Association of Chartered Certified Accountants - Wikipedia

It has 233,000 members and 536,000 future members worldwide. ACCA's headquarters are in London with principal administrative office in Glasgow. ACCA works ... AssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Globalprofessionalorganization AssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountantsACCAlogoAbbreviationACCAFormation30 November1904;117yearsago (1904-11-30)LegalstatusCharteredPurposeEducationandtrainingofmembersHeadquartersLondon,UnitedKingdomRegion179countries[1]Membership233,000[2]PresidentMarkMillarCEOHelenBrandMainorganCouncilRevenue£206.07million(2019)Expenses£230.66million(2019)Staff1,358Students536,000[2]Websitehttps://www.accaglobal.com[3] ACCAadvertisementonaHongKongtram PartofaseriesonAccounting Historicalcost Constantpurchasingpower Management Tax Majortypes Audit Budget Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Keyconcepts Accountingperiod Accrual Constantpurchasingpower Economicentity Fairvalue Goingconcern Historicalcost Matchingprinciple Materiality Revenuerecognition Unitofaccount Selectedaccounts Assets Cash Costofgoodssold Depreciation /Amortization(business) Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accountingstandards Generally-acceptedprinciples Generally-acceptedauditingstandards Convergence InternationalFinancialReportingStandards InternationalStandardsonAuditing ManagementAccountingPrinciples Financialstatements Annualreport Balancesheet Cash-flow Equity Income Managementdiscussion Notestothefinancialstatements Bookkeeping Bankreconciliation Debitsandcredits Double-entrysystem FIFOandLIFO Journal Ledger /Generalledger Trialbalance Auditing Financial Internal Firms Report Sarbanes–OxleyAct Peopleandorganizations Accountants Accountingorganizations LucaPacioli Development History Research Positiveaccounting Sarbanes–OxleyAct Misconduct Creative Earningsmanagement Erroraccount Hollywood Off-balance-sheet Twosetsofbooks vte Foundedin1904,theAssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants(ACCA)istheglobalprofessionalaccountingbodyofferingtheCharteredCertifiedAccountantqualification(ACCA).Ithas233,000membersand536,000futuremembersworldwide.ACCA'sheadquartersareinLondonwithprincipaladministrativeofficeinGlasgow.ACCAworksthroughanetworkofover110officesandcentresin51countries-with346ApprovedLearningPartners(ALP)andmorethan7,600ApprovedEmployersworldwide,whoprovideemployeedevelopment.TheACCAalsoworksinNepal,India,ChinaandPakistan. Theterm'Chartered'inACCAqualificationreferstotheRoyalChartergrantedin1974. 'CharteredCertifiedAccountant'isalegallyprotectedterm.IndividualswhodescribethemselvesasCharteredCertifiedAccountantsmustbemembersofACCAandiftheycarryoutpublicpracticeengagements,mustcomplywithadditionalregulationssuchasholdingapractisingcertificate,carryingliabilityinsuranceandsubmittingtoinspections. TheAssociationofAuthorisedPublicAccountants(AAPA),oneoftheBritishprofessionalbodiesforpublicaccountants,hasbeenasubsidiaryofACCAsince1996. ACCAworksinthepublicinterest,ensuringthatitsmembersareappropriatelyregulated.Itpromotesprinciples-basedregulation.ACCAactivelyseekstoenhancethevalueofaccountinginsocietythroughinternationalresearch.Ittakesprogressivestancesonglobalissuestoensureaccountancyasaprofessioncontinuestogrowinreputationandinfluence.[citationneeded] Contents 1History 2Qualifications 2.1CharteredCertifiedAccountant(ACCA) 2.2Foundation-levelqualifications-FoundationsinAccountancy(FIA) 2.3Otherqualifications 3Disciplinaryproceedings 4ACCA-Xonlinecourses 4.1Freecourses 4.2Paidcourses 5Memberships 5.1Affiliate 5.2Fellowship 5.3ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment 6Legalandmutualrecognition 6.1Europe 6.1.1UnitedKingdomandIreland 6.1.2EuropeanUnion(EU),EuropeanEconomicArea(EEA)&Switzerland 6.1.3Turkey 6.2NorthAmerica 6.2.1UnitedStates 6.2.2Canada 6.3Oceania 6.3.1Australia 6.3.1.1CAANZStrategicAlliance 6.3.2NewZealand 6.4Caribbean,CentralandSouthAmerica 6.5Africa 6.5.1Namibia 6.5.2SouthAfrica 6.5.3Zimbabwe 6.5.4Kenya 6.6Asia 6.6.1China 6.6.2HongKong 6.6.3India 6.6.4Macau 6.6.5Malaysia 6.6.6Nepal 6.6.7Pakistan 6.6.8Singapore 6.6.9Taiwan 6.6.10UnitedArabEmirates 7Globalqualificationpartnerships 7.1Academicqualifications 7.2Professionalqualificationsandotheraccreditations 8Representationworldwide 9Seealso 10References 11Externallinks History[edit] ACCAtracesitsoriginto1904,wheneightpeopleformedtheLondonAssociationofAccountantstoallowmoreopenaccesstotheprofessionthanwasavailablethroughtheaccountingbodiesatthetime,notablytheInstituteofCharteredAccountantsinEnglandandWales(ICAEW)andtheInstituteofCharteredAccountantsofScotland(ICAS).Asof2020,thevisionofACCAistodeveloptheaccountancyprofessiontheworldneeds. KeydatesinACCAhistoryinclude:[5] 1909:EthelAyresPurdieiselectedasthefirstfemaleassociatememberofanaccountingprofessionalbody.[6] 1917:LondonAssociationofAccountantsisthefirstUKprofessionalbodytoexaminetax. 1930:LondonAssociationofAccountantssuccessfullycampaignedfortherighttoauditcompanies. 1933:LondonAssociationofAccountantsrenamedtoLondonAssociationofCertifiedAccountants. 1939:CorporationofAccountants(Scottishbody,founded1891)mergedwithLondonAssociationofCertifiedAccountantstobecometheAssociationofCertifiedandCorporateAccountants. 1941:InstitutionofCertifiedPublicAccountants(founded1903,andincorporatingtheCentralAssociationofAccountantsfrom1933)mergedwithAssociationofCertifiedandCorporateAccountants. 1971:AssociationofCertifiedandCorporateAccountantsrenamedAssociationofCertifiedAccountants. 1974:RoyalChartergrantedbyQueenElizabethII. 1974:ACCAbecameoneofsixfoundingmembersoftheConsultativeCommitteeofAccountancyBodies(CCAB). 1977:ACCAbecameafoundingmemberoftheInternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC). 1984:AssociationofCertifiedAccountantsrenamedtoCharteredAssociationofCertifiedAccountants. 1995:ACCAmembersvotedatanextraordinarygeneralmeetingtorenameitselfAssociationofCharteredPublicAccountantsandtointroducethedesignationCharteredPublicAccountant.ThePrivyCouncilsubsequentlyrejectedthisproposaloverconcernsabouttheterm'public'.Itdidhoweveragreethatanyaccountancybodybearingaroyalchartercoulduse'chartered'aspartofitsdesignation. 1996:CharteredAssociationofCertifiedAccountantsrenamedtoAssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants.MembersareentitledtousethetitleCharteredCertifiedAccountant(DesignatorylettersACCAorFCCA).TheAssociationofAuthorisedPublicAccountants(AAPA)becameasubsidiaryofACCA.TheorganisationearneditsfirstQueen'sAward,forExportAchievement. 1998:ACCA'ssyllabusformedthebasisoftheUnitedNations'globalaccountancycurriculumtitledGuidelineonNationalRequirementsfortheQualificationofProfessionalAccountants,publishedin1999.ACCAwasaparticipantintheconsultativegroupthatdevisedthisglobalBenchmark. 2001:ACCAreceivedaQueen'sAwardforEnterprise:InternationalTrade,recognisingACCA'sgrowthanditsrolein160countriesworldwide. 2002:ACCAreceiveditssecondQueen'sAwardforEnterpriseinthespaceof12months,intheSustainableDevelopmentcategory.TheawardrecognizedACCA'scontinuingworkonsocialandenvironmentalissues. 2009:ACCAmembersallowedtoprovideprobateservicesasof1AugustunderProbateServices(ApprovedBodies)Order2009Number1588. 2011onward:ACCAisthefirstaccountancybodytopublishanintegratedannualreport. 2014:ACCAmembersandstudentnumbersreached600,000worldwide. 2015:ACCAlaunchedMScinProfessionalAccountancywiththeUniversityofLondon. 2016:ACCAformedastrategicalliancewithCharteredAccountantsAustraliaandNewZealand(CAANZ). 2017:ACCAreachedover700,000membersandstudentsworldwide,with208,000fullyqualifiedmembersand503,000studentsin178countries. 2018:ACCAintroducedStrategicProfessional–anewleveloftheACCAQualification. 2020:ACCAannouncesitscommitmentstotheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals Qualifications[edit] TheartdecoAdelphibuildingfromthe1930s,locatedat1-10JohnAdamStreetinLondon,isthecurrentHQofACCA ThetermCharteredCertifiedAccountantwasintroducedin1996.Priortothatdate,ACCAmemberswereknownasCertifiedAccountant.ItisstillpermissibleforanACCAmembertousethisterm.MembersofACCAwithpost-qualificationexperienceofmorethanfiveyearsandhavecompletedtherequiredcontinuedprofessionaldevelopmentaredesignatedFellows,andusethedesignatorylettersFCCAinplaceofACCA. ThetermCharteredreferstotheRoyalChartergrantedbyHerMajestyQueenElizabethIIoftheUnitedKingdom. CharteredCertifiedAccountantsworkinallfieldsofbusinessandfinance.Someareengagedinpublicpracticework,othersworkintheprivatesectorandsomeareemployedbygovernmentbodies. SinceCharteredCertifiedAccountantisalegallyprotectedterm,individualswhodescribethemselvesassuchmustbemembersofACCA.Iftheycarryoutpublicpracticeengagements,theymustcomplywithadditionalregulationssuchasholdingapractisingcertificate,beinginsuredagainstanypossibleliabilityclaimsandsubmittingtoinspections. ACCAoffersthefollowingcertifications: CharteredCertifiedAccountant(ACCA)[edit] CharteredCertifiedAccountantistheprofessionalbody'smainqualification.Followingcompletionofupto13professionalexaminations,threeyearsofsupervised,relevantaccountingexperienceandanethicsmodule,itenablesanindividualtobecomeaCharteredCertifiedAccountant.TheACCAprofessionalexaminationsareofferedworldwidefourtimesyearlyinMarch,June,SeptemberandDecemberaspaper-basedandcomputer-basedexams.On-demandcomputer-basedexams(CBE)arealsoofferedforthefirstfourexams(BT,MA,FA,LW),andSessionCBEsfortherest(PM,TX,FR,AA,FM)whichareavailabletobetakenatACCAlicensedexamcentres.[7]ABachelorofScience(Honours)degreeinAppliedAccounting(aftercompletingtheFundamentalsleveloftheexams,theEthicsandProfessionalSkillsmoduleandsubmittingaResearchandAnalysisproject),isofferedinassociationwithOxfordBrookesUniversity. FromSeptember2018onward,thesyllabuscomprises13examinationsandanEthicsandProfessionalSkillsmodule(EPSM),[8]althoughsomeexemptionsareavailable.[9]InApril2019,aDataAnalyticsunitwasaddedinEPSM. Thequalificationisstructuredinthreemodules,plusanEthicsandProfessionalSkillsmoduleandaProfessionalExperienceRequirement(PER).[10] TheAppliedKnowledgelevelconsistsof3examinations: BT-BusinessandTechnology MA-ManagementAccounting FA-FinancialAccounting TheAppliedSkillslevelconsistsof6examinations: LW-CorporateandBusinessLaw PM-PerformanceManagement TX-Taxation FR-FinancialReporting AA-AuditandAssurance FM-FinancialManagement TheStrategicProfessionallevelinvolves4examinations:2fromEssentialandany2fromOptions. Essential(orCompulsory): SBL-StrategicBusinessLeader SBR-StrategicBusinessReporting Options: AFM-AdvancedFinancialManagement APM-AdvancedPerformanceManagement ATX-AdvancedTaxation AAA-AdvancedAuditandAssurance TheACCAfullProfessionalqualificationisregardedastheequivalentofataughtUKmaster'sdegreebytheUKNARICandDepartmentforEducation. Subjectsinclude:Financialaccounting,Managementaccounting,Financialreporting,Taxation,Companylaw,AuditandassuranceandFinancialmanagement. Foundation-levelqualifications-FoundationsinAccountancy(FIA)[edit] ACCAoffersarangeoffoundation-levelcertificatesanddiplomas-collectivelyreferredtoasFoundationsinAccountancy(FIA)[11]-whichprovideanentrypointforanyonenewtoaccountingandfinanceandwhodoesn'tmeettheminimumentryrequirementsfortheACCAQualification(whichisthreeGCSEsand2ALevelsorequivalent,infiveseparatesubjects).StudentscanstartatanylevelwithintheFoundationlevel,butitisrecommendedthatstudentswithoutanyformalacademicqualificationsstartwiththeIntroductoryDiplomainFinancialandManagementAccountingandcompleteexamsRecordingFinancialTransactions(FA1)andManagementInformation(MA1);thenprogresstotheIntermediateDiplomainFinancialandManagementAccountingandcompleteexamsMaintainingFinancialRecords(FA2)andManagingCostsandFinance(MA2);beforeprogressingtotheDiplomainAccountingandBusinessandcompletingAccountantinBusiness(FAB),ManagementAccounting(FMA)andFinancialAccounting(FFA).StudentscanusetheFoundation-levelawardsasanentryrouteontotheACCAQualification.StudentswhocompletetheDiplomainAccountingandBusinesswillbegivenexemptionfromthefirstthreeexamsoftheACCAQualification(AB,MAandFA)andcanstarttheirstudiesontheACCAQualificationwithCorporateandBusinessLaw(LW). InordertoachieveacertificatefortheexamscompletedstudentsmustalsocompleteafoundationethicsmodulecalledFoundationsinProfessionalism,butthisonlyhastobecompletedonce,evenifastudentwishestoachievebothcertificatesandthediploma. TheFoundation-levelexamsareavailableaspaper-basedexamsheldinMarch,June,SeptemberandDecemberorason-demandcomputer-basedexamsthroughouttheyearatACCAlicensedexamcentres. Otherqualifications[edit] TheACCAalsoofferscertainotherqualifications:[12] BSc(Hons)inAppliedAccounting,offeredinassociationwithOxfordBrookesUniversity.[13] MScinProfessionalAccountancy,offeredinassociationwiththeUniversityofLondon.[14] GlobalMBA(forfullACCAmembers),offeredinassociationwithOxfordBrookesUniversity.[15] CertificateinInternationalFinancialReporting(CertIFR),offeredbothinEnglish[16]andSpanish.[17] DiplomainInternationalFinancialReporting(DipIFR),offeredbothinEnglish[18]andRussian.[19] CertificateinInternationalAuditing(CertIA),offeredbothinEnglish[20]andSpanish.[21] CertificateinInternationalPublicSectorAccountingStandards(CertIPSAS),offeredbothinEnglish[22]andArabic.[23] CertificateinBusinessValuationsinpartnershipwiththeFrenchCharteredAccountantsInstitute(CSOEC),offeredbothinEnglish[24]andFrench.[25] DiplomainFinancialManagement(DipFM).ThiscertificationwaspreviouslyknownastheCertifiedDiplomainAccountingandFinance(CDipAF),afinancialqualificationdesignedformanagersoutsideoffinance.ThisqualificationwasreplacedwithFoundationsinAccountancyawardsattheendof2011. Disciplinaryproceedings[edit] ACCAstudents,affiliatesandmembersareboundbyACCArulesandregulations.ACCAisabletotakedisciplinaryaction(suchasrevokingACCAqualificationorexactingafine)againstthemiftheybreachACCArules.ACCArulesandregulationsaregovernedbyEnglishandWelshlawandACCAdisciplinarydecisionscanonlybechallengedinEnglandandWales.[26][27] ACCA-Xonlinecourses[edit] ACCA-Xlogo Launchedinearly2015,ACCA-X[28]areonlinecoursesforstudentsstartingtheirstudiesinaccountancyandbusiness.ThesecoursesareavailableforthefirstsevenFoundationslevelexamsandhostedonedX,withcontentdevelopedbyEpigeum. InApril2016,ACCA-XwontheBesteLearningandOnlineEducationAwardattheInternationalandEuropeanAssociationAwardsheldinBerlin,Germany.[29] Freecourses[edit] Thefollowingcoursesarefreeandavailabletoanyoneintheworld: IntroductiontoFinancialandManagementAccounting(preparationforFA1[30]andMA1[31]) IntermediateFinancialandManagementAccounting(preparationforFA2[32]andMA2[33]) Paidcourses[edit] Thesecoursesareavailableinallbutthreecountries:[34] BusinessandTechnology[35](preparationforBT/FBT) ManagementAccounting[36](preparationforMA/FMA) FinancialManagement[37](preparationforFA/FFA) Examspassedinthesethreemodulesandthecompletionof'FoundationsinProfessionalism'modulewillleadtotheDiplomainAccountingandBusiness. Memberships[edit] Affiliate[edit] Candidatesregisterasstudentmemberstoundertaketheprofessionalqualification. Uponsuccessfulcompletionoftheexaminations,studentmemberstransfertoAffiliatestatus. "ForACCAaffiliatestogainadmissiontofullmembership,theymustdemonstrate,ontheapplicationform,thattheyhaveobtainedaminimumofthreeyearsofacceptable,supervised,practicalexperienceinanaccountancyrole(orroles)andhavereachedtherequiredstandardofcompetence."[38] Fellowship[edit] From2008,Fellowship,orseniormembershipofACCA,isawardedautomaticallybasedon5years'continuousmembership,subjecttocompliancewithContinuingProfessionalDevelopmentrequirements.[39] FellowmembersofACCAusethedesignatorylettersFCCAinplaceofACCA. ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment[edit] Before2005,ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment(CPD)wasmandatoryonlyforholdersof'PracticingCertificate'and'InsolvencyLicence'.From2005to2007,ACCAphasedinmandatoryCPDrequirementsforallmembers.[40] Legalandmutualrecognition[edit] Europe[edit] UnitedKingdomandIreland[edit] TheACCAorCharteredCertifiedAccountantqualificationisfullyrecognisedinboththeUnitedKingdomandIreland. UnderitsCharter,ACCAworksinthepublicinterest. ItisaDesignatedProfessionalBodyundertheFinancialServicesandMarketsAct,businessactivities. ItisaRecognisedProfessionalBodyundertheInsolvencyActtoissuepermitstoindividualCharteredCertifiedAccountantstoconductinsolvencyappointments. ItisalsoaRecognisedQualifyingBodyandRecognisedSupervisoryBodyinrelationtocompanyauditingundertheCompaniesActof1989. ACCAisamemberoftheConsultativeCommitteeofAccountancyBodies(CCAB).Membersofthesebodiesaredeemedtoholdequivalent-levelqualificationsandadvertisementsforjobsoftenstatethatanorganisationislookingforaCCAB-qualifiedindividual. FullmembersofCCABorganisationsincludingACCAcouldapplyforICAEWmembershipsubjecttocertaincriteria.[41] OnlyACCA,ICAEW,ICAS,AssociationofInternationalAccountants(AIA)andCharteredAccountantsIreland(CAIreland)areabletoauthorisememberstoconductaudit,insolvencyandinvestmentbusinessworkinboththeUnitedKingdomandIreland. Outsidethesecountries,legalrecognitionbygovernmentauthoritiesandmutualrecognitionbyequivalentoverseasinstitutes,varies.Wherefulllegalormutualrecognitionisnotavailable,ACCAmemberscansometimesobtainadvancedstandingintermsofsittinglocalaccountancyexaminations.ACCA'sstrongglobalreputationmaymakeitunnecessarytoacquirealocaldesignation. Similarly,manyuniversitiesandeducationalprovidersrecogniseACCAasequivalenttoatleastaBachelor'sdegreeinaccountancy,forthepurposeofobtainingcredittowardsalocalmaster'sdegreeoranadvancedstudyprogram. TheQualityandQualificationsIreland(QQI)assignedACCAQualificationto'Level8'oftheIrishNationalFrameworkofQualifications(NFQ)in2018.Level8holdsIrishpostgraduatequalifications,suchaspostgraduatediplomasandmaster'sdegrees.[42] In2011,theFinancialReportingCouncil(FRC;thenProfessionalOversightBoard)publishedinformationforthefirsttimeaboutitsconcernsoverself-regulationbyparticularinstitutes.PressreportshighlightedcommentsaboutACCA,whichhadimplementedrecommendationstoimproveitsexaminationsyllabus,butneededtopaygreaterattentiontomonitoringlong-timemembers.[43]In2011,2012and2013theACCAprofessionalbodyhadthehighestpercentageofA&B(best)outcomesfromFRC'sRecognisedSupervisoryBody(RSB)visitstoasampleof'RegisteredUKAuditFirms'.ACCAfirmstendtoauditsmallerandlesscomplexclients. Attheendof2016therewereover88,000membersand90,000studentsintheUK&Ireland. EuropeanUnion(EU),EuropeanEconomicArea(EEA)&Switzerland[edit] TheACCAqualificationislegallyrecognizedbyallmembercountriesoftheEuropeanUnionundertheMutualRecognitionDirective.ThisrecognitionextendstotheEuropeanEconomicAreanationsandSwitzerland.Forexample,aholderoftheACCAcouldpracticeasanaccountantinallmembercountriesoftheEuropeanUnion,EuropeanEconomicAreaandSwitzerland,describinghimself/herselfasACCAorCharteredCertifiedAccountant.Accesstolocalprofessionalqualificationsrequiresaseparatetest. Attheendof2016therewereover16,000membersandalmost60,000studentsinEurope(excludingtheUK&Ireland). Turkey[edit] ACCAandtheUnionofChambersofCertifiedPublicAccountantsofTurkey(TÜRMOB)signedapartnershipagreementin2004whichenablesTÜRMOBmembersresidentinTurkeytofollowtheACCAStrategicProfessionallevelandachieveACCAmembership. NorthAmerica[edit] UnitedStates[edit] InJune2012,ACCAandInstituteofManagementAccountants(IMA)announcedastrategicpartnership.Thetwobodiesjoinedforcestoempoweraccountantsandfinancialprofessionalstodrivebusinessperformance.InJanuary2013,theICMABoardofRegents,representingthecertificationdivisionofIMA,votedtowaiveitsusualbachelor'sdegreerequirementforACCAmemberswishingtoearnIMA'sCertifiedManagementAccountant(CMA)credential.Thebachelor'sdegreewaiverwillallowallACCAmembersaroundtheworld,regardlessofbackground,accesstoIMA'sCMAcredential.ThisisabenefittoACCAmemberswhowishtohaveaUS-basedcredential.[44] ThereisnomutualrecognitionbetweenACCAandtheAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(AICPA)/NationalAssociationofStateBoardsofAccountancy(NASBA). Attheendof2016therewere2,015membersintheUS. Canada[edit] ACCAannouncedaMutualRecognitionAgreementwithCertifiedGeneralAccountant(CGACanada)effectivefrom1January2007;renewedin2011forafurther5yearsperioduntilDecember2017.[45]Asof2006[update],CanadianInstituteofCharteredAccountants(CICA),WorldEducationServicesandtheOdetteSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofWindsorindicatedthattheevaluationrecognizedACCAashavingtheCanadianequivalenceofabachelor'sdegree(fouryears)inAccounting.TheCanadianbranchofACCAispursuingrecognitionforstatutoryauditpurposesintheprovinceofOntarioundertheprovince'sPublicAccountingActof2004. CanadianInstituteofCharteredAccountantsandCertifiedManagementAccountantsofCanada(CMACanada)announcedajointqualification'CharteredProfessionalAccountantorCPADesignation',butwhetherthisdesignationwillimpingeonACCA'sapplicationforrecognitioninOntarioisuncertain. OnNovember29,2012,theACCAopeneduplegalproceedingsagainsttheCICAtooperateinCanada,complicatedbythemergeroftheaccountingprofessioninCanada,incorporatingCICA,CMACanadaandCGAtouse'CharteredProfessionalAccountant(CPA)'.A10-yeartransitionalperiodrequiresallCPAmemberstouseCPA,'legacydesignation'ratherthanthenewerdesignation.Themergercompletedin2015. Attheendof2016therewere3,011membersinCanada. Oceania[edit] Australia[edit] ACCAhasanofficeinSydneyandholdsexamsinmajorcitiesincludingSydney,Melbourne,Perth,AdelaideandBrisbane. CPAAustraliaandInstituteofPublicAccountantsrecogniseACCAqualificationassufficienttoobtainaskillassessmentasanAccountantforthepurposesofimmigration.TheTaxPractitionersBoardaccreditedACCAasarecognisedtaxagentassociationandasarecognisedBASagentassociationon12May2010.[1] SubjecttopassingexamsinAustraliantaxandlaw,ACCAmembersmayobtaintheequivalentlevelofmembershipfromtheInstituteofPublicAccountants.[citationneeded] CAANZStrategicAlliance[edit] InJune2016,theAssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants(ACCA)andCharteredAccountantsAustraliaandNewZealand(CAANZ),announcedastrategicalliance.TheAlliancewill:[46] Attheendof2016therewere3,414membersand1,721studentsinAustralia. NewZealand[edit] ACCAmember,affiliateandstudentactivitiesinNewZealandaremanagedbyitsofficeinAustralia,supportedbyNetworkPanelmembersbasedinAucklandandWellingtonaswellasmemberadvocatesbasedinChristchurch. WiththemergerofInstituteofCharteredAccountantsAustralia(ICAA)andtheNewZealandInstituteofCharteredAccountantsinDecember2014,thenewlycreated'CharteredAccountantsAustraliaandNewZealand(CAANZ)'becamethesolenationalaccountancybodyinNewZealand,whichisinastrategicalliancewiththeACCA.[46] Attheendof2016therewere502membersinNewZealand. Caribbean,CentralandSouthAmerica[edit] TheACCAisanaffiliateoftheInstituteofCharteredAccountantsoftheCaribbean.[47]TheACCAqualificationislegallyrecognizedintheFrenchGuiana(PartofFranceandhencesubjecttoEuropeanUnionregulations). Attheendof2016therewere4,857membersand16,000studentsintheCaribbean. Africa[edit] Namibia[edit] ACCAwasawardedfullandunconditionalaccreditationstatusasaprofessionalbodyinNamibiabythestatutoryPublicAccountants'andAuditors'Board(PAAB)on24November2016.ThePAABisastatutorybodyestablishedtooverseetheprofessionandmaintainaregisterofpersonsentitledtoworkorpractiseaspublicaccountantsorpublicauditorsinNamibia.[citationneeded] SouthAfrica[edit] AlthoughACCAholdsrecognitionforstatutorytaxpurposes,[48]ithasnoagreementwithanyaccountancybodyinSouthAfrica,whileICAEW,ICASandCAIrelandhaveagreementswithSouthAfricanInstituteofCharteredAccountants. Zimbabwe[edit] ACCAZimbabweisoneoftheconstituentbodiesofthePublicAccountantsandAuditorsBoard(PAAB).ThePAABisastatutorybodyestablishedin1996tooverseetheprofessionandmaintainaregisterofpersonsentitledtoworkorpractiseaspublicaccountantsorpublicauditorsinZimbabwe.OnlyACCAmembersingoodstandingandInstituteofCharteredAccountantsofZimbabwecanregisterasauditors. Kenya[edit] MajoruniversitiesoffertheACCAcourseofstudy.[citationneeded] Asia[edit] China[edit] ACCAenteredChinainlate1980s,andhasdevelopeditsChinabaserapidlyinrecentyears.Ithasenteredintoagreementswith41ChineseUniversities,manyofwhichareleadinginthedisciplinesoffinanceandaccountingaswellashavingexcellentacademicreputationsinawiderrangeofsubjects.ThemostwellknowninstitutionsincludeTsinghuaUniversity,XiamenUniversity,CentralUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,ShanghaiUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,SouthwesternUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,Xi'anJiaotongUniversityandSunYat-SenUniversity. Asofearly2019,ACCAhad25,000membersand108,000studentsinChina,with11officesinBeijing,Changsha,Shanghai,Chengdu,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Shenyang,Qingdao,Wuhan,HongKongSAR,andMacauSAR.[49] HongKong[edit] AnAgreementofRecognitionArrangement(ARA)betweenACCAandHongKongInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(HKICPA;localstatutoryaccountancybody)wasputinplaceon22August2006,backdatedto1July2005.Thiswaslessflexiblethanthepreviousrule. Theoldagreementwasterminatedon30June2005forcingACCAmemberstoaccepttheso-called"8unfairterms"e.g.,holdadegreerecognisedbyHKICPA,workunderHKICPAauthorisedemployers,attendworkshopsandpassHKICPA'sFinalProfessionalExamination(FPE),etc. Thisnotwithstanding,HKICPAmemberscouldjoininACCAwithoutanyfurtherrequirement. TheACCAqualificationishighlyacceptedbytheHongKongemploymentmarket.MostHKICPAmembersqualifiedthroughajointschemewithHongKongSocietyofAccountants(HKSA)whichoperatedformorethan20years.HKSAlaterbecameHKICPA.[45] Attheendof2016therewere18,238membersandover8,000studentsinHongKong. India[edit] UKqualifiedstudentsareeligibletoexemptioninfollowingpapersundersyllabus2012.[50] Foundation-Completeexemption. Intermediate : Paper5-FinancialAccounting Paper6-Laws,Ethics&Governance Paper8-CostAccountingandFinancialManagement Paper10-CostandManagementAccountancy Paper12-CompanyAccountsandAudit Final : Paper14-AdvancedFinancialManagement Paper15-BusinessStrategyandStrategicCostManagement Paper17-StrategicPerformanceManagement Paper18-CorporateFinancialReporting Paper20-FinancialAnalysisandBusinessValuation In2021,ACCAIndiaorganizedanationwide'FinancialLiteracyDrive'forchildren.TheprogrammewasdeliveredwiththehelpofACCAmembersinIndia Macau[edit] ACCAcurrentlyislegallyrecognisedwiththejointschemerelationshipsbyMacauSocietyofCertifiedPractisingAccountants(localstatutoryaccountancybody)inMacau.[citationneeded] Malaysia[edit] On13August2007,ACCAandtheMalaysianInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(MICPA)signedanMRAthatprovidedarouteformemberstojointheotherbody.[45]TheACCAorCharteredCertifiedAccountantqualificationisrecognisedbytheMalaysianInstituteofAccountants(MIA).OnlyMIAmembersqualifyasaccountantsinMalaysiaundertheAccountantsAct,1967. ACCAisstatutorilyrecognisedinPartIIoftheFirstScheduleoftheAccountantsAct,1967. Attheendof2016therewere12,521membersand42,000studentsinMalaysia. Nepal[edit] From2014,TribhuwanUniversityhasrecognizedACCA(afterfullmembership)asequivalenttobachelor'sdegreeifpursuedafterintermediatelevel.[51] Pakistan[edit] TheACCAqualificationconferstheQualifiedCompanySecretarydesignationinPakistan.ACCAandthelocalstatutoryaccountingbodyInstituteofCharteredAccountantsofPakistan(ICAP)offerpartialrecognitionofeachother. TheHigherEducationCommission(HEC)ofPakistanrecognisesACCAmembersqualificationsasequaltomaster'sdegreeinCommerce(MCom).ICAPalsoawardssomeexemptionstoACCAaffiliates. On4December2014,ACCAandICMAP(InstituteofCostandManagementAccountantsofPakistan)signedanMOUtoenhancetheexistingacademicrecognitionarrangementsbetweenthetwoaccountingbodies.ThisMoUshallfacilitatestudentsandmembersofACCAandICMAPakistantoearndualqualificationandmembershiponafasttrackbasis.[52] Attheendof2016,therewere3,843membersandover37,000studentsinPakistan.[citationneeded] Singapore[edit] InSingapore,holdersofACCAhaduntil31December2016andexistingstudentshaveuntil31December2018tocompletetheICPASPACandqualifyfortheCharteredAccountantofSingaporeprofessionaldesignationthroughtheprevioustransitionalarrangements.[53][54][55] Taiwan[edit] Accordingtorules6(iii)&9ofaccountancyexaminationpublishedbyTaiwangovernment,ACCAmembersareentitledtoobtainadvancedstandingintheexaminationstobecomeaCertifiedPublicAccountantinTaiwan. UnitedArabEmirates[edit] InMarch2014,ACCAsignedastrategicpartnershipagreementwithUAE'snationalaccountancybodyAccountantsandAuditorsAssociation(AAA)tohelpthelatterdevelopanewCharteredAccountantqualificationnationwide.Theexamswillbeheldjointly,andsuccessfulgraduateswillgainbothACCAandUAE'snewCharteredAccountants'qualifications-theUAECA(UnitedArabEmiratesCharteredAccountant).[45] SkylineUniversityCollegeisthefirstACCAGoldApprovedLearninginstituteintheUAE. [56] Globalqualificationpartnerships[edit] Throughpartnershipswithprofessionalinstitutions,ACCAoffersstudentsandmembersaccesstootherrelatedqualifications.[57] Academicqualifications[edit] BSc(Hons)inAppliedAccounting,withOxfordBrookesUniversity[58] MScinProfessionalAccountancy,withtheUniversityofLondon[59] GlobalMBA,withOxfordBrookesUniversity(acceleratedforACCA)[60] PublicPolicyandManagementofferingfromSOAS,theUniversityofLondon[citationneeded] Professionalqualificationsandotheraccreditations[edit] AdvancedDiplomainInternationalTaxation(ADIT)withtheCharteredInstituteofTaxation(CIOT) CMA(CertifiedManagementAccountant)programwithInstituteofManagementAccountants(IMA) CertificateinTreasury(CertT)qualificationwithAssociationofCorporateTreasurers(ACT) MembershipoftheCharteredInstituteforSecuritiesandInvestment(CISI) CharteredManagerAwardwithCharteredManagementInstitute(CMI) CertifiedInternalAuditor(CIA)certificationwiththeInstituteofInternalAuditors(IIA) CharteredTaxAdviser(CTA)qualificationwiththeCharteredInstituteofTaxation(CIOT)(UKonly) CharteredInstituteforSecurities&Investment(CISI)Management(Pakistanonly) CertifiedFraudExaminerwithAssociationofCertifiedFraudExaminers(ACFE)inUSA TheInstituteofCostAccountantsofIndia(ICoAI) Representationworldwide[edit] ACCAisrepresentedonmanycommitteesandbodiesaroundtheworld,includingthefollowing:[61] AccountancyEurope(formerlyFEE) AfricaCapacityBuildingFoundation ASEANFederationofAccountants(AFA) ConfederationofAsianandPacificAccountants(CAPA) ConsultativeCommitteeofAccountancyBodies(CCAB) Eastern,CentralandSouthernAfricanFederationofAccountants(ECSAFA) EuropeanAssociationofCraft,SmallandMedium-SizedEnterprises(UEAPME) EuropeanFinancialReportingAdvisoryGroup FédérationdesExpertsComptablesMéditerranéens(FCM) GlobalReportingInitiative(GRI) IFACBoard IFACInternationalAuditingandAssuranceStandardsBoard(IAASB) IFACInternationalPublicSectorAccountingBoard IFACProfessionalAccountantsinBusinessCommittee IFACSmallandMedium-SizedPracticesCommittee InstituteofCharteredAccountantsoftheCaribbean(ICAC) Inter-AmericanAccountingAssociation(IAA) InternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC) InternationalIntegratedReportingCommittee(IIRC) OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD) PanAfricanFederationofAccountants(PAFA) ProfessionalAccountancyOrganizationDevelopmentCommittee(PAODC) SouthEasternEuropeanPartnershiponAccountancyDevelopment(SEEPAD) TheConferenceBoardEurope Country/Region Organisation Americas InteramericanAccountingAssociation Argentina FederaciónArgentinadeConsejosProfesionalesdeCienciasEconómicas Armenia AssociationofAccountantsandAuditorsofArmenia Azerbaijan ChamberofAuditorsofAzerbaijanRepublic Bahamas BahamasChamberofCommerceandIndustry BahamasInstituteofCharteredAccountants Barbados BarbadosSmallBusinessAssociation InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofBarbados Belize InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofBelize Botswana BotswanaInstituteofAccountants Brazil InstitutodosAuditoresIndependentesdoBrasil Brunei BruneiDarussalamInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants Cambodia MinistryofEconomyandFinance KampucheaInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsandAuditors Canada CertifiedGeneralAccountants'AssociationofCanada Caribbean InstituteofCharteredAccountantsoftheCaribbean China ChinaNationalAuditOffice ChineseInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants Cyprus InstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsofCyprus CzechRepublic ChamberofAuditorsoftheCzechRepublic UnionofAccountantsoftheCzechRepublic EastAfrica EasternCentralandSouthernAfricanFederationofAccountants EasternCaribbean InstituteofCharteredAccountantsoftheEasternCaribbean Egypt EgyptianSocietyofAccountantsandAuditors Ethiopia EthiopianProfessionalAssociationofAccountantsandAuditors Europe AccountancyEurope(formerlyFédérationdesExpertsComptablesEuropéens) SouthEasternEuropeanPartnershiponAccountancyDevelopment Georgia TheGeorgianFederationofProfessionalAccountantsandAuditors Greece InstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsofGreece Guyana InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofGuyana HongKong HongKongInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants Indonesia IkatanAkuntanIndonesia Iran IranianAssociationofCertifiedPublicAccountants Ireland InstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsinIreland Jamaica InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofJamaica JamaicaBusinessDevelopmentCorporation Jordan JordanianAssociationofCertifiedPublicAccountants Kenya InstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsofKenya Lesotho LesothoInstituteofAccountants Malawi PublicAccountantsExaminationCouncilofMalawi Malaysia MalaysianInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants Malta MaltaInstituteofAccountants Mexico InstitutoMexicanodeContadoresPúblicos Moldova AssociationofProfessionalAccountantsandAuditorsofMoldova Nigeria InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofNigeria Poland AccountantsAssociationinPoland PolishChambersofStatutoryAuditors(KIBR) Romania BodyofExpertandLicensedAccountantsofRomania ChamberofFinancialAuditorsofRomania Serbia SerbianAssociationofAccountantsandAuditors SierraLeone InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofSierraLeone Singapore InstituteofSingaporeCharteredAccountants SriLanka InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofSriLanka Swaziland SwazilandInstituteofAccountants Tanzania NationalBoardofAccountantsandAuditors Thailand FederationofAccountingProfessions TrinidadandTobago InstituteofCharteredAccountantsofTrinidadandTobago TheBusinessDevelopmentCompanyLimited Turkey UnionofChambersofCertifiedPublicAccountantsofTurkey Ukraine ChamberofAuditorsofUkraine UkrainianFederationofProfessionalAccountantsandAuditors UnitedArabEmirates Accountants&AuditorsAssociation DubaiFinancialServicesAuthority UnitedKingdom AssociationofAccountingTechnicians CharteredInstituteofSecuritiesandInvestments CharteredInstituteofTaxation Uruguay ColegiodeContadores,EconomistasyAdministradoresdelUruguay Vietnam MinistryofFinanceoftheSocialistRepublicofVietnam StateAuditOfficeofVietnam VietnamAccountingAssociation VietnamAssociationofCertifiedPublicAccountants Zambia LusakaStockExchange ZambiaChamberofSmall&MediumBusinessAssociations ZambiaInstituteofCharteredAccountants Seealso[edit] AssociationofAuthorisedPublicAccountants(AAPA-SubsidiaryofACCA) CertifiedAccountingTechnician(CAT) CharteredCertifiedAccountant(ACCA/FCCA) References[edit] ^"Whoweare|ACCAGlobal".ACCAGlobal.Retrieved5July2020.We’reathrivingglobalcommunity...basedin179countries... ^ab"Aboutus".www.accaglobal.com. ^"Annualreports".Aboutus.AssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants.Retrieved21July2020. ^"Ourmissionandvalues".www.accaglobal.com. ^"Ourhistory".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^Walker,SP(2011)."EthelAyresPurdie:Criticalpractitionerandsuffragist"(PDF).CriticalPerspectivesonAccounting.22(1):79–101.doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2010.09.001.hdl:20.500.11820/f62b8b51-115b-43b7-9403-ba910d79f865.Retrieved10January2019. ^"Computer-basedexams".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved10January2019. ^"TheACCAQualificationjourney".future.accaglobal.com.Retrieved11December2018. ^"Exemptionscalculator".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved10December2018. ^"TheACCAQualification".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"Foundationlevel".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"ACCAaccountancyqualifications".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"BScinAppliedAccounting".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"UniversityofLondonMScinProfessionalAccountancy".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"OxfordBrookesGlobalMBA".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"CertificateinInternationalFinancialReporting(CertIFR)".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"Generalidades".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"DiplomainInternationalFinancialReporting(DipIFR)".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"ДипИФР-Рус".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"CertificateinInternationalAuditing(CertIA)".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"Generalidades".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"CertificateinInternationalPublicSectorAccountingStandards(CertIPSAS)".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"لمحةعامةعنالشهادة".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"CertificateinBusinessValuationsoverview".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"A'Propos".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved7December2018. ^"Accountant'schallengetoauditingbandismissed". ^"Colclough-v-theAssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants[2018]IEHC85(21February2018)". ^"Buildasuccessfulcareerinaccountancy,financeandbusinesswithACCA-Xonlinecourses".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"AssociationAwards-UK&International".www.associationawards.org.Retrieved4May2016. ^"IntroductiontoBookkeeping".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"IntroductiontoManagementAccounting".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"IntermediateBookkeeping".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"IntermediateManagementAccounting".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"Needmorehelp?".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"AccountantinBusiness(AB/FAB)".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"ManagementAccounting(MA/FMA)".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"FinancialAccounting(FA/FFA)".www.acca-x.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"Howtobecomeamember".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"ACCAMembershipandFellowship".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"Continuingprofessionaldevelopment(CPD)".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved4December2018. ^"JoinICAEWasanACCAmember".icaew.com.Retrieved10January2019. ^"AwardatLevel6".qsearch.qqi.ie.Retrieved11December2018. ^Orlik,Rose(22July2011)."POBregulationreportnamesandshamesinstitutes".www.accountancyage.com.Retrieved28July2011. ^"CertifiedManagementAccountant(CMA)credential".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved11December2018. ^abcd"Mutualmemberships".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved11December2018. ^ab"TheACCAandCAANZalliance".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved11December2018. ^"MembersAndAffiliates".www.icac.org.jm.Retrieved7December2018. ^"AssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants(ACCA)".IFAC.4May2011.Retrieved20January2022. ^"ACCAsurveyfindsGreaterBayAreatalentshavedifferenttendencytowardsleavinghometownforcareer|ACCAGlobal".Archivedfromtheoriginalon1November2019. ^"ExemptionforVariousQualification". ^"CAACCACFAinNepal".www.studentsnepal.com.Retrieved10December2018. ^"ACCAUKsignsMoUwithICMAPPakistan".fp.brecorder.com.Retrieved6December2018. ^MOFAnnouncesDetailsofNewProfessionalAccountancyDesignation(2April2013)Archived29October2013attheWaybackMachineAsiaOne ^SingaporePreparesfora2-tierAccountingProfession(4April2013)TheBusinessTimes ^SingaporeQPFrameworkArchived2013-03-09attheWaybackMachineSingaporeQualificationProgramme ^"ACCAofficeinDubaiandSharjahUAE".www.skylineuniversity.ac.ae.Retrieved18April2019. ^"Qualificationsfromourpartners".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved10December2018. ^BScAppliedAccounting,brookes.ac.uk ^ProfessionalAccountancy,london.ac.uk ^ACCAGlobalMBA,brookes.ac.uk ^"Representationonexternalbodies".www.accaglobal.com.Retrieved4December2018. Externallinks[edit] Officialwebsite KeyFactsandTrendsintheAccountancyProfession,annualpublicationbytheFinancialReportingCouncil(FRC) vteIFACMemberBodiesandAssociatesAsia IICA ICAI ICAI(formerlyICWAI) ICAN ICASL ICMASL ICAB ICMAB ICMAP ICAP ICPAI PIPFA MIA CICPA HKICPA ISCA PICPA IUAA IAI JICPA Africa LICPA ICAG ICPAK ICAN ICAN ICASL ONECCA SAICA SAIPA NBAA OECT ICPAU ZICA ICAZ Europe AAT ACCA CAIreland CPAIreland CIMA CIPFA ICAEW ICAS IDW IEKA IFA OEC KWT Americas AICPA CMAUSA BICA CPACanada CISPA ICAB ICAG ICAJ ICATT Oceania CAANZ CPAAustralia IPA AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries UnitedStates CzechRepublic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountants&oldid=1091442741" Categories:AccountingintheUnitedKingdomOrganisationsbasedintheCityofWestminsterOrganisationsbasedinGlasgowProfessionalassociationsbasedintheUnitedKingdom1904establishmentsintheUnitedKingdomMemberbodiesoftheInternationalFederationofAccountantsHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromApril2022PagesusinginfoboxorganizationwithmottoorpledgeAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2019Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2006AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromDecember2018ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2022ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJune2020ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2022ArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages বাংলাDeutschفارسیFrançaisहिन्दीBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語PolskiRomânăРусскийسنڌيTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt中文 Editlinks