Zina - Wikipedia

Zina encompasses any sexual intercourse except that between husband and wife. It includes both extramarital sex and premarital sex, and is often translated as " ... Zina FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Islamiclegaltermreferringtounlawfulsexualintercourse ThisarticleisaboutunlawfulsexualintercourseinIslam.Forextramaritalaffairsingeneral,seeAdulteryandFornication. Forotheruses,seeZina(disambiguation). Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Zina" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January2016)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) PartofaseriesonIslamicjurisprudence(fiqh) Ritual Shahada Salat Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnahsalat(TahajjudTarawih) Witr Naflsalat Sawm Zakat Hajj Ihram (clothing Mut'ah) Tawaf Umrah (andHajj) Political Islamicleadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamah Wilayatal-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut‘ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Zihar Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Breastfeeding Sexual Awrah Abortion Baligh Haya Hygiene Rape Zina Masturbation Criminal Hudud Blasphemy Maisir (gambling) Zina (illicitsex) Hirabah (unlawfulwarfareandbanditry) Fasad ("mischief") Mofsed-e-filarz ("spreadingcorruption") Fitna ("sedition") Rajm (stoning) Tazir (discretionary) Qisas (retaliation) Diya (compensation) Etiquette Adab Gendersegregation(Purdah) Mahram Honorifics Toilet Economic History Zakat Jizya Nisab Khums Sadaqah (Waqf) Baytal-mal Banking Riba Murabaha Takaful Sukuk Inheritance Hygiene Sexual Toilet Taharah Ihram Wudu Masah Ghusl Tayammum Miswak Najis Dietary Dhabihah Alcohol Pork Comparisonwithkashrut Military Jihad Hudna Istijarah(asylum) Prisonersofwar Islamicstudiesvte Zināʾ(زِنَاء)orzinah(زِنًىorزِنًا)isanIslamiclegaltermreferringtounlawfulsexualintercourse.[1]Accordingtotraditionaljurisprudence,zinacanincludeadultery,[2][3][4]fornication,[2][3][4]prostitution,[5]rape,[1]sodomy,[2][6]incest,[7][8]andbestiality.[2][9] Zinabelongstothecategoryofhududoffenses(sing.:hadd),whichareoffensesthatarespecificallymentionedintheQuran,alsoknownas"claimsofGod"(huqūqAllāh).SeveralversesoftheQuranprohibitzina,including24:2whichsaysitshouldbepunishedwith100lashes,andsoisendorsedbythehadithinthecasewherebothpartiesweresingleandhavenotbeenmarriedearlierintheirlives.[citationneeded] ZinamustbeprovedbytestimonyoffourMuslimeyewitnessestotheactualactofpenetration,oraconfessionrepeatedfourtimesandnotretractedlater.[10][1]Theoffendersmusthaveactedoftheirownfreewill.[1]Rapistscouldbeprosecutedunderdifferentlegalcategorieswhichusednormalevidentiaryrules.[11]Makinganaccusationofzinawithoutpresentingtherequiredeyewitnessesiscalledqadhf(القذف),whichisitselfahududoffense.[12] Thereareveryfewrecordedexamplesofthestoningpenaltyforzinābeingimplementedlegally.Priortolegalreformsintroducedinseveralcountriesduringthe20thcentury,theproceduralrequirementsforprovingtheoffenseofzinātothestandardnecessarytoimposethestoningpenaltywereeffectivelyimpossibletomeet[1][13]Zinabecameamorepressingissueinmoderntimes,asIslamistmovementsandgovernmentsemployedpolemicsagainstpublicimmorality.[1]TheTalibanhaveexecutedsuspectedadultressesusingmachineguns,andzinahasbeenusedasjustificationforhonorkillings.[1]Aftersharia-basedcriminallawswerewidelyreplacedbyEuropean-inspiredstatutesinthemodernera,inrecentdecadesseveralcountriespassedlegalreformsthatincorporatedelementsofhududlawsintotheirlegalcodes;manymodernIslamistshavealsodisregardedtheconditionofstrictevidencerequirements.[14]InNigeria,localcourtshavepassedseveralstoningsentences,allofwhichwereoverturnedonappealorleftunenforced.[15]InPakistan,theHudoodOrdinancesof1979subsumedprosecutionofrapeunderthecategoryofzina,makingrapeextremelydifficulttoproveandexposingthevictimstojailsentencesforadmittingillicitintercourseforceduponthem,[1][11]althoughtheselawswereamendedin2006,[13]andagainin2016.[16]Accordingtohumanrightsorganizations,stoningforzinahasalsobeencarriedoutinSaudiArabia.[17] Contents 1Islamicscriptures 1.1Introductionanddefinition 1.2Adulteryandfornication 1.2.1Quran 1.2.2Hadith 1.3Rape 1.3.1Viewofscholars 1.4Homosexuality 1.5Sodomy 1.6Incest 1.7Masturbation 1.8Bestiality 2Inclusionsinthedefinition 3Accusationprocessandpunishment 3.1Sunnipractice 3.2Shi'apractice 4Humanrightscontroversy 5Inpopularculture 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Islamicscriptures[edit] Muslimscholarshavehistoricallyconsideredzināahududsin,orcrimeagainstGod.[18]ItismentionedinbothQuranandintheHadiths.[19] Introductionanddefinition[edit] TheQurandealswithzinaʾinseveralplaces.FirstistheQur'anicgeneralrulethatcommandsMuslimsnottocommitzina': "Norcomenightofornication/adultery:foritisashameful(deed)andanevil,openingtheroad(tootherevils)."— Qur'an,Sura17(Al-Isra),ayat32[20] IntheHadiths,thedefinitionsofzinahavebeendescribedasalltheformsofsexualintercourse,penetrativeornon-penetrative,outsidetheinstitutionmarriageortheinstitutionofslavery.[citationneeded] AbuHurairareportedAllah'sApostleassaying:“AllahhasdecreedforeverysonofAdamhisshareofzina,whichhewillinevitablycommit.Thezinaoftheeyesislooking,thezinaofthetongueisspeaking,onemaywishanddesire,andtheprivatepartsconfirmthatordenyit.”— 8:77:609,33:6421 Adulteryandfornication[edit] Quran[edit] Mostoftherulesrelatedtofornication,adulteryandfalseaccusationsfromahusbandtohiswifeorfrommembersofthecommunitytochastewomen,canbefoundinSuratan-Nur(theLight).Thesurastartsbygivingveryspecificrulesaboutpunishmentforzina: "Thewomanandthemanguiltyofzināʾ(forfornicationoradultery),-flogeachofthemwithahundredstripes:Letnotcompassionmoveyouintheircase,inamatterprescribedbyAllah,ifyebelieveinAllahandtheLastDay:andletapartyoftheBelieverswitnesstheirpunishment."— Qur'an,Sura24(An-Nur),ayat2[21] "Andthosewhoaccusechastewomenthendonotbringfourwitnesses,flogthem,(giving)eightystripes,anddonotadmitanyevidencefromthemever;andtheseitisthatarethetransgressors.Exceptthosewhorepentafterthisandactaright,forsurelyAllahisForgiving,Merciful."— Qur'an,Sura24(An-Nur),ayat4–5[22] Hadith[edit] TheStoningofanAdulteress,illustrationtoamanuscriptof1001NightsbyAbu'lHasanGhaffariorhisatelier.Tehran,1853–1857 ThepubliclashingandpubliclethalstoningpunishmentforfornicationandadulteryarealsoprescribedinHadiths,thebooksmosttrustedinIslamafterQuran,particularlyinKitabAl-Hudud.[23][24][notspecificenoughtoverify] 'Ubadab.as-Samitreported:Allah'sMessengerassaying:Receiveteachingfromme,receiveteachingfromme.Allahhasordainedawayforthosewomen.Whenanunmarriedmalecommitsadulterywithanunmarriedfemale,theyshouldreceiveonehundredlashesandbanishmentforoneyear.Andincaseofmarriedmalecommittingadulterywithamarriedfemale,theyshallreceiveonehundredlashesandbestonedtodeath.— 17:4191 Ma'izcametotheProphetandadmittedhavingcommittedadulteryfourtimesinhispresencesoheorderedhimtobestonedtodeath,butsaidtoHuzzal:Ifyouhadcoveredhimwithyourgarment,itwouldhavebeenbetterforyou.— 38:4364 HadithSahihalBukhari,anotherauthenticsourceofsunnah,hasseveralentrieswhichrefertodeathbystoning.[25]Forexample, Narrated'Aisha:'UtbabinAbiWaqqassaidtohisbrotherSa'dbinAbiWaqqas,"ThesonoftheslavegirlofZam'aisfromme,sotakehimintoyourcustody."SointheyearofConquestofMecca,Sa'dtookhimandsaid.(Thisis)mybrother'ssonwhommybrotherhasaskedmetotakeintomycustody."'AbdbinZam'agotupbeforehimandsaid,(Heis)mybrotherandthesonoftheslavegirlofmyfather,andwasbornonmyfather'sbed."SotheybothsubmittedtheircasebeforeAllah'sApostle.Sa'dsaid,"OAllah'sApostle!Thisboyisthesonofmybrotherandheentrustedhimtome."'AbdbinZam'asaid,"Thisboyismybrotherandthesonoftheslavegirlofmyfather,andwasbornonthebedofmyfather."Allah'sApostlesaid,"Theboyisforyou,O'AbdbinZam'a!"ThenAllah'sApostlefurthersaid,"Thechildisfortheownerofthebed,andthestoneisfortheadulterer,"HethensaidtoSaudabintZam'a,"Veil(screen)yourselfbeforehim,"whenhesawthechild'sresemblanceto'Utba.TheboydidnotseeheragaintillhemetAllah.— 9:89:293 Otherhadithcollectionsonzinabetweenmenandwomaninclude: Thestoning(Rajm)ofaJewishmanandwomanforhavingcommittedillegalsexualintercourse.[26] AbuHurairahstatesthattheProphet,inacaseofintercoursebetweenayoungmanandamarriedwoman,sentencedthewomantostoning[27]andtheyoungmantofloggingandbanishmentforayear; Rape[edit] Mainarticle:RapeinIslamiclaw Rapehasbeendefinedaszinaal-zibr(forcefulillicitsex)inthetraditionalIslamictexts.FewhadithshavebeenfoundregardingrapeinthetimeofMuhammad.Themostpopulartransmittedhadithgivenbelowindicatestheordinanceofstoningfortherapistbutnopunishmentandnorequirementoffoureyewitnessesfortherapevictim.[28][29] Narrated'AlqamahbinWa'ilAl-Kindi: Fromhisfather:"AwomenwentoutduringthetimeoftheProphet(ﷺ)togotoSalat,butshewascaughtbyamanandhehadrelationswithher,soshescreamedandheleft.Thenamancameacrossherandshesaid:'Thatmanhasdonethisandthattome',thenshecameacrossagroupofEmigrants(Muhajirin)andshesaid:'Thatmandidthisandthattome.'Theywenttogetthemanshethoughthadrelationswithher,andtheybroughthimtoher.Shesaid:'Yes,that'shim.'SotheybroughthimtotheMessengerofAllah(ﷺ),andwhenheorderedthathebestoned,themanwhohadrelationswithher,said:'OMessengerofAllah,Iamtheonewhohadrelationswithher.'Sohesaidtoher:'Go,forAllahhasforgivenyou.'Thenhesaidsomenicewordstotheman(whowasbrought).Andhesaidtothemanwhohadrelationswithher:'Stonehim.'Thenhesaid:'Hehasrepentedarepentancethat,iftheinhabitantsofAl-Madinahhadrepentedwith,itwouldhavebeenacceptedfromthem.'"— Jami`at-Tirmidhi,17:37,38:4366 Thehadithsdeclarerapeofafreeorslavewomanaszina.[30] Viewofscholars[edit] MalikrelatedtomefromNafithataslavewasinchargeoftheslavesinthekhumusandheforcedaslave-girlamongthoseslavesagainstherwillandhadintercoursewithher.Umaribnal-Khattabhadhimfloggedandbanishedhim,andhedidnotflogtheslave-girlbecausetheslavehadforcedher.— 1:85:81,[31]413.15 MalikrelatedtomefromIbnShihabthatgaveajudgmentthattherapisthadtopaytherapedwomanherbride-price.YahyasaidthatheheardMaliksay,"Whatisdoneinourcommunityaboutthemanwhorapesawoman,virginornon-virgin,ifsheisfree,isthathemustpaythebride-priceofthelikeofher.Ifsheisaslave,hemustpaywhathehasdiminishedofherworth.Thehadd-punishmentinsuchcasesisappliedtotherapist,andthereisnopunishmentappliedtotherapedwoman.Iftherapistisaslave,thatisagainsthismasterunlesshewishestosurrenderhim."— 3616.14 Ifaconfessionorthefourwitnessesrequiredtoproveahaddcrimearenotavailable,butrapecanbeprovedbyothermeans,therapistissentencedundertheta'zirsystemofjudicialdiscretion.[32]Accordingtotheeleventh-centuryMalikijuristIbn'Abdal-Barr:[32] Thescholarsareunanimouslyagreedthattherapististobesubjectedtothehaddpunishmentifthereisclearevidenceagainsthimthathedeservesthehaddpunishment,orifheadmitstothat.Otherwise,heistobepunished(i.e.,ifthereisnoproofthatthehaddpunishmentforzinamaybecarriedoutagainsthimbecausehedoesnotconfess,andtherearenotfourwitnesses,thenthejudgemaypunishhimandstipulateapunishmentthatwilldeterhimandotherslikehim).Thereisnopunishmentforthewomanifitistruethatheforcedherandoverpoweredher,whichmaybeprovenbyherscreamingandshoutingforhelp.— Al-Istidhkaar Homosexuality[edit] Mainarticle:HomosexualityinIslam Islamicteachings(inthehadithtradition[33])presumesame-sexattraction,extolabstentionand(intheQur'an[34][33])condemnconsummation.TheQuranforbidshomosexualrelationships,inAl-Nisa,Al-Araf(verses7:80–84,11:69–83,29:28–35oftheQuranusingthestoryofLot'speople),andothersurahs.Forexample,[34][33][35] WealsosentLot:Hesaidtohispeople:"Doyecommitlewdnesssuchasnopeopleincreation(ever)committedbeforeyou?Foryepracticeyourlustsonmeninpreferencetowomen:yeareindeedapeopletransgressingbeyondbounds."— Quran 7:80–81 Inanotherverse,thestatementofprophetLothasbeenalsopointedout, DoyouapproachmalesamongtheworldsAndleavewhatyourLordhascreatedforyouasmates?Butyouareapeopletransgressing.— Quran 26:165–166,trans.SahihInternational SomescholarsindicatethisverseastheprescribedpunishmentforhomosexualityintheQuran: "Iftwo(men)amongyouareguiltyoflewdness,punishthemboth.Iftheyrepentandamend,Leavethemalone;forAllahisOft-returning,MostMerciful."— Qur'an,Sura4(Al-Nisa),ayat16[36] However,therearedifferentinterpretationsofthelastversewherewhotheQuranreferstoas"twoamongyou".PakistanischolarJavedAhmedGhamidiseesitasareferencetopremaritalsexualrelationshipsbetweenmenandwomen.Inhisopinion,theprecedingAyatofSuraNisadealswithprostitutesofthetime.Hebelievestheserulingsweretemporaryandwereabrogatedlaterwhenafunctioningstatewasestablishedandsocietywasreadyforpermanentrulings,whichcameinSuraNur,Ayat2and3,prescribingfloggingasapunishmentforadultery.Hedoesnotseestoningasaprescribedpunishment,evenformarriedmen,andconsiderstheHadithsquotedsupportingthatviewtobedealingwitheitherrapeorprostitution,wherethestrictestpunishmentunderIslamforspreading"fasadfilardh",meaningcorruptionintheland,referringtoegregiousactsofdefiancetotheruleoflawwascarriedout.[citationneeded] TheHadithsconsiderhomosexualityaszina,[37]andmalehomosexualitytobepunishedwithdeath.[citationneeded]Forexample,AbuDawudstates,[33][notspecificenoughtoverify][38][page needed] FromAbuMusaal-Ash'ari,theProphetstatesthat:"Ifawomancomesuponawoman,theyarebothadulteresses,ifamancomesuponaman,thentheyarebothadulterers.”— Al-Tabaraniinal-Mu‘jamal-Awat:4157,Al-Bayhaqi,Su‘abal-Iman:5075 NarratedAbdullahibnAbbas:TheProphetsaid:IfyoufindanyonedoingasLot'speopledid,[39]killtheonewhodoesit,andtheonetowhomitisdone.— 38:4447 NarratedAbdullahibnAbbas:Ifamanwhoisnotmarriedisseizedcommittingsodomy,hewillbestonedtodeath.— 38:4448 ThediscourseonhomosexualityinIslamisprimarilyconcernedwithactivitiesbetweenmen.Thereare,however,afewhadithmentioninghomosexualbehaviorinwomen;[40][41]Thejuristsareagreedthat"thereisnohaddpunishmentforlesbianism,becauseitisnotzina.Ratherata’zeerpunishmentmustbeimposed,becauseitisasin..'".[citationneeded]Althoughpunishmentforlesbianismisrarelymentionedinthehistories,al-Tabarirecordsanexampleofthecasualexecutionofapairoflesbianslavegirlsintheharemofal-Hadi,inacollectionofhighlycriticalanecdotespertainingtothatCaliph'sactionsasruler.[42]Somejuristsviewedsexualintercourseaspossibleonlyforanindividualwhopossessesaphallus;[43]hencethosedefinitionsofsexualintercoursethatrelyontheentryofaslittleofthecoronaofthephallusintoapartner'sorifice.[43]Sincewomendonotpossessaphallusandcannothaveintercoursewithoneanother,theyare,inthisinterpretation,physicallyincapableofcommittingzina.[43] Sodomy[edit] Mainarticles:IslamicviewofanalsexandIslamicviewsonoralsex Muslimscholarsjustifytheprohibitionofsodomy,analsex(liwat)andoralsex,onthebasisoftheQur'anicverse2:223,sayingthatitcommandsintercourseonlyinthevagina(i.e.potentiallyprocreationalintercourse).Thevaginalintercoursemaybeinanymannerthecouplewishes,thatis,frombehindorfromthefront,sittingorwiththewifelyingonherbackoronherside. Therearealsoseveralhadithwhichprohibitsodomy. Donothaveanalsexwithwomen.— ReportedbyAhmad,At-Tirmidhi,An-Nasa'i,andIbnMajah Muhammadalsosaid,"Cursedhe...whohassexwithawomanthroughherbackpassage."— Ahmad KhuzaymahIbnThabitalsoreportedthattheMessengerofAllahsaid:"Allahisnottooshytotellyouthetruth:Donothavesexwithyourwivesintheanus."— ReportedbyAhmad,5/213 IbnAbbasnarrated:"TheMessengerofAllahsaid:"Allahwillnotlookatamanwhohasanalsexwithhiswife."— ReportedbyIbnAbiShaybah,3/529;At-Tirmidhiclassifieditasanauthentichadith,1165 Itisreportedthat`UmarIbnAl-KhattabcameonedaytoMuhammadandsaid,"OMessengerofAllah,Iamruined!""Whathasruinedyou?"askedtheProphet.Hereplied,"LastnightIturnedmywifeover,"meaningthathehadhadvaginalintercoursewithherfromtheback.TheProphetdidnotsayanythingtohimuntiltheversecitedabovewasrevealed.Thenhetoldhim,"[Makelovewithyourwife]fromthefrontortheback,butavoidtheanusandintercourseduringmenstruation."— (ReportedbyAhmadandAt-Tirmidhi)[44] Furthermore,itisreportedthatMuhammadreferredtoanalsexas"minorincest". Islamiclawestablishestwocategoriesoflegal,sexualrelationships:betweenhusbandandwife,andbetweenamanandhisconcubine.Allothersexualrelationshipsareconsideredzināʾ(fornication),includingadulteryandhomosexuality,accordingtoIslamiclawandexegesisoftheQur'an.FromthestoryofLotitisclearthattheQur'anregardssodomyasanegregioussin.ThedeathbystoningforpeopleofSodomandGomorrahissimilartothestoningpunishmentstipulatedforillegalheterosexualsex.Thereisnopunishmentforamanwhosodomizesawomanbecauseitisnottiedtoprocreation.However,otherjuristsinsistthatanyactoflustinwhichtheresultistheinjectingofsemenintoanotherpersonconstitutessexualintercourse.[45] InIslam,oralsexbetweenahusbandandawifeisconsidered"MakruhTahrimi"[46]orhighlyundesirablebysomeIslamicjuristswhentheactisdefinedasthemouthandthetonguecomingincontactwiththegenitals.[47][48]Thereasonbehindconsideringthisactasnotrecommendedismanifold,theforemostbeingtheissuesofmodesty,purification(Taharat)andcleanliness.[49] Themostcommonargumentstates[48]thatthemouthandtongueareusedfortherecitationoftheQuranandfortheremembranceofAllah(Dhikr).[50]Firstly,scholarsconsidertouchinggenitalsbymouthasdiscouragedmentioningthereasonthat,touchinggenitalsbytherighthandratherthanthelefthandhasbeenprohibitedbyMuhammad;asintheiropinion,themouthiscomparativelymorehonorablethantherighthand,forthattouchinggenitalswiththemouthismoreabhorrentandvacatablyexcluded.Secondly,thestatusofgenitalsecretionsisdebatedamongthefourSunnischools,somescholarsviewingitasimpureandothersnot. Currently,sodomyispunishablebydeathinanumberofMuslimcountries,includingSaudiArabiaandYemen,aswellasinNigeria'sShariacourts.[43] Incest[edit] Hadithforbidsincestousrelationship(zinābi'l-mahārim),sexualintercoursebetweensomeonewhoismahramandprescribesexecutionaspunishment.[7][8] NarratedIbn'Abbas:ThattheProphetsaid:"Ifamansaystoanotherman:'OyouJew'thenbeathimtwentytimes.Ifhesays:'Oyoueffeminate'thenbeathimtwentytimes.AndwhoeverhasrelationswithsomeonethatisaMahram(familymemberorbloodrelative)thenkillhim."— Jami`at-Tirmidhi,17:46 Masturbation[edit] Mainarticle:Islamandmasturbation Islamicscripturedoesnotspecificallymentionmasturbation.ThereareafewHadithsmentioningit,buttheseareclassifiedasunreliable.[51] Bestiality[edit] Accordingtohadith,bestialityisdefinedunderzinaanditspunishmentisexecutionoftheaccusedmanorwomanalongwiththeanimal.[2][9] NarratedIbn'Abbas:ThattheMessengerofAllahsaid:"Whomeveryouseehavingrelationswithananimalthenkillhimandkillanimal."SoitwassaidtoIbn'Abbas:"Whatisthecaseoftheanimal?"Hesaid:"IdidnothearanythingfromtheMessengerofAllahaboutthis,butIseethattheMessengerofAllahdislikedeatingitsmeatorusingit,duetothefactthatsucha(heinous)thinghasbeendonewiththatanimal."— Jami`at-Tirmidhi,17:38 Inclusionsinthedefinition[edit] Zinaencompassesanysexualintercourseexceptthatbetweenhusbandandwife.Itincludesbothextramaritalsexandpremaritalsex,andisoftentranslatedas"fornication"inEnglish.[52] Technically,zinaonlyreferstotheactofpenetration,whilenon-penetrativesexactsoutsideofmarriagewerecensuredbytheProphetasthatwhichcanleadtozina.[17][53] Accordingtosharia,thepunishmentforzinavariesaccordingtowhethertheoffenderismuhsan(adult,free,Muslimandmarriedatleastonce)ornotmuhsan(i.e.aminor,aslave,anon-Muslimornevermarried).Apersononlyqualifiesasmuhsanifheorshemeetsallofthecriteria.Thepunishmentforanoffenderwhoismuhsanisstoning.(rajm);thepunishmentforanoffenderwhoisnotmuhsanis100lashes. [54] Accusationprocessandpunishment[edit] Islamiclawrequiresevidencebeforeamanorawomancanbepunishedforzina.Theseare:[52][page needed][23][55] AMuslimconfessestozinafourseparatetimes.However,iftheconfessortakesbackhiswordsbeforethepunishmentisenforcedorduringthepunishment,he/shewillbereleasedandsetfree.Theconfessorisinfactencouragedtotakebacktheirconfession.[56][57] FourfreeadultmaleMuslimwitnessesofprovenintegrity.Theymusttestifythattheyobservedthecoupleengagedinunlawfulsexualintercoursewithoutanydoubtorambiguity.Theyareabletosaythattheysawtheirprivatepartsmeet"liketheKohlneedleenteringtheKohlbottle." Unlikewitnessesinmostothercircumstances,theyareneitherlegallynormorallyobligedtotestify,andinfactlegaltextsstatethatitismorallybetteriftheydon't. Ifanyofthewitnessestakebacktheirtestimonybeforetheactualpunishmentisenforced,thenthepunishmentwillbeabandoned,andthewitnesseswillbepunishedforthecrimeoffalseaccusation. Thewitnessesmustgivetheirtestimonyattheearliestopportunity. Iftheoffenseispunishedbystoningtodeath,thewitnessesmustthrowthestones. IfapregnantwomanconfessesthatherbabywasbornfromanillegalrelationshipthenshewillbesubjecttoconvictionintheIslamiccourts.Incaseswheretherearenowitnessesandnoconfessionthenthewomanwillnotreceivepunishmentjustbecauseofpregnancy.Womencanfallpregnantwithoutcommittingillegalsexualintercourse.Awomancouldberapedorcoerced.Inthiscase,sheisavictimandnottheperpetratorofacrime.Therefore,shecannotbepunishedorevenaccusedofmisconductmerelyonthestrengthofherfallingpregnant.[57][58][59] ThefourwitnessesrequirementforzinaisrevealedbyQuranicverses24:11through24:13andvarioushadiths.[60][61]Thetestimonyofwomenandnon-Muslimsisnotadmittedincasesofzinaorinotherhaddcrimes. Anywitnesstoorvictimofnon-consensualsexualintercourse,whoaccusesaMuslimofzina,butfailstoproducefouradult,piousmaleeyewitnessesbeforeashariacourt,commitsthecrimeoffalseaccusation(Qadhf,القذف),punishablewitheightylashesinpublic.[62][63] Theserequirementsmadezinavirtuallyimpossibletoproveinpractice.[1]Hence,thereareveryfewrecordedexamplesofstoningforzinabeinglegallycarriedout.[1][13]Inthe623-yearhistoryoftheOttomanEmpire,thebest-documentedandmostwell-knownpre-modernIslamiclegalsystem,thereisonlyonerecordedexampleofthestoningpunishmentbeingappliedforzina,whenaMuslimwomanandherJewishloverwereconvictedofzinain1680andsentencedtodeath,thewomanbystoningandthemanbybeheading.ThiswasamiscarriageofjusticeaccordingtothestandardsofIslamiclaw:adequateevidencewasnotproduced,andthecorrectpenaltyfornon-Muslimswas100lashesratherthandeath.[64] SomeschoolsofIslamicjurisprudence(fiqh)createdtheprincipleofshubha(doubt).Accordingtothisprinciple,ifthereisroomfordoubtintheperpetrator'smindaboutwhetherthesexualactwasillegal,heorsheshouldnotreceivethehaddpenalty,butcouldreceivealessseverepunishmentatthediscretionofthejudge.[23]Juristshadvaryingopinionsonwhatcountedaslegitimate"doubt"forthispurposes.Atypicalexampleisamanwhohassexwithhiswife'sorhisson'sslave.Thisiszina-amancanlawfullyhavesexonlywithhisownslave.Butamanmightplausiblybelievethathehadownershiprightsoverhiswife'sorhisson'sproperty,andsothinkthathavingsexwiththeirslaveswaslegal.TheḤanafījuristsoftheOttomanEmpireappliedtheconceptofdoubttoexemptprostitutionfromthehaddpenalty.Theirrationalewasthatsincelegalsexislegitimized,inpart,bypayment(thedowerpaidbythehusbandtothewifeuponmarriage,orthepurchasepriceofaslave),amanmightplausiblybelievethatprostitution,whichalsoinvolvesapaymentinreturnforsexualaccess,waslegal.[65]Itisimportanttonotethatthisprincipledidnotmeanthatsuchactsweretreatedaslegal:theyremainedoffenses,andcouldbepunished,buttheywerenotliableforthehaddpenaltyof100lashesorstoning. Sunnipractice[edit] Personswhoarenotmuhsan(i.e.aslave,aminor,nevermarried)arepunishedforzinawithonehundredlashesinpublic.[38][page needed][66] MalikischoolofIslamicjurisprudenceconsiderspregnancyassufficientandautomaticevidence,unlessthereisevidenceofrape.OtherSunnischoolsofjurisprudencerelyonearlyIslamicscholarsthatstatethatafetuscan"sleepandstopdevelopingfor5yearsinawomb",andthusawomanwhowaspreviouslymarriedbutnowdivorcedmaynothavecommittedzinaevenifshedeliversababyyearsafterherdivorce.[67]Theyalsoarguethatthewomanmayhavebeenforcedorcoerced(seesectionabove,'Accusationprocessandpunishment').ThepositionofmodernIslamicscholarsvariesfromcountrytocountry.Forexample,inMalaysiawhichofficiallyfollowstheShafi'ifiqh,Section23(2)through23(4)oftheSyariah(Sharia)CriminalOffences(FederalTerritories)Act1997state,[68] Section23(2)-Anywomanwhoperformssexualintercoursewithamanwhoisnotherlawfulhusbandshallbeguiltyofanoffenceandshallonconvictionbeliabletoafinenotexceedingfivethousandringgitortoimprisonmentforatermnotexceedingthreeyearsortowhippingnotexceedingsixstrokesortoanycombinationthereof. Section23(3)-Thefactthatawomanispregnantoutofwedlockasaresultofsexualintercourseperformedwithherconsentshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthecommissionofanoffenceundersubsection(2)bythatwoman. Section23(4)-Forthepurposeofsubsection(3),anywomanwhogivesbirthtoafullydevelopedchildwithinaperiodofsixqamariahmonthsfromthedateofhermarriageshallbedeemedtohavebeenpregnantoutofwedlock.— IslamicLawsofMalaysia[69] Minimalproofforzinaisstillthetestimonyoffourmaleeyewitnesses,eveninthecaseofhomosexualintercourse.[citationneeded] Prosecutionofextramaritalpregnancyaszina,aswellasprosecutionofrapevictimsforthecrimeofzina,havebeenthesourceofworldwidecontroversyinrecentyears.[70][71] Shi'apractice[edit] Again,minimalproofforzinaisthetestimonyoffourmaleeyewitnesses.TheShi'is,however,alsoallowthetestimonyofwomen,ifthereisatleastonemalewitness,testifyingtogetherwithsixwomen.Allwitnessesmusthaveseentheactinitsmostintimatedetails,i.e.thepenetration(like"astickdisappearinginakohlcontainer,"asthefiqhbooksspecify).Iftheirtestimoniesdonotsatisfytherequirements,theycanbesentencedtoeightylashesforunfoundedaccusationoffornication(kadhf).Iftheaccusedfreelyadmitstheoffense,theconfessionmustberepeatedfourtimes,justasinSunnipractice.Pregnancyofasinglewomanisalsosufficientevidenceofherhavingcommittedzina.[34][needquotationtoverify] Humanrightscontroversy[edit] Seealso:HumanrightsintheQuran Muslim-majorityregionswithzinalawsagainstconsensualpremaritalandextramaritalsex.[72][73][page needed] ThezinaandrapelawsofcountriesunderSharialawarethesubjectsofaglobalhumanrightsdebate.[74][75] HundredsofwomeninAfghanjailsarevictimsofrapeordomesticviolence.[71]Thishasbeencriticizedasleadingto"hundredsofincidentswhereawomansubjectedtorape,organgrape,waseventuallyaccusedofzināʾ"andincarcerated.[76] InPakistan,over200,000zinacasesagainstwomen,underitsHudoodlaws,wereunderprocessatvariouslevelsinPakistan'slegalsystemin2005.[70]Inadditiontothousandsofwomeninprisonawaitingtrialforzina-relatedcharges,therehasbeenaseverereluctancetoevenreportrapebecausethevictimfearsofbeingchargedwithzina,becauseoftheunIslamicnatureofPakistanilawsregardingsexualintercourse.UnderIslamiclaws,rapeisnotconsideredtobezinaandnopunishmentfallsonthevictim.ButrapefallsunderzinainPakistanilawintroducedinthe1980sandsometimesbecomespunishable.[notspecificenoughtoverify] Iranhasprosecutedmanycasesofzina,andenforcedpublicstoningtodeathofthoseaccusedbetween2001and2010.[77][78] ZinalawsareoneofmanyitemsofreformandsecularizationdebatewithrespecttoIslam.[79][80]Intheearly20thcentury,undertheinfluenceofcolonialera,manypenallawsandcriminaljusticesystemswerereformedawayfromShariainMuslim-majoritypartsoftheworld.Incontrast,inthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,afterrespectiveindependence,anumberofgovernmentsincludingPakistan,Morocco,MalaysiaandIranhaverevertedtoShariawithtraditionalinterpretationsofIslam'ssacredtexts.Zinaandhududlawshavebeenre-enactedandenforced.[81] ContemporaryhumanrightactivistsreferthisasanewphaseinthepoliticsofgenderinIslam,thebattlebetweenforcesoftraditionalismandmodernismintheMuslimworld,andtheuseofreligioustextsofIslamthroughstatelawstosanctionandpracticegender-basedviolence.[82][83] Incontrasttohumanrightsactivists,IslamicscholarsandIslamistpoliticalpartiesconsider'universalhumanrights'argumentsasimpositionofanon-MuslimcultureonMuslimpeople,adisrespectofcustomaryculturalpracticesandsexualcodesthatarecentraltoIslam.Zinalawscomeunderhudud –seenascrimeagainstAllah;theIslamistsrefertothispressureandproposalstoreformzinaandotherlawsascontrarytoIslam.AttemptsbyinternationalhumanrightstoreformreligiouslawsandcodesofIslamhasbecometheIslamistrallyingplatformsduringpoliticalcampaigns.[84][85] Inpopularculture[edit] TheStoningofSorayaM. –A2008Persian-languageAmericandramafilmadaptedfromFrench-IranianjournalistFreidouneSahebjam's1990bookLaFemmeLapidée,regardingtoamistaken-punishmentofafalsezinaaccusation. 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^EndExecutionsbyStoning-AnAppealAMNESTYINTERNATIONAL,15Jan2010 ^RehmanJ.(2007),Thesharia,Islamicfamilylawsandinternationalhumanrightslaw:Examiningthetheoryandpracticeofpolygamyandtalaq,InternationalJournalofLaw,PolicyandtheFamily,21(1),pp.108–127 ^SAFWAT(1982),OffencesandPenaltiesinIslamicLaw.IslamicQuarterly,vol.26,no.3,pp.149–181 ^WeissA.M.(2003),InterpretingIslamandwomen'srightsimplementingCEDAWinPakistan,InternationalSociology,18(3),pp.581–601 ^KAMALI(1998),PunishmentinIslamicLaw:ACritiqueoftheHududBillofKelantanMalaysia,ArabLawQuarterly,vol.13,no.3,pp.203–234 ^QURAISHI,A(1996),HerHonor:AnIslamicCritiqueoftheRapeLawsofPakistanfromaWoman-SensitivePerspective,MichiganJournalofInternationalLaw,vol.18,pp.287–320 ^A.SAJOO(1999),IslamandHumanRights:CongruenceorDichotomy,TempleInternationalandComparativeLawJournal,vol.4,pp.23–34 ^K.ALI(2003),ProgressiveMuslimsandIslamicJurisprudence:TheNecessityforCriticalEngagementwithMarriageandDivorceLaw,In:SAFI,O.(Ed.).ProgressiveMuslims:OnJustice,Gender,andPluralism,Oxford:Oneworld,pp.163–189 Furtherreading[edit] Calder,Norman,ColinImber,andR.Gleave.IslamicJurisprudenceintheClassicalEra.Cambridge,U.K.:CambridgeUP,2010. Johnson,Toni,andLaurenVriens,"Islam:GoverningUnderSharia.",CouncilonForeignRelations.CouncilonForeignRelations,Inc.,24Oct.2011.Web.19Nov.2011. Karamah:MuslimWomenLawyersforHumanRights,"Zina,Rape,andIslamicLaw:AnIslamicLegalAnalysisoftheRapeLawsinPakistan."26Nov.2011. Khan,Shahnaz."LocatingTheFeministVoice:TheDebateOnTheZinaOrdinance."FeministStudies30.3(2004):660–685.AcademicSearchComplete.Web.28Nov.2011. McAuliffe,JaneDammen.TheCambridgeCompaniontotheQurʼān.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP,2006 Peters,R."ZināorZināʾ(a.)."EncyclopaediaofIslam,SecondEdition.Editedby:P.Bearman;,Th.Bianquis;,C.E.Bosworth;,E.vanDonzel;andW.P.Heinrichs.Brill,2011.BrillOnline.UNIVERSITYOFTEXASATAUSTIN.17November2011 Peters,R."TheIslamizationofcriminallaw:Acomparativeanalysis",inWI,xxxiv(1994),246–74. Quraishi,Asifa."IslamicLegalAnalysisofZinaPunishmentofBariyaIbrahimMagazu,Zamfara,Nigeria."MuslimWomen'sLeague.MuslimWomen'sLeague,20Jan.2001 Externallinks[edit] ZinaprosecutioninKatsinaState,NorthernNigeriaProceedingsandJudgmentsintheAminaLawalCase(2002) ShariaLaw FalseAccusationUnderIslamicLaw ArticlesandOpinions:AmericanMuslimsneedtospeakoutagainstviolationsofIslamicShariahlaw(AsmaSociety) UnderstandingIslamicLaw:FromClassicaltoContemporary-ZinaChapter,p.43,atGoogleBooks,HishamM.Ramadan Afghanistan:SurgeinWomenJailedfor‘MoralCrimes’ZinainAfghanistan,HumanRightsWatch(May21,2013) MukhtarMai-historyofarapecase,Pakistan,BBCNews FateofanotherroyalfoundguiltyofadulteryZinainSaudiArabia,TheIndependent(2009),UK Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zina&oldid=1075195368" Categories:AdulteryinlawArabicwordsandphrasesinShariaIslamiccriminaljurisprudenceIslamicterminologyMarriageandreligionSexualabstinenceandreligionSexualityinIslamSharialegalterminologySinWomen'srightsinIslamHiddencategories:CS1usesArabic-languagescript(ar)CS1Arabic-languagesources(ar)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromJanuary2016AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesArticlescontainingSindhi-languagetextArticlescontainingArabic-languagetextAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2022WikipediaarticlesneedingfactualverificationfromJanuary2016PagesincorrectlyusingtheBlockquotetemplateArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2016WikipediaarticlesneedingpagenumbercitationsfromJanuary2016ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromSeptember2014WikipediaarticlesneedingfactualverificationfromJuly2017 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةবাংলাDeutschEspañolفارسیहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתҚазақшаമലയാളംBahasaMelayu日本語НохчийнOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishسنڌيکوردیSvenskaاردو中文 Editlinks