Performativity - Wikipedia

Performativity is the concept that language can function as a form of social action and have the effect of change. The concept has multiple applications in ... Performativity FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Thisarticleincludesalistofgeneralreferences,butitlackssufficientcorrespondinginlinecitations.Pleasehelptoimprovethisarticlebyintroducingmoreprecisecitations.(December2011)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Performativityistheconceptthatlanguagecanfunctionasaformofsocialactionandhavetheeffectofchange.[1]Theconcepthasmultipleapplicationsindiversefieldssuchasanthropology,socialandculturalgeography,economics,genderstudies(socialconstructionofgender),law,linguistics,performancestudies,history,managementstudiesandphilosophy. TheconceptisfirstdescribedbyphilosopheroflanguageJohnL.Austinwhenhereferredtoaspecificcapacity:thecapacityofspeechandcommunicationtoactortoconsummateanaction.Austindifferentiatedthisfromconstativelanguage,whichhedefinedasdescriptivelanguagethatcanbe"evaluatedastrueorfalse".Commonexamplesofperformativelanguagearemakingpromises,betting,performingaweddingceremony,anumpirecallingastrike,orajudgepronouncingaverdict.[1] InfluencedbyAustin,philosopherandgendertheoristJudithButlerarguedthatgenderissociallyconstructedthroughcommonplacespeechactsandnonverbalcommunicationthatareperformative,inthattheyservetodefineandmaintainidentities.[2]Thisviewofperformativityreversestheideathataperson'sidentityisthesourceoftheirsecondaryactions(speech,gestures).Instead,itviewsactions,behaviors,andgesturesasboththeresultofanindividual'sidentityaswellasasourcethatcontributestotheformationofone'sidentitywhichiscontinuouslybeingredefinedthroughspeechactsandsymboliccommunication.[1]ThisviewwasalsoinfluencedbyphilosopherssuchasMichelFoucaultandLouisAlthusser.[3] Contents 1History 1.1J.L.Austin 1.1.1InfluenceofAustin 2JudithButler 2.1Performancetheoryandgenderperspectives 2.2Theoreticalcriticisms 3Jean-FrançoisLyotard 4JacquesDerrida 5JohnSearle'sreformulation 6Variousapplications 6.1Economicsandfinance 6.2Managementstudies 6.3Journalism 6.4Videoart 7References 8Furtherreading History[edit] J.L.Austin[edit] ThetermderivesfromthefoundingworkinspeechacttheorybyordinarylanguagephilosopherJ.L.Austin.Inthe1950s,Austingavethenameperformativeutterancestosituationswheresayingsomethingwasdoingsomething,ratherthansimplyreportingonordescribingreality.Theparadigmaticcasehereisspeakingthewords"Ido".[4]Austindidnotusethewordperformativity. Breakingwithanalyticphilosophy,AustinarguedinHowtoDoThingsWithWordsthata"performativeutterance"cannotbesaidtobeeithertrueorfalseasaconstativeutterancemightbe:itcanonlybejudgedeither"happy"or"infelicitous"dependinguponwhethertheconditionsrequiredforitssuccesshavebeenmet.Inthissense,performativityisafunctionofthepragmaticsoflanguage.Havingshownthatallutterancesperformactions,evenapparentlyconstativeones,Austinfamouslydiscardedthedistinctionbetween"performative"and"constative"utteranceshalfwaythroughthelectureseriesthatbecamethebookandreplaceditwithathree-levelframework: locution(theactualwordsspoken,thatwhichthelinguistsandlinguisticphilosophersofthedayweremostlyinterestedinanalyzing) illocutionaryforce(whatthespeakerisattemptingtodoinutteringthelocution) perlocutionaryeffect(theactualeffectthespeakeractuallyhasontheinterlocutorbyutteringthelocution) Forexample,ifaspeechactisanattempttodistractsomeone,theillocutionaryforceistheattempttodistractandtheperlocutionaryeffectistheactualdistractioncausedbythespeechactintheinterlocutor. InfluenceofAustin[edit] Austin'saccountofperformativityhasbeensubjecttoextensivediscussioninphilosophy,literature,andbeyond.JacquesDerrida,ShoshanaFelman,JudithButler,andEveKosofskySedgwickareamongthescholarswhohaveelaborateduponandcontestedaspectsofAustin'saccountfromthevantagepointofdeconstruction,psychoanalysis,feminism,andqueertheory.Particularlyintheworkoffeministsandqueertheorists,performativityhasplayedanimportantroleindiscussionsofsocialchange(Oliver2003). Theconceptofperformativityhasalsobeenusedinscienceandtechnologystudiesandineconomicsociology.AndrewPickeringhasproposedtoshiftfroma"representationalidiom"toa"performativeidiom"inthestudyofscience.MichelCallonhasproposedtostudytheperformativeaspectsofeconomics,i.e.theextenttowhicheconomicscienceplaysanimportantrolenotonlyindescribingmarketsandeconomies,butalsoinframingthem.KarenBaradhasarguedthatscienceandtechnologystudiesdeemphasizetheperformativityoflanguageinordertoexploretheperformativityofmatter(Barad2003). Otherusesofthenotionofperformativityinthesocialsciencesincludethedailybehavior(orperformance)ofindividualsbasedonsocialnormsorhabits.PhilosopherandfeministtheoristJudithButlerhasusedtheconceptofperformativityinheranalysisofgenderdevelopment,aswellasinheranalysisofpoliticalspeech.EveKosofskySedgwickdescribesqueerperformativityasanongoingprojectfortransformingthewaywemaydefine—andbreak—boundariestoidentity.Throughhersuggestionthatshameisapotentiallyperformativeandtransformationalemotion,Sedgwickhasalsolinkedqueerperformativitytoaffecttheory.AlsoinnovativeinSedgwick'sdiscussionoftheperformativeiswhatshecallsperiperformativity(2003:67–91),whichiseffectivelythegroupcontributiontothesuccessorfailureofaspeechact. JudithButler[edit] Mainarticle:Genderperformativity PhilosopherandfeministtheoristJudithButlerofferedanew,moreContinental(specifically,Foucauldian)readingofthenotionofperformativity,whichhasitsrootsinlinguisticsandphilosophyoflanguage.Theydescribeperformativityas"thatreiterativepowerofdiscoursetoproducethephenomenathatitregulatesandconstrains."[5]Theyhavelargelyusedthisconceptintheiranalysisofgenderdevelopment.[6] Theconceptplacesemphasisonthemannersbywhichidentityispassedorbroughttolifethroughdiscourse.Performativeactsaretypesofauthoritativespeech.Thiscanonlyhappenandbeenforcedthroughthelawornormsofthesociety.Thesestatements,justbyspeakingthem,carryoutacertainactionandexhibitacertainlevelofpower.Examplesofthesetypesofstatementsaredeclarationsofownership,baptisms,inaugurations,andlegalsentences.Somethingthatiskeytoperformativityisrepetition.[7]Thestatementsarenotsingularinnatureoruseandmustbeusedconsistentlyinordertoexertpower(Hall2000). Performancetheoryandgenderperspectives[edit] Butlerexplainsgenderasanact.Anactthatpeoplecometoperforminthemodeofbeliefwhichhasbeenrehearsedmuchlikeascript.Itisfurtherassertedthatpeoplemakearealitythroughrepetition(justasactorswhomakeascript).Butlerseesgendernotasanexpressionofwhatoneis,ratherassomethingthatonedoes.Furthermore,theyseeitnotasasocialimpositiononagenderneutralbody,butratherasamodeof"self-making"throughwhichsubjectsbecomesociallyintelligible.AccordingtoButler'stheory,homosexualityandheterosexualityarenotfixedcategories.ForButler,apersonismerelyinaconditionof"doingstraightness"or"doingqueerness"(Lloyd,1999). "ForButler,thedistinctionbetweenthepersonalandthepoliticalorbetweenprivateandpublicisitselfafictiondesignedtosupportanoppressivestatusquo:ourmostpersonalactsare,infact,continuallybeingscriptedbyhegemonicsocialconventionsandideologies"(Felluga,2006). Theoreticalcriticisms[edit] SeveralcriticismshavebeenraisedregardingButler'sconceptofperformativity.Thefirstisthatthetheoryisindividualinnatureanddoesnottakeintoconsiderationsuchfactorsasthespacewithinwhichtheperformanceoccurs,theothersinvolved,andhowothersmightseeorinterpretwhattheywitness.Alsooverlookedaretheunplannedeffectsoftheperformanceactandthecontingenciessurroundingit(Lloyd,1999). AnothercriticismisthatButlerisnotclearabouttheconceptofsubject.IthasbeensaidthatinButler'swritings,thesubjectsometimesonlyexiststentatively,sometimespossessesa"real"existence,andothertimesissociallyactive.Also,someobservethatthetheorymightbebettersuitedtoliteraryanalysisasopposedtosocialtheory.(Brickell,2005) OtherscriticizeButlerfortakingethnomethodologicalandsymbolicinteractionistsociologicalanalysesofgenderandmerelyreinventingthemintheconceptofperformativity(Dunn1997;Green2007).Forexample,Green(2007)arguesthattheworkofKesslerandMcKenna(1978)andWestandZimmerman(1987)buildsdirectlyfromGarfinkel(1967)andGoffman(1959)todeconstructgenderintomomentsofattributionanditerationinacontinualsocialprocessof"doing"masculinityandfemininityintheperformativeinterval.Theselatterworksarepremisedonthenotionthatgenderdoesnotprecedebut,rather,followsfrompractice,instantiatedinmicro-interaction.Butlerbuildsoffofthisnotionofgender'sconstructednaturetoenhancetheframesofanalysisforrecognizingandunderstandingmarginalizedandoppressedidentitiesandgroups. Jean-FrançoisLyotard[edit] InThePostmodernCondition:AReportonKnowledge(1979,Englishtranslation1986),philosopherandculturaltheoristJean-FrançoisLyotarddefinedperformativityasthedefiningmodeoflegitimationofpostmodernknowledgeandsocialbonds,thatis,power.[8]IncontrasttothelegitimationofmodernknowledgethroughsuchgrandnarrativesasProgress,Revolution,andLiberation,performativityoperatesbysystemoptimizationorthecalculationofinputandoutputs.Inafootnote,LyotardalignsperformativitywithAustin'sconceptofperformativespeechact.Postmodernknowledgemustnotonlyreport:itmustdosomethinganddoitefficientlybymaximizinginput/outputratios. LyotardusesWittgenstein'snotionoflanguagegamestotheorizehowperformativitygovernsthearticulation,funding,andconductofcontemporaryresearchandeducation,arguingthatatbottomitinvolvesthethreatofterror:"beoperational(thatiscommensurable)ordisappear"(xxiv).WhileLyotardishighlycriticalofperformativity,henotesthatitcallsonresearcherstoexplainnotonlytheworthoftheirworkbutalsotheworthofthatworth. Lyotardassociatedperformativitywiththeriseofdigitalcomputersinthepost-WorldWarIIperiod.InPostwar:AHistoryofEuropeSince1945,historianTonyJudtcitesLyotardtoarguethattheLefthaslargelyabandonedrevolutionarypoliticsforhumanrightsadvocacy.Thewidespreadadoptionofperformancereviews,organizationalassessments,andlearningoutcomesbydifferentsocialinstitutionsworldwidehasledsocialresearcherstotheorize"auditculture"and"globalperformativity". AgainstperformativityandJurgenHabermas'callforconsensus,Lyotardarguedforlegitimationbyparalogy,orthedestabilizing,oftenparadoxical,introductionofdifferenceintolanguagegames. JacquesDerrida[edit] PhilosopherJacquesDerridadrewonAustin'stheoryofperformativespeechactwhiledeconstructingitslogocentricandphonocentricpremisesandreinscribingitwithintheoperationsofgeneralizedwriting.Incontrasttostructuralism'sfocusonlinguisticform,Austinhadintroducedtheforceofspeechacts,whichDerridaalignswithNietzsche'sinsightsonlanguage. In"Signature,Event,Context,"DerridafocusedonAustin'sprivilegingofspeechandtheaccompanyingpresumptionsofthepresenceofaspeaker("signature")andtheboundingofaperformative'sforcebyanactoracontext.Inapassagethatwouldbecomeatouchstoneofpoststructuralistthought,Derridastressesthecitationalityoriterabilityofanyandallsigns.Everysign,linguisticornonlinguistic,spokenorwritten(inthecurrentsenseofthisopposition),inasmallorlargeunit,canbecited,putbetweenquotationmarks;indoingsoitcanbreakwitheverygivencontext,engenderinganinfinityofnewcontextsinamannerwhichisabsolutelyillimitable.Thisdoesnotimplythatthemarkisvalidoutsideofacontext,butonthecontrarythatthereareonlycontextswithoutanycenterorabsoluteanchorage[ancrage].Thiscitationality,thisduplicationorduplicity,thisiterabilityofthemarkisneitheranaccidentnorananomaly,itisthat(normal/abnormal)withoutwhichamarkcouldnotevenhaveafunctioncalled"normal."Whatwouldamarkbethatcouldnotbecited?Oronewhoseoriginswouldnotgetlostalongtheway?[9]Derrida'sstressonthecitationaldimensionofperformativitywouldbetakenupbyJudithButlerandothertheorists.Whileheaddressedtheperformativityofindividualsubjectformation,DerridaalsoraisedsuchquestionsaswhetherwecanmarkwhentheeventoftheRussianrevolutionwentawry,thusscalingupthefieldofperformativitytohistoricaldimensions. JohnSearle'sreformulation[edit] InATaxonomyofIllocutionaryActs,JohnSearletakesupandreformulatestheideasofhiscolleagueJ.L.Austin.[10]ThoughSearlelargelysupportsandagreeswithAustin'stheoryofspeechacts,hehasanumberofcritiques,whichheoutlines:"Insum,thereare(atleast)sixrelateddifficultieswithAustin'staxonomy;inascendingorderofimportance:thereisapersistentconfusionbetweenverbsandacts,notalltheverbsareillocutionaryverbs,thereistoomuchoverlapofthecategories,toomuchheterogeneitywithinthecategories,manyoftheverbslistedinthecategoriesdon'tsatisfythedefinitiongivenforthecategoryand,mostimportant,thereisnoconsistentprincipleofclassification."[11] HislastkeydeparturefromAustinliesinSearle'sclaimthatfourofhisuniversal'acts'donotneed'extra-linguistic'contextstosucceed.[12]AsopposedtoAustinwhothinksallillocutionaryactsneedextra-linguisticinstitutions,Searledisregardsthenecessityofcontextandreplacesitwiththe"rulesoflanguage".[12] Variousapplications[edit] Economicsandfinance[edit] Ineconomics,the"performativitythesis"istheclaimthattheassumptionsandmodelsusedbyprofessionalsandpopularizersaffectthephenomenatheypurporttodescribe;bringingtheworldmoreintolinewiththeory.[13][14]ThistheorywasdevelopedbyMichelCalloninTheLawsoftheMarkets,beforebeingfurtherdevelopedinDoEconomistsMakeMarketseditedbyDonaldAngusMacKenzie,FabianMuniesaandLuciaSiu,andinEnactingDismalScienceeditedbyIvanBoldyrevandEkaterinaSvetlova.[15][16]ThemostimportantworkinthefieldisthatofDonaldMacKenzieandYuvalMillo[17][18]onthesocialconstructionoffinancialmarkets.Inaseminalarticle,theyshowedthattheoptionpricingtheorycalledBSM(Black-Scholes-Merton)hasbeensuccessfulempiricallynotbecauseofthediscoveryofpreexistingpriceregularities,butbecauseparticipantsusedittosetoptionprices,sothatitmadeitselftrue. ThethesisofperformativityofeconomicshasbeenextensivelycriticizedbyNicolasBrissetinEconomicsandPerformativity.[19]BrissetdefendstheideathatthenotionofperformativityusedbyCallonianandLatouriansociologistsleadstoanoverlyrelativisticviewofthesocialworld.DrawingontheworkofJohnAustinandDavidLewis,Brissettheorizestheideaoflimitstoperformativity.Todothis,Brissetconsidersthatatheory,inordertobe"performative",mustbecomeaconvention.Thisrequiresconditionstobemet.Totakeaconventionstatus,atheorywillhaveto: Providesocialactorswitharepresentationoftheirsocialworldallowingthemtochooseamongseveralactions("Empiricity"condition); Indicateanoptionconsideredrelevantwhentheagreementisgeneralised("Self-fulfilling"condition); Becompatiblewithalltheconventionsconstitutingthesocialenvironment("Coherency"condition);[20] Basedonthisframework,BrissetcriticizedtheseminalworkofMacKenzieandMilloontheperformativityoftheBlack-Scholes-Mertonfinancialmodel.[21]DrawingontheworkofPierreBourdieu,BrissetalsousesthenotionofSpeechActtostudyeconomicmodelsandtheiruseinpoliticalpowerrelations.[22] MacKenzie'sapproachwasalsocriticizedbyUskaliMakifornotusingtheconceptofperformativityinaccordancewithAustin'sformulation.[23]Thispointgaverisetoadebateineconomicphilosophy.[24][25] Managementstudies[edit] Inmanagement,theconceptofperformativityhasalsobeenmobilized,relyingonitsdiverseconceptualizations(Austin,Barad,Barnes,Butler,Callon,Derrida,Lyotard,etc.).[26] Inthestudyofmanagementtheories,performativityshowshowactorsusetheories,howtheyproduceeffectsonorganizationalpracticesandhowtheseeffectsshapethesepractices.[27] Forinstance,bybuildingonMichelCallon'sperspective,theconceptofperformativityhasbeenmobilizedtoshowhowtheconceptofBlueOceanStrategytransformedorganizationalpractices.[28] Journalism[edit] TheGermannewsanchormanHannsJoachimFriedrichsoncearguedthatagoodjournalistshouldneveractincollusionwithanything,notevenwithagoodthing.IntheeveningofNovember9,1989,theeveningofthefalloftheBerlinWall,however,Friedrichsreportedlybrokehisownrulewhenheannounced:"Thegatesofthewallarewideopen."(„DieToreinderMauerstehenweitoffen.”)Inreality,thegateswerestillclosed.Accordingtoahistorian,itwasthisannouncementthatencouragedthousandsofEastBerlinerstomarchtowardsthewall,finallyforcingtheborderguardstoopenthegates.Inthesenseofperformativity,Friedrichs'swordsbecameareality.[29][30] Videoart[edit] Theoriesofperformativityhaveextendedacrossmultipledisciplinesanddiscussions.Notably,interdisciplinarytheoristJoséEstebanMuñozhasrelatedvideototheoriesofperformativity.Specifically,Muñozlooksatthe1996documentarybySusanaAikenandCarlosAparicio,"TheTransformation."[31] Althoughhistoricallyandtheoreticallyrelatedtoperformanceart,videoartisnotanimmediateperformance;itismediated,iterativeandcitational.Inthisway,videoartraisesquestionsofperformativity.Additionally,videoartfrequentlyputsbodiesanddisplay,complicatingborders,surfaces,embodiment,andboundariesandsoindexingperformativity. References[edit] ^abcCavanaugh,JillianR.(10March2015)."Performativity".Anthropology.doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0114.Retrieved10October2017. ^Butler,Judith(1990).GenderTrouble.NewYork:Routledge. ^CulturalStudiesandDiscourseAnalysis–Barker&Galasinski ^Austin,JL(1962).HowToDoThingsWithWords.p. 5. ^Butler,Judith(1993).BodiesthatMatter:OntheDiscursiveLimitsof"Sex".NewYork:Routledge.pp. xii.ISBN 9780415903660. ^Thisideawasfirstintroducedin1988inanissueofTheatreJournal(Brickell,2005). ^Halberstam,Jack(2014-05-16)."AnaudiooverviewofqueertheoryinEnglishandTurkishbyJackHalberstam".Retrieved29May2014. ^Lyotard,Jean-Francois(1986).ThePostmodernCondition:AReportonKnowledge.Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress.ISBN 978-0816611737. ^Derrida,Jacques(1988).Limited,Inc.Evanston:NorthwesternUniversityPress.p. 12.ISBN 978-0810107885. ^Searle,John(1979).Expressionandmeaning :studiesinthetheoryofspeechacts.CambridgeUniversityPress. ^Searle,John(1979).Expressionandmeaning :studiesinthetheoryofspeechacts.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 12. ^abSearle,John(1979).Expressionandmeaning :studiesinthetheoryofspeechacts.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 7. ^Healy,Kieran(2015)."ThePerformativityofNetworks"(PDF).EuropeanJournalofSociology.56(2):175–205.doi:10.1017/S0003975615000107.S2CID 152199942.Retrieved2015-11-19. ^DoingEconomics.MiltonKeynes:TheOpenUniversity.2010.p. 493.ISBN 978-1-8487-34692. ^"DoEconomistsMakeMarkets?". ^EnactingDismalScience-NewPerspectivesonthePerformativityofEconomics|IvanBoldyrev|PalgraveMacmillan. ^MacKenzie,Donald;Millo,Yuval(2003)."ConstructingaMarket,PerformingTheory:TheHistoricalSociologyofaFinancialDerivativesExchange".AmericanJournalofSociology.109(1):107–145.doi:10.1086/374404.ISSN 0002-9602.JSTOR 10.1086/374404.S2CID 145805302. ^Mackenzie,Donald(March2006)."IsEconomicsPerformative?OptionTheoryandtheConstructionofDerivativesMarkets".JournaloftheHistoryofEconomicThought.28(1):29–55.doi:10.1080/10427710500509722.ISSN 1469-9656.S2CID 14201125. ^Brisset,Nicolas(2018).EconomicsandPerformativity.Routledge. ^Brisset,Nicolas(2016-04-02)."Economicsisnotalwaysperformative:somelimitsforperformativity".JournalofEconomicMethodology.23(2):160–184.doi:10.1080/1350178X.2016.1172805.ISSN 1350-178X.S2CID 148033117. ^Brisset,Nicolas(December2017)."OnPerformativity:OptionTheoryandtheResistanceofFinancialPhenomena".JournaloftheHistoryofEconomicThought.39(4):549–569.doi:10.1017/S1053837217000128.ISSN 1053-8372.S2CID 158017241. ^Brisset,Nicolas(2018-01-02)."Modelsasspeechacts:thetellingcaseoffinancialmodels".JournalofEconomicMethodology.25(1):21–41.doi:10.1080/1350178X.2018.1419105.ISSN 1350-178X.S2CID 148612438. ^Mäki,Uskali(2013),Karakostas,Vassilios;Dieks,Dennis(eds.),"Performativity:SavingAustinFromMackenzie",EPSA11PerspectivesandFoundationalProblemsinPhilosophyofScience,Springer,pp. 443–453,retrieved2020-04-14 ^Guala,Francesco(2015-05-10)."PerformativityRationalized".Rochester,NY.SSRN 2616814.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Brisset,Nicolas(2017-09-01)."TheFutureofPerformativity".Œconomia.History,Methodology,Philosophy(7–3):439–452.doi:10.4000/oeconomia.2746.ISSN 2113-5207. ^Gond,Jean-Pascal;Cabantous,Laure;Harding,Nancy;Learmonth,Mark(2016)."WhatDoWeMeanbyPerformativityinOrganizationalandManagementTheory?TheUsesandAbusesofPerformativity"(PDF).InternationalJournalofManagementReviews.18(4):440–463.doi:10.1111/ijmr.12074.ISSN 1468-2370.S2CID 54218711. ^Marti,Emilio;Gond,Jean-Pascal(July2018)."WhenDoTheoriesBecomeSelf-Fulfilling?ExploringtheBoundaryConditionsofPerformativity"(PDF).AcademyofManagementReview.43(3):487–508.doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0071.ISSN 0363-7425.S2CID 59273544. ^Carton,Guillaume(2020-02-03)."HowAssemblagesChangeWhenTheoriesBecomePerformative:ThecaseoftheBlueOceanStrategy".OrganizationStudies.41(10):1417–1439.doi:10.1177/0170840619897197.ISSN 0170-8406.S2CID 213852753. ^"ZumJubiläum-derschönsteFehlerin40Jahren"Tagesthemen"". ^Sarotte,MaryElise(November2009)."MaryEliseSarotte--HowanaccidentcausedtheBerlinWalltocomedown". ^Muñoz.Disidentifications:QueersofColorandthePerformanceofPolitics. Furtherreading[edit] Austin,J.L.1962.HowtoDoThingswithWords.Oxford:ClarendonPress. Austin,J.L.1970."PerformativeUtterances."InAustin,"PhilosophicalPapers",233–52.London:OxfordUniversityPress. Bakhtin,Mikhail."DiscourseintheNovel",Thedialogicimagination :fouressays;editedbyMichaelHolquist;translatedbyCarylEmersonandMichaelHolquistAustin:UniversityofTexasPress,c1981. Barad,Karen.2003."PosthumanistPerformativity:TowardandUnderstandingofHowMatterComestoMatter."Signs:JournalofWomeninCultureandSociety28.3:801–831. Boldyrev,IvanandSvetlova,Ekaterina.2016.EnactingDismalScience:NewPerspectivesonthePerformativityofEconomics.Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan. Brickell,Chris.2005."Masculinities,Performativity,andSubversion:ASociologicalReappraisal."MenandMasculinities8.1:24–43. Brisset,Nicolas.2017."Onperformativity:OptionTheoryandtheResistanceofFinancialPhenomena".JournaloftheHistoryofEconomicThought.39(4) :549–569.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1053837217000128 Brisset,Nicolas.2019.EconomicsandPerformativity.Exploringlimits,TheoriesandCases.RoutledgeINEMAdvancesinEconomicMethodology. Butler,Judith.1993.BodiesthatMatter.OntheDiscursiveLimitsofSex.LondonandNewYork:Routledge. Butler,Judith.1997.ExcitableSpeech:APoliticsofthePerformative.LondonandNewYork:Routledge. Butler,Judith.2000."CriticallyQueer",inIdentity:AReader.London:SagePublications. Butler,Judith.2010."PerformativeAgency",inJournalofCulturalEconomy3:2,147–161.doi:10.1080/17530350.2010.494117. Callon,Michel.1998."Introduction:theEmbeddednessofEconomicMarketsinEconomics".InM.Callon(ed.),TheLawsoftheMarkets.Oxford:Blackwell. Derrida,Jacques.1971."Signature,Event,Context",inLimited,inc.,Evanston:NorthwesternUniv.Press,1988. Dunn,R.G.1997."Self,IdentityandDifference:MeadandthePoststructuralists."SociologicalQuarterly38.4:687–705. Felluga,Dino."ModulesonButler".Retrievedon10/30/06fromModulesonButlerII:Performativity. Felman,Shoshana.1980/2003.TheScandaloftheSpeakingBody:DonJuanWithJ.L.Austin,orSeductioninTwoLanguages.TranslatedbyCatherinePorter.Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress. Garfinkel,Harold.1967.StudiesinEthnomethodology.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall. Goffman,Erving.1959.ThePresentationofSelfinEverydayLife.GardenCity,NY:Anchor. Glass,Michael&Rose-Redwood,Reuben.2014.Performativity,Politics,andtheProductionofSocialSpace.NewYork:Routledge. Goffman,Erving.1976."GenderDisplay"and"GenderCommercials."GenderAdvertisements.NewYork:HarperandRow. Goffman,Erving.1983."FrameAnalysisofTalk."TheGoffmanReader,LemertandBranaman,eds.,Blackwell,1997. Green,AdamIsaiah.2007."QueerTheoryandSociology:LocatingtheSubjectandtheSelfinSexualityStudies."SociologicalTheory25.1:26–45. Hall,Stuart.2000."WhoNeedsIdentity?"InIdentity:AReader.London:SagePublications. Hawkes,David.2020.TheReignofAnti-logos:PerformanceinPostmodernity(PalgraveInsightsintoApocalypseEconomics),LondonandNewYork:PalgraveMacmillan. Kessler,Suzanne,andWendyMcKenna.1978.Gender:AnEthnomethodologicalApproach.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress. Kulick,Don(April2003)."No".Language&Communication.23(2):139–151.doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(02)00043-5.Pdf. Lloyd,Moya.1999."Performativity,Parody,Politics",Theory,Culture&Society,16(2),195–213. Matynia,Elzbieta.2009.PerformativeDemocracy.Boulder:Paradigm. Membretti,Andrea.2009."Perunusoperformativodelleimmagininellaricerca-azionesociale",LoSquadernon.12(http://www.losquaderno.professionaldreamers.net/?p=1101) McKenzie,Jon."PerformorElse:FromDisciplinetoPerformance."London:Routledge,2001. McKenzie,Jon,HeikeRoms,andC.J.Wan-ling.Wee."ContestingPerformance:GlobalSitesofResearch."Basingstoke,UK:PalgraveMacmillan,2010. Muñoz,PerformingDisidentifications.Disidentifications:QueersofColorandthePerformanceofPolitics.1999. Oliver,Kelly.2003."WhatIsTransformativeaboutthePerformative?FromRepetitiontoWorkingThrough."InAnnCahillandJenniferHansen,eds.,ContinentalFeminismReader. ParkerandSedgwick,Introduction:PerformativityandPerformance.PerformativityandPerformance.1995. Pickering,Andrew.1995.TheMangleofPractice:Time,AgencyandScience.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress. Robinson,Douglas.2003.PerformativeLinguistics:SpeakingandTranslatingasDoingThingsWithWords.LondonandNewYork:Routledge. Robinson,Douglas.2006.IntroducingPerformativePragmatics.LondonandNewYork:Routledge. Roudavski,Stanislav.2008.StagingPlacesasPerformances:CreativeStrategiesforArchitecture(PhD,UniversityofCambridge) Rosaldo,Michele.1980.Thethingswedowithwords:Ilongotspeechactsandspeechacttheoryinphilosophy.LanguageinSociety11:203–237. Searle,John.1969."SpeechActs:AnEssayinthePhilosophyofLanguage".Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. Sedgwick,EveKosovsky.2003.TouchingFeeling:Affect,Pedagogy,Performativity.Durham,NC:DukeUniversityPress. West,CandaceandDonZimmerman.1987."DoingGender."GenderandSociety1.2:121–151. 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