2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine - Wikipedia

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest ... 2022RussianinvasionofUkraine FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch MajorescalationoftheRusso-UkrainianWar "RussianinvasionofUkraine"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeListofinvasionsandoccupationsofUkraine. 2022RussianinvasionofUkrainePartoftheRusso-UkrainianWarMilitarysituationasof31July2022  ControlledbyUkraine  OccupiedbyRussiaForamoredetailedmap,seetheRusso-UkrainianWardetailedmapDate24 February 2022 (2022-02-24)–present(5 months,1 weekand1 day)LocationUkraine[c]Status Ongoing(listofengagements·controlofcities·timelineofevents)Belligerents  Russia  DonetskPR[a]  LuhanskPR[a] Supportedby: Belarus[b]  UkraineCommandersandleaders VladimirPutin VolodymyrZelenskyy Unitsinvolved Orderofbattle OrderofbattleStrength  Russia:~175,000–190,000[14][15] DonetskPR:20,000[16] LuhanskPR:14,000[16]  Ukraine:196,600(armedforces)102,000(paramilitary)[17] Strengthestimatesareasofthestartoftheinvasion.Casualtiesandlosses Reportsvarywidely.SeeCasualtiesandhumanitarianimpactfordetails.vte2022RussianinvasionofUkraine Prelude Timeline Economicimpact Peacenegotiations ProtestsinoccupiedUkraine ResistancemovementinoccupiedUkraine Warcrimes Kyivoffensive AntonovAirport Chernobyl Hostomel Ivankiv Kyiv Shoppingcentrebombing Kyivconvoy Vasylkiv Bucha massacre Irpin shelling Makariv Brovary Slavutych Borodianka NortheasternUkraineoffensive Hlukhiv Kharkiv February2022clusterbombing Governmentbuildingairstrike March2022clusterbombing April2022clusterbombing 11July2022shelling Konotop Sumy Ammonialeak Trostianets Chernihiv 3Marchbombing 16Marchbreadlineattack Chuhuivairbase Okhtyrka Lebedyn Izium Romny NortheasternRussia–Ukraineborder Desna EasternUkraineoffensive Avdiivka Mariupol Hospitalairstrike Theatreairstrike Artschoolbombing Volnovakha StaraKrasnianka Donetsk Rubizhne Marinka Popasna Kramatorsk Dovhenke Donbas Kreminna SiverskyiDonets Sievierodonetsk Bilohorivka Toshkivka Lyman Sviatohirsk BohorodychneandKrasnopillia Lysychansk Siversk ChasivYar MaiskyMarket Olenivka SouthernUkraineoffensive Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Clusterbombing Governmentbuildingairstrike Chornobaivka Enerhodar Voznesensk Huliaipole Berdiansk DavydivBrid 2022Ukrainesummercounteroffensive NovaKakhovka Otherregions Odesa Zhytomyr Vinnytsia Yavoriv Deliatyn Lviv Kremenchuk Serhiivka Navalwar SnakeIsland Moskva Spillover WesternRussia Millerovo Transnistria vteRusso-UkrainianWar Prelude Euromaidan Odessaclashes Pro-Russianunrest RevolutionofDignity Crimea Timeline Littlegreenmen Krymnash [ru;uk] CrimeanParliament SouthernNavalBase 2014Simferopol 2018KerchStrait Donbas Timeline CaptureofDonetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk [ru;uk] Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Il-76shootdown Zelenopilliarocketattack Karlivka 1stDonetskAirport LuhanskBorderBase KrasnyiLyman SectorDclashes GreatRaidof2014 ShakhtarskRaion Horlivka Yasynuvata [ru;uk] Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2ndMariupol 2ndDonetskAirport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Attacksoncivilians Sloviansk MalaysiaAirlinesFlight17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Mariupol Kramatorsk [hy;ru;uk] StanytsiaLuhanska 2022invasion Prelude Timeline Economicimpact Peacenegotiations ProtestsinoccupiedUkraine Warcrimes Kyivoffensive NortheasternUkraineoffensive EasternUkraineoffensive Donbas SouthernUkraineoffensive vtePost-Sovietconflicts Georgia 1stSouthOssetia 1stAbkhazia Transnistria Tajikistan NorthOssetia 1993Moscow 1stChechnya 2ndAbkhazia Dagestan 2ndChechnya Kodori NorthCaucasus Ingushetia Russo-Georgian KyrgyzRevolution Kyrgyzstan EasternTajikistan Euromaidan RevolutionofDignity Pro-Russianunrest Russo-Ukrainian Crimea Donbas KerchStrait 2022invasion prelude 2016Nagorno-Karabakh 2ndNagorno-Karabakh Dungan–Kazakhclashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan Armenia–Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan On24February2022,RussiainvadedUkraineinamajorescalationoftheRusso-UkrainianWarthatbeganin2014.TheinvasioncausedEurope'slargestrefugeecrisissinceWorldWar II,[18][19]withmorethan9.8millionUkrainiansfleeingthecountry[20][21]andathirdofthepopulationdisplaced.[22][23]Theinvasionalsocausedglobalfoodshortages.[24][25] In2014,RussiainvadedandannexedCrimea,andRussian-backedseparatistsseizedpartoftheDonbasregionofsouth-easternUkraine,consistingofLuhanskandDonetskoblasts,sparkinga regionalwar.[26][27]In2021,Russiabegana largemilitarybuild-upalongitsborderwithUkraine,amassingupto190,000troopsandtheirequipment.Inatelevisedaddressshortlybeforetheinvasion,RussianpresidentVladimirPutinespousedirredentistviews,[28]challengedUkraine'srighttostatehood,[29][30]andfalsely[31]claimedUkrainewasgovernedbyneo-NaziswhopersecutedtheethnicRussianminority.[32]On21February2022,RussiarecognisedtheDonetskPeople'sRepublicandtheLuhanskPeople'sRepublic,twoself-proclaimedbreakawayquasi-statesinDonbas.[33]Thenextday,theFederationCouncilofRussiaauthorisedtheuseofmilitaryforce,andRussiantroopspromptlyadvancedonbothterritories.[34] Theinvasionbeganonthemorningof24February,[35]whenPutinannounceda"specialmilitaryoperation"to"demilitariseanddenazify"Ukraine.[36][37]Minuteslater,missilesandairstrikeshitacrossUkraine,includingthecapitalKyiv.Alargegroundinvasionfollowedfrommultipledirections.[38][39]UkrainianpresidentVolodymyrZelenskyyenactedmartiallawandageneralmobilisationofallmaleUkrainiancitizensbetween18and60,whowerebannedfromleavingthecountry.[40][41]RussianattackswereinitiallylaunchedonanorthernfrontfromBelarustowardsKyiv,a north-easternfronttowardsKharkiv,a southernfrontfromCrimea,anda south-easternfrontfromLuhanskandDonetsk.[42][43]DuringMarch,theRussianadvancetowardsKyivstalled.AmidstheavylossesandstrongUkrainianresistance,RussiantroopsretreatedfromKyivOblastby3April.On19April,Russialauncheda renewedattackonDonbas,whichhasbeenproceedingveryslowly,withLuhanskOblastonlyfullycapturedby3July,[44]whileotherfrontsremainedlargelystationary.Atthesametime,Russianforcescontinuedtobombbothmilitaryandciviliantargetsfarfromthefrontline,includinginKyiv,[45]Lviv,[46]SerhiivkanearOdesaandKremenchuk,amongothers.On20July,RussianforeignministerSergeyLavrovannouncedthatRussiawouldrespondtotheincreasedmilitaryaidbeingreceivedbyUkrainefromabroadasjustifyingtheexpansionofthe'specialoperations'fronttoincludemilitaryobjectivesinboththeZaporizhzhiaOblastandKhersonOblastbeyondtheoriginalobjectivesoftheoblastsoftheDonbasregion.[47] Theinvasionhasreceivedwidespreadinternationalcondemnation.TheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblypasseda resolutioncondemningtheinvasionanddemandingafullwithdrawalofRussianforces.[48]TheInternationalCourtofJusticeorderedRussiatosuspendmilitaryoperationsandtheCouncilofEuropeexpelledRussia.ManycountriesimposedsanctionsonRussia,whichhaveaffectedtheeconomiesofRussiaandtheworld,[49]andprovidedhumanitarianandmilitaryaidtoUkraine.[50]Protestsoccurredaroundtheworld;thoseinRussiaweremetwithmassarrestsandincreasedmediacensorship,[51][52]includingabanonthewords"war"and"invasion".[39][53]TheInternationalCriminalCourthasopenedaninvestigationintocrimesagainsthumanityinUkrainesince2013,aswellaswarcrimesinthe2022invasion.[54] Contents 1Background 2Prelude 2.1Russianmilitarybuildup(March2021–February2022) 2.2Russianaccusationsanddemands 2.3Allegedclashes(17–21February2022) 2.4Escalation(21–23February2022) 2.5Declarationofmilitaryoperations 3Invasionandresistance 3.1Firstphase:InvasionofUkraine(24February–7April) 3.1.1Firstphase–Northernfront 3.1.2Firstphase–North-easternfront 3.1.3Firstphase–Southernfront 3.1.4Firstphase–Easternfront 3.2Secondphase:South-easternoffensive(8April –present) 3.2.1Secondphase–Donbasfront;FallofSievierodonetskandLysychansk 3.2.2Secondphase–Mykolaiv–Odesafront 3.2.3Secondphase–Dnipro–Zaporizhzhiafront 3.2.4Secondphase–FallofMariupol 3.3WesternUkraine 3.4Airwarfare 3.5Navalwarfare 3.6PotentialRussianuseoftacticalnuclearweapons 3.7Popularresistance 4Foreignsupport 4.1Foreignmilitarysalesandaid 4.2Foreignmilitaryinvolvement 4.3Foreignsanctionsandramifications 4.4Foreigncondemnationandprotest 5Casualtiesandhumanitarianimpact 5.1Casualties 5.2Prisonersofwar 5.3Refugees 5.4Agricultureandfoodsupplies 5.5EffectsonRussianforces 5.6EffectonUkrainiansociety 5.7Crimesagainstculturalheritage 5.8Otherimpacts 6Reactions 6.1Mediacoverage 6.2Legalimplications 6.3Russianresponsetosanctions 6.4Peaceefforts 7Seealso 8Notes 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks Background Mainarticles:Russia–UkrainerelationsandRusso-UkrainianWar Furtherinformation:OrangeRevolution,Euromaidan,RevolutionofDignity,and2014pro-RussianunrestinUkraine Seealso:Historicalbackgroundofthe2014pro-RussianunrestinUkraine,Russianimperialism,andEnlargementofNATO ProtestersinIndependenceSquareinKyivduringtheOrangeRevolution,November2004 AftertheSovietUnion(USSR)dissolvedin1991,thenewlyindependentrepublicsofUkraineandRussiamaintainedties.Ukraineagreedin1994tosigntheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreatyanddismantlethenuclearweaponsinUkraineleftbytheUSSR.[55]Inreturn,Russia,theUnitedKingdom(UK),andtheUnitedStates(US)agreedintheBudapestMemorandumtoupholdtheterritorialintegrityofUkraine.[56][57] In1999,RussiasignedtheCharterforEuropeanSecurity,which"reaffirmedtheinherentrightofeachandeveryparticipatingstatetobefreetochooseorchangeitssecurityarrangements,includingtreatiesofalliance".[58]AftertheSovietUnioncollapsed,severalformerEasternBloccountriesjoinedNATO,partlyduetoregionalsecuritythreatssuchasthe1993Russianconstitutionalcrisis,theWarinAbkhazia(1992–1993)andtheFirstChechenWar(1994–1996).RussianleadersclaimedWesternpowerspledgedthatNATOwouldnotexpandeastward,althoughthisisdisputed.[59][60][61] Ukraine,withtheannexedCrimeaatbottomandtwoself-proclaimedseparatistrepublicsinDonbasatright FollowingtheEuromaidanprotestsandarevolutionnamedRevolutionofDignityresultedtheremovalofpro-RussianPresidentViktorYanukovychinFebruary2014,duetowhichpro-RussianunresteruptedinpartsofUkraine.RussiansoldierswithoutinsigniatookcontrolofstrategicpositionsandinfrastructureintheUkrainianterritoryofCrimea,andseizedtheCrimeanParliament.Russiaorganisedacontroversialreferendum,whoseoutcomewasforCrimeatojoinRussia.Russia'sannexationofCrimeafollowedinMarch2014,thenthewarinDonbas,whichbeganinApril2014withtheformationoftwoRussia-backedseparatistquasi-states:theDonetskPeople'sRepublicandtheLuhanskPeople'sRepublic.[62][63]Russiantroopswereinvolvedintheconflict.[64][65][66]TheMinskagreementswassignedinSeptember2014andFebruary2015wereabidtostopthefighting,butceasefiresrepeatedlyfailed.[67] AdisputeemergedovertheroleofRussia:NormandyFormatmembersFrance,Germany,andUkrainesawMinskasanagreementbetweenRussiaandUkraine,whereasRussiainsistedUkraineshouldnegotiatedirectlywiththetwoseparatistrepublics.[68][69]In2021,PutinrefusedoffersfromZelenskyytoholdhigh-leveltalks,andtheRussiangovernmentsubsequentlyendorsedanarticlebyformerpresidentDmitryMedvedevarguingitwaspointlesstodealwithUkrainewhileitremaineda"vassal"oftheUS.[70]TheannexationofCrimealedtoanewwaveofRussiannationalism,withmuchoftheRussianneo-imperialmovementaspiringtoannexmoreUkrainianland,includingtheunrecognisedNovorossiya.[71]AnalystVladimirSocorarguedthatPutin's2014speechaftertheannexationofCrimeawasadefacto"manifestoofGreater-RussiaIrredentism".[72]InJuly2021,Putinpublishedanessaytitled"OntheHistoricalUnityofRussiansandUkrainians",reaffirmingthatRussiansandUkrainianswere"onepeople".[73] Prelude Mainarticle:Preludetothe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine Russianmilitarybuildup(March2021–February2022) Seealso:Belarusianinvolvementinthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine USparatroopersof2ndBattalion,503rdInfantryRegimentdepartItaly'sAvianoAirBaseforLatvia,23February2022.ThousandsofUStroopsweredeployedtoEasternEuropeamidRussia'smilitarybuild-up.[74] InMarchandApril2021,Russiabeganamajormilitarybuild-upneartheRusso-Ukrainianborder.Asecondbuild-upfollowedfromOctober2021toFebruary2022,inbothRussiaandBelarus.[75]MembersoftheRussiangovernmentrepeatedlydeniedhavingplanstoinvadeorattackUkraine;[76][77]includinggovernmentspokesmanDmitryPeskovon28November2021,DeputyForeignMinisterSergeiRyabkovon19January2022,[78]RussianambassadortotheUSAnatolyAntonovon20February2022,[76]andRussianambassadortotheCzechRepublicAlexanderZmeevskyon23February2022.[79][80] Putin'schiefnationalsecurityadviser,NikolaiPatrushev,[81]believedthattheWesthadbeeninanundeclaredwarwithRussiaforyears.[82]Russia'supdatednationalsecuritystrategy,publishedinMay2021,saidthatRussiamayuse"forcefulmethods"to"thwartoravertunfriendlyactionsthatthreatenthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityoftheRussianFederation".[83][84]SourcessaythedecisiontoinvadeUkrainewasmadebyPutinandasmallgroupofwarhawksinPutin'sinnercircle,includingPatrushevandRussianDefenceMinisterSergeiShoigu.[85] WheninearlyDecember2021Russiadeniedplanstoinvade,theUSreleasedintelligence,includingsatellitephotographsofRussiantroopsandequipmentneartheRusso-Ukrainianborder,thatindicatedotherwise,andcontinuedtoaccuratelypredictinvasionevents.[86][87]TheintelligencealsosaidthattheRussianshadalistofkeysites,andofindividualstobekilledorneutralisedintheinvasion.[86] Russianaccusationsanddemands Furtherinformation:Disinformationinthe2021–2022Russo-Ukrainiancrisis Seealso:RussianoppositiontoUkrainianNATOmembershipandHumanitariansituationduringthewarinDonbas On10January2022,UkrainiandeputyprimeministerOlhaStefanishynaandNATOsecretary-generalJensStoltenbergspoketomediaabouttheprospectofaRussianinvasion. Inthemonthsprecedingtheinvasion,RussianofficialsaccusedUkraineofRussophobia,incitingtensions,andrepressingRussianspeakersinUkraine.TheyalsomademultiplesecuritydemandsofUkraine,NATO,andnon-NATOalliesintheEU.CommentatorsandWesternofficialsdescribedtheseasattemptstojustifywar.[88][89]"Russophobiaisafirststeptowardsgenocide",Putinsaidon9December2021.[90][91]Putin'sclaimsabout"de-Nazification"havebeendescribedasabsurd,[92]andRussianclaimsofgenocidewerewidelyrejectedasbaseless.[93][94][95]ScholarsofgenocideandNazismsaidthatPutin'sclaimswere"factuallywrong",[96][97][98]andthattheyactuallycontributetoincitementtogenocideofUkrainiansbyaccusationinamirror.[99][100] PutinchallengedthelegitimacyoftheUkrainianstateandclaimed[101]that"Ukraineneverhadatraditionofgenuinestatehood",[102]incorrectlydescribeditascreatedbySovietRussia,[29]andfalselysaidUkrainiansocietyandgovernmentweredominatedbyneo-Nazism.[32] Ukraine,likepro-RussianseparatistsinDonbas,[103][104][105][106]hasafar-rightfringe,includingtheneo-Nazi-linkedAzovBattalionandRightSector,[110]butexpertshavedescribedPutin'srhetoricasgreatlyexaggeratingtheinfluenceoffar-rightgroupswithinUkraine;thereisnowidespreadsupportfortheideologyinthegovernment,military,orelectorate.[88][32][111]Zelenskyy,whoisJewish,rebukedPutin'sallegations,notingthathisgrandfatherservedintheSovietarmyfightingNazis.[112]TheUSHolocaustMemorialMuseumandYadVashemcondemnedthisuseofHolocausthistoryandallusiontoNaziideologyinpropaganda.[113][114] VladimirPutin(right)andhislong-timeconfidantDefenceMinisterSergeiShoigu.[115] Duringthesecondbuild-up,RussiademandedthattheUSandNATOenterintoalegallybindingarrangementpreventingUkrainefromeverjoiningNATO,andremovemultinationalforcesfromNATO'sEasternEuropeanmemberstates.[116]RussiathreatenedanunspecifiedmilitaryresponseifNATOfollowedan"aggressiveline".[117]Thesedemandswerewidelyseenasnon-viable;newNATOmembersinCentralandEasternEuropehadjoinedthealliancebecausetheypreferredthesafetyandeconomicopportunitiesofferedbyNATOandtheEU,andtheirgovernmentssoughtprotectionfromRussianirredentism.[118]AformaltreatytopreventUkrainefromjoiningNATOwouldcontravenethetreaty's"opendoor"policy,despiteNATO'sunenthusiasticresponsetoUkrainianrequeststojoin.[119] EmmanuelMacronandOlafScholzmadeeffortstopreventthewarinFebruary.MacronmetwithPutinbutfailedtoconvincehimnottogoforwardwiththeattack.ScholzwarnedPutinaboutheavysanctionsthatwouldbeimposedshouldtheinvasionhappen.ScholzalsopleadedwithZelenskyytorenouncetheaspirationtojoinNATOanddeclareneutrality,howeverZelenskyyrefusedit.[120] Allegedclashes(17–21February2022) Furtherinformation:TimelineofthewarinDonbas(2022) FightinginDonbasescalatedafter17February2022.[121]UkraineandDonbaseachaccusedtheotheroffiringacrossthelineofconflict.[122][123]On18February,theDonetskandLuhanskpeople'srepublicsorderedallcivilianstoleavetheircapitals,[124][125][126]UkrainianmediadescribedasharpincreaseinartilleryshellingbytheRussian-ledmilitantsinDonbasasanattempttoprovoketheUkrainianarmy.[127][128]On19Februarybothseparatistrepublicsdeclaredfullmobilisation.[129] Inthedaysleadinguptotheinvasion,theRussiangovernmentintensifiedadisinformationcampaignintendedtomutepubliccriticism.Russianstatemediapromotedfabricatedvideos(manyamateurish)[130][131]thatpurportedtoshowUkrainianforcesattackingRussiansinDonbas;evidenceshowedthatthepurportedattacks,explosions,andevacuationswerestagedbyRussia.[132]On21February,theheadoftheRussianFederalSecurityService(FSB)saidthatRussianforceshadkilledfiveUkrainian"saboteurs"thathadcrossedintoRussianterritory,capturedoneUkrainianservicemananddestroyedtwoarmouredvehicles.Ukrainedeniedthis,andwarnedthatRussiasoughtapretextforaninvasion.TheSundayTimesdescribeditas"thefirstmoveinPutin'swarplan".[133][134] Escalation(21–23February2022) Seealso:AddressconcerningtheeventsinUkraine Putin'saddresstothenationon21February(Englishsubtitlesavailable) On21February,[135]TheRussiangovernmentrecognisedtheDonetskandLuhanskpeople'srepublics.[136]Thesameevening,PutinorderedRussiantroopsintoDonbas,onwhathecalleda"peacekeepingmission".[137][138]SeveralmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncilcondemnedthe21FebruaryinterventioninDonbas;nonevoicedsupport.[139]On22February,videofootageshotintheearlymorningshowedRussianarmedforcesandtanksmovingintheDonbasregion.[140]TheFederationCouncilauthorisedtheuseofmilitaryforceoutsideRussia.[141]Zelenskyycalleduparmyreservists;[142]andUkraine'sparliamentproclaimeda30-daynationalstateofemergency.[143][144]RussiaevacuateditsembassyfromKyiv.[145]DDoSattackswidelyattributedtoRussian-backedhackers[146][147]hitthewebsitesoftheUkrainianparliamentandexecutivebranch,andmanybankwebsitesalso.[148]Ukraine'sSecurityService(SBU)deniedreportsofChinesemilitaryespionageontheeveoftheinvasion,includingonnuclearinfrastructure.[149][150][151][non-primarysourceneeded] On23February,[152]ZelenskyygaveaspeechinRussian,appealingtoRussiancitizenstopreventwar.[153][154]HerefutedRussianclaimsofneo-NazisintheUkrainiangovernmentandsaidthathehadnointentionofattackingDonbas.[155]KremlinspokesmanDmitryPeskovsaidon23FebruarythatseparatistleadersinDonetskandLuhanskhadsentPutinalettersayingthatUkrainianshellinghadcausedciviliandeathsandappealingformilitarysupportfromRussia.[156]UkrainerequestedanurgentUNSecurityCouncilmeeting.[157][158]Halfanhourintotheemergencymeeting,PutinannouncedthestartofmilitaryoperationsinUkraine.SergiyKyslytsya,theUkrainianrepresentative,calledontheRussianrepresentative,VasilyNebenzya,to"doeverythingpossibletostopthewar"orrelinquishhispositionaspresidentoftheUNSecurityCouncil;Nebenzyarefused.[159][160] Declarationofmilitaryoperations Mainarticle:Onconductingaspecialmilitaryoperation Seealso:OntheHistoricalUnityofRussiansandUkrainians,WhatRussiaShouldDowithUkraine,andWherehaveyoubeenforeightyears? On24February,before5 am.Kyivtime,[161]Putinannounceda"specialmilitaryoperation"ineasternUkraineand"effectivelydeclaredwaronUkraine."[162][163]Inhisspeech,PutinsaidhehadnoplanstooccupyUkrainianterritoryandthathesupportedtherightoftheUkrainianpeopletoself-determination.[164]Hesaidthepurposeofthe"operation"wasto"protectthepeople"inthepredominantlyRussian-speakingregionofDonbaswhohefalselyclaimedthat"foreightyearsnow,[had]beenfacinghumiliationandgenocideperpetratedbytheKyivregime".[165] PutinsaidthatRussiasought"demilitarisationanddenazification"ofUkraine.[166]WithinminutesofPutin'sannouncement,explosionswerereportedinKyiv,Kharkiv,Odesa,andtheDonbasregion.[167]AnallegedleakedreportfromwithintheFSBclaimedthattheintelligenceagencywasnotwarnedofPutin'splantoinvadeUkraine.[168]Immediatelyfollowingtheattack,ZelenskyydeclaredmartiallawinUkraine.[169]Thesameevening,heorderedageneralmobilisationofallUkrainianmalesbetween18and60yearsold[41]whowereprohibitedfromleavingthecountry.[170]RussiantroopsenteredUkrainefromthenorthinBelarus(towardsKyiv);fromthenorth-eastinRussia(towardsKharkiv);fromtheeastintheDPRandtheLuhanskPeople'sRepublic;andfromthesouthinCrimea.[171]RussianequipmentandvehiclesweremarkedwithawhiteZmilitarysymbol(anon-Cyrillicletter),believedtobeameasuretopreventfriendlyfire.[75] Invasionandresistance Forachronologicalguide,seeTimelineofthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine. Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofmilitaryengagementsduringthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine. Furtherinformation:Kyivoffensive(2022),NortheasternUkraineoffensive,EasternUkraineoffensive,SouthernUkraineoffensive,and2022Ukrainesummercounteroffensive Seealso:Orderofbattleforthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraineandZ(militarysymbol) Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(April2022) MilitarycontrolaroundKyivon2April2022 Theinvasionbeganatdawnof24February,[162]withinfantrydivisionsandarmouredandairsupportinEasternUkraine,anddozensofmissileattacksacrossbothEasternUkraineandWesternUkraine.[172][173]ThefirstfightingtookplaceinLuhanskOblastnearMilovevillageontheborderwithRussiaat3:40 amKyivtime.[174]Themaininfantryandtankattackswerelaunchedinfourspearheadincursions,creatinganorthernfrontlaunchedtowardsKyiv,asouthernfrontoriginatinginCrimea,asouth-easternfrontlaunchedatthecitiesofLuhanskandDonbas,andaneasternfront.[42][43]DozensofmissilestrikesacrossUkrainereachedasfarwestasLviv.[175][176]WagnerGroupmercenariesandChechenforcesreportedlymadeseveralattemptstoassassinateVolodymyrZelenskyy.TheUkrainiangovernmentsaidtheseeffortswerethwartedbyanti-warofficialsinRussia'sFederalSecurityService(FSB),whosharedintelligenceoftheplans.[177] On25March,theRussianDefenceMinistrysaidthe"firststage"ofwhattheycalledthe"militaryoperationinUkraine"wasgenerallycomplete,thattheUkrainianmilitaryforceshadsufferedseriouslosses,andtheRussianmilitarywouldnowconcentrateonthe"liberationofDonbas".[178][179]The"firststage"oftheinvasionwasconductedonfourfronts[180][181]includingonetowardswesternKyivfromBelarus,conductedbytheRussianEasternMilitaryDistrict,comprisingthe29th,35th,and36thCombinedArmsArmies.AsecondaxisdeployedtowardseasternKyivfromRussiabytheCentralMilitaryDistrict(north-easternfront),comprisedthe41stCombinedArmsArmyand2ndGuardsCombinedArmsArmy.AthirdaxisdeployedtowardsKharkivbytheWesternMilitaryDistrict(easternfront),withthe1stGuardsTankArmyand20thCombinedArmsArmy.Afourth,southern,frontoriginatinginoccupiedCrimeaandRussia'sRostovoblastwithaneasternaxistowardsOdesaandawesternareaofoperationstowardMariupol,bytheSouthernMilitaryDistrict,includingthe58th,49th,and8thCombinedArmsArmy,thelatteralsocommandingthe1stand2ndArmyCorpsoftheRussianseparatistforcesinDonbas[182] By7April,RussiantroopsdeployedtothenorthernfrontbytheRussianEasternMilitaryDistrictpulledbackfromtheKyivoffensive,apparentlytoresupplyandthenredeploytotheDonbasregiontoreinforcetherenewedinvasionofsouth-easternUkraine.Thenorth-easternfront,includingtheCentralMilitaryDistrict,wassimilarlywithdrawnforresupplyandredeploymenttosouth-easternUkraine.[182][183]By8April,GeneralAlexanderDvornikovwasplacedinchargeofmilitaryoperationsduringtheinvasion.[184]On18April,retiredLieutenantGeneralDouglasLute,theformerUSambassadortoNATO,reportedinaPBSNewsHourinterviewthatRussiahadrepositioneditstroopstoinitiateanewassaultonEasternUkrainewhichwouldbelimitedtoRussia'soriginaldeploymentof150,000to190,000troopsfortheinvasion,thoughthetroopswerebeingwellsuppliedfromadequateweaponstockpilesinRussia.ForLute,thiscontrastedsharplywiththevastsizeoftheUkrainianconscriptionofall-maleUkrainiancitizensbetween16and60yearsofage,butwithoutadequateweaponsinUkraine'shighlylimitedstockpilesofweapons.[185]On26April,delegatesoftheUSand40alliednationsmetatRamsteinAirBaseinGermanytodiscussformingacoalitiontoprovideeconomicsupportandmilitarysuppliesandrefittingtoUkraine.[186]FollowingPutin'sVictoryDayspeechinearlyMay,USDirectorofNationalIntelligenceAvrilHainessaidnoshorttermresolutiontotheinvasionshouldbeexpected.[187] Russianforcesimprovedtheirfocusonprotectingtheirsupplylinesbyadvancingmoreslowly,andmoremethodically.TheyalsobenefitedfromcentralisingcommandunderGeneralDvornikov.[188]Ukraine'srelianceonWestern-suppliedequipmentconstrainedit,asWesterncountriesfearedthatUkrainewoulduseittostriketargetsinRussia.[189]Militaryexpertsdisagreeonthefutureoftheconflict;somehavesuggestedtradingterritoryforpeace,[190]whileothersbelievethatUkrainecansustaintheirresistancetotheinvasion,duetotheRussianlosses.[191]On26May2022,theConflictIntelligenceTeam,citingRussiansoldiers,reportedthatColonelGeneralGennadyZhidkohadbeenputinchargeofRussianforcesduringthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine,replacingArmyGeneralDvornikov.[192][193]By30May,disparitiesbetweenRussianandUkrainianartillerywereapparent.Russianartilleryhadalongerrange,forexample.[194]InresponsetoBiden'sindicationthatenhancedartillerywouldbeprovidedtoUkraine,PutinindicatedthatRussianwouldexpanditsinvasionfronttoincludenewcitiesinUkraineandinapparentretributionorderedamissilestrikeagainstKyivon6Juneafternotdirectlyattackingthecityforseveralweeks.[195]On10June2022,VadymSkibitsky,deputyheadofUkraine'smilitaryintelligence,statedduringtheSeverodonetskcampaignthatthefrontlineswerewherethefutureoftheinvasionwouldbedecided:"Thisisanartillerywarnow,andwearelosingintermsofartillery.Everythingnowdependsonwhat[thewest]givesus.Ukrainehasoneartillerypieceto10to15Russianartillerypieces.Ourwesternpartnershavegivenusabout10%ofwhattheyhave."[196] On29June,ReutersreportedthatDirectorofNationalIntelligenceAvrilHaines,updatingU.S.intelligenceassessmentoftheRussianinvasion,saidthatU.S.intelligenceagenciesagreethattheinvasionwillcontinue"foranextendedperiodoftime...Inshort,thepictureremainsprettygrimandRussia'sattitudetowardtheWestishardening."[197]On5July,BBCreportedthatextensivedestructionbytheRussianinvasionwouldcauseimmensefinancialdamagetoUkraine'sreconstructioneconomystating:"Ukraineneeds$750bnforarecoveryplanandRussianoligarchsshouldcontributetothecost,UkrainianPrimeMinisterDenysShmyhalhastoldareconstructionconferenceinSwitzerland."[198] Firstphase:InvasionofUkraine(24February–7April) 2022RussianInvasionofUkrainePhase1from24Februaryto7April2022 Theinvasionbeganon24February,launchedoutofBelarustotargetKyiv,andfromthenortheastagainstthecityofKharkiv.Thesoutheasternfrontwasconductedastwoseparatespearheads,fromCrimeaandthesoutheastagainstLuhanskandDonetsk.[42][43] Firstphase–Northernfront Furtherinformation:CaptureofChernobyl,BattleofKyiv(2022),andBuchamassacre RussianeffortstocaptureKyivincludedaprobativespearheadon24February,fromBelarussouthalongthewestbankoftheDniproRiver,apparentlytoencirclethecityfromthewest,supportedbytwoseparateaxesofattackfromRussiaalongtheeastbankoftheDnipro:thewesternatChernihiv,andtheeasternatSumy.ThesewerelikelyintendedtoencircleKyivfromthenorth-eastandeast.[173][172] RussiaapparentlytriedtorapidlyseizeKyiv,withSpetsnazinfiltratingintothecitysupportedbyairborneoperationsandarapidmechanisedadvancefromthenorth,butwasunsuccessful.[199][200][201][202] RussianforcesadvancingonKyivfromBelarusgainedcontroloftheghosttownsofChernobylandPripyat.[203][204]RussianAirborneForcesattemptedtoseizetwokeyairfieldsnearKyiv,launchinganairborneassaultonAntonovAirport,[205][206]AndasimilarlandingatVasylkiv,nearVasylkivAirBase,on26February.[207][208] ByearlyMarch,RussianadvancesalongthewestsideoftheDniprowerelimitedbyUkrainiandefences.[173][172]Asof5March,a largeRussianconvoy,reportedly64kilometres(40 mi)long,hadmadelittleprogresstowardKyiv.[209]TheLondon-basedthinktankRoyalUnitedServicesInstitute(RUSI)assessedRussianadvancesfromthenorthandeastas"stalled".[210]AdvancesfromChernihivlargelyhaltedasasiegebeganthere.RussianforcescontinuedtoadvanceonKyivfromthenorthwest,capturingBucha,Hostomel,andVorzelby5March,[211][212]thoughIrpinremainedcontestedasof9March.[213]By11March,thelengthyconvoyhadlargelydispersedandtakencover.[214]On16March,Ukrainianforcesbeganacounter-offensivetorepelRussianforces.[215]UnabletoachieveaquickvictoryinKyiv,Russianforcesswitchedtheirstrategytoindiscriminatebombingandsiegewarfare.[216][217] On25March,aUkrainiancounter-offensiveretookseveraltownstotheeastandwestofKyiv,includingMakariv.[218][219]RussiantroopsintheBuchaarearetreatednorthattheendofMarch.Ukrainianforcesenteredthecityon1April.[220]UkrainesaidithadrecapturedtheentireregionaroundKyiv,includingIrpin,Bucha,andHostomel,anduncoveredevidenceofwarcrimesinBucha.[221]On6April,NATOsecretary-generalJensStoltenbergsaidthattheRussian"retraction,resupply,andredeployment"oftheirtroopsfromtheKyivareashouldbeinterpretedasanexpansionofPutin'splansforUkraine,byredeployingandconcentratinghisforcesonEasternUkraine.[183]Kyivwasgenerallyleftfreefromattackapartfromisolatedmissilestrikes.OnedidoccurwhileUNSecretary-GeneralAntónioGuterreswasvisitingKyivon28ApriltodiscusswithZelenskyythesurvivorsofthesiegeofMariupol.[222] Firstphase–North-easternfront Furtherinformation:SiegeofChernihivandBattleofSumy Seealso:RussianoccupationofSumyOblast RussianforcesadvancedintoChernihivOblaston24Februaryandbesiegeditsadministrativecapital.ThenextdayRussianforcesattackedandcapturedKonotop.[223][224]AseparateadvanceintoSumyOblastthesamedayattackedthecityofSumy,just35kilometres(22 mi)fromtheRusso-Ukrainianborder.Theadvanceboggeddowninurbanfighting,andUkrainianforcessuccessfullyheldthecity,claimingmorethan100Russianarmouredvehiclesweredestroyedanddozensofsoldierswerecaptured.[225]RussianforcesalsoattackedOkhtyrka,deployingthermobaricweapons.[226] On4March,FrederickKaganwrotethattheSumyaxiswasthen"themostsuccessfulanddangerousRussianavenueofadvanceonKyiv",andcommentedthatthegeographyfavouredmechanisedadvancesastheterrain"isflatandsparselypopulated,offeringfewgooddefensivepositions".[172]Travellingalonghighways,RussianforcesreachedBrovary,aneasternsuburbofKyiv,on4March.[173][172]ThePentagonconfirmedon6AprilthattheRussianarmyhadleftChernihivOblast,butSumyOblastremainedcontested.[227]On7April,thegovernorofSumyOblastsaidthatRussiantroopsweregone,butleftbehindriggedexplosivesandotherhazards.[228] Firstphase–Southernfront Furtherinformation:SiegeofMariupol,2022bombingofOdesa,BattleofKherson,andBattleofEnerhodar Seealso:RussianoccupationofKhersonOblastandRussianoccupationofZaporizhzhiaOblast AdestroyedRussianBMP-3nearMariupol,7March On24February,RussianforcestookcontroloftheNorthCrimeanCanal,allowingCrimeatoobtainwaterfromtheDnieper,cutoffsince2014.[229]On26February,thesiegeofMariupolbeganastheattackmovedeastlinkingtoseparatist-heldDonbas.[226][230]Enroute,RussianforcesenteredBerdianskandcapturedit.[231]On1March,RussianforcesattackedMelitopolandnearbycities.[232][233]On25February,RussianunitsfromtheDPRmovesonMariupolandweredefeatednearPavlopil.[234][235][236]Byevening,theRussianNavyreportedlybegananamphibiousassaultonthecoastoftheSeaofAzov70kilometres(43 mi)westofMariupol.AUSdefenceofficialsaidthatRussianforcesmightbedeployingthousandsofmarinesfromthisbeachhead.[237][238][239] TheRussian22ndArmyCorpsapproachedtheZaporizhzhiaNuclearPowerPlanton26February[240][241]andbesiegedEnerhodartotakecontrolofit.[242]Afirebegan,[243]buttheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)subsequentlysaidthatessentialequipmentwasundamaged.[244]ThenuclearpowerplantfellunderRussiancontrolbutdespitethefires,itrecordednoradiationleaks.[245] AthirdRussianattackgroupfromCrimeamovednorthwestandcapturedbridgesovertheDnieper.[246]On2March,RussiantroopswonabattleatKhersonthefirstmajorcitytofalltoRussianforcesintheinvasion.[247]RussiantroopsmovedonMykolaivandattackedittwodayslater,butwererepelledbyUkrainianforces.[248]Alsoon2March,Ukrainianforcesinitiatedacounter-offensiveonHorlivka,[249]controlledbytheDPRsince2014.[250] Afterrenewedmissileattackson14MarchinMariupol,theUkrainiangovernmentsaidmorethan2,500haddied.[251]By18March,Mariupolwascompletelyencircledandfightingreachedthecitycentre,hamperingeffortstoevacuatecivilians.[252]On20March,anartschoolshelteringaround400people,wasdestroyedbyRussianbombs.[253]TheRussiansdemandedsurrender,andtheUkrainiansrefused.[42][43]On24March,RussianforcesenteredcentralMariupol.[254]On27March,UkrainiandeputyprimeministerOlhaStefanishynasaidthat"(m)orethan85percentofthewholetownisdestroyed."[255]PutintoldEmmanuelMacroninaphonecallon29MarchthatthebombardmentofMariupolwouldonlyendwhentheUkrainianssurrendered.[256] On1AprilRussiantroopsrefusedsafepassageintoMariupolto50busessentbytheUnitedNationstoevacuatecivilians,aspeacetalkscontinuedinIstanbul.[257]On3April,followingtheretreatofRussianforcesfromKyiv,RussiaexpandeditsattackonSouthernUkrainefurtherwest,withbombardmentandstrikesagainstOdesa,Mykolaiv,andtheZaporizhzhiaNuclearPowerPlant.[258][259] Firstphase–Easternfront Furtherinformation:BattleofKharkiv(2022),BattleofIzium(2022),andMillerovoairbaseattack Seealso:RussianoccupationofKharkivOblast RussianbombardmentontheoutskirtsofKharkiv,1March Intheeast,RussiantroopsattemptedtocaptureKharkiv,lessthan35kilometres(22 mi)fromtheRussianborder,[260][261]andmetstrongUkrainianresistance.On25February,theMillerovoairbasewasattackedbyUkrainianmilitaryforceswithOTR-21Tochkamissiles,whichaccordingtoUkrainianofficials,destroyedseveralRussianAirForceplanesandstartedafire.[175][176]On28February,missileattackskilledseveralpeopleinKharkiv.[262]On1March,DenisPushilin,headoftheDPR,announcedthatDPRforceshadalmostcompletelysurroundedthecityofVolnovakha.[263]On2March,RussianforceswererepelledfromSievierodonetskduringanattackagainstthecity.[264]IziumwasreportedlycapturedbyRussianforceson17March,[265]althoughfightingcontinued.[266] On25March,theRussiandefenceministrysaiditwouldseektooccupymajorcitiesinEasternUkraine.[267]On31March,theUkrainianmilitaryconfirmedIziumwasunderRussiancontrol,[268][269]andPBSNewsreportedrenewedshellingandmissileattacksinKharkiv,asbadorworsethanbefore,aspeacetalkswithRussiaweretoresumeinIstanbul.[270] AmidtheheightenedRussianshellingofKharkivon31March,Russiareportedahelicopterstrikeagainstanoilsupplydepotapproximately35kilometres(22 mi)northoftheborderinBelgorod,andaccusedUkraineoftheattack.[271]Ukrainedeniedresponsibility.[272]By7April,therenewedmassingofRussianinvasiontroopsandtankdivisionsaroundthetownsofIzium,Sloviansk,andKramatorskpromptedUkrainiangovernmentofficialstoadvisetheremainingresidentsneartheeasternborderofUkrainetoevacuatetowesternUkrainewithin2–3days,giventheabsenceofarmsandmunitionspreviouslypromisedtoUkrainebythen.[273] Secondphase:South-easternoffensive(8April –present) 2022RussianInvasionofUkrainePhase2from7Aprilto24July2022 On8April,theRussianministryannouncedthatalltroopsanddivisionsinsouth-easternUkrainewoulduniteunderGeneralAleksandrDvornikov,whowasplacedinchargeofcombinedmilitaryoperations,includingtheunitsredeployedfromthenorthernfrontandnorth-easternfronts.[184]By17April,Russianprogressonthesouth-easternfrontappearedtobeimpededbytroopscontinuingtoholdoutinanabandonedsteelmillinMariupolandrefusingtosurrender.[274]On19April,TheNewYorkTimesconfirmedthatRussiahadlaunchedarenewedinvasionfrontreferredtoasan"easternassault"acrossa300-mile(480 km)frontextendingfromKharkivtoDonetskandLuhansk,withsimultaneousmissileattacksagaindirectedatKyivinthenorthandLvivinWesternUkraine.[275]Asof30April,aNATOofficialdescribedRussianadvancesas"uneven"and"minor".[276]AnanonymousUSDefenceOfficialcalledtheRussianoffensive:"verytepid","minimalatbest"and"anaemic".[277]On26May2022,theConflictIntelligenceTeam,citingRussiansoldiers,reportedthatColonelGeneralGennadyZhidkohadbeenputinchargeofRussianforcesduringthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine,replacingArmyGeneralDvornikov.[192][193] InJune2022thechiefspokesmanfortheMinistryofDefenceoftheRussianFederationIgorKonashenkovrevealedthatRussiantroopsaredividedbetweentheArmyGroups"Center"commandedbyColonelGeneralAleksanderLapinand"South"commandedbyArmyGeneralSergeySurovikin.[278]On20July,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthatLavrovannouncedthatRussiawouldrespondtotheincreasedmilitaryaidbeingreceivedbyUkrainefromabroadasjustifyingtheexpansionofthe'specialoperations'fronttoincludemilitaryobjectivesinboththeZaporizkaandKhersonregions.[279] Secondphase–Donbasfront;FallofSievierodonetskandLysychansk Mainarticle:BattleofDonbas(2022) Furtherinformation:BattleofKharkiv(2022),Kramatorskrailwaystationattack,BattleofSievierodonetsk(2022),andBattleofLysychansk Seealso:RussianoccupationofKharkivOblast MilitarycontrolaroundDonbasasof31May2022 ARussianmissileattackonKramatorskrailwaystationinthecityofKramatorsktookplaceon8April,reportedlykillingatleast52[280]andinjuring87to300.[281]On11April,ZelenskyysaidthatUkraineexpectedamajornewRussianoffensiveintheeast.[282]AmericanofficialssaidthatRussiahadwithdrawnorbeenrepulsedelsewhereinUkraine,andthereforewaspreparingaretraction,resupply,andredeploymentofinfantryandtankdivisionstothesouth-easternUkrainefront.[283][284]MilitarysatellitesphotographedextensiveRussianconvoysofinfantryandmechanisedunitsdeployingsouthfromKharkivtoIziumon11April,apparentlypartoftheplannedRussianredeploymentofitsnorth-easterntroopstothesouth-easternfrontoftheinvasion.[285] On14April,UkrainiantroopsreportedlyblewupabridgebetweenKharkivandIziumusedbyRussianforcestoredeploytroopstoIzium,impedingtheRussianconvoy.[286]On18April,withMariupolalmostentirelyovertakenbyRussianforces,theUkrainiangovernmentannouncedthatthesecondphaseofthereinforcedinvasionoftheDonetsk,LuhanskandKharkivregionshadintensifiedwithexpandedinvasionforcesoccupyingoftheDonbas.[287]On5May,DavidAxewritingforForbesstatedthattheUkrainianarmyhadconcentratedits4thand17thTankBrigadesandthe95thAirAssaultBrigadearoundIziumforpossiblerearguardactionagainstthedeployedRussiantroopsinthearea;AxeaddedthattheothermajorconcentrationofUkraine'sforcesaroundKharkivincludedthe92ndand93rdMechanizedBrigadeswhichcouldsimilarlybedeployedforrearguardactionagainstRussiantroopsaroundKharkivorlinkupwithUkrainiantroopscontemporaneouslybeingdeployedaroundIzium.[288] On13May,BBCreportedthatRussiantroopsinKharkivwerebeingretractedandredeployedtootherfrontsinUkrainefollowingtheadvancesofUkrainiantroopsintosurroundingcitiesandKharkivitself,whichincludedthedestructionofstrategicpontoonbridgesbuiltbyRussiantroopstocrossovertheSeverskyDonetsriverandpreviouslyusedforrapidtankdeploymentintheregion.[289]On22May,theBBCreportedthatafterthefallofMariupol,RussiahadintensifiedoffensivesinLuhanskandDonetskwhileconcentratingmissileattacksandintenseartilleryfireonSievierodonetsk,thelargestcityunderUkrainiancontrolinLuhanskprovince.[290]On23May,RussianforceswerereportedenteringthecityofLyman,fullycapturingthecityby26May.[291][292]UkrainianforceswerereportedleavingSviatohirsk.[293]By24May,RussianforcescapturedthecityofSvitlodarsk.[294]On30May,ReutersreportedthatRussiantroopshadbreachedtheoutskirtsofSievierodonetsk.[295]By2June,TheWashingtonPostreportedthatSievierodonetskwasonthebrinkofcapitulationtoRussianoccupationwithover80percentofthecityinthehandsofRussiantroops.[296]On3June,Ukrainianforcesreportedlybeganacounter-attackinSievierodonetsk.By4June,Ukrainiangovernmentsourcesclaimed20%ormoreofthecityhadbeenrecaptured.[297]However,on5JuneUkrainiangovernorofLuhanskSerhiyHaidaisaidDvornikovwasstillincommandandhadbeengivenuntil10JunebyhissuperiorstocompletethereductionofSeverodonetsk.[298] On12JuneitwasreportedbytheBBCthat800Ukrainiancitizensand300–400soldierswerebesiegedattheAzotchemicalfactoryinSeverodonetsk,withdwindlingarmssupplies,negotiatingforsafeconductoutofthecity.[299]WiththeUkrainiandefencesofSeverodonetskfaultering,RussianinvasiontroopsbeganintensifyingtheirattackupontheneighbouringcityofLysychanskastheirnexttargetcityintheinvasion.[300]On20JuneitwasreportedthatRussiantroopscontinuedtotightentheirgriponSeverodonetskbycapturingsurroundingvillagesandhamletssurroundingthecity,mostrecentlythevillageofMetelkine.[301]On24June,CNNreportedthat,amidcontinuingscorched-earthtacticsbeingappliedbyadvancingRussiantroops,Ukraine'sarmedforceswereorderedtoevacuatethecity;they'dleaveseveralhundredciviliansseekingrefugeintheAzotchemicalplantinSeverodenetsk,whichhasbeencomparedtothecivilianrefugeesleftattheAzovstalsteelworksinMariupolduringMay.[302]On3July,CBSannouncedthattheRussiandefenseministryclaimedthatthecityofLysychanskhadbeencapturedandoccupiedbyRussianforces.[303]On4July,TheGuardianreportedthatafterthefalloftheLuhanskoblast,thatRussianinvasiontroopswouldcontinuetheirinvasionintotheadjacentDonetskoblasttoattackthecitiesofSlovianskandBakhmut.[304] Secondphase–Mykolaiv–Odesafront Furtherinformation:2022bombingofOdesa,BattleofMykolaiv,and2022Transnistriaattacks Seealso:RussianoccupationofKhersonOblast MissileattacksandbombardmentofthekeycitiesofMykolaivandOdesacontinuedasthesecondphaseoftheinvasionbegan.[275]On22April,Russia'sBrigadierGeneralRustamMinnekayevinadefenceministrymeetingsaidthatRussiaplannedtoextenditsMykolayiv–OdesafrontafterthesiegeofMariupolfurtherwesttoincludethebreakawayregionofTransnistriaontheUkrainianborderwithMoldova.[305][306]TheMinistryofDefenceofUkrainedescribedthisintentionasimperialism,sayingthatitcontradictedpreviousRussianclaimsthatitdidnothaveterritorialambitionsinUkraineandthatthestatementwasanadmissionthat"thegoalofthe'secondphase'ofthewarisnotvictoryoverthemythicalNazis,butsimplytheoccupationofeasternandsouthernUkraine".[305]GeorgiGotev,writingforReuterson22April,notedthatoccupyingUkrainefromOdesatoTransnistriawouldtransformitintoalandlockednationwithoutanypracticalaccesstotheBlackSea.[307]On24April,RussiaresumeditsmissilestrikesonOdesa,destroyingmilitaryfacilitiesandcausingtwodozenciviliancasualties.[308] On27April,UkrainiansourcesindicatedthatexplosionshaddestroyedtwoRussianbroadcasttowersinTransnistria,primarilyusedtorebroadcastRussiantelevisionprogramming.[309]AttheendofApril,RussiarenewedmissileattacksonrunwaysinOdesa,destroyingsomeofthem.[310]Duringtheweekof10May,UkrainiantroopsbegantotakemilitaryactiontodislodgeRussianforcesinstallingthemselvesonSnakeIslandintheBlackSeaapproximately200kilometres(120 mi)fromOdesa.[311]On30June2022,Russiaannouncedthatithadwithdrawntroopsfromtheislandafterobjectiveswerecompleted.[312][313]On23July,CNBCreportedaRussianmissilestrikeonOdesastatingthat:"WorldleadersswiftlycondemnedtheRussianmissilestrikeonaUkrainianport,adramaticrevelationamidaU.N.-brokereddealthatsecuredaseacorridorforgrainsandotherfoodstuffexports."[314] Secondphase–Dnipro–Zaporizhzhiafront RussianmissileattackonpublicshoppingmallinKremenchukwascalleda"warcrime"byEmmanuelMacronofFranceon28June2022. Seealso:RussianoccupationofZaporizhzhiaOblast RussianforcescontinuedtofiremissilesanddropbombsonthekeycitiesofDniproandZaporizhzhia.[275]On10April,RussianmissilesdestroyedtheDniproInternationalAirport.[315][316]On2MaytheUNreportedlyevacuatedabout100survivorsfromthesiegeatMariupolwiththecooperationofRussiantroops,tothevillageofBezimennenearDonetsk,fromwhencetheyweretomovetoZaporizhzhia.[317]On28June,ReutersreportedthataRussianmissileattackwaslauncheduponthecityofKremenchuknorth-westorZaporizhizhiadetonatinginapublicmallandcausingatleast18deathswhiledrawingcondemnationfromFrance'sEmmanuelMacron,amongotherworldleaders,whospokeofitasbeinga"warcrime".[318]2022JulyDnipromissilestrikekilledfour. On7July,itwasreportedthataftertheRussianscapturedthenuclearplantatZaporizhzhiaearlierintheinvasion,installedheavyartilleryandmobilemissilelaunchersbetweentheseparatereactorwallsofthenuclearinstallationasashieldagainstpossibleUkrainiancounterattack,notpossiblewithouttheriskofradiationfalloutincaseofnearmissesagainsttheinstalledRussianartillerysites.[319] Secondphase–FallofMariupol Furtherinformation:SiegeofMariupol On13April,RussianforcesintensifiedtheirattackontheAzovstalironandsteelworksinMariupol,andtheUkrainiandefenceforcesthatremainedthere.[320]By17April,Russianforceshadsurroundedthefactory.UkrainianprimeministerDenysShmyhalsaidthattheUkrainiansoldiershadvowedtoignoretherenewedultimatumtosurrenderandtofighttothelastsoul.[321]On20April,PutinsaidthatthesiegeofMariupolcouldbeconsideredtacticallycomplete,sincethe500UkrainiantroopsentrenchedinbunkerswithintheAzovstalironworksandestimated1,000Ukrainiancivilianswerecompletelysealedofffromanytypeofreliefintheirsiege.[322] AfterconsecutivemeetingswithPutinandZelenskyy,UNSecretary-GeneralGuterreson28AprilsaidhewouldattempttoorganiseanemergencyevacuationofsurvivorsfromAzovstalinaccordancewithassuranceshehadreceivedfromPutinonhisvisittotheKremlin.[323]On30April,RussiantroopsallowedcivilianstoleaveunderUNprotection.[324]By3May,afterallowingapproximately100UkrainiancivilianstodepartfromtheAzovstalsteelfactory,Russiantroopsrenewednon-stopbombardmentofthesteelfactory.[325]On6May,TheTelegraphreportedthatRussiahadusedthermobaricbombsagainsttheremainingUkrainiansoldiers,whohadlostcontactwiththeKyivgovernment;inhislastcommunications,ZelenskyyhadauthorisedthecommanderofthebesiegedsteelfactorytosurrenderasnecessaryunderthepressureofincreasedRussianattacks.[326]On7May,theAssociatedPressreportedthatallcivilianswereevacuatedfromtheAzovstalsteelworksattheendofthethree-dayceasefire.[327] Achildren'shospitalinMariupolafterRussianairstrike. AfterthelastciviliansevacuatedfromtheAzovstalbunkers,nearlytwothousandUkrainiansoldiersremainedbarricadedthere,with700injured;theywereabletocommunicateapleaforamilitarycorridortoevacuate,astheyexpectedsummaryexecutioniftheysurrenderedtotheRussians.[328]ReportsofdissentwithintheUkrainiantroopsatAzovstalwerereportedbyUkrainskayaPravdaon8MayindicatingthatthecommanderoftheUkrainianMarinesassignedtodefendtheAzovstalbunkersmadeanunauthorisedacquisitionoftanks,munitions,andpersonnel,brokeoutfromthepositionthereandfled.TheremainingsoldiersspokeofaweakeneddefensivepositioninAzovstalasaresult,whichallowedprogresstoadvancingRussianlinesofattack.[329]IliaSomolienko,deputycommanderoftheremainingUkrainiantroopsbarricadedatAzovstal,said:"Wearebasicallyheredeadmen.Mostofusknowthisandit'swhywefightsofearlessly."[330] On16May,theUkrainianGeneralstaffannouncedthattheMariupolgarrisonhad"fulfilleditscombatmission"andthatfinalevacuationsfromtheAzovstalsteelfactoryhadbegun.Themilitarysaidthat264servicememberswereevacuatedtoOlenivkaunderRussiancontrol,while53ofthemwhowere"seriouslyinjured"hadbeentakentoahospitalinNovoazovskalsocontrolledbyRussianforces.[331][332]FollowingtheevacuationofUkrainianpersonnelfromAzovstal,RussianandDPRforcesfullycontrolledallareasofMariupol.TheendofthebattlealsobroughtanendtotheSiegeofMariupol.RussiapresssecretaryDmitryPeskovsaidRussianPresidentVladimirPutinhadguaranteedthatthefighterswhosurrenderedwouldbetreated"inaccordancewithinternationalstandards"whileUkrainianPresidentVolodymyrZelenskyysaidinanaddressthat"theworkofbringingtheboyshomecontinues,andthisworkneedsdelicacy—andtime".SomeprominentRussianlawmakerscalledonthegovernmenttodenyprisonerexchangesformembersoftheAzovRegiment.[333] WesternUkraine On14March,RussianforcesconductedmultiplecruisemissileattacksonamilitarytrainingfacilityinYavoriv,LvivOblast,closetothePolishborder.LocalgovernorMaksymKozytskyyreportedthatatleast35peoplehadbeenkilled.[334][335]On18March,RussiaexpandedtheattacktoLviv,withUkrainianmilitaryofficialssayinginitialinformationsuggestedthatthemissileswhichhitLvivwerelikelyair-launchedcruisemissilesoriginatingfromwarplanesflyingovertheBlackSea.[336]On16May,USdefenceofficialssaythatintheprevious24hoursRussiansfiredlongrangemissilestargetingmilitarytrainingfacilitynearLviv.[337] Airwarfare Seealso:ListofaircraftlossesduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar RussianAerospaceForceshelicoptersinafieldduringtheinvasion,March2022 On24February,RussianforcesattackedtheChuhuivairbase,[338]whichhousedBayraktarTB2drones.Theattackcauseddamagetofuelstorageareasandinfrastructure.[339]Thenextday,UkrainianforcesattackedtheMillerovoairbase.[175][176]On27February,Russiareportedlyfired9K720IskandermissilesfromBelarusatthecivilianZhytomyrAirport.[340][341]ManyUkrainianairdefencefacilitiesweredestroyedordamagedinthefirstdaysoftheinvasionbyRussianairstrikes.[342]Intheopeningdaysoftheconflict,RussiafiredmanycruiseandballisticmissilesattheprincipalUkrainianground-basedearlywarningradars,therebyblindingtheUkrainianAirForcetotheirairactivity.Additionally,cratersintheoperatingsurfacesatthemajorUkrainianairbaseshinderedUkrainianaircraftmovements,andseveralUkrainianlong-rangeS-300Psurface-to-airmissilebatteriesweredestroyed.[343] On1March,RussiaandtheUSestablishedadeconflictionlinetoavoidanymisunderstandingthatcouldcauseanunintentionalescalation.[344] Russialostatleasttenaircrafton5March.[345]On6March,theGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesofUkrainereportedthat88Russianaircrafthadbeendestroyedsincethewarbegan.[346]However,ananonymousseniorUSdefenceofficialtoldReuterson7MarchthatRussiastillhadthe"vastmajority"ofitsfighterjetsandhelicoptersthathadbeenamassednearUkraineavailabletofly.[347]Afterthefirstmonthoftheinvasion,JustinBronk,aBritishmilitaryobserver,countedtheRussianaircraftlossesat15fixed-wingaircraftand35helicopters,butnotedthatthetruetotalwascertainlyhigher.[348]Incontrast,accordingtotheUnitedStates,49Ukrainianfighteraircraftwerelostby18March.[349] On11March,USofficialssaidthatRussianaircraftlaunchedupto200sortiesaday,mostnotenteringUkrainianairspace,insteadstayinginRussianairspace.[350] On13March,RussianforcesconductedmultiplecruisemissileattacksonamilitarytrainingfacilityinYavoriv,LvivOblast,closetothePolishborder.LocalgovernorMaksymKozytskyyreportedthatatleast35peoplehadbeenkilledintheattacks.[351][352]ThepoorperformanceoftheRussianAirForcehasbeenattributedbyTheEconomisttoRussia'sinabilitytosuppressUkraine'smedium-rangesurface-to-airmissile(SAM)batteriesandRussia'slackofprecision-guidedbombs.Ukrainianmid-rangeSAMsitesforceplanestoflylow,makingthemvulnerabletoStingerandothershoulder-launchedsurface-to-airmissiles,andlackoftrainingandflighthoursforRussianpilotsrenderstheminexperiencedforthetypeofclosegroundsupportmissionstypicalofmodernairforces.[353]On5May,ForbesmagazinereportedthatRussianshadcontinuedairattacksand"continuetosendSu-24andSu-25attackplanesontreetop-levelbombingrunstargetingUkrainianpositions."[354] ByJune2022,Russiahadnotachievedairsuperiority,havinglostaround165ofitscombataircraftoverUkrainewhichamountedtoapproximately10%ofitsfrontlinecombatstrength.WesterncommentatorsnotedthequalitativeandquantativeadvantagestheRussianAirForcehadoveritsUkrainiancounterpart,butattributedthepoorperformanceofRussianaviationtotheextensiveground-basedanti-aircraftcapabilitiesoftheUkrainians.[355] Navalwarfare Seealso:ListofshiplossesduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar RussianBlackSeaflagshipMoskva,2012,reportedlysunkon14April2022,afterbeinghitbytwoUkrainianNeptuneanti-shipmissiles UkraineliesontheBlackSea,whichhasoceanaccessonlythroughtheTurkish-heldBosphorusandDardanellesstraits.On28February,Turkeyinvokedthe1936MontreuxConventionandsealedoffthestraitstoRussianwarshipsnotregisteredtoBlackSeahomebasesandnotreturningtotheirportsoforigin.ThispreventedthepassageoffourRussiannavalvesselsthroughtheTurkishStraitsinlateFebruary.[356][357][358]On24February,theStateBorderGuardServiceofUkraineannouncedthatanattackonSnakeIslandbyRussianNavyshipshadbegun.[359]TheguidedmissilecruiserMoskvaandpatrolboatVasilyBykovbombardedtheislandwiththeirdeckguns.[360]WhentheRussianwarshipidentifieditselfandinstructedtheUkrainiansoldiersstationedontheislandtosurrender,theirresponsewas"Russianwarship,gofuckyourself!"[361][362]Afterthebombardment,adetachmentofRussiansoldierslandedandtookcontrolofSnakeIsland.[363] Russiastatedon26FebruarythatUSdronessuppliedintelligencetotheUkrainiannavytohelptargetRussianwarshipsintheBlackSea,whichtheUSdenied.[364]By3March,theUkrainianfrigateHetmanSahaidachny,theflagshipoftheUkrainiannavy,wasscuttledinMykolaivtopreventitscapturebyRussianforces.[365][366][367][368]On14March,theRussiansourceRTreportedthattheRussianArmedForceshadcapturedaboutadozenUkrainianshipsinBerdiansk,includingthePolnocny-classlandingshipYuriOlefirenko.[369]On24March,UkrainianofficialssaidthataRussianlandingshipdockedinBerdiansk–initiallyreportedtobetheOrskandthenitssistership,theSaratov–wasdestroyedbyaUkrainianrocketattack.[370][219][231] InMarch2022,theUNInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)soughttocreateasafeseacorridorforcommercialvesselstoleaveUkrainianports.[371]On27March,Russiaestablishedaseacorridor80miles(130 km)longand3miles(4.8 km)widethroughitsMaritimeExclusionZone,forthetransitofmerchantvesselsfromtheedgeofUkrainianterritorialwaterssouth-eastofOdesa.[372][373]UkrainecloseditsportsatMARSEClevel3,withseamineslaidinportapproaches,untiltheendtohostilities.[374] TheRussiancruiserMoskva,theflagshipoftheBlackSeaFleet,was,accordingtoUkrainiansourcesandaUSseniorofficial,[375]hiton13AprilbytwoUkrainianNeptuneanti-shipcruisemissiles,settingtheshiponfire.TheRussianDefenceMinistryconfirmedthewarshiphadsufferedseriousdamageduetoamunitionexplosioncausedbyafire,andsaidthatitsentirecrewhadbeenevacuated.[376]ThePentagonspokesmanJohnKirbyreportedon14AprilthatsatelliteimagesshowedthattheRussianwarshiphadsufferedasizeableexplosiononboardbutwasheadingtotheeastforexpectedrepairsandrefittinginSevastopol.[377]Lateronthesameday,theRussianMinistryofDefencestatedthatMoskvahadsunkwhileundertowinroughweather.[378]On15April,ReutersreportedthatRussialaunchedanapparentretaliatorymissilestrikeagainstthemissilefactoryLuchDesignBureauinKyivwheretheNeptunemissilesusedintheMoskvaattackweremanufacturedanddesigned.[379] InearlyMay,UkrainianforceslaunchedcounterattacksonSnakeIsland.TheRussianMinistryofDefenseclaimedtohaverepelledthesecounterattacks.UkrainereleasedfootageofaRussianSerna-classlandingcraftlocatedintheBlackSeabeingdestroyednearSnakeIslandbyaUkrainiandrone.[380][381]Thesameday,apairofUkrainianSu-27conductedahigh-speed,lowlevelbombingrunonRussian-occupiedSnakeIsland;theattackwascapturedonfilmbyaBaykarBayraktarTB2drone.[382] On1June,RussianForeignMinisterSergeyLavrovassertedthatUkraine'spolicyofminingitsownharbourstoimpedeRussiamaritimeaggressionhadcontributedtothefoodexportcrisis,statingthat:"IfKyivsolvestheproblemofdeminingports,theRussianNavywillensuretheunimpededpassageofshipswithgraintotheMediterraneanSea."[383]On30June2022,Russiaannouncedthatithadwithdrawntroopsfromtheislandina"gestureofgoodwill".[312]ThewithdrawalwaslaterofficiallyconfirmedbyUkraine.[384] PotentialRussianuseoftacticalnuclearweapons On14April,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthatWilliamBurnsoftheCIAhadannouncedthatthethreatofusingtacticalnuclearweaponswaswithintheweaponscapacityofRussia,stating:"ThedirectoroftheC.I.A.saidonThursdaythat'potentialdesperation'toextractthesemblanceofavictoryinUkrainecouldtemptPresidentVladimirV.PutinofRussiatoordertheuseofatacticalorlow-yieldnuclearweapon."[385]On22April,itwasreportedthatRussiawascontinuingtotestitsRS-28Sarmat(nicknamed"Satan2")long-rangeintercontinentalballisticmissiles(ICBMs)toupgradeitsnucleararsenalinAutumnof2022withPutinstatingthatothernationsshouldbemorewaryofRussia'snucleararsenal.[386]On24April,inapparentresponsetoBidensendingAntonyBlinkentoKyivformilitarysupportmeetingswithZelenskyyon23April,RussianForeignMinisterSergeiLavrovstatedthatfurthersupportofUkrainecouldcausetensionswhichcouldpotentiallyleadtoaWorldWarIIIscenarioinvolvingRussia'sfullarsenalofweapons.[387]ThenextdayafterLavrov'scomments,CNBCreportedthatSecretaryLloydAustinreferredtoRussia'snuclearwarrhetoricasbeing"dangerousandunhelpful".[388] InresponsetoRussia'sapparentdisregardofsafetyprecautionsduringtheinvasionofUkraine'snuclearpowerplantatZaporizhzhiaanditsdisabledformernuclearpowerplantatChernobyl,on26AprilZelenskyyvoicedconcernthatRussianirresponsibilityinfiringtheirmissilesinthevicinityofUkraine'sactivenuclearpowerplantshouldleadtointernationaldiscussiondirectedtowardlimitingandcontrollingRussiaasanationnolongerbeingqualifiedfortheresponsiblemanagementofitsnuclearresourcesandnuclearweaponsstating:"IbelievethatafterallthattheRussianmilitaryhasdoneintheChernobylzoneandattheZaporizhzhiapowerplant,nooneintheworldcanfeelsafeknowinghowmanynuclearfacilities,nuclearweaponsandrelatedtechnologiestheRussianstatehas ...IfRussiahasforgottenwhatChernobylis,itmeansthatglobalcontroloverRussia'snuclearfacilities,andnucleartechnologyisneeded."[389] InapparentresponsetoGermanydeployingarmedtankstoUkraine,PutinannouncedinRussia'smainlegislativeassemblythatRussiawouldrespondtoanycombativemilitaryprovocationfromoutsideofUkrainewithpromptperemptoryactionpossibleonlywithRussia'suniquearsenalofnuclearweapons.[390]PentagonPresssecretaryJohnKirby,afterannouncingthesuccessfuldeliveryofalargedeploymentofM777howitzercannonstoUkraine,calledPutin'sassertionofnuclearpotencycontrarytotheprocessofthepeacefulresolutionofthecurrentconflictinUkraine.[391]On4May,theUSSenateheldthe"HearingonNuclearReadinessAmidRussia-UkraineWar"whereAdmiralCharlesA.RichardstatedthatcurrentnucleartriaddefencecapabilitiesintheUSwereoperatingataminimalacceptablelevelofoperationalcapacity,withRussianstockpilesandChinesestockpilescurrentlylargerthanthoseoftheUS.[392]On6May,RussianforeignministryspokesmanAlexeiZaitsevstatedthatRussiawouldnotusenuclearweaponsinUkraine,describingtheiruseas"notapplicabletotheRussian'specialmilitaryoperation'".[393] On23May,RussiandiplomatBorisBondarevresignedfromhispositionandissuedacritiqueoftheinvasion,singlingoutLavrov'spositiononthepotentialuseofRussiannucleararms:"In18years,he(Lavrov)wentfromaprofessionalandeducatedintellectual ...toapersonwhoconstantlybroadcastsconflictingstatementsandthreatenstheworldwithnuclearweapons!"[394]On29May,afterrepudiatingaccusationsmadeagainstRussiaregardingatrocitiesinBucha,AndreiKelininaninterviewwiththeBBCtriedtowalkbackearlierRussiancommentsabouttheuseofnucleararmsbystatingthatRussiapresentlyhadnoplansforusingthemunlessRussiansovereigntywasfoundtobeinperil.[395]Japan'sPrimeMinisterFumioKishidastatedthatJapanwouldsupportfurtherinternationaldiscussionaboutRussiaanditsnucleararmsthreatsduringtheinvasionofUkraineattheupcomingnuclearnon-proliferationmeetingtakingplacenextAugust.[396][397]On20June,the"ConferenceontheHumanitarianImpactofNuclearWeapons"openedinViennatodiscusspotentialcatastrophiceffectsofnucleararmsamidrisingfearsoverRussia'spossibleuseofnuclearweaponsduringthe2022invasionofUkraine.[398] On1July,duringavisitbyLavrovtoBelarus,BelarusianpresidentAlexanderLukashenkoindicatedsupportforMoscowtousenuclearweaponsagainstthebroadthreatsofWesternhegemonyoverRussiaanditsalliesdemonstratedduringtheconflictinUkraine.[399]EricSchlosser,writingforTheAtlanticmagazineon22June2022,statedthatthenuclearsaberrattlingbyRussiaduringtheinvasionappearedtosuggestthemostprobabletargetsofanuclearattacktobe:"(1)adetonationovertheBlackSea,causingnocasualtiesbutdemonstratingaresolvetocrossthenuclearthresholdandsignalingthatworsemaycome,(2)adecapitationstrikeagainsttheUkrainianleadership,attemptingtokillPresidentVolodymyrZelenskyandhisadvisersintheirundergroundbunkers,(3)anuclearassaultonaUkrainianmilitarytarget,perhapsanairbaseorasupplydepot,thatisnotintendedtoharmcivilians,and(4)thedestructionofaUkrainiancity,causingmassciviliancasualtiesandcreatingterrortoprecipitateaswiftsurrender—thesameaimsthatmotivatedthenuclearattacksonHiroshimaandNagasaki."[400] Popularresistance Mainarticle:Ukrainianresistanceduringthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine Seealso:2022protestsinRussian-occupiedUkraine CiviliansinKyivpreparingMolotovcocktails,26February2022 UkrainianciviliansresistedtheRussianinvasion,volunteeredforterritorialdefenceunits,madeMolotovcocktails,donatedfood,builtbarrierssuchasCzechhedgehogs,[401]andhelpedtotransportrefugees.[402]RespondingtoacallfromUkraine'stransportationagency,Ukravtodor,civiliansdismantledoralteredroadsigns,constructedmakeshiftbarriers,andblockedroadways.SocialmediareportsshowedspontaneousstreetprotestsagainstRussianforcesinoccupiedsettlements,oftenevolvingintoverbalaltercationsandphysicalstandoffswithRussiantroops.[403]BythebeginningofApril,Ukrainianciviliansbegantoorganiseasguerrillas,mostlyinthewoodednorthandeastofthecountry.TheUkrainianmilitaryannouncedplanstolaunchalarge-scaleguerrillacampaigntocomplementitsconventionaldefenceagainsttheRussianinvasion.[404] PeoplephysicallyblockedRussianmilitaryvehicles,sometimesforcingthemtoretreat.[403][405][406]TheRussiansoldiers'responsetounarmedcivilianresistancevariedfromreluctancetoengagetheprotesters[403]tofiringintotheairordirectlyintocrowds.[407]TherehavebeenmassdetentionsofUkrainianprotesters,andUkrainianmediareportedforceddisappearances,mockexecutions,hostage-taking,extrajudicialkilling,andsexualviolenceperpetratedbytheRussianmilitary.[408]TofacilitateUkrainianattacks,civiliansreportedRussianmilitarypositionsviaaTelegramchatbotandDiia,aUkrainiangovernmentapppreviouslyusedbycitizenstouploadofficialidentityandmedicaldocuments.Inresponse,Russianforcesbegandestroyingmobilephonenetworkequipment,searchingdoor-to-doorforsmartphonesandcomputers,andinatleastonecasekillingacivilianfoundwithpicturesofRussiantanks.[409] Asof21May,PresidentZelenskyindicatedthatUkrainehad700,000servicemembersonactivedutycombattingtheRussianinvasion.[410] Foreignsupport Foreignmilitarysalesandaid Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofforeignaidtoUkraineduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar.   Russia  Ukraine  CountriessendingmilitaryaidtoUkraineduringthe2022invasion   Russia  Ukraine  Countriessendinganyaid,includinghumanitarianaid,toUkraine Between2014and2021,theUK,US,EU,andNATOprovidedmostlynon-lethalmilitaryaidtoUkraine.[411]Lethalmilitarysupportwasinitiallylimited.TheUSbegantosellweaponsincludingJavelinanti-tankmissilesstartingin2018,[411]andUkraineagreedtopurchaseTB2combatdronesfromTurkeyin2019.[412]RussiabuiltupequipmentandtroopsonUkraine'sbordersinJanuary2022.Inresponse,theUSworkedwithotherNATOmemberstatestotransferUS-producedweaponstoUkraine.[413]TheUKalsobegantosupplyUkrainewithNLAWandJavelinanti-tankweapons.[414]Aftertheinvasion,NATOmemberstatesincludingGermanyagreedtosupplyweapons,butNATOasanorganisationdidnot.[50][415][416]NATOanditsmembersalsorefusedtosendtroopsintoUkraine,ortoestablishanofly-zone,lestthissparkalarger-scalewar,[417][418]adecisionsomelabelledappeasement.[419][420] On26February,USSecretaryofStateAntonyBlinkenannounced$350 millioninlethalmilitaryassistance,includinganti-armorandanti-aircraftsystems.[421][422]ThenextdaytheEUstatedthatitwouldpurchase€450 million(US$502 million)inlethalassistanceandanadditional€50 million($56 million)innon-lethalsuppliesforUkraine,withPolandhandlingdistribution.[423][424]Duringthefirstweekoftheinvasion,NATOmemberstatessuppliedmorethan17,000anti-tankweaponstoUkraine;[425]bymid-March,thenumberwasestimatedtobemorethan20,000.[426]InthreetranchesagreedinFebruary,MarchandApril2022,theEuropeanUnioncommittedto€1.5 billiontosupportthecapabilitiesandresilienceoftheUkrainianArmedForcesandtheprotectionoftheUkrainiancivilianpopulation,underthepurviewoftheEuropeanPeaceFacilityline.[427] Asof11April,Ukrainehadbeenprovidedwithapproximately25,000anti-airand60,000anti-tankweaponsystemsbytheUSanditsallies.[428]Thefollowingday,Russiareportedlyreceivedanti-tankmissilesandRPGsfromIran,suppliedthroughundercovernetworksviaIraq.[429] On19April2022RomaniaannouncedaplannedreformtothegovernmentdecreethatregulatestheexportofmilitaryweaponsandnationaldefenceproductstoprovidetheseweaponsnotonlytoNATOalliesbutalsotoUkraine.[430]TheMinistryofDefensedevelopedthedraftdecreewhichstatesthatthereasonbehindthisdecisionwasRussia'saggressionagainstUkraine.[431]However,on27AprilDefenseMinisterVasileDincusaidthathisplanhadbeendiscontinued.[432] On26April,theUSconvenedaconferenceinwhichrepresentativesofmorethan40countriesmetattheRamsteinAirBasetodiscussmilitarysupportforUkraine.[433] On28April,USPresidentBidenaskedCongressforanadditional$33 billiontoassistUkraine,including$20 billiontoprovideweaponstoUkraine.[434]On5May,Ukraine'sPrimeMinisterDenysShmyhalannouncedthatUkrainehadreceivedmorethan$12 billionworthofweaponsandfinancialaidfromWesterncountriessincethestartofRussia'sinvasionon24February.[435]On10May,theHousepassedlegislationthatwouldprovide$40 billioninnewaidtoUkraine.[436]AfterthelegislationwasapprovedbytheSenate,Bidensignedthelegislationon21May.[437][438] On30MayFrenchForeignMinisterCatherineColonnaannouncedtheprovisiontoUkraineofadditionalCAESARself-propelledhowitzerself-propelledhowitzersystems,[439]mountedontheRenaultSherpa56×6chassis.On25May,theCommander-in-ChiefoftheArmedForcesofUkraineValeryZaluzhnysaidthatthefirstbatchwasalreadyonthefrontlinesfightingtheinvader.[440]On10JunetheAFUdemonstratedthecombatsystemstorepresentativesfromthepress;bythatdatetheUkrainiangunnershadpossessionof18CAESARunits.[441][442] On31MaytheWhiteHouseinformedthepressthattheUSwouldbesupplyingHIMARSmultiplelaunchrocketsystemtoUkraine.[443]SomeanalystshavesaidHIMARScanbea"game-changer"inthewar.[444][445]UnderSecretaryofDefenseforPolicyColinKahlstatedthattheUSwouldbeabletosendmoresystemsasthefightingevolves.[446][447] On10JuneanofficialfromtheUkrainianmilitarysaidthattheywereusing5,000to6,000artilleryroundsadayandwerethenusing155-calibreNATOstandardshellsbecausealltheirSoviet-eragunshadbeendestroyed.TheofficialsaidtheRussianshadtransformedthewarintoanartilleryduelfocusedonthesoutheastofthecountry.[448]On12JuneaUkrainianPresidentialadvisorputonTwitteralistofweaponsthatUkraineneedstoachieve"heavyweaponsparity".Thetopitemis"1000howitzerscaliber155mm".[449]Ukraineclaimsithasenough155 mmammunition,itlackstheartillerytouseit.AccordingtoOryxspioenkoponly250howitzershavebeenpromisedordelivered.[450]On13JuneaDeutscheWellecorrespondentsaidthattheUkrainiansupplyofSoviet-eraammunitionhadbeenexhaustedandalltheyhadwasadwindlingsupplyobtainedfromfriendlyex-Sovietcountries.[451]InJune2022GermanydeclassifieditslistofmilitaryaidtoUkraine:1)Self-propelledHowitzer2000(whichrequiredmaintenancebeforethedonationof7howitzers);[452]: 1:00 2)Marderinfantryfightingvehicle;[452]: 2:30 3)Leopard-2mainbattletank;[452]: 4:00 4)Stingermissilelauncher(MANPADS)—500weredonated;[452]: 5:00 5)Geppardflaktank(mobileanti-aircraftcannon)50werepromised,butthereisashortageofammunitionasofJune2022.[452]: 5:20  By21July2022theEUCOMControlCenter-Ukraine/InternationalDonorCoordinationCentre,orECCU/IDCC,ajointcellwhichformedinMarch2022,hadtrained1,500UkrainianArmedForcesmembersoncoalition-donatedequipment.[453] Foreignmilitaryinvolvement Furtherinformation:InternationalLegionofTerritorialDefenseofUkraine AlthoughNATOandtheEUhavetakenastrictpolicyof"nobootsontheground"insupportagainsttheRussianinvasionofUkraine,[454]Ukrainehasactivelysoughtvolunteersfromothercountries.On1March,UkrainetemporarilyliftedvisarequirementsforforeignvolunteerswhowishedtojointhefightagainstRussianforces.ThemovecameafterZelenskyycreatedtheInternationalLegionofTerritorialDefenseofUkraineandcalledonvolunteersto"jointhedefenceofUkraine,Europeandtheworld".[455]Ukraine'sforeignministerDmytroKulebastatedthatasof6March,approximately20,000foreignnationalsfrom52countrieshavevolunteeredtofight.[456]MostofthesevolunteersjoinedthenewlycreatedInternationalLegionofTerritorialDefenseofUkraine.[456]On9June,theDonetskPeople'sRepublicsentencedthreeforeignvolunteerstodeath.TwoofthemwereBritishcitizensandonewasaMoroccannational.[457][458] On3March,RussianDefenceMinistryspokesmanIgorKonashenkovwarnedthatmercenariesarenotentitledtoprotectionundertheGenevaConventions,andcapturedforeignfighterswouldnotbeconsideredprisonersofwar,butprosecutedascriminals.[459]Shortlythereafter,however,on11March,Moscowannouncedthat16,000volunteersfromtheMiddleEastwerereadytojoinotherpro-RussianforeignfightersalongsidetheDonbasseparatists.[460]AvideouploadedonlineshowedarmedCentralAfricanparamilitariescallingtoarmstofightinUkrainewithRussiantroops.[461]On5May,aUSofficialconfirmedthattheUSgave"arangeofintelligence"(includingreal-timebattlefieldtargetingintelligence)[462]toassistinthesinkingoftheRussiancruiserMoskva.[463] Foreignsanctionsandramifications Mainarticles:Internationalsanctionsduringthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine;ListofpeopleandorganizationssanctionedduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar§ ByCanada,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandAustralia;andEconomicimpactofthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine Furtherinformation:2021–2022globalenergycrisis,2022foodcrises,2022Russia–EuropeanUniongasdispute,andRestrictionoftransitwiththeKaliningradOblast Seealso:RussiaintheEuropeanenergysector USpresidentJoeBiden'sstatementsandashortquestionandanswersessionon24February2022 WesterncountriesandothersimposedlimitedsanctionsonRussiawhenitrecognisedDonbasasanindependentnation.Whentheattackbegan,manyothercountriesappliedsanctionsintendedtocrippletheRussianeconomy.[464]Thesanctionstargetedindividuals,banks,businesses,monetaryexchanges,banktransfers,exports,andimports.[465][466]ThesanctionscutmajorRussianbanksfromSWIFT,theglobalmessagingnetworkforinternationalpayments,butleftsomelimitedaccessibilitytoensurethecontinuedabilitytopayforgasshipments.[467]SanctionsalsoincludedassetfreezesontheRussianCentralBank,whichholds$630 billioninforeign-exchangereserves,[468]topreventitfromoffsettingtheimpactofsanctions[469][470]andfrozetheNordStream2gaspipeline.[471]By1March,totalRussianassetsfrozenbysanctionsamountedto$1 trillion.[472] KristalinaGeorgieva,managingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),warnedthattheconflictposedasubstantialeconomicriskbothregionallyandinternationally.TheIMFcouldhelpothercountriesaffected,shesaid,inadditiontothe$2.2 billionloanpackageforUkraine.DavidMalpass,presidentoftheWorldBankGroup,warnedoffar-reachingeconomicandsocialeffects,andreportedthatthebankwaspreparingoptionsforsignificanteconomicandfiscalsupporttoUkraineandtheregion.[473]EconomicsanctionsaffectedRussiafromthefirstdayoftheinvasion,withitsstockmarketfallingbyupto39%(RTSIndex).TheRussianrublefelltorecordlows,andRussiansrushedtoexchangecurrency.[474][475][476]StockexchangesinMoscowandSaintPetersburgcloseduntilatleast18March,[477]thelongestclosureinRussia'shistory.[478]On26February,S&PGlobalRatingsdowngradedtheRussiangovernmentcreditratingto"junk",causingfundsthatrequireinvestment-gradebondstodumpRussiandebt,makingfurtherborrowingverydifficultforRussia.[479]On11April,S&PGlobalplacedRussiaunder"selectivedefault"onitsforeigndebtforinsistingonpaymentsinrubles.[480]Dozensofcorporations,includingUnilever,McDonald's,Coca-Cola,Starbucks,Hermès,Chanel,andPradaceasedtradinginRussia.[481] Peacetalksandstabilityofinternationalborderswerediscussedduringtheweekof9MaywithinbothSwedenandFinlandwhentheirparliamentsappliedtobecomefullmembersofNATO.[482] On24March,JoeBiden'sadministrationissuedanexecutiveorder,whichbarredthesaleofRussiangoldreservesintheinternationalmarket.[483]GoldhasbeenoneofRussia'smajoravenuestoprotectitseconomyfromtheimpactofthesanctionsimposedsincethe2014annexationofCrimea.[484]InApril2022,Russiasupplied45%ofEU'snaturalgasimports,earning$900 millionaday.[485]Russiaistheworld'slargestexporterofnaturalgas,[486]grains,andfertilisers,andamongtheworld'slargestsuppliersofcrudeoil,coal,steelandmetals,[487]includingpalladium,platinum,gold,cobalt,nickel,andaluminium.[488][489]InMay2022,theEuropeanCommissionproposedabanonoilimportsfromRussia.[490]WithEuropeanpolicy-makersdecidingtoreplaceRussianfossilfuelimportswithotherfossilfuelsimportsandEuropeancoalenergyproduction,[491][492]aswellasduetoRussiabeing"akeysupplier"ofmaterialsusedfor"cleanenergytechnologies",thereactionstothewarmayalsohaveanoverallnegativeimpactontheclimateemissionspathway.[493]DuetothesanctionsimposedonRussia,Moscowisnowlookingtocapitaliseonalternativetraderoutesasthecountryhaspracticallybrokenalllogisticcorridorsfortrade.[494] TheRussia–EUgasdisputeflaredupinMarch2022.[495]On14June,Russia'sGazpromannouncedthatitwouldbeslashinggasflowviatheNordStream1pipeline,duetowhatitclaimedtobeSiemens’failuretoreturnontimecompressorunitsthathadbeensentofftoCanadaforrepair.TheexplanationwaschallengedbyGermany'senergyregulator.[496] On17June,presidentPutinspoketoinvestorsatSt.PetersburgInternationalEconomicForumabouteconomicsanctions,sayingthat"theeconomicblitzkriegagainstRussiahadnochanceofsucceedingfromtheverybeginning".HefurtherclaimedthatthesanctionswouldhurtthecountriesimposingthemmorethantheywouldhurtRussia,callingtherestrictions"madandthoughtless".Hesaidtotheinvestors:"Investhere.It'ssaferinyourownhouse.Thosewhodidn'twanttolistentothishavelostmillionsabroad".[497] Foreigncondemnationandprotest Mainarticles:Reactionstothe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine§ Intergovernmentalandinternationalorganizations,UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution2623,UnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolutionES-11/1,andLegalityofthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraineTheinvasionreceivedwidespreadinternationalcondemnationandprotestsoccurredaroundtheworld.On2March,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblypassedUNGAresolutionES-11/1condemningtheinvasionanddemandingafullwithdrawalofRussianforces.[48]TheInternationalCourtofJusticeorderedRussiatosuspendmilitaryoperations,andtheCouncilofEuropeexpelledRussia.ManycountriesimposedsanctionsonRussia,whichhaveaffectedtheeconomiesofRussiaandtheworld,[49]andprovidedhumanitarianandmilitaryaidtoUkraine.[50]TheInternationalCriminalCourtopenedaninvestigationintocrimesagainsthumanityinUkrainesince2013,aswellaswarcrimesinthe2022invasion.[54] Casualtiesandhumanitarianimpact Casualties Furtherinformation:CasualtiesoftheRusso-UkrainianWarandHumanitariansituationduringthewarinDonbasSeealso:ListofRussiangeneralskilledduringthe2022invasionofUkraineandListofjournalistskilledduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar Breakdown Casualties Timeperiod Source Civilians 12,000–28,081+killed(est.)[498][d] 24February–7July2022 Ukrainiangovernment 831killed,2,703wounded 17February–28July2022 DPR[e]andLPR[501] 5,237confirmedkilled,7,035confirmedwounded[f] 24February–24July2022 UnitedNations[502] Ukrainianforces(ZSU,NGU) 23,367killed 24February–16April2022 Russiangovernment[503] 5,500–11,000killed,18,000+wounded 24February–19April2022 USestimate[504] 10,000killed,30,000wounded 24February–3June2022 Ukrainiangovernment[505][506] Russianandotherforces(RussianArmedForces,Rosgvardiya,FSB,PMCWagner,DPR&LPR) 15,000killed,45,000wounded 24February–20July2022 US,UK&Estonianestimates[507][508][509] 75,000killedandwounded 24February–28July2022 USestimate[510] 40,670killed,98,000–117,000wounded 24February–30July2022 Ukrainiangovernment[511][512] Russianforces(VSRF,Rosgvardiya,FSB) 5,185confirmedkilled[f] 24February–28July2022 BBCNewsRussian&Mediazona[513] 4,848confirmedkilled[f] 24February–28July2022 ImportantStories[514] DonetskPeople'sRepublicforces 2,447killed,10,289wounded 26February–28July2022 DonetskPeople'sRepublic[g] LuhanskPeople'sRepublicforces 500–600killed 24February–5April2022 Russiangovernment[h] Combatdeathscanbeinferredfromavarietyofsources,includingsatelliteimageryandvideofootageofmilitaryactions.[518]BothRussianandUkrainiansourcesarewidelyconsideredtoinflatecasualtynumbersinopposingforces,whiledownplayingtheirownlossesforthesakeofmorale.Bothsidesalsotendtobequieterabouttheirownmilitaryfatalities.RussiannewsoutletshavelargelystoppedreportingtheRussiandeathtoll.[519][520][521][522]RussiaandUkraineadmittedtosuffering"significant"and"considerable"losses,respectively.[521][522]AccordingtoBBCNews,UkrainianclaimsofRussianfatalitiesincludedtheinjuredaswell.[523][524]AFP,aswellasindependentconflictmonitors,reportedthattheyhadnotbeenabletoverifyRussianandUkrainianclaimsofenemylosses,butsuspectedtheywereinflated.[525] Thenumberofcivilianandmilitarydeathsisimpossibletodeterminewithprecisiongiventhefogofwar.[526][518]TheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(OHCHR)considersthenumberofciviliancasualtiestobeconsiderablyhigherthanthefiguretheUnitedNationshasbeenabletocertify.[527] On16June,theUkrainianMinisterofDefensetoldCNNthathebelievedtensofthousandsofUkrainianshaddied;addingthathe"hoped"thatthetruedeathtollwasbelow100,000.[528] On17July,theChiefofUKDefenceStaff,AdmiralSirTonyRadakin,saidthatRussiahaslost50,000soldierskilledorwounded,alongwithnearly1,700tanksandnearly4,000fightingvehicles,alossofmorethan30%ofits"landcombateffectiveness".MoraleisalsoanissueforRussiansoldiers.[529] Prisonersofwar Seealso:CasualtiesoftheRusso-UkrainianWar§ Prisonersofwar,Warcrimesinthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine§ Treatmentofprisonersofwar,andTortureofRussiansoldiersinMalaRohan Officialstatisticsandinformedestimatesaboutprisonersofwarhavevaried.[530]Intheinitialstagesoftheinvasion,on24February,OksanaMarkarova,Ukraine'sambassadortotheUS,saidthataplatoonofthe74thGuardsMotorRifleBrigadefromKemerovoOblastsurrendered,sayingtheywereunawarethattheyhadbeenbroughttoUkraineandtaskedwithkillingUkrainians.[531]Russiaclaimedtohavecaptured572Ukrainiansoldiersby2March2022,[532]whileUkraineclaimed562Russiansoldierswerebeingheldasprisonersasof20March,[533]with10previouslyreportedreleasedinaprisonerexchangeforfiveUkrainiansoldiersandthemayorofMelitopol.[534][535]AreportbyTheIndependenton9Junecitedanintelligencereportestimatingthatmorethan5,600Ukrainiansoldiershadbeencaptured,whilethenumberofRussianservicemenbeingheldasprisonershadfallento550,from900inApril,followingseveralprisonerexchanges.Incontrast,theUkrayinskaPravdanewspaperclaimed1,000Russiansoldierswerebeingheldasprisonersasof20June.[536] Thefirstlargeprisonerexchangetookplaceon24March,when10Russianand10Ukrainiansoldiers,aswellas11Russianand19Ukrainianciviliansailors,wereexchanged.[537][538]On1April86Ukrainianservicemenwereexchanged[539]foranunknownnumberofRussiantroops.[540] On8March,aUkrainiandefencereporterwithTheKyivIndependentannouncedthattheUkrainiangovernmentwasworkingtowardshavingRussianPOWsworktohelprevivetheUkrainianeconomy,infullcompliancewithinternationallaw.[541]InthefirstweeksofMarch,humanrightsorganisationscalledontheUkrainiangovernmenttoupholdtherightsofRussianprisonersofwarundertheThirdGenevaConventionandtostopcirculatingvideosofcapturedRussiansoldiersbeinghumiliatedorintimidated.[542][543]On27March,avideopurportedlyshowingUkrainiansoldiersshootingRussianprisonersinthekneeswasuploadedonTelegram,promptingconcernsabouttortureandarbitraryexecutionsofprisonersofwar.[544][545][546]AnothervideoshowingUkrainiantroopskillingRussianprisonerswaspostedonTelegramon6AprilandwasverifiedbyTheNewYorkTimesandbyReuters.[547][548]TheUNHumanRightsMonitoringMissioninUkraineexpressedworriesaboutthetreatmentofUkrainianprisonersofwarheldbyforcesofRussiaandtheDonetskandLuhanskpeople'srepublics.VideosshowingUkrainianwarprisonersbeingforcedtosingpro-Russiansongsorcarryingbruisesattractedconcernsabouttheirtreatment.[549] Refugees Mainarticle:2022UkrainianrefugeecrisisSeealso:Womeninthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine RefugeescrossingintoPoland,March2022 UkrainianrefugeesinKrakówprotestagainstthewar,6March2022 ThewarcausedthelargestrefugeeandhumanitariancrisiswithinEuropesincetheYugoslavWarsinthe1990s;[550][551]theUNdescribeditasthefastest-growingsuchcrisissinceWorldWarII.[552]AsRussiabuiltupmilitaryforcesalongtheUkrainianborder,manyneighbouringgovernmentsandaidorganisationspreparedforamassdisplacementeventintheweeksbeforetheinvasion.InDecember2021,theUkrainiandefenceministerestimatedthataninvasioncouldforcethreetofivemillionpeopletofleetheirhomes.[553] Inthefirstweekoftheinvasion,theUNreportedoveramillionrefugeeshadfledUkraine;thissubsequentlyrosetoover6.1 millionby28July,areductionfromhigherfiguresofovereightmillionduetosomerefugees'return.[20][21]On20May,NPRreportedthat,followingasignificantinfluxofforeignmilitaryequipmentintoUkraine,asignificantnumberofrefugeesareseekingtoreturntoregionsofUkrainewhicharerelativelyisolatedfromtheinvasionfrontinsouth-easternUkraine.[554]By3May,another8 millionpeopleweredisplacedinsideUkraine.[555] Mostrefugeeswerewomen,children,theelderly,orpeoplewithdisabilities.[556][557]MostmaleUkrainiannationalsaged18to60weredeniedexitfromUkraineaspartofmandatoryconscription,[558][559]unlesstheywereresponsibleforthefinancialsupportofthreeormorechildren,singlefathers,orweretheparent/guardianofchildrenwithdisabilities.[560]ManyUkrainianmen,includingteenagers,inanycaseoptedtoremaininUkrainetojointheresistance.[561] Regardingdestinations,accordingtotheUNHighCommissionforRefugees,asof13May,therewere3,315,711refugeesinPoland,901,696inRomania,594,664inHungary,461,742inMoldova,415,402inSlovakia,and27,308inBelarus,whileRussiareportedithadreceivedover800,104refugees.[562]Asof23March,over300,000refugeeshadarrivedintheCzechRepublic.[563]Turkeyhasbeenanothersignificantdestination,registeringmorethan58,000Ukrainianrefugeesasof22March,andmorethan58,000asof25April.[564][565]TheEUinvokedtheTemporaryProtectionDirectiveforthefirsttimeinitshistory,grantingUkrainianrefugeestherighttoliveandworkintheEUforuptothreeyears.[566] UkrainehasaccusedRussiaofforciblymovingciviliansto"filtrationcenters"inRussian-heldterritoryandthencetoRussia,whichUkrainiansourcescomparedtoSoviet-erapopulationtransfersandRussianactionsintheChechenWarofIndependence.[567][568]Asof8April,Russiaclaimedtohaveevacuatedabout121,000MariupolresidentstoRussia.[568]RIANovostiandUkrainianofficialssaidthatthousandsweredispatchedtovariouscentersincitiesinRussiaandRussian-occupiedUkraine,[569]fromwhichpeopleweresenttoeconomicallydepressedregionsofRussia.[570]Ukraine'sNationalSecurityandDefenceCouncilSecretaryOleksiyDanilovsaidRussiaalsoplanstobuildconcentrationcampsforUkrainiansinwesternSiberia,whereprisonerswillbeforcedtohelpbuildnewcities.[571][572][i] AsecondrefugeecrisiscreatedbytheinvasionandbytheRussiangovernment'ssuppressionofhumanrightshasbeentheflightofmorethan300,000Russianpoliticalrefugeesandeconomicmigrants,thelargestexodusfromRussiasincetheOctoberRevolutionof1917,[574][575]tocountriessuchastheBalticstates,Finland,Georgia,Turkey,andCentralAsia.[576][577]By22March,itwasestimatedthatbetween50,000and70,000high-techworkershadleftthecountry,andthat70,000to100,000moremightfollow.FearsaroseovertheeffectofthisflightoftalentonRussianeconomicdevelopment.[578]SomejoinedtheRussianresistancetothePutinregimeandsoughttohelpUkraine,[579]andsomefaceddiscriminationforbeingRussian.[580][581]Therehasalsobeenanexodusofmillionaires.[582]On6May,TheMoscowTimes,citingdatafromtheFSB,reportedthatalmostfourmillionRussianshadleftthecountry,althoughthisfiguredoesnotdistinguishbetweenemigresandtravellersforbusinessortourism,etc.[583] Agricultureandfoodsupplies Furtherinformation:2022foodcrises PutinmetwiththePresidentoftheAfricanUnion,MackySall,todiscussgraindeliveriesfromRussiaandUkrainetoAfrica,3June2022 Ukrainehasbeenamongtheworld'stopagriculturalproducersandexportersandisoftendescribedasthe"breadbasketofEurope".[584]Duringthe2020/21internationalwheatmarketingseason(July–June),itrankedasthesixth-largestwheatexporter,accountingforninepercentofworldwheattrade.[585]Thecountryisalsoamajorglobalexporterofmaize,barleyandrapeseed.In2020/21,itaccountedfor12percentofglobaltradeinmaizeandbarleyandfor14percentofworldrapeseedexports.Itstradeshareisevengreaterinthesunfloweroilsector,withthecountryaccountingforabout50percentofworldexportsin2020/2021.[585] DisruptionstothegrainandoilseedsectorsofUkrainewerethoughtinevitable.Ontheeveoftheinvasion,anestimated6milliontonsofwheatand15 milliontonsofcornhadbeenreadiedforexport.[586]AccordingtotheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),thiswouldcausefurtherlossoflifeandincreasehumanitarianneeds.[587]Inaddition,potentialfoodandfertiliserexportdifficultiesencounteredbytheRussianFederation,whichisamajorexporterofpotash,ammonia,ureaandothersoilnutrients,[588]asaresultofeconomicsanctionscouldjeopardisethefoodsecurityofmanycountries.[587][589]Risingnaturalgaspricesarepushingagriculturalfertiliserpriceshigher,contributingtoincreasingfoodpricesglobally.[590]ParticularlyvulnerablearethosethatarehighlydependentonUkraineandtheRussianFederationfortheirfoodandfertiliserimports.[587]SeveralofthesecountriesfallintotheLeastDevelopedCountry(LDC)group,whilemanyothersbelongtothegroupofLow-IncomeFood-DeficitCountries(LIFDCs).[591][592]ForexampleEritreasourced47%ofitswheatimportsin2021fromUkraine.Theother53%camefromtheRussianFederation.Overall,morethan30nationsdependonUkraineandRussiaforover30%oftheirwheatimportneeds,withmanyofthemlocatedinNorthAfrica,andinWesternandCentralAsia.[585] Fromthestartoftheinvasion,RussianforcesalreadyoccupiedUkraine'sCrimeanpeninsula,andquicklyoverrantheremainderofitsAzovSeacoast,theBlackSeacoasteastofthecityofKherson.TheRussiannavyimposedablockadeofUkraine'sports,threateningtolaunchanamphibiousassaultagainsttheportcityofOdesa,andpreventingtheexportofthe2021harvestbysea.Ukraineandpartnercountriesmadeeffortstostepupexportsbyland,butseashippingcapacitywasneededtoshipsignificantvolumesandemptystoragefacilitiesforthe2022harvest.ThedefeatofRussianforcesonSnakeIslandon30Juneofferedsomereleif,withUkraineopeningfourportsonandneartheDanubeRiver. ARussianattackdamagedtheKozarovychiDam [uk],whichregulatesflowfromtheKyivReservoir,causingfloodingalongtheIrpinRiver.[409]ARussianmissileattackonKyivDamontheDnieperRiverwasblockedbyUkrainiandefences.AbreachcouldhavetriggeredfloodingofpartsofKyiv,damageddownstreamdams,andthreatenedtheZaporizhzhiaNuclearPowerPlant.[593]RussianforcesblewupthedamontheNorthCrimeanCanalwhichUkrainehaderectedtoblockwaterflowtoagriculturallandsinCrimeaseizedbyRussiain2014.[593]RussianscutcivilianwaterserviceaspartoftheSiegeofMariupol.[593] TheUkrainianDefenceMinistryaccusedRussiaofstealing"hundredsofthousandsoftonnesofgrain"fromgrainelevatorsandotherstoragefacilitiesthroughoutoccupiedUkraine,andtransportingthegraintooccupiedportsforexport.[594][595]Substantialquantitiesoffarmequipment,combineharvestersandtractorshavealsobeenlootedfromfarmsanddealershipsandtransportedtoRussia,asfarawayasChechnyainsomecases.[586][596]TheftofgrainfromoccupiedregionsofUkrainehasthepotentialtointensifyfoodcrises,withboththeUkrainianMinisterofAgricultureandtheU.N.WorldFoodProgrammewarningthatthiscouldworsentheUkrainianfoodcrisis,andevenexacerbateglobalhunger.[597]On30May,Russiaclaimedthatithadstartedexportinglastyear'sgrainfromKhersontoRussia,andwereworkingonexportingsunflowerseeds.[598]RussianForeignMinisterSergeyLavrovsaid:"IfKyivsolvestheproblemofdeminingports,theRussianNavywillensuretheunimpededpassageofshipswithgraintotheMediterraneanSea."[383] Accordingtolocals,RussiansoldierswerepickingstrawberriesinKhersonOblast.[599] TheheadoftheAfricanUnion,SenegalesePresidentMackySall,metwithPresidentPutinon3Junetodiscussthe"liberationofthestocksofgrainandfertilizers,"PresidentSall'sofficesaid,anddiscussefforts"tocontributetothelullofthewarinUkraine."[600]HealsoblamedEUsanctionsonRussianbanksandproductsforworseningthesituation.[601] Ukrainiangrainharvestin2022,accordingtotheUKMoD,willbe35%ofits2021harvest.[602] Ukrainian,RussianandUNnegotiatorsmetinTurkeyinmid-JulytoconsideraplantoshipgrainoutofUkrainianBlackSeaports.UNSecretary-GeneralAntonioGuterrescalledthetalksa“rayofhopetoeasehumansufferingandalleviatehungeraroundtheworld”,butsaidaplanwas“notyetfullydone”.TheTurkishDefenceMinister,HulusiAkarreleasedastatement:“Atthismeeting,whichwewillholdnextweek,allthedetailswillbereviewedonceagainandtheworkwehavedonewillbesigned,”[603]On22July,twoRussia–Ukrainegrainexportdealsweresigned,aUN–Turkey–RussiaagreementandaUN–Turkey–UkraineagreementtoallowtheexportofgrainfromUkrainianports.[22]Within24hours,RussiaattackedthePortofOdesawithcruisemissiles.[19] EffectsonRussianforces SeveralRussiansoldiers,capturedbyUkrainianforces,claimedthatRussianofficerskilledtheirwounded.[604]TherewerealsoclaimsthatRussiansoldiershavekilledtheircommandingofficers,[605]andsometimesthemselves.[606]Forexample,Ukrainianintelligencereleasedaphoneinterceptthatitclaimsisbetweenasoldierandhismother:"Ihadacommanderwhoshothimselfinthelegjusttogetoutofhere.Andthatwasintheverybeginning[ofthewar]."Inanothercall,thewifeofasoldiertellshimto"falloffatankorsomething–Idon'tfuckingknow!Becauseyou'dbeabletogohomestraightfromthehospital."[606]ARussiancourtrevealedthatithaddismissed115NationalGuardmembersforrefusingtofightintheinvasion.[607] InMarch2022itwasrevealedthatRussianconscriptshadtakenpartinthewardespiteithavingbeendeniedearlier.[608]SomemothersofconscriptedRussiansoldiershavetriedtogetthemoutofUkraineandreturnedtoRussia.[609]AnumberofmothershaveapproachedtheSoldiers'MothersCommitteeforadvice.[610]HumanrightslawyersandactivistsareclaimingthatRussianprofessionalsoldiers,alsoknownascontractsoldiers,areseekinglegaladvicesothattheydonothavetofightinUkraine.[611]Russiansoldierscontinuetocomplainofanextendedtourofduty.Somehavesoughtlegaladvicetogetoutofthearmyhowevertheyhavebeentoldthattheyareinforthelengthoftheircontracts.Thepro-RussiamilitiasraisedinDonetskandLuhanskhavevideosshowingthattheylackevenbasicprotectivearmourandhaveoldequipment.Russianforceshavemadeuptheshortagesoftroopsbyrecruitingfromnon-RussiansourcesincludingmercenariessuchastheWagnerGroup,andrecruitingfromRussiancontrolledareasofUkraine.[612] TheUKMinistryofDefenceclaimed,on19June,that:“TheRussianauthoritieslikelystruggletobringlegalpressuretobearonmilitarydissenters,hamperedbytheinvasion’sofficialstatusasa‘specialmilitaryoperation’ratherthanasawar.”IthasalsobeenreportedthatRussiansoldiersandwholeunitshaverefusedtoobeytheircommanders'ordersandhaveengagedinarmedstand-offswiththem.[613]ByJune2022,theDonetskPeople'sRepublic’smilitiahadsuffered55%attritionduringthefightingintheDonbas,accordingtotheUKMoD,whoalsoclaimedRussiawasverylikelytodeployalargenumberofreserveunitstotheDonbas.RussiahasstoppedsendingconscriptstotheDonbas,forcingRussianforcestorelyonlocalproxiesduetowhatUKintelligencecalls"extraordinaryattrition".[614] AccordingtothereportoftheBritishMinistryofDefenceof27June2022,RussianArmedForcesusereservistsoftheMobilizationHumanReserveinitscombatoperationsinUkraine.Thesereservistsfilloutthirdbattalionswithinregularbrigades.[615][616] UkraineclaimsthatRussiaistryingtomobilizeCrimeanresidentstofightintheRussianarmy.[617]TheRussianStateDumaisconsideringanewfederallawthatwouldforceprivatecompaniestosupportthe"specialmilitaryandcounterterroristoperations".Givingthegovernmentpowerstoforceprivatebusinessestoacceptgovernmentcontracts,denyingthemtherighttorefusesuchworkandchangeemployees’workingconditionsunilaterally.Sotoallowthegovernmentto"concentrateeffortsincertainsectorsoftheeconomy."ThebillalsoraisestheissueofrepairingRussianmilitaryequipment.[618] TheproposedbillthatwouldputtheRussianeconomyona“warfooting”.HasgivenpassedthefirstvoteunanimouslyinthelowerhouseoftheStateDuma.DeputyPrimeMinisterYuriBorisovsaid: “Theloadonthedefenceindustryhasincreasedsignificantly.Inordertoguaranteethesupplyofweaponsandammunition,itisnecessarytooptimizetheworkofthemilitary-industrialcomplexandenterprisesthatarepartofcooperationchains.Rightnow,whenthecountriesofthecollectiveWestarebuildinguptheirmilitarypresenceontheborderwithRussia,intensifyingsanctionspressure,increasingarmssuppliestoUkraine,theimportanceofpassingthebillscannotbeoverestimated.” Oneoftheproposedlawsallowsthegovernmenttoforceworkerstoworkovertime.Thesecondforcesprivatebusinessestosupplythegovernment.[619] On4JulyPresidentPutinhasalsocommentedonRussianforcesfightinginLuhansk,sayingthey"shouldrest,increasetheircombatcapabilities."[620] On7July,areportbyIStoriesindicatedthatthebrigadeshardesthitbythewarinUkrainehavestartedadvertisingvacanciesonlinetorecruitunemployedpeopleassoldiers,sometimeswithouttraining.[621] TheInstitutefortheStudyofWar(ISW)hasbeenreportingonRussianmilitarybloggers,knownasmilbloggers.ThesemilbloggerscriticisetheRussianhandlingofthewar,whilenotopposingit.OneissuehasbeentheRussianinabilitytostop,orprotectagainst,Ukrainianattacks,mainlyandparticularlywithHIMARSrockets.ISWquotedonemilblogger:“RussianmilbloggerVoennyiOsvedomitel’underlinedthethreatposedbyWestern-providedhighmobilityartilleryrocketsystem(HIMARS)andstatedthatHIMARSwillcomplicateRussianlogistics,inaTelegrampostonJuly9.” ThiscametoaheadwithfrontlinecorrespondentsbypassingthearmyandmeetingdirectlywithPresidentPutinon17June.Onemilblogger,namedRybar,hassaidthattheKremlinseescoverageofthewarasgoingfroma“poorlycontrolledproblem”toa“threat”.Ifthesemilbloggersarecensoredorsilenceditwould“significantly”affecttheinformationcomingoutofRussiaaboutthewar.[622] InJuly,Russiastarteda“volunteermobilisation”:85federalareasofRussia,including“CrimeaandSevastopol”,areexpectedtoraise400menperregionbytheendofthemonth.Russianmediahasreported:“Kursk,PrimorskyiKrai,RepublicofBashkortostan,ChuvashiaRepublic,Chechnya,RepublicofTatarstan,MoscowCity,Perm,NizhnyNovgorod,andOrenburgOblasts”havealreadycreatedsuchunits.RussianstateTVhaveshownmenwhoappeartobeintheir50sand60s.[623][624]Thenewrecruitswhosignasix-monthcontractget“3,750to6,000USdollarspermonth”.Someregionsareofferingasigningbonusof$3,400.[625]AccordingtoRussianoppositionsourcessuchasGulagu.net,theWagnerGrouphasalsostartedrecruitingprisonerswiththepromiseofremovingtheircriminalhistoryandasigning-upbonusof200,000roubles.[626] On29JulyaPentagonmediareleasestated:“WecontinuetoseeincreasedsignsofdisciplineandmoraleproblemsintheRussianarmy.WhenitcomestoRussianmorale,theofficialsaidtherearemanyreportsthatdetailsoldiersatalllevelsdesertingpostsorrefusingtofight.”[627] EffectonUkrainiansociety CollaborationwithRussianforcesinCrimeaisaconcernfortheUkrainiangovernment.SomeofRussia'sgreatestgainshavebeeninthesouth,fromCrimeaintoKhersonregion.ThatbridgesacrosstheDnieperriverwerenotdemolished,allowingRussianforcestocrosstotherightbankandcapturethecityofKherson,hasbeenblamedinpartoncollaborationwithRussianforces.[628]AccordingtoKyivanalystVolodymyrFesenko:"ItwasobvioustherewastreasoninKhersonregion."[629]Currently60formermembersoftheSecurityServiceofUkraine(SBU)areworkingforRussianforces.Thereare651activeinvestigationsinvolvingallegationsofcollaborationandtreasoninUkraine.On31March,PresidentZelenskyysackedtheheadoftheSBU'sKhersonofficesaying:"nowIdon'thavetimetodealwithallthetraitorsbutgraduallytheywillallbepunished."FormerSBUcommanderinCrimeaOlehKulinychissuspectedoftreason.[628]PresidentZelenskyyhassaidofhim:"sufficientevidencehasbeencollectedtoreportthispersononsuspicionoftreason.Allhiscriminalactivitiesaredocumented."[630]FormerheadoftheSBUIvanBakanovhasbeenblamedfortheinfiltrationoftheSBUbytheFSB.HoweverotherspointoutthathisbackgroundasaTVproducer,politicalcampaignmanagerandchildhoodfriendofPresidentZelenskyyhasmadehimapoorchoicetobeginwith.[628]USStateDepartmentOfficialshaveconfirmedthattheywillcontinuesharingintelligencewithUkraine,sayingthattheyinvestininstitutionsandnotpersonalities.[631] Asof5June,some1,400privatecitizensfacecasesofcollaborationandtreason,facingupto15yearsinprisonifconvicted.[632]ThisisinthefaceofnumerousassassinationattemptsonUkrainiansaccusedofcollaboratingwithRussiawillincrease,accordingtotheUKMinistryofDefence.EspeciallythoseofficialsinstalledbyRussia:"thetargetingofofficialsislikelytoescalate,exacerbatingthealreadysignificantchallengesfacingtheRussianoccupiersandpotentiallyincreasingthepressureonalreadyreducedmilitaryandsecurityformations."[633] Crimesagainstculturalheritage Furtherinformation:Ukrainianculturalheritageduringthe2022RussianinvasionandListofdamagedculturalsitesduringthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine AsoflateMay,Russianforceshaddestroyedordamaged250museumsandinstitutionsinUkraine.2,000artobjectsareestimatedtohavebeenlooted,andspecialsquadsexisttotrackdownandexpropriateantiquitiessuchasScythianartefactsfromarchaeologicaldigs,torelocatetoRussia.[634]NotableheritagesitesdestroyedduringtheinvasionincludetheSviatohirskLavrainDonbas[635][636]andthehouseofRussiancomposerPyotrIlyichTchaikovskyinTrostyanets.[637] Otherimpacts Ukrainehasasignificantfertilitytourismserviceindustrywhichwasseverelyimpacted.[638]Atthestartoftheinvasion,surrogatemothersweredisplacedanddistressed,requiringevacuationtosafeareas.[639]OneIVFclinicstruggledtoobtainenoughliquidnitrogentokeep19,000embryosandeggsviable.[640] Accordingtoresearchers,BlackSeabottlenosedolphinsaredyingorbeinginjuredbythewar.Powerfulmilitarysonarisbeingblamed,asareunderwaterexplosions.Exactnumbersarethoughttobehigh,withmanyshowinguponthecoastnearOdesaandinothercountries.[641] Accordingtolocalofficials,on11June2022,thefirstRussianpassportswereissuedtoresidentsKhersonandMelitopolintheRussian-occupiedregionsofUkraine.[642] Reactions Mainarticles:Governmentandintergovernmentalreactionstothe2022RussianinvasionofUkraineandNon-governmentreactionstothe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine Furtherinformation:Protestsagainstthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine,2022anti-warprotestsinRussia,andDerussificationinUkraine UNGeneralAssemblyResolutionES-11/1voteon2March2022condemningtheinvasionofUkraineanddemandingacompletewithdrawalofRussiantroops.  Infavour  Against  Abstained  Absent  Non-member Anti-warprotestinHelsinki2022 Theinvasionreceivedwidespreadinternationalcondemnationfromgovernmentsandintergovernmentalorganisations,withreactionsincludingnewsanctionsimposedonRussia,whichtriggeredwidespreadeconomiceffectsontheRussianandworldeconomies.[49]TheEuropeanUnionfinancedanddeliveredmilitaryequipmenttoUkraine.Theblocalsoimplementedvariouseconomicsanctions,includingabanonRussianaircraftusingEUairspace,[643]aSWIFTbanoncertainRussianbanks,andabanoncertainRussianmediaoutlets.[644]Non-governmentreactionstotheinvasionincludedwidespreadboycottsofRussiaandBelarusintheareasofentertainment,media,business,andsport.[645]ManyIndians,[646]AfricansandMiddleEasternersworkingandstudyinginUkrainehavereportedracismatthehandsofUkrainianandotherEasternEuropeancountries.[647]TheheadoftheWorldHealthOrganization,DrTedrosAdhanomGhebreyesus,hasaskedwhetherornot"theworldreallygivesequalattentiontoblackandwhitelives".HethenproceededtolistothercountriesandcomparedthemtothecoverageofUkraine:Ethiopia,Yemen,AfghanistanandSyria.[648] ProtestbyRussianslivingintheCzechRepublic,26March2022.Thewhite-blue-whiteflagisasymbolofanti-warprotestsinRussia. TherewerealsoimmediateworldwideprotestsagainsttheinvasionanddailyprotestsinRussiaitself.[649]Aswellasthedemonstrations,petitionsandopenletterswerepublishedinoppositiontothewar,andpublicfigures,bothculturalandpolitical,releasedstatementsagainstthewar.[650]TheprotestsweremetwithwidespreadrepressionbytheRussianauthorities.AccordingtoOVD-Info,atleast14,906peopleweredetainedfrom24Februaryto13March2022.[651][652]TheRussiangovernmentcrackeddownonotherformsofoppositiontothewar,includingintroducingwidespreadcensorshipmeasuresandrepressionagainstpeoplewhosignedanti-warpetitions.[653]InJuly2022,MoscowcitycouncillorAlexeiGorinov [ru]wasjailedforsevenyearsforcriticizingRussia’sinvasionofUkraine,thefirsttimesomeonewenttojailunderthenewRussian2022warcensorshiplaws.[654]Meanwhile,otherRussians,includingAlexandraSkochilenkoandVladimirKara-Murza,awaitsimilartrials.[655]Aswellastheprotests,therewerealsoreportedinstancesofanti-RussiansentimentanddiscriminationagainsttheRussiandiasporaandRussian-speakingimmigrantsasaresultofthewar.[656][657]UkrainehasdecidedtorenamethestreetsofUkrainiancitiesnamedafterRussianhistoricalfigureslikeTchaikovskyorTolstoy.[658]InsomepartsofUkrainethatwerenewlyoccupiedbyRussianarmedforces,protestsagainsttheoccupierstookplace.[659][660] InChina,[661]India,[662][663]Indonesia,[664]Malaysia,[665]Serbia[666][667]andtheArabregions,manysocialmediausersshowedsympathyforRussiannarrativesdueinparttodistrustofUSforeignpolicy.[668]InMarch2022,98%ofUkrainians–including82%ofethnicRussianslivinginUkraine–saidtheydidnotbelievethatanypartofUkrainewasrightfullypartofRussia.[669]AttheendofApril,apollconductedinRussiabytheLevadaCenterconcludedthefollowing:"74%ofRussianssupportRussia'sinvasioninUkraineandtheactionsoftheRussianmilitary.19%ofrespondentssaidtheydidnotsupporttheactionsoftheRussianFederation.Meanwhile,39%ofrespondentssaidthattheywerenotfollowingthewarinUkraine."[670]ManyrespondentsinRussiadonotwanttoanswerpollsters'questionsforfearofnegativeconsequences.[671]WhenagroupofresearcherscommissionedasurveyonRussians'attitudestothewarinUkraine,29,400ofthe31,000peopletheycalledrefusedtoanswerwhentheyheardthequestion.[672] PopeFrancissaidthatNATOmayhavecausedRussia'sinvasionofUkraine,becausethealliancewas"barking"atRussia'sdoor.[673]HealsowarnedthatthewarinUkrainewasbecomingliketheSpanishCivilWar,inwhichnewandmorepowerfulweaponsweretested.[674]HelaterimplicitlyaccusedRussiaofan"armedconquest,expansionismandimperialisminUkraine."[675] Mediacoverage Furtherinformation:Disinformationinthe2021–2022Russo-Ukrainiancrisis,MediaportrayaloftheUkrainiancrisis,andRussianinformationwaragainstUkraine Seealso:FreedomofthepressinUkraine,MediafreedominRussia,Russiandisinformationinthepost-Sovietera,andPropagandainRussia Russianstate-controlledmediasystematicallydownplaysbothcivilianandmilitarylosses,anddenouncesreportsofattacksonciviliansas"fake"orblamesUkrainianforces.[676] PutinandKonstantinErnst,chiefofRussia'smainstate-controlledTVstationChannelOne.[677] Socialmediauserssharedreal-timeinformationabouttheinvasion.[678] Depictionsofearliereventsorothermisinformation,sometimesdeliberate,werealsoshared,inadditiontoauthenticfirst-handportrayals.[679][680][681]Whilemanyoutletstaggedthesemisleadingvideosandimagesasfalsecontent,othersitesdidnot.[682] Putinintroducedprisonsentencesofupto15yearsforpublishing"fakenews"aboutRussianmilitaryoperations,[683]andfinesoruptothreeyearsprisonforcallingforsanctions,[684][685]promptingmostRussianoutletstostopreportingonUkraine.RussiancensorRoskomnadzororderedmediatoonlyuseinformationfromRussianstatesources,[686]andtodescribethewarasa"specialmilitaryoperation".[687][688][689]RoskomnadzoralsorestrictedaccesstoFacebook,[690]afteritrefusedtostopfact-checkingpostsbystate-ownedZvezda,RIANovosti,Lenta.ru,andGazeta.Ru.[691]Pro-KremlintelevisionpunditslikeVladimirSolovyovandRussianstate-controlledchannelslikeRussia-24,[692]Russia-1,[693]andChannelOne[694]followthegovernmentnarrative.[695][696][697]Thestate-controlledTVwheremostRussiansgettheirnews[698]presentedtheinvasionasaliberationmission.[699][700]EchoofMoscowcloseddown,[701]andRoskomnadzorblockedaccesstoBBCNewsRussian,VoiceofAmerica,RFE/RL,DeutscheWelle,andMeduza,aswellasFacebookandTwitter.[702][703][704]AMoscowcourtdemandedthatRussian-languageWikipediaremoveinformationabouttheinvasion,anditfinedtheWikimediaFoundation5millionrublesforrefusingtocomply.[705][706] UkrainianpropagandafocusedonawarenessofthewarandUkraine'sneedforweapons.[707]OfficialUkrainiansocialmediaaccountstargetedrecruitingandinternationalaid.[708] State-controlledmediainChinasawanopportunityforanti-Americanpropaganda,[709]andalongwithCubanstatemedia,[710]amplifiedfalseclaimsof"secretUSbiolabs".[711]StateoutletsinSerbia[712]andIran[713][714]repeatedRussianpropaganda,asdidRTActualidadinLatinAmerica.[715]Pro-governmentTurkishmediablamedNATOandtheUSforthewar.[716]Pro-FideszmediaoutletsinHungaryclaimedthatUkraineprovokedthewarbybecoming"amilitarybaseforAmerica".[717]Vietnamtoldreportersnottosay"invasion",andtominimisecoverage.[718]SouthAfrica'sAfricanNationalCongressendorsedthedenazificationnarrative.[719][718]SomeIndonesiansocialmediausersandacademicsalsospreadRussianpropaganda.[720][721] SomecriticisedthegreateremphasisoneventsinUkrainethanonthoseinAfghanistan,Ethiopia,Iraq,Libya,Palestine,Syria,andYemen,claimingracialbiasandaracial"doublestandard"whenitcomestonewsreporting.[722][723][724] Legalimplications Mainarticles:Legalityofthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine,Warcrimesinthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine,UniversaljurisdictioninvestigationsofwarcrimesinUkraine,andClaimsofgenocideofUkrainiansinthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine Furtherinformation:InternationalCriminalCourtinvestigationinUkraine,Ukrainev.RussianFederation(2022),andIndependentInternationalCommissionofInquiryonUkraine Executedpeoplewithwristsboundinplasticrestraints,inabasementinBucha TheRussianinvasionofUkrainehasbeenwidelyregardedasanactofaggressionthatviolatedtheCharteroftheUnitedNations.Inaddition,Russiawasaccusedofwarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity,andwagingwarinviolationofinternationallaw,indiscriminatelyattackingdenselypopulatedareasandexposingcivilianstounnecessaryanddisproportionateharm.[725][726][727]Russianforcesusedclustermunitions,repudiatedbymoststatesbecauseoftheirimmediateandlong-termdangertocivilians.[728][729][730]andfiredotherwide-areaexplosiveslikeair-droppedbombs,missiles,heavyartilleryshellsandmultiplelaunchrockets.[728]Ukrainianforcesreportedlyalsofiredclustermunitionrockets.[731]Russianattacksdamagedordestroyedhomes,hospitals,schoolsandkindergartens[728]theZaporizhzhiaNuclearPowerPlant,[732]and191culturalpropertiessuchashistoricbuildingsandchurches.[733][734]Asof25March,theattackshadresultedinatleast1,035civiliandeathsandatleast1,650civilianinjuries.[727][728]RussianforceswereaccusedofforciblydeportingthousandsofcivilianstoRussia,[735]sexualassaults,[736]anddeliberatelykillingUkrainiancivilians.[737]WhenUkrainianforcesrecapturedBuchainlateMarch,evidenceemergedofwarcrimes,includingtortureanddeliberatekillingsofcivilians,includingchildren.[738][739][740] TheinvasionalsoviolatedtheRomeStatute,whichcreatedtheInternationalCriminalCourtandprohibits"theinvasionorattack ...oranyannexationbytheuseofforce".Russiawithdrewfromthestatutein2016anddoesnotrecogniseICCauthority,[741]butthirty-ninememberstatesofficiallyreferredthemattertotheICC,[742]andUkraineacceptedICCjurisdictionin2014.[743]On2March,KarimAhmadKhan,prosecutoroftheInternationalCriminalCourt,openedafullinvestigationintopastandpresentallegationsofwarcrimes,crimesagainsthumanity,andgenocidecommittedinUkrainebyanypersonfrom21November2013on.[744] TheICCalsosetupanonlineportalforpeoplewithevidencetocontactinvestigators,andsentinvestigators,lawyersandotherprofessionalstoUkrainetocollectevidence.[745][746] On4March2022,theUnitedNationsHumanRightsCouncilcreatedtheInternationalCommissionofInquiryonUkraine,anindependentcommitteeofthreehumanrightsexpertswithamandatetoinvestigateviolationsofhumanrightsandinternationalhumanitarianlawintheinvasion.[747][748]Inthefirstmonthoftheinvasion,theUNHumanRightsMonitoringMissioninUkraine,deployedbyOHCHRtomonitorallpartiessince2014using60UNhumanrightsmonitors,documentedarbitrarydetentionsinRussian-occupiedterritoriesof21journalistsandcivilsocietyactivists,and24publicofficialsandcivilservants.[749][750]Theyalsoexpressedconcernaboutreportsandvideosofill-treatment,torture,andpublichumiliationofciviliansandprisonersofwarinterritorycontrolledbyUkraine,allegedlycommittedbypoliceofficersandterritorialdefenceforces.[728][546]Asof15July,themissionhaddocumentedapproximately271casesofRussiantroopsforciblydetainingUkrainians,withmanyofthosedetainedbeingtortured,oftenbyFSBofficers,andwithRussianmassdetentionofaround10,000Ukrainiansbeinglikely.[751] InlateMarch,ProsecutorGeneralofUkraineIrynaVenediktovastatedthatUkrainianprosecutorshadcollectedevidencefor2,500"possiblewarcrimescases"andhad"severalhundredsuspects".[752]On13MaythefirstwarcrimestrialbeganinKyiv,ofaRussiansoldierwhowasorderedtoshootanunarmedcivilian.[753] UkrainefiledalawsuitattheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)accusingRussiaofviolatingthe1948GenocideConvention,whichbothUkraineandRussiahadsigned,withfalseclaimsofgenocideasapretextfortheinvasion.[754]TheInternationalAssociationofGenocideScholarssupportedUkraine'srequestthattheICJdirectRussiatohaltitsoffensiveinUkraine.On16March,theICJorderedRussiato"immediatelysuspendthemilitaryoperations"ona13–2vote,withtheRussianandChinesejudgesinopposition.[755][756]Theorderisbinding,buttheICJhasnomeansofenforcement.[757] On27May2022,areportbyNewLinesInstituteforStrategyandPolicyandRaoulWallenbergCentreforHumanRightsstatedthattherewerereasonablegroundstoconcludethatRussiabreachedtwoarticlesofthe1948GenocideConvention,bypubliclyincitinggenocidethroughdenialoftherightofUkraineasastateandUkrainiansasanationtoexist,andbytheforcibletransferofUkrainianchildrentoRussia,andthattheseriousriskofgenocidetriggersthelegalobligationofallstatestopreventit.[758][100] Underinternationalcriminallaw'sprincipleofuniversaljurisdiction,[759][760]investigationswereopenedinEstonia,Germany,Lithuania,Poland,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,andSwitzerland.[761][762] On16July,MikhailMizintsev,chiefofRussia'snationaldefencecontrolcentre,hassaidduringabriefingthatoverthelast24hours,"28,424people,including5,148children"havebeenevacuatedfromtheDonbasandotherpartsofUkrainetoRussia.Intotalsince24Feb,some"2,612,747people,ofwhich412,553arechildren"havebeenevacuatedtoRussia.Ukrainianauthoritieshaven'tbeeninvolvedintheseevacuations,bothUSandUkrainianofficialsregardithasforcibledeportations.[763] Russianresponsetosanctions Mainarticles:ListofpeopleandorganizationssanctionedduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar§ ByRussia,andUnfriendlyCountriesList On15March,theRussiangovernmenttargeted313Canadianindividuals –mainlyparliamentarians –withsanctions,[764]andon21Aprilbanned61moreCanadians.[765] On14June2022,Russiabanned29UKjournalists,amongstothers.[766] InJune2022,RussiaimposedsanctionsagainstJoeBiden'swife,JillBiden,anddaughter,AshleyBiden.Theywereamongstthelistof25AmericanswhowererestrictedfromenteringRussianterritory.[767][768] Peaceefforts Mainarticle:2022Russia–Ukrainepeacenegotiations PeacenegotiationsbetweenRussiaandUkrainetookplaceon28February,[769]3March,[770]and7March2022,[771]inanundisclosedlocationintheGomelRegionontheBelarus–Ukraineborder,[772]withfurthertalksheldon10MarchinTurkeypriortoafourthroundofnegotiationswhichbeganon14March.TheUkrainianforeignministerDmytroKulebastatedon13Julythatpeacetalksarefrozenforthetimebeing.[773]On19July,formerRussianPresidentandcurrentDeputyheadoftheRussianSecurityCouncil,DmitryMedvedev,said:“Russiawillachieveallitsgoals.Therewillbepeace–onourterms.”[774] Seealso Modernhistoryportal Russiaportal Ukraineportal Warportal 2022inRussia 2022inUkraine 2022Russianmysteryfires ControlofcitiesduringtheRusso-UkrainianWar Listofinterstatewarssince1945 ListofinvasionsandoccupationsofUkraine Listofongoingarmedconflicts ListofwarsbetweenRussiaandUkraine Post-Sovietconflicts –MilitaryconflictsintheformerSovietUnion Russo-GeorgianWar –2008conflictbetweenRussiaandGeorgia TransnistriaWar –1990–1992conflictbetweenMoldovaandRussian-backedself-proclaimedTransnistria SecondColdWar –TensionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandChinaorRussiasince1991 WarsawPactinvasionofCzechoslovakia –Soviet-led1968invasionofCzechoslovakia Notes ^abTheDonetskPeople'sRepublicandtheLuhanskPeople'sRepublicareseparatiststatesthatdeclaredtheirindependenceinMay2014.Theyhavereceivedrecognitionfromeachother,fromtheRussianpuppetstatesofAbkhaziaandSouthOssetia,andfromRussia,Syria,andNorthKorea(from2022).[1][2][3][4][5][6]Seealso:InternationalrecognitionoftheDonetskPeople'sRepublicandtheLuhanskPeople'sRepublic ^RussianforceswerepermittedtostagepartoftheinvasionfromBelarusianterritory.[7][8]BelarusianpresidentAlexanderLukashenkoalsostatedthatBelarusiantroopscouldtakepartintheinvasionifneeded,[9]andBelarusianterritorywasusedtolaunchmissilesintoUkraine.[10]UkrainianofficialshaveclaimedthatBelarusiantroopshaveenteredUkraine.[11]Seealso:Belarusianinvolvementinthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine ^OutsideofUkraine,therewasspilloverintotheRussiancitiesofMillerovo,Belgorod,Klimovo,andOtradnyintheBelgorodskyDistrictofBelgorodOblast.[12][13]Seealso:2022WesternRussiaattacks ^Seetablehereforadetailedbreakdownofciviliandeathsbyoblast,accordingtoUkrainianauthorities. ^TheDPRstated762ofitscivilianswerekilledand2,504woundedbetween1Januaryand28July2022,[499]ofwhich8diedand23werewoundedbetween1Januaryand25February2022,[500]leavingatotalof754killedand2,481woundedintheperiodoftheRussianinvasion. ^abcConfirmedfigurebysource,notfinal(confirmationsongoing),estimatesarehigher. ^TheDPRstated2,460ofitsservicemenwerekilledand10,339woundedbetween1Januaryand28July2022,[515]ofwhich13diedand50werewoundedbetween1Januaryand25February2022,[500]leavingatotalof2,447killedand10,289woundedintheperiodoftheRussianinvasion. ^Russiastated1,500DPRandLPRservicemenwerekilled24Feb.–5April2022.[516]TakingintoaccountthatofficiallyconfirmedDPRlosseswere979killed26Feb.–7April2022,[517][500]itcanbeestimated500–600LPRservicemendied24Feb.–5April2022. ^Mostlikely,newcitiesmeantnewindustrialcitiesinSiberia,theconstructionplansofwhichwereannouncedbyShoiguinthefallof2021.[573] References ^"SouthOssetiarecognisesindependenceofDonetskPeople'sRepublic".TASS.27June2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4January2022.Retrieved29March2022. ^"TheRepublicofAbkhaziaandtheDonetskPeople'sRepublicestablisheddiplomaticrelations".9March2022.Retrieved12March2022. ^"respublikaabkhaziyailuganskayanarodnayarespublikaustanovilidiplomaticheskieotnosheniya"АБХАЗИЯИЛУГАНСКАЯНАРОДНАЯРЕСПУБЛИКАУСТАНОВИЛИДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИЕОТНОШЕНИЯ[ABKHAZIAANDTHELUGANSKPEOPLE'SREPUBLICHAVEESTABLISHEDDIPLOMATICRELATIONS](inRussian).10March2022.Retrieved12March2022. 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^Roshchina,Olena(28February2022).ПереговориделегаційУкраїнитаРосіїпочалися[NegotiationsbetweenthedelegationsofUkraineandRussiabegan].Українськаправда[UkrayinskaPravda](inUkrainian).Archivedfromtheoriginalon14March2022.Retrieved7March2022.Деталі:ПереговоривідбуваютьсянаГомельщинінаберезірічкиПрип'ять.Ізміркуваньбезпекиточнемісцеорганізаторипереговорівненазивають.[Details:NegotiationsaretakingplaceintheGomelregiononthebanksofthePripyatRiver.Forsecurityreasons,theorganisersofthetalksdidnotnametheexactlocation.] ^"Russia-Ukrainewarlatest:Ukrainerulesoutceasefiredealthatinvolvescedingterritory;officialstoseekgrainexportagreement–LatestActiveNews".Retrieved14July2022. ^"PeacewillbeonMoscow'sterms,saysformerpresident".TheGuardian.com.20July2022.Retrieved20July2022. Furtherreading D'Anieri,Paul(31October2019).UkraineandRussia:FromCivilizedDivorcetoUncivilWar.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5. Menon,Rajan;Rumer,EugeneB.(6February2015).ConflictinUkraine:TheUnwindingofthePost-ColdWarOrder.MITPress.ISBN 978-0-262-53629-5.OCLC 1029335958. Smith,ChristopherM.(15March2022).Ukraine'sRevolt,Russia'sRevenge.BrookingsInstitutionPress.ISBN 978-0-8157-3925-8.OCLC 1287616684. Watling,Jack;Reynolds,Nick(22April2022).OperationZ:TheDeathThroesofanImperialDelusion(PDF)(Report).RoyalUnitedServicesInstitute. Wood,ElizabethA.;Pomeranz,WilliamE.;Merry,E.Wayne;Trudolyubov,Maxim(15December2015).RootsofRussia'sWarinUkraine.ColumbiaUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-231-80138-6.OCLC 1008637056. 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