JamesD.G.(2005)."TheTradition".InDunn,JamesD.G.;McKnight,Scot(eds.).TheHistoricalJesusinRecentResearch.Eisenbrauns.ISBN 978-1575061009. Edwards,JamesR.(2015).TheGospelaccordingtoLuke.Wm.B.EerdmansPublishing.ISBN 978-0802837356. Edwards,JamesR.(2002).TheGospelaccordingtoMark.Wm.B.EerdmansPublishing.ISBN 978-0851117782. Ehrman,Bart;Plese,Zlatko(2011).TheApocryphalGospels:TextsandTranslations.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 9780199831289. Ehrman,Bart(2006).TheLostGospelofJudasIscariot.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 9780199831289. Ehrman,BartD.(2005a).MisquotingJesus.HarperCollins. Ehrman,BartD.(2005b).LostChristianities.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0195182491. Ehrman,BartD.(1999).Jesus:ApocalypticProphetoftheNewMillennium.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0199839438. Ehrman,BartD.(1996).TheOrthodoxCorruptionofScripture:TheEffectofEarlyChristologicalControversiesontheTextoftheNewTestament.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-976357-3. Fant,ClydeE.;Reddish,MitchellE.(2008).LostTreasuresoftheBible.Eerdmans.ISBN 9780802828811. Funk,RobertW.;Hoover,RoyW.;JesusSeminar(1993)."TheGospelofThomas".Thefivegospels.HarperSanFrancisco.pp. 471–532. Gabel,John;et al.(1996).TheBibleasLiterature.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-509285-1. Gamble,Harry(1985).TheNewTestamentCanon:ItsMakingandMeaning.FortressPress.ISBN 978-0-8006-0470-7. Gerhardsson,Birger(1998).MemoryandManuscript:OralTraditionandWrittenTransmissioninRabbinicJudaismandEarlyChristianity.Eerdmans.ISBN 9780802843661. Goodacre,Mark(2001).TheSynopticProblem:AWayThroughtheMaze.A&CBlack.ISBN 978-0567080561. Harrington,DanielJ.(1991).TheGospelofMatthew.LiturgicalPress.ISBN 978-0814658031. Hatina,ThomasR.(2014)."GospelofMark".InEvans,CraigA.(ed.).RoutledgeEncyclopediaoftheHistoricalJesus.Routledge.ISBN 978-1317722243. Hengel,Martin(2003).StudiesintheGospelofMark.FortressPress.ISBN 978-1592441884. Honoré,A.M.(1986)."Astatisticalstudyofthesynopticproblem".NovumTestamentum.10(2/3):95–147.doi:10.2307/1560364.JSTOR 1560364. Hurtado,LarryW.(2005).LordJesusChrist:DevotiontoJesusinEarliestChristianity.Wm.B.EerdmansPublishing.ISBN 978-0802831675. Johnson,LukeTimothy(2010a).TheWritingsoftheNewTestament–AnInterpretation(3rd ed.).FortressPress.ISBN 978-1451413281. Johnson,LukeTimothy(2010b).TheNewTestament:AVeryShortIntroduction.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0199745999. Keith,Chris;LeDonne,Anthony,eds.(2012).Jesus,Criteria,andtheDemiseofAuthenticity.T&TClark.ISBN 9780567691200. Levine,Amy-Jill(2009)."Introduction".InLevine,Amy-Jill;Allison,DaleC.Jr.;Crossan,JohnDominic(eds.).TheHistoricalJesusinContext.PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN 978-1400827374. Lieu,Judith(2005)."HowJohnWrites".InBockmuehl,Markus;Hagner,DonaldA.(eds.).TheWrittenGospel.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-83285-4. Lincoln,Andrew(2004)."ReadingJohn".InPorter,StanleyE.(ed.).ReadingtheGospelsToday.Eerdmans.ISBN 978-0802805171. Lincoln,Andrew(2005).GospelAccordingtoStJohn.BloomsburyPublishing.ISBN 978-1441188229. Lindars,Barnabas;Edwards,Ruth;Court,JohnM.(2000).TheJohannineLiterature.A&CBlack.ISBN 978-1-84127-081-4. Martens,Allan(2004)."SalvationToday:ReadingLuke'sMessageforaGentileAudience".InPorter,StanleyE.(ed.).ReadingtheGospelsToday.Eerdmans.ISBN 978-0802805171. Mckenzie,JohnL.(1995).TheDictionaryoftheBible.SimonandSchuster.ISBN 978-0684819136. McMahon,Christopher(2008)."IntroductiontotheGospelsandActsoftheApostles".InRuff,Jerry(ed.).UnderstandingtheBible:AGuidetoReadingtheScriptures.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0884898528. McNichol,AllanJ.(2000)."Gospel,GoodNews".InFreedman,DavidNoel;Myers,AllenC.(eds.).EerdmansDictionaryoftheBible.Eerdmans.ISBN 978-9053565032. Meier,JohnP.(1991).AMarginalJew.Volume1:Therootsoftheproblemandtheperson.Doubleday.ISBN 978-0-385-26425-9. Metzger,Bruce(2003).TheNewTestament:ItsBackground,Growth,andContent.Abingdon.ISBN 978-068-705-2639. Morris,Leon(1986).NewTestamentTheology.Zondervan.ISBN 978-0-310-45571-4. Nolland,John(2005).TheGospelofMatthew:ACommentaryontheGreekText.Eerdmans. O'Day,GailR.(1998)."John".InNewsom,CarolAnn;Ringe,SharonH.(eds.).Women'sBibleCommentary.WestminsterJohnKnox.ISBN 978-0281072606. Pagels,Elaine(1989).TheGnosticGospels(PDF).RandomHouse. Parker,D.C.(1997).TheLivingTextoftheGospels.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0521599511. Perkins,Pheme(1998)."TheSynopticGospelsandtheActsoftheApostles:TellingtheChristianStory".InBarton,John(ed.).TheCambridgecompaniontobiblicalinterpretation.WestminsterJohnKnoxPress.ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7. Perkins,Pheme(2009).IntroductiontotheSynopticGospels.Eerdmans.ISBN 978-0802865533. Perkins,Pheme(2012).ReadingtheNewTestament:AnIntroduction.PaulistPress.ISBN 978-0809147861. Petersen,WilliamL.(2010)."TheDiatessaronandtheFourfoldGospel".InHorton,Charles(ed.).TheEarliestGospels.Bloomsbury.ISBN 9780567000972. Porter,StanleyE.(2006)."LanguageandTranslationoftheNewTestament".InRogerson,J.W.;Lieu,JudithM.(eds.).TheOxfordHandbookofBiblicalStudies.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0199254255. Porter,StanleyE.;Fay,RonC.(2018),TheGospelofJohninModernInterpretation,KregelAcademic Powell,MarkAllan(1998).JesusasaFigureinHistory:HowModernHistoriansViewtheManfromGalilee.Eerdmans.ISBN 978-0-664-25703-3. Reddish,Mitchell(2011).AnIntroductiontoTheGospels.AbingdonPress.ISBN 978-1426750083. Riesner,Rainer(1988).JesusalsLehrer:EineUntersuchungzumUrsprungderEvangelien-Überlieferung.J.C.B.Mohr.ISBN 9783161451959. Sanders,E.P.(1995).TheHistoricalFigureofJesus.Penguin.ISBN 9780141928227. Vielhauer,Philipp;Strecker,Georg(2005)."Jewish-ChristianGospels".InSchneemelcher,Wilhelm(ed.).NewTestamentApocrypha.Vol. 1.WestminsterJohnKnoxPress.ISBN 9780664227210. Senior,Donald(1996).WhataretheysayingaboutMatthew?.PaulistPress.ISBN 978-0-8091-3624-7. Scholz,DanielJ.(2009).JesusintheGospelsandActs:IntroducingtheNewTestament.SaintMary'sPress.ISBN 9780884899556. Telford,W.R.(1999).TheTheologyoftheGospelofMark.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0521439770. Theissen,Gerd;Merz,Annette(1998)[1996].TheHistoricalJesus:AComprehensiveGuide.FortressPress.ISBN 978-1-4514-0863-8. Thompson,Marianne(2006)."GospelofJohn".InBarton,StephenC.(ed.).TheCambridgeCompaniontotheGospels.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 9780521807661. Tuckett,Christopher(2000)."Gospel,Gospels".InFreedman,DavidNoel;Myers,AllenC.(eds.).EerdmansDictionaryoftheBible.Eerdmans.ISBN 978-9053565032. Wiegers,G.(1995)."MuhammadastheMessiah:AcomparisonofthepolemicalworksofJuanAlonsowiththeGospelofBarnabas".BiblithecaOrientalis:245–291. Woodhead,Linda(2004).Christianity:AVeryShortIntroduction.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0199687749. Externallinks[edit] QuotationsrelatedtoGospelatWikiquote Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1905NewInternationalEncyclopediaarticle"Gospel". Adetaileddiscussionofthetextualvariantsinthegospels –coveringabout1200variantson2000pages. GreekNewTestament –theGreektextoftheNewTestament:specificallytheWestcott-Horttextfrom1881,combinedwiththeNA26/27variants. 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