Bedspace apartment - Wikipedia

A bedspace apartment (Chinese: 牀位寓所), also called cage home (籠屋), coffin cubicle, or coffin home, is a type of residence that is only large enough for ... Bedspaceapartment FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Typeofresidence Abedspaceapartment(Chinese:牀位寓所),alsocalledcagehome(籠屋),coffincubicle,orcoffinhome,isatypeofresidencethatisonlylargeenoughforonebunkbedsurroundedbyametalcage.[1]: 23 In2007,therewereapproximately53,200peoplelivingincagehomesinHongKong.[2]ThistypeofresidenceoriginatedinHongKong,andprimarilyexistsinolderurbandistrictssuchasShamShuiPo,MongKok,ToKwaWan,andTaiKokTsui. Generally,theresidentsarelow-incomepeople,includingtheelderly,drugusers,andsomelow-skilledorunskilledlabourers.[3]ReportsfromtheLegislativeCouncilofHongKongfoundthatthepeoplewholivedincagehomeswerethosewhodidnotqualifyforsocialwelfare,orsubsidisedrentorelectricity.[4]Mostoftheresidentsaremale.Safetyandotherlivingconditionsinbedspaceapartmentshomesareoftenpoor. Whileoftencalledcagehomes,theyarecategorisedas"bedspaceapartments"bytheHongKongGovernment.AccordingtotheBedspaceApartmentOrdinance,theterm"bedspaceapartment"referstoahousethatcontains12ormorepeoplewhorentbedspacesindividually.Itislegaltorunthesebedspaceapartments,butlandlordsmustfirstapplyforaspeciallicense.[5][6] Contents 1History 2UnitedStates 3Environment 3.1Safety 3.2Hygiene 3.3Limitedspace 3.4Psychologicalwell-being 4Socialresponse 4.1Newsresponse 5Seealso 6References 7Externallinks History[edit] Bedspaceapartmentsstartedtoappearmorecommonlyduringthe1950sand1960s.DuringtheChineseCivilWar,alargenumberofChinesemainlandersmigratedtoHongKong,andthis,alongwithasurgeinbirthratesduetotheprosperingeconomy,causedthepopulationtodramaticallyincreasefrom2,015,300in1951to3,129,648in1961.[7]Inanattempttocopewiththehousingdemand,theHongKongGovernmentstartedtobuildseveralpublichousingestates.However,thegovernmentcouldnothandletheextraburdenbroughtbytheChinesemigrantworkers,andtherewerenohousingorlabourprotectionpoliciesinplaceatthattime.Cagehomesthusbecamepopularamongmigrantworkers,astherentalfeewaslow.[8] Today,peoplestillliveincagehomesbecausetheHongKonggovernmenthasinstitutedasingle-personscoringsystemforpublichousingapplicationsandloweredpublichousingquotas.Inaddition,accordingtoarulealreadyinforcebeforethehandoverandthentranscribedintotheHongKongBasicLaw,newimmigrantsmustwaitsevenyearstobecomeHongKongpermanentresidents.Assuch,poorimmigrantsareoftenforcedtoliveinbedspaceapartmentsuntiltheyreceiveaHongKongIDcard.[4] UnitedStates[edit] Cagehotels,aformofsingleroomoccupancy,werecommoninChicagoattheturnofthe20thcentury;anestimated40,000to60,000peoplelivedinthemduringthewinter."Thesewereloftsorotherlarge,openbuildingsthatweresubdividedintotinycubiclesusingboardsorsheetsofcorrugatediron.Sincethesewallswerealwaysonetothreefeetshortofthefloororceiling,theopenspacewassealedoffwithchickenwire,hencethename“cagehotels."[9]A1958surveybyChristopherJencksfoundthathomelessmenpreferredcagehotelsoversheltersforreasonsofprivacyandsecurity.[10] AsimilarpreferenceforcagehotelsovershelterswasreportedinturnofthecenturyNewYorkCity,wheresingleworkingmenrankedtheirhousingpreferenceinthefollowingorder:"Theypreferredlodgingandboardinghousestocages,cagestodormitories,dormitoriestoflops,andflopstothecity’sshelters.Mencouldactonthesepreferencesbymovingastheirincomesincreased.[11]"Regulatoryeffortstocombatlow-cost'cagehotels,'...[hasbeen]adriveroftheexpansionofthehomelesspopulationinUScities",accordingtoJencks.[12] Environment[edit] Bedspaceapartmentsareusuallylocatedinsideoldbuildingsinurbanareas.Intheapartmentflats,thewholelivingspaceisdividedintomultiplesections.Eachsectionhastwotothreelayersofbeds,whicharesubdividedwithmetalcages.Withnodoors,residentshavetokeepalloftheirpersonalbelongingsinsidetheconfinedspace.Eachbedspaceisverynarrow,soanadultcanbarelyliedown,stand,orsitstraight.Sinceresidentsdonothaveroomforanyextrapersonalbelongingsinsidethecagehome,suchabedspaceisdeemedtobeaplaceforsleepingonly.Cagehomesaredim,cramped,andhot.Thetemperaturecanreach34 °C(93 °F).[13]Residentssharethetoiletsandkitchen,whicharenotoriouslysmelly,dirty,andverysimple.[1]: 25  Cagehomesalsolackprivacybecausethecagesaresoclosetoeachother.Eventhoughsomemoderncagehomeshavepartitionstoseparatedifferentsections,thesetypicallyconsistofonlyathinpieceofwoodorpaperboard. Safety[edit] Cagehomesgenerallyhavepoorsafetylevels,duetotheirlocationwithinoldbuildingsandinadequatefireprotection.In1998,thegovernmentsetuptheBedspaceApartmentOrdinance(Section18:PrecautionsforSafetyandSanitation)toregulatefiresafetystandardsandrequirements.Nevertheless,licensedcagehomesarestilllocatedinworn-outbuildingswhichlacksmokedetectors,automaticsprinklersystemsandfirealarmsystems.Worsestill,manyresidentsshareonlyoneelectricaloutlet.Electricshocksandleakagefrequentlyoccursincethegovernmentdoesnotconductregularinspectionstoensurethatthevarioussafetymeasuresareuptostandard.TheBedspaceApartmentOrdinancedoesnotregulateunlicensedcagehomeapartmentsorothersimilarresidencesthatdonotfulfilltherequirementsofbeinga"bedspaceapartment."Thus,theseunlicensedcagehomeapartmentsdonothavesufficientsafetyequipment. Hygiene[edit] Becauseresidentsrarelycleantheopenareas,cagehomesareoftenfoundtohaveflies,mosquitoes,mice,andcockroaches.Assuch,thefilthyenvironmentbecomesabreedinggroundforbacteria,viruses,anddiseases.Metalcagesaretypicallymadeofiron,whichrustseasilyinthedampclimate. Limitedspace[edit] Sincecagehomesareoftenlocatedwithinolderurbandistricts,theyareusuallyextremelysmall,thesamesizeasaparkingspaceintheU.S.Suchspaceisonlysuitableforpeopletotakearest,thuspreventinganyadditionalrecreationalactivities.Itisobservedthatanaverageof6to12peopletypicallyshareacagehomeapartment.Undertheconfinedandcrowdedspace,cagehomesoftenhavepoorventilationsystems.[14]: 12 Residentsarehighlysusceptibletorespiratoryillness.Inaddition,residents(especiallytheelderlyanddisabled)finditdifficulttoevacuatethebuildinginanemergency. Psychologicalwell-being[edit] Peoplewholiveincagehomesareoftenvictimsofdestitution.Theeffectoflivinginsuchdilapidated,isolated,andcrampedquarterscanleadtoahigherincidenceofmentalillness.Someelderlypeoplehavedescribedtheirlivesincagehomesas"waitingfordeath."[3] Socialresponse[edit] AccordingtotheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsproposedbytheUnitedNations,cagehomesviolatetherighttohousing.[citationneeded]ManyofHongKong'scitizensandsocialorganisationshaveurgedthegovernmenttoconstructmorepublichousingestatestoreplacecagehomesforlow-incomepeople.Thegovernmentinsiststhatcagehomesshouldnotbeeradicated,asthereissuchalargedemandforsmallapartmentsinthecommunity.The1992filmCageman,directedbyJacobCheung,demonstratestheharshlivingconditionsincagehomesandshedslightonthedifficultiesfacedbyresidents.[citationneeded] Newsresponse[edit] CNNhasreportedonthelivingenvironmentofcagehomes.Itdescribedcagehomesasthe"sizeofashoebox,"statingthatitwasdifficultfortherestoftheworldtobelievethatsuchalargenumberofpeoplearelivinginsuchpooraccommodationsinaso-calledwealthycity.[13]TheHongKongLegislativeCouncilpublishedareportabouttheproblemofcagehomesin2008.Thereportofferedsomesolutionstotheproblemsofcagehomes.[4] Seealso[edit] HousinginHongKong Capsulehotel Singleroomoccupancy(SRO) Subdividedflat References[edit] ^ab热窝:香港住院屋权报告[HotKiln:HongKongInpatients](inChinese).进一步多媒体有限公司.HongKongPeople'sCouncilonHousingPolicy.2000.ISBN 978-9628326310.OCLC 952572361. ^"SocialIndicatorsofHongKong:Numberofpersonslivingincagehousing".Retrieved31March2013. ^ab隔牆有耳：籠屋體驗　高材生抑鬱[Thewallhasears:thecagehouseexperiencesthedepressionofthetopstudents].AppleDaily(inChinese).16September2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23February2014.Retrieved18December2021.{{citenews}}:CS1maint:unfitURL(link) ^abc籠屋、板房及套房租住問題研究報告[Kagoya,ItaboandKoboResearchreportontheproblemofliving](PDF)(Report)(inChinese).HongKongCommunityOrganization.2March2008.CB(1)971/07-08(01).Retrieved18December2021. ^"BedspaceApartmentsOrdinance". ^"BedspaceApartmentsOrdinance"(PDF). ^HongKongAnnualReport.1962.Population.p.36. ^(2008)SocietyforCommunityOrganization.Whatisa"CagedHome"?Archived28July2018attheWaybackMachine ^"SingleRoomOccupancyHotels".EncyclopediaofChicago.Retrieved13February2013. ^Jencks,Christopher(12May1994)."HousingtheHomeless".TheNewYorkReviewofBooks.ISSN 0028-7504.OCLC 772652743.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5November2016.Retrieved18December2021.Nonetheless,almostallskid-rowresidentspreferredacubicleinoneofthesehotelstoabedinashelter.Acubicleofone’sownprovidedmoreprivacyandsecuritythanashelter,whichhousedresidentsinlargedormitoryrooms. ^Filer,RandallK.(Summer1992)."OpeningtheDoortoLow-CostHousing".CityJournal.No. Summer.ISSN 1060-8540.OCLC 25172204.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18December2021.Retrieved18December2021. ^Salam,Reihan(17July2012)."TheAgenda:StephenSmithontheMissingDriverlessTrains".NationalReview.ISSN 0028-0038.OCLC 956027882.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1April2020.Retrieved18December2021.Jencksfocusesinparticularontheroleofslumclearance,andspecificallyregulatoryeffortstocombatlow-cost“cagehotels,”asadriveroftheexpansionofthehomelesspopulationinU.S.cities. ^abYoon,Eunice(29October2009)."LivinginacageinHongKong".CNN.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18May2021.Retrieved18December2021.Occupantshavelessprivacy,butthetemperaturesdon'tgetashighasinthewooden-meshvariety.AthermometerinChung'shomereached34degreesCelsius(93degreesFahrenheit) ^Dwan,Daniel;Sawicki,Meghan;Wong,Jeffery(28February2013).SubdividedHousingIssuesofHongKong:CausesandSolutions:anInteractiveQualifyingProject(PDF)(Report).WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute.HongKongInstituteofEducation.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon24March2020.Retrieved18December2021.SubdividingunitsinHongKongleadstomanyseriousconsequencesthatcompromisethehealthandsafetyofresidents.Violatedbuildingcodes,structuralalterations,andextraweightthreatenbuildingswiththeriskofcollapsing.Subdividingalsocreatesfirehazardsasexitroutesareleftobstructedandprecautionarymeasuresaredestroyedinthealterationprocess.Moreover,improperaircirculationandincompetentdrainagesystemsjeopardizethehealthofallresidentsbecauseofthepotentialforspreadofdiseaseandexposuretopathogensandtoxicfumes. Externallinks[edit] LivinginacageinHongKongbyEuniceYoononYouTube SqualidLivingConditionsOfHongKong'sPoorPopulationbySBSAustraliaonYouTube Haas,Benjamin(29August2017)."MyweekinLuckyHouse:thehorrorofHongKong'scoffinhomes".TheGuardian.Retrieved26November2017. Scimecca,Alex(2November2017)."InsideHongKong's50Sq.Ft.'CoffinCubicle'Homes".FortuneMagazine.Retrieved26November2017. CagehomesinHongKongonFlickr Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedspace_apartment&oldid=1109677582" Categories:HousinginHongKongHomelessnessHiddencategories:CS1usesChinese-languagescript(zh)CS1Chinese-languagesources(zh)CS1maint:unfitURLWebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataEngvarBfromAugust2017UsedmydatesfromJanuary2020ArticlescontainingChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingtraditionalChinese-languagetextAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2014ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2020 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages FrançaisBahasaIndonesiaNederlandsРусскийTiếngViệt中文 Editlinks