Methodology - Wikipedia

Methodology has several related concepts: paradigm, algorithm, and method. The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which ... Methodology FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Coherentandlogicaltheoreticalanalysisofthemethodsappliedtoafieldofstudy Thisarticleisaboutresearchmethods.Forsoftwareengineeringframeworks,seeSoftwaredevelopmentmethodology. NottobeconfusedwithMethodismorMethod. PartofaseriesonResearch Listofacademicfields Appliedsciences R&D Formalsciences Humanities Naturalsciences Professions Socialsciences Researchdesign Researchproposal Researchquestion Writing Argument Referencing Philosophy Constructivism Empiricism Positivism/Antipositivism/Postpositivism Realism Criticalrealism Subtlerealism Researchstrategy Interdisciplinary Multimethodology Qualitative Quantitative Methodology Actionresearch Artmethodology Criticaltheory Feminism Groundedtheory Hermeneutics Historiography Narrativeinquiry Phenomenology Pragmatism Scientificmethod Methods Casestudy Contentanalysis Descriptivestatistics Discourseanalysis Ethnography Experiment Fieldexperiment Socialexperiment Quasi-experiment Fieldresearch Historicalmethod Inferentialstatistics Interviews Mapping Culturalmapping Phenomenography Secondaryresearch Bibliometrics Literaturereview Meta-analysis Scopingreview Systematicreview Scientificmodelling Simulation Survey Toolsandsoftware Argumenttechnology Geographicinformationsystemsoftware Libraryandinformationsciencesoftware Bibliometrics Referencemanagement Sciencesoftware Qualitativedataanalysis Simulation Statistics Philosophyportalvte Methodologyisthestudyofresearchmethods,[1][2]or,moreformally,"'acontextualframework'forresearch,acoherentandlogicalschemebasedonviews,beliefs,andvalues,thatguidesthechoicesresearchers[orotherusers]make".[3][4] Itcomprisesthetheoreticalanalysisofthebodyofmethodsandprinciplesassociatedwithabranchofknowledgesuchthatthemethodologiesemployedfromdifferingdisciplinesvarydependingontheirhistoricaldevelopment.Thiscreatesacontinuumofmethodologies[5]thatstretchacrosscompetingunderstandingsofhowknowledgeandrealityarebestunderstood.Thissituatesmethodologieswithinoverarchingphilosophiesandapproaches.[6] Methodologymaybevisualizedasaspectrumfromapredominantlyquantitativeapproachtowardsapredominantlyqualitativeapproach.[7]Althoughamethodologymayconventionallysitspecificallywithinoneoftheseapproaches,researchersmayblendapproachesinansweringtheirresearchobjectivesandsohavemethodologiesthataremultimethodand/orinterdisciplinary.[8][9][10] Overall,amethodologydoesnotsetouttoprovidesolutions-itistherefore,notthesameasamethod.[10][11]Instead,amethodologyoffersatheoreticalperspectiveforunderstandingwhichmethod,setofmethods,orbestpracticescanbeappliedtotheresearchquestion(s)athand. Contents 1Definitions 2Innaturalsciences 3Insocialsciences 4Relatedconcepts 4.1Paradigm 4.2Algorithm 5Seealso 6References 7Furtherreading 8Externallinks Definitions[edit] Somedefinitionsofmethodologyinclude: "theanalysisoftheprinciplesofmethods,rules,andpostulatesemployedbyadiscipline";[1] "thesystematicstudyofmethodsthatare,canbe,orhavebeenappliedwithinadiscipline";[1] "thestudyordescriptionofmethods".[2] Innaturalsciences[edit] ThemethodologyunderlyingatypeofDNAsequencing. Thenaturalsciences(astronomy,biology,chemistry,geoscience,andphysics)drawtheirstudyofmethodsthroughthescientificmethod.[12]Thisisaquantitativeapproachinfluencedthroughthephilosophyofempiricismthatpositsknowledge(seeepistemology)canonlybeobtainedthroughdirect,verifiableobservations.Thescientificmethodoffersadefinedsetofbestpracticetoobservetheworldthroughestablishedmethodssuchascharacterizations,hypotheses,predictions,andexperimentation.Akeydistinguishingfeatureofthismethodologyisthatitsetsoutnottoproveknowledge,orfacts,"right",butratheritprimarilysetsouttoprovesomething"wrong"orfalse(seefalsifiability).Acornerstoneofthisisthenullhypothesisthatstatesthereisnoconnection(seecausality)betweenwhateverisbeingobserved.Thatitistheresearcher'spositiontodoalltheycantodisprovetheirownhypothesisthroughrelevantmethodsortechniques,documentedinaclearandreplicableprocess,tosuchanextentthattheycandisprovethenullhypothesisandthereforeacceptthealternativehypothesisthatthereisarelationshipbetweenwhattheyhaveobserved.[13] Insocialsciences[edit] Furtherinformation:Socialresearch Thesocialsciencesderivetheirstudyofmethodsfromabroadercontinuumofmethodologies(e.g.qualitativeresearch)thanthenaturalsciencesdo.[14] Relatedconcepts[edit] Methodologyhasseveralrelatedconcepts:paradigm,algorithm,andmethod. Themethodologyisthegeneralresearchstrategythatoutlinesthewayinwhichresearchistobeundertakenand,amongotherthings,identifiesthemethodstobeusedinit.Thesemethods,describedinthemethodology,definethemeansormodesofdatacollectionor,sometimes,howaspecificresultistobecalculated.[15]Methodologydoesnotdefinespecificmethods,eventhoughmuchattentionisgiventothenatureandkindsofprocessestobefollowedinaparticularprocedureortoattainanobjective. Whenpropertoastudyofmethodology,suchprocessesconstituteaconstructivegenericframework,andmaythereforebebrokendownintosub-processes,combined,ortheirsequencechanged.[16] Paradigm[edit] Aparadigmissimilartoamethodologyinthatitisalsoaconstructiveframework.Intheoreticalwork,thedevelopmentofparadigmssatisfiesmostorallofthecriteriaformethodology.[17] Algorithm[edit] Analgorithm,likeaparadigm,isalsoatypeofconstructiveframework,meaningthattheconstructionisalogical,ratherthanaphysical,arrayofconnectedelements. Anydescriptionofameansofcalculationofaspecificresultisalwaysadescriptionofamethodandneveradescriptionofamethodology.Itisthusimportanttoavoidusingmethodologyasasynonymformethodorbodyofmethods.Doingthisshiftsitawayfromitstrueepistemologicalmeaningandreducesittobeingtheprocedureitself,orthesetoftools,ortheinstrumentsthatshouldhavebeenitsoutcome.Amethodologyisthedesignprocessforcarryingoutresearchorthedevelopmentofaprocedureandisnotinitselfaninstrument,ormethod,orprocedurefordoingthings. TheeconomistGeorgeM.Frankfurterhasarguedthatthewordmethodisnotinterchangeableformethodology,andincontemporaryscientificdiscourseisa"pretentioussubstituteforthewordmethod".[18][fullcitationneeded]Hearguesthatusingmethodologyasasynonymformethodorsetofmethodsleadstoconfusionandmisinterpretationandunderminestheproperanalysisthatshouldgointodesigningresearch.[18] Seealso[edit] Paradigm –Setofdistinctconceptsorthoughtpatterns Philosophicalmethodology Scientificmethod References[edit] ^abcWebster'sNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,SecondEdition,Unabridged,W. A.Neilson,T. A.Knott,P. W.Carhart(eds.),G.&C.MerriamCompany,Springfield,MA,1950."MethodologyUsageNotes",entryatMerriam–Webster ^abBaskerville,R.(1991)."RiskAnalysisasaSourceofProfessionalKnowledge".Computers&Security.10(8):749–764.doi:10.1016/0167-4048(91)90094-T. ^Kara,Helen(2015).Creativeresearchmethodsinthesocialsciences:apracticalguide.Gergen,KennethJ.,Gergen,MaryM.Bristol:PolicyPress.p. 4.ISBN 978-1-4473-1627-5.OCLC 908273802. ^Creativeartsresearch:narrativesofmethodologiesandpractices.Grierson,Elizabeth;Brearley,Laura;Hamm,Treahna.Rotterdam,TheNetherlands:SensePublishers.2009.ISBN 978-90-8790-995-6.OCLC 551433734.CS1maint:others(link) ^Cooper,Barry(8March2012).Challengingthequalitative-quantitativedivide:explorationsincase-focusedcausalanalysis.A&CBlack.ISBN 978-1-4411-0063-4.OCLC 793207861. ^Niglas,Katrin(2010),"TheMultidimensionalModelofResearchMethodology:AnIntegratedSetofContinua",SAGEHandbookofMixedMethodsinSocial&BehavioralResearch,SAGEPublications,Inc.,pp. 215–236,doi:10.4135/9781506335193.n9,ISBN 978-1-4129-7266-6,retrieved2020-10-28 ^Newman,Isadore.(1998).Qualitative-quantitativeresearchmethodology:exploringtheinteractivecontinuum.Benz,CarolynR.Carbondale,Ill.:SouthernIllinoisUniversityPress.ISBN 0-585-17889-5.OCLC 44962443. ^Irny,S.I.andRose,A.A.(2005)"DesigningaStrategicInformationSystemsPlanningMethodologyforMalaysianInstitutesofHigherLearning(isp-ipta),IssuesinInformationSystem,VolumeVI,No.1,2005. ^Andiappan,Viknesh;Wan,YokeKin(2020-04-01)."Distinguishingapproach,methodology,method,procedureandtechniqueinprocesssystemsengineering".CleanTechnologiesandEnvironmentalPolicy.22(3):547–555.doi:10.1007/s10098-020-01819-w.ISSN 1618-9558.S2CID 211074515. ^abBrookshier,Kathryn(2018-05-30)."Methodvs.methodology:understandingthedifference".Medium.Retrieved2020-10-28. ^Campbell,Steve(2016)."Perspectives:Methodandmethodologyinnursingresearch".JournalofResearchinNursing.21(8):656–659.doi:10.1177/1744987116679583.ISSN 1744-9871.S2CID 78696476. ^Lakatos,Imre,1922-1974.(1978).Philosophicalpapers.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 0-521-21644-3.OCLC 2896185.CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link) ^Çaparlar,CeydaÖzhan;Dönmez,Aslı(2016)."WhatisScientificResearchandHowCanitbeDone?".TurkishJournalofAnaesthesiologyandReanimation.44(4):212–218.doi:10.5152/TJAR.2016.34711.ISSN 2149-0937.PMC 5019873.PMID 27909596. ^Hollis,Martin(14May2014).Thephilosophyofsocialscience :anintroduction.Cambridge[England].ISBN 978-1-139-07679-1.OCLC 782950418. ^Howell,K.E.(2013)IntroductiontothePhilosophyofMethodology.London:SagePublications ^Katsicas,SokratisK.(2009)."Chapter35".InVacca,John(ed.).ComputerandInformationSecurityHandbook.MorganKaufmannPublications.ElsevierInc.p. 605.ISBN 978-0-12-374354-1. ^See,forexample,ThomasKuhn,TheStructureofScientificRevolutions(UniversityofChicago,1970,2nded.) ^abGeorgeM.Frankfurter,TheoryandRealityinFinancialEconomics:EssaysTowardaNewPoliticalFinance. Furtherreading[edit] Berg,BruceL.,2009,QualitativeResearchMethodsfortheSocialSciences.SeventhEdition.BostonMA:PearsonEducationInc. Creswell,J.(1998).Qualitativeinquiryandresearchdesign:Choosingamongfivetraditions.ThousandOaks,California:SagePublications. Creswell,J.(2003).ResearchDesign:Qualitative,Quantitative,andMixedMethodsApproaches.ThousandOaks,California:SagePublications. Franklin,M.I.(2012).UnderstandingResearch:CopingwiththeQuantitative-QualitativeDivide.LondonandNewYork:Routledge. Guba,E.andLincoln,Y.(1989).FourthGenerationEvaluation.NewburyPark,California:SagePublications. Herrman,C.S.(2009)."FundamentalsofMethodology",aseriesofpapersOntheSocialScienceResearchNetwork(SSRN),online. Howell,K.E.(2013)IntroductiontothePhilosophyofMethodology.London,UK:SagePublications. Ndira,E.Alana,Slater,T.andBucknam,A.(2011).ActionResearchforBusiness,Nonprofit,andPublicAdministration-AToolforComplexTimes.ThousandOaks,CA:Sage. Joubish,FarooqDr.(2009).EducationalResearchDepartmentofEducation,FederalUrduUniversity,Karachi,Pakistan Patton,M. Q.(2002).Qualitativeresearch &evaluationmethods(3rdedition).ThousandOaks,California:SagePublications. Silverman,David(Ed).(2011).QualitativeResearch:IssuesofTheory,MethodandPractice,ThirdEdition.London,ThousandOaks,NewDelhi,Singapore:SagePublications Soeters,Joseph;Shields,PatriciaandRietjens,Sebastiaan.2014.HandbookofResearchMethodsinMilitaryStudiesNewYork:Routledge. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMethodology. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Methodology Freedictionary,usagenoteonthewordMethodology USNationalLibraryofMedicine,WhyMostPublishedResearchFindingsAreFalse,JohnP.A.Ioannidis Researcherbook,researchmethodologyforumandresources vteWorldviewRelatedterms Basicbeliefs/Beliefs Collectiveconsciousness/Collectiveunconscious Conceptualsystem Context Conventionalwisdom Conventions Culturalmovement Epicpoetry/Nationalepics/Worldfolk-epics Factsandfactoids Framing Ideology Lifestance Lifestyle Memes/Memeplex Mentalmodel Metanarrative Mindset Norms Paradigm Philosophicaltheory Pointofview Presuppositions Realitytunnel Schemata Schoolofthought Set Socialreality Theoryofeverything Umwelt Valuesystem AspectsBiases Academic Attentional Attitudepolarization Belief Cognitive list Collectivenarcissism Confirmation Congruence Cryptomnesia Cultural Ethnocentrism Filterbubble Homophily In-groupfavoritism Magicalthinking Media Observationalerror Observer-expectancy Selectiveexposure Selectiveperception 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