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TheWaystocontrolMalaria
Inrecentyears,thespreadofmalariaseemsrenewed,especiallyinpartsofsub-SaharanAfrica.Theglobalhealthcommunitywasonceconfidentattheircontrolofthisdisease,withmanysuccessesinriddinglargeareasofmalariaoverthepreviousdecades;butnowincreasinglylargenumbersofpeoplearedyingfromthemosquito-borneailment.Fortypercentoftheworld'spopulationliveinthemalaria-infectedareas,anditalsobringsaround260millionnewcases.
Theresurgenceofmalariaisoccurringinseveralpartsoftheworld.However,itismostacuteinAfrica,southoftheSaharaDesert,whereaccordingtoa1993WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)report,between1.4and2.8millionpeople,halfoftheirchildren,nowdieeachyearfromthedisease.ThisistripletheannualnumberofpeopleinthesameregionwhodieofAIDS.Actualnumbersofmalariadeathsmaybeevenlargerbecausethesymptoms,suchaschronicfever,areoftenmistakenforother,unrelatedillness,suchasinfluenzaorpneumonia.
Inthe1950s,subtropicalregionsintheUnitedStates,SouthernEuropeandelsewhereweresprayedwithDDT,whicheliminatedthemalariaparasitewhereusedappropriatelybutresultedinresistantmosquitoeswheresprayedtoooften.Noonlycouldmosquitoeshaveresistancetothedrugsappliedonthembutpeoplealsoareabletobuilduptheirimmunesystem.TakepeoplewholiveinthecountrysideofAfricaforexample,5percentofchildrendieofmalaria,andthemanywhosurviveitgoontobecomeadultswithahighdegreeofnaturalresistance.
Healthworkers,discouragedbythediminishingeffectivenessofmalarialdrugs,areseekingtopromotephysicalbarrierstoinfectionratherthanchemicalones.Theconceptofmosquitonetshungoverbedstokeepmosquitoesawayiscertainlynotnew,butrecenteffortstoimprovethemhaveledtosomesuccessinprotectingpeoplefrommalaria.InexperimentsinGambia,thenumberofchildrendyingfrommalariahasdropped50percentsinceusingnetssoakedininsecticide.Toremaineffective,thenetsneedtobere-soakedonlytwiceayear,andnodrugsneedtobetakenforprevention.Thenetsprovideadditionalbenefitstothefamilieswhousetheminthattheypreventothertypesofirritatinginsectsfromgettingclose.
Whetherornotmosquitonetswouldbeeffectiveonalargescaleremainstobeseen,asconditionsvaryfromplacetoplace.Someuserscomplaintitistoohotunderthenetstobeabletosleep.Furthermore,theircostlimitsthenumberofpeoplewhocantakeadvantageofthem.
Thus,thesearchforavaccineformalariacontinues.ManuelPatarroyo,amedicalresearcherfromColombia,statedin1993thathehadbeensuccessfulintryinganewvaccineonsome20,000peopleinSouthAmerica.SimilartestingofthevaccineisbeingdoneinAfrica,buthealthofficialsarenotconvinceditwillbeeffectivebecausetherateatwhichnewcasesofmalariadevelopismanytimeshigherthanthatinSouthAmerica.Completethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromtheabovepassage.Pleasedon'tfillinmorethanonewordforeachblankspace.
%ofhumanbeingsliveinareasthatareinfectedwithmalaria.
Chronicfeverisoneofmalaria's
,whichoftenmisleadpeopletoviewitasinfluenza.
Forlong-termuses,peopleshould
themosquitonettwotimesayear.
Inthebeginning,theapplicationofDDTindeed
mosquitoparasitebutmosquitoeswouldbe
iftheyaresprayedtoomuch.
Malariainfectionispreventablewithout
.
Usetheinformationfromtheabovepassagetoindicatetherelationshipbetweentwoeventsgivenforeachquestionbelow.
Classifythemas
PCifthereisapositivelyrelated
NCifthereisanegativelyrelated
L/Nifthereislittleornocorrelation
NIifthereisnoinformationprovided
Writetheappropriateanswers(PC,NC,L/N,NI)inboxes6-10onyouranswersheet.
6.malariagrowthrate
incidenceofpneumonia
7.resistanceofparasite
numberofnewmalariacases
8.useofsoakedmosquitonets
incidenceofpneumonia
9.numberofmalariadeath
numberofnewmalariacases
10.useofsoakedmosquitonets
numberofnewmalariacases
Glossary
malaria:acommonhotdiseaseofhotcountries,passedbythebiteofcertainmosquitoes.
AIDS:AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome;averyseriousdiseasecausedbyaviruswhichbreaksdownthebody'snaturaldefenseagainstinfection.
pneumonia:aseriousdiseaseofthelungswithinflammationanddifficultyinbreathing
immunesystem:thebodilysystembywhichspecialsubstancesareproducedtofightagainstdisease-causingsubstancesthathaveenteredthebody
vaccine:apoisonoussubstancesusedforprotectingpeopleagainstdisease.
WritingTask1
Youshouldspendabout30minutesonthistask.
Somepeoplebelievethatuniversitystudentsshouldgainsomeworkingexperienceortravelabroadtobroadentheirvisionbeforegoingtograduateschool.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesregardingtoitandwhatisyouropinion?
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