Oscillation - Definition, Meaning, Types, Examples - Byju's

Oscillation is defined as the process of repeating variations of any quantity or measure about its equilibrium value in time. Oscillation can also be ... CheckoutJEEMAINS2022QuestionPaperAnalysis: CheckoutJEEMAINS2022QuestionPaperAnalysis: × DownloadNow JEEIITJEEStudyMaterialOscillation Previous Next Oscillation WhatisOscillation? Oscillationisdefinedastheprocessofrepeatingvariationsofanyquantityormeasureaboutitsequilibriumvalueintime.Oscillationcanalsobedefinedasaperiodicvariationofamatterbetweentwovaluesoraboutitscentralvalue. Thetermvibrationisusedtodescribethemechanicaloscillationsofanobject.However,oscillationsalsooccurindynamicsystemsormoreaccuratelyineveryfieldofscience.Eventhebeatingofourheartcreatesoscillations​.Meanwhile,objectsthatshowmotionaroundanequilibriumpointareknownasoscillators. ExamplesofOscillations Mostcommonexamplesforoscillationarethetidesintheseaandthemovementofasimplependuluminaclock.Anotherexampleofoscillationisthemovementofspring.Thevibrationofstringsinguitarandotherstringinstrumentsarealsoexamplesofoscillations. Thependulummovesbackandforthandhenceitcreatesanoscillatingmovement​.Mechanicaloscillationsarecalledvibrations.Aparticlebeingvibratedmeansitoscillatesbetweentwopointsaboutitscentralpoint. Likewise,themovementofspringisalsooscillation.Thespringmovesdownwardandthenupwardrepeatedlyandhenceitproducesanoscillatingmovement. Asinewaveisaperfectexampleofoscillation.Herethewavemovesbetweentwopointsaboutacentralvalue.Theheightorthemaximumdistancethattheoscillationtakesplaceiscalledtheamplitudeandthetimetakentocompleteonecompletecycleiscalledthetimeperiodoftheoscillation.Frequencyisthenumberofcompletecyclesthatoccurinasecond.Frequencyisthereciprocalofthetimeperiod. F=1/T WhereFisthefrequencyofoscillation AndTisthetimeperiodoftheoscillation. AlsoRead:SimpleHarmonicMotion OscillationMotion Insimpleterms,wecansaythatwhenanobjectisswingingfromsidetosideinamechanicalsystemthismovementcanbetermedasoscillationmotion.Inthistypeofmotion,thepotentialenergyusuallychangestokineticenergy.Anoscillationmotionconsistsofonecompletecycle. OscillationTypes Herewewilllookatthedifferenttypesofoscillations. DampedOscillations Dampingtheprocessofrestrainingorcontrollingtheoscillatorymotion,suchasmechanicalvibrations,bythedissipationofenergy.Anoscillationremainsundampedwhenarestoringforceequaltotherestrainingforisinducedandhencethesystemoscillateswiththesameenergy.Whentherestoringforceisnotappliedtheoscillationsuddenlystops.Andwhentherestoringforceappliedislessthan​therestrainingforce,dampingisintroduced. Dampedoscillationsareclassifiedaccordingtothedifferenceinenergybetweentherestoringforceappliedandtherestrainingforceacting.Adampedoscillationisanoscillationwhichfadesawaywithrespecttotime.Thatistheoscillationswhichreduceinmagnitudewithtime. AlsoRead:WaveMotion Anidealoscillatingsystemisnotadampedoscillation.Inanidealcase,themagnitudeoftheoscillationsdoesnotreducewithtimeandtheamplituderemainsthesame.Supposeachildisswinginginaswing,unlesstheswingisbeingpumpedbyanotherchildoranyexternalforce,themotionoftheswingfadesandslowlytheswingstops.Thisprocessisduetothedampingoftheswing. ●Shockabsorbersinvehiclesareexamplesofdampingdevicesthatreducesthevibrationofthevehicle. Animageshowingdampedoscillationisgivenbelow;   Intheabovefigure,theamplitudeofthewaveisbeingdiminishedwithtime.Theamplitudeofthewavegetsreducedandsuchoscillationsarecalleddampedoscillation. DifferentTypesofDampedOscillations Dampedoscillationscanmainlybeclassifiedintothreetypes Underdampedoscillations:Dampingconstant<1 Criticallydampedoscillations:Dampingconstant=1 Overdampedoscillations:Dampingconstant>1   Agraphshowingvariousdampingsystemisshownaboveandthethreetypesofdampingsystemsarediscussedbelow. UnderDampedOscillations Anunderdampedoscillationreachesthezerovalueortheequilibriumpointfasterbutoscillationsoccuracrosstheequilibriumpointoneormoretime.Inunderdampedoscillations,thedampingconstantislessthanone. Inunderdampedoscillations,theoscillationbecomesstableveryslowly.Underdampedoscillationshaveleastenergydissipationcomparedtootherdampingsystems. CriticallyDampedOscillations Criticallydampingisthedampinginwhichthedampingoftheoscillationcausesittoreturntoitsequilibriumpointfastanddoesnotcreateanyoscillationsbackandforthaboutthatpoint.Criticaldampingisthedampinginwhichthedampingconstantisequaltoone. Criticaldampingistheprecisedampingrequiredforasystem.Incriticaldamping,thedampingappliedissuchthattheforceavailableisjustsufficienttobringtheoscillationintoequilibriumwithoutanyfurtherbackandforthmovement(oscillations). AlsoRead:LC Oscillations OverDampedOscillations Thedampinginwhichtheoscillationsreachequilibriumpointslowlyanddonotcreateanyoscillationsacrosstheequilibriumpointistermedasoverdampedoscillations.Inoverdampedoscillations,thedampingconstantisgreaterthanone.Overdampedoscillationshavehigherenergydissipationcomparedwithotherdampingsystems. Inoverdampedoscillations,thedampingappliedismorethantherequiredvalueofdampinginordertobringtheoscillationsintorestorequilibriumpointandhencetheoscillationsreachtheequilibriumpointveryslowlycomparedwithotherdampingmethods.Inthissystem,nofurtherbackandforthmovementwilloccuracrosstheequilibriumpoint. UndampedOscillations Anundampedoscillationisanoscillationinwhich,whendisplacedfromitsequilibriumpoint,experiencesarestoringforcewhichisproportionaltothedisplacement.So,intheundampedoscillationsystem,themagnitudeoftheoscillationsneverfadesandthemagnitudeoftheoscillationremainsthesame.Anexampleofundampedoscillationisalternatingcurrent(ACWave) Themagnitudeofalternatingcurrentoscillatesbetweentwovaluesacrosstheequilibriumvalue,repeatedlyandwithoutanychangeinmagnitudeortimeperiod.Inalternatingcurrents,norestrainingforceactsandthemagnitudeofthesignaldoesnotfadewithrespecttotimeandkeepsonmaintainingthesameamplitude. FrequentlyAskedQuestionsonOscillationsWhatarethethreetypesofoscillations? FreeOscillation DampedOscillation ForcedOscillation Whatisafreeoscillation? Whenthebodyoscillateswithitsownfrequencywithoutanyexternalinfluenceiscalledfreeoscillation. Whatareforcedoscillations? Thebodyvibratingwithanaturalfrequencystartsvibratingwiththefrequencyoftheappliedperiodicforceduetothepresenceofexternalforceiscalledforcedoscillations. Whatisanoscillatorymotion? Themotionthatrepeatsitselfiscalledoscillatoryorperiodicmotion. TestYourKnowledgeOnOscillation! Q5 PutyourunderstandingofthisconcepttotestbyansweringafewMCQs.Click‘StartQuiz’tobegin! Selectthecorrectanswerandclickonthe“Finish”buttonCheckyourscoreandanswersattheendofthequiz StartQuiz Congrats! 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