Aquarium - Wikipedia

An aquarium (plural: aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and ... Aquarium FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Transparenttankofwaterforfishandwater-dwellingspecies Forotheruses,seePublicaquarium,Aquarium(disambiguation),Aquaria(videogame),andFishtank(disambiguation). Someofthisarticle'slistedsourcesmaynotbereliable.Pleasehelpthisarticlebylookingforbetter,morereliablesources.Unreliablecitationsmaybechallengedordeleted.(July2022)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TheunderwatertunnelintheLondonaquarium Afreshwateraquariumwithplantsandvarioustropicalfish Anaquarium(plural:aquariumsoraquaria)isavivariumofanysizehavingatleastonetransparentsideinwhichaquaticplantsoranimalsarekeptanddisplayed.Fishkeepersuseaquariatokeepfish,invertebrates,amphibians,aquaticreptiles,suchasturtles,andaquaticplants.Thetermaquarium,coinedbyEnglishnaturalistPhilipHenryGosse,combinestheLatinrootaqua,meaning'water',withthesuffix-arium,meaning'aplaceforrelatingto'.[1] Theaquariumprinciplewasfullydevelopedin1850bythechemistRobertWarington,whoexplainedthatplantsaddedtowaterinacontainerwouldgiveoffenoughoxygentosupportanimals,solongasthenumbersofanimalsdidnotgrowtoolarge.[2]TheaquariumcrazewaslaunchedinearlyVictorianEnglandbyGosse,whocreatedandstockedthefirstpublicaquariumattheLondonZooin1853,andpublishedthefirstmanual,TheAquarium:AnUnveilingoftheWondersoftheDeepSeain1854.[2]Smallaquariumsarekeptinthehomebyhobbyists.Therearelargepublicaquariumsinmanycities.Publicaquariumskeepfishandotheraquaticanimalsinlargetanks.Alargeaquariummayhaveotters,turtles,dolphins,sharks,andwhales.Mostaquariumtanksalsohaveplants.[citationneeded] Anaquaristownsfishormaintainsanaquarium,typicallyconstructedofglassorhigh-strengthacrylic.Cuboidaquariaarealsoknownasfishtanksorsimplytanks,whilebowl-shapedaquariaarealsoknownasfishbowls.Sizecanrangefromasmallglassbowl,afewlitersinvolume,toimmensepublicaquariaofthousandsofliters.Specializedequipmentmaintainsappropriatewaterqualityandothercharacteristicssuitablefortheaquarium'sresidents. Contents 1Historyandpopularization 1.1Antiquity 1.2Nineteenthcentury 1.3Twentiethcentury 2Design 2.1Materials 2.1.1Glass 2.1.2Acrylic 2.1.3Othermaterials 2.2Styles 2.2.1Kreisel 2.2.2Biotope 2.3Aquariumsizeandvolume 2.3.1Nanoaquariums 3Components 4Aquariummaintenance 4.1Waterconditions 4.2Nitrogencycle 4.2.1Theprocess 4.2.2Maintainingthenitrogencycle 4.3Biologicalload 4.3.1Calculatingcapacity 4.3.2Otherfactorsaffectingcapacity 5Aquariumclassifications 6Publicaquaria 7Virtualaquariums 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks Historyandpopularization[edit] Catandfishbowl,afterIsodaKoryusai.Originalc. 1775. Antiquity[edit] In1369,theHongwuEmperorofChinaestablishedaporcelaincompanythatproducedlargeporcelaintubsformaintaininggoldfish;overtime,peopleproducedtubsthatapproachedtheshapeofmodernfishbowls.[3]LeonhardBaldner,whowroteVogel-,Fisch-undTierbuch(Bird,Fish,andAnimalBook)in1666,maintainedweatherloachesandnewts.[4]ItissometimesheldthattheaquariumwasinventedbytheRomans,whoaresaidtohavekeptseabarbelsinmarble-and-glasstanks,butthisisdefinitelynottrue.[5] Nineteenthcentury[edit] Goldfishinaglass:portraitofThereseKrones,1824 Anaquariumofthe1850scontainingVallisneriaspiralisandcoldwaterfishfromShirleyHibberd'sTheBooksoftheAquariumsandWatersCabinets.London In1832,JeanneVillepreux-Power,apioneeringFrenchmarinebiologist,becamethefirstpersontocreateaquariaforexperimentingwithaquaticorganisms.In1836,soonafterhisinventionoftheWardiancase,Dr.NathanielBagshawWardproposedtousehistanksfortropicalanimals.In1841hedidso,thoughonlywithaquaticplantsandtoyfish.However,hesoonhousedrealanimals.In1838,FélixDujardinnotedowningasaltwateraquarium,thoughhedidnotusetheterm.[6]In1846,AnneThynnemaintainedstonycoralsandseaweedforalmostthreeyears,andwascreditedasthecreatorofthefirstbalancedmarineaquariuminLondon.[7][8]EnglishchemistRobertWaringtonexperimentedwitha13-galloncontainer,whichcontainedgoldfish,eelgrass,andsnails,creatingoneofthefirststableaquaria.TheaquariumprinciplewasfullydevelopedbyWarington,explainingthatplantsaddedtowaterinacontainerwouldgiveoffenoughoxygentosupportanimals,solongastheirnumbersdonotgrowtoolarge.[2]Hepublishedhisfindingsin1850intheChemicalSociety'sjournal.[9] TheJardinzoologiqueattheBoisdeBoulogneincludedanaquariumthathousedbothfreshandsaltwateranimals,1860inParis. Thekeepingoffishinanaquariumbecameapopularhobbyandspreadquickly.IntheUnitedKingdom,itbecamepopularafterornateaquariaincast-ironframeswerefeaturedattheGreatExhibitionof1851.In1853,theaquariumcrazewaslaunchedinEnglandbyPhilipHenryGossewhocreatedandstockedthefirstpublicaquariumintheLondonZoowhichcametobeknownastheFishHouse.[10]Gossecoinedtheword"aquarium",optingforthisterm(insteadof"aquaticvivarium"or"aqua-vivarium")in1854inhisbookTheAquariums:AnUnveilingoftheWondersoftheDeepWater.[2]Inthisbook,Gosseprimarilydiscussedsaltwateraquaria.[11]Inthe1850s,theaquariumbecameafadintheUnitedKingdom.[12] TankdesignsandtechniquesformaintainingwaterqualityweredevelopedbyWarington,latercooperatingwithGosseuntilhiscriticalreviewofthetankwatercomposition.EdwardEdwardsdevelopedtheseglass-frontedaquariainhis1858patentfora"dark-water-chamberslope-backtank",withwaterslowlycirculatingtoareservoirbeneath.[13] "WhatanAquariumShouldBe"–ahumorous1876Britishengraving,apparentlyshowingThomasHuxleydreamingaboutseacreatures GermanssoonrivaledtheBritishintheirinterest.In1854,ananonymousauthorhadtwoarticlespublishedaboutthesaltwateraquariaoftheUnitedKingdom:DieGartenlaube(TheGardenHouse)entitledDerOceanaufdemTische(TheOceanontheTable).However,in1856,DerSeeimGlase(TheLakeinaGlass)waspublished,discussingfreshwateraquaria,whichweremucheasiertomaintaininlandlockedareas.[14]In1862WilliamAlfordLloyd,thenbankruptbecauseofthecrazeinEnglandbeingover,movedtoGrindelDammthor,Hamburg,tosupervisetheinstallationofthecirculatingsystemandtanksattheHamburgAquarium.[citationneeded]Duringthe1870s,someofthefirstaquaristsocietieswereappearinginGermany.[15]TheUnitedStatessoonfollowed.Publishedin1858,HenryD.Butler'sTheFamilyAquariumwasoneofthefirstbookswrittenintheUnitedStatessolelyabouttheaquarium.[16]AccordingtotheJulyissueofTheNorthAmericanReviewofthesameyear,WilliamStimsonmayhaveownedsomeofthefirstfunctionalaquaria,andhadasmanyassevenoreight.[17]ThefirstaquaristsocietyintheUnitedStateswasfoundedinNewYorkCityin1893,followedbyothers.[15]TheNewYorkAquariumJournal,firstpublishedinOctober1876,isconsideredtobetheworld'sfirstaquariummagazine.[18] Anantiquecast-ironaquariummadebyJ.W.Fiske&Companyinthe1880s,NewYorkCity[19] IntheVictorianeraintheUnitedKingdom,acommondesignforthehomeaquariumwasaglassfrontwiththeothersidesmadeofwood(madewatertightwithapitchcoating).Thebottomwouldbemadeofslateandheatedfrombelow.[20]Moreadvancedsystemssoonbegantobeintroduced,alongwithtanksofglassinmetalframes.[20]Duringthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury,avarietyofaquariumdesignswereexplored,suchashangingtheaquariumonawall,mountingitaspartofawindow,orevencombiningitwithabirdcage.[21] Twentiethcentury[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(June2019) Around1908,thefirstmechanicalaquariumairpumpwasinvented,poweredbyrunningwater,insteadofelectricity.[22]Theintroductionoftheairpumpintothehobbyisconsideredbyseveralhistoriansofthehobbytobeapivotalmomentinitsdevelopment.[23] Pikeinanaquariumc. 1908,attheBelleIsleAquarium,BelleIslePark AquariabecamemorewidelypopularashouseshadanelectricitysupplyafterWorldWarI.Electricityallowedartificiallighting,aswellasaeration,filtration,andheatingofthewater.[24]Initially,amateuraquaristskeptnativefish(withtheexceptionofgoldfish);theavailabilityofexoticspeciesfromoverseasfurtherincreasedthepopularityoftheaquarium.[25]Jugsmadefromavarietyofmaterialswereusedtoimportfishfromoverseas,withabicyclefootpumpforaeration.[26]Plasticshippingbagswereintroducedinthe1950s,makingiteasiertoshipfish.[27]Theeventualavailabilityofairfreightallowedfishtobesuccessfullyimportedfromdistantregions.[4]PopularpublicationsstartedbyHerbertR.Axelrodinfluencedmanymorehobbyiststostartkeepingfish.[28]Inthe1960s,metalframesmademarineaquariaalmostimpossibleduetocorrosion,butthedevelopmentoftarandsiliconesealantallowedthefirstall-glassaquariamadebyMartinHorowitzinLosAngeles,CA.Theframesremained,however,thoughpurelyforaestheticreasons.[20] Japanplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleinshapingaquariumdesigninthelatterpartofthetwentiethcentury,withtheaquascapingdesignsofTakashiAmanoinfluencingfishkeeperstotreathomeaquariumsasaestheticallypleasingcompositions,ratherthansimplyasawayofdisplayingfishspecimens.[29] IntheUnitedStates,asof1996,aquariumkeepingisthesecond-mostpopularhobbyafterstampcollecting.[30]In1999,anestimated9.6millionUShouseholdsownedanaquarium.[31]Figuresfromthe2005/2006APPMANationalPetOwnersSurveyreportthatAmericansownapproximately139millionfreshwaterfishand9.6millionsaltwaterfish.[32]EstimatesofthenumbersoffishkeptinaquariainGermanysuggestatleast36million.[30]ThehobbyhasthestrongestfollowinginEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.IntheUnitedStates,40%ofaquaristsmaintaintwoormoretanks.[33] Overtime,therehasbeenanincreasingappreciationoftheusefulnessofaccesstoanaquariumtoprovidepotentialstressreductionandimprovementofmoodinpeopleobservingaquaticlife.[34][35]Accordingtotheresearchofhavinganaquariumismanyhealthbenefitslikereducestress,bloodpressureandheartrateimprovement,betterqualitysleep,reduceanxietyandpain,therapyofexcitedchildren,Alzheimer'stherapyandimproveproductivity. Design[edit] An80-litrehomeaquarium Materials[edit] Glass[edit] Theveryfirstmodernaquariummadeofglasswasdevelopedinthe19thcenturybyRobertWarrington.[36]DuringtheVictorianage,glassaquariumscommonlyhadslateorsteelbottoms,whichallowedthemtobeheatedunderneathbyanopen-flameheatsource.Theseaquariumshadtheglasspanelsattachedwithmetalframesandsealedwithputty.Metal-framedaquariumswerestillavailableuntilthemid-1960s,whenthemodern,silicone-sealedstylereplacedthem.Acrylicaquariumsfirstbecameavailabletothepublicinthe1970s.Laminatedglassissometimesused,whichcombinestheadvantagesofbothglassandacrylic.[37]AregulartankwithgoldfishonatableToday,mostaquariaconsistofglasspanesbondedtogetherby100%siliconesealant,[38]withplasticframesattachedtotheupperandloweredgesfordecoration.Theglassaquariumisstandardforsizesuptoabout1,000litres(260 US gal;220 imp gal).However,glassisbrittleandhasverylittlegivebeforefracturing,thoughgenerallythesealantfailsfirst.[37]Aquariaaremadeinavarietyofshapes,suchascuboid,hexagonal,angledtofitinacorner(L-shaped),andbow-front(thefrontsidecurvesoutwards).[39]Fishbowlsaregenerallyeithermadeofplasticorglass,andareeithersphericalorsomeotherroundconfigurationinshape.[citationneeded] Glassaquariahavebeenapopularchoiceformanyhomeandhobbyistaquaristsformanyyears.Oncesiliconesealantbecamestrongenoughtoensurealong-termwater-tightseal,iteliminatedtheneedforastructuralframe.Inadditiontolowercost,glassaquariaaremorescratchresistantthanacrylic.Althoughthepriceisoneofthemainconsiderationsforaquaristswhendecidingwhichofthesetwotypesofaquariatopurchase,forverylargetanks,thepricedifferencetendstodisappear.[citationneeded] AnaquariumintheBurjAlArabinDubai Acrylic[edit] Acrylicaquariaarenowtheprimarycompetitorwithglass.PriortotheinventionofUVstabilization,earlyacrylicaquariadiscoloredovertimewithexposuretolight;thisisnolongerthecase.Acrylicisgenerallystrongerthanglass,weighsless,andprovidesacertainamountoftemperatureinsulation.Incolderclimatesorenvironments,itiseasiertoachieveandmaintainatropicaltemperatureandrequireslesscapacityfromanaquariumheater.[40]Acrylic-solublecementsareusedtodirectlyfuseacrylictogether.[37]Acrylicallowsfortheformationofunusualshapes,suchasthehexagonaltank.[20]Acrylicsareeasiertoscratchthanglass,butunlikeglass,scratchesinacryliccanbepolishedout.[37] Othermaterials[edit] Largeaquariamightinsteadusestrongermaterialssuchasfiberglass-reinforcedplastics.However,thismaterialisnottransparent.[37]Reinforcedconcreteisusedforaquariawhereweightandspacearenotfactors.Concretemustbecoatedwithawaterprooflayertopreventthewaterfrombreakingdowntheconcrete,aswellaspreventingcontaminationofthewaterbytheconcrete.[37] Plywoodcanalsobeusedwhenbuildingaquaria.Thebenefitsofusingplywoodinclude:lowerconstructioncosts,lessweight,andbetterinsulation.Apopularpositioningchoiceforplywoodaquariaiskeepingtheminawall.Heretheuseofplywoodishiddenbysinkingtheaquariuminsidethewall.Puttinginsulationbetweenthetwohelpswiththeinsulationofaheatedtank.[41] Styles[edit] AMacQuarium Objectsusedforaquariumsinclude:coffeetables,sinks,andeventoilets.[42]AnothersuchexampleistheMacQuarium,anaquariummadefromtheshellofanAppleMacintoshcomputer.[43]Inrecentyears,elaboratecustom-designedhomeaquariumscostinghundredsofthousandsofdollarshavebecomestatussymbols—accordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,"amongpeopleofmeans,adazzlingaquariumisoneofthelastsurefirewaystoimpresstheirpeers."[42] Kreisel[edit] Atypicalkreiseltankhousingseveralmoonjellyfish Akreiseltank(kreiselbeingGermanfor"spinningtop"or"gyroscope")isanaquariumshapedlikeahorizontalcylinderthatisdesignedtoholddelicateanimalssuchasjellyfishandnewbornseahorses.Theseaquariumsprovideslow,circularwaterflowwithabareminimumofinteriorhardwaretopreventtheinhabitantsfrombecominginjuredbypumpsorthetankitself.[44]Thetankhasnosharpanglesarounditssidesandkeepsthehousedanimalsawayfromplumbing.Watermovingintothetankgivesagentleflowthatkeepstheinhabitantssuspended.Waterleavesthetankthroughascreenwhichpreventsanimalsfrombeingdrawnintothepumpintakeoroverflowline.[citationneeded] Thereareseveraltypesofkreiseltanks.Inatruekreisel,acirculartankhasacircular,submergedlid.Pseudokreiselsare"U"orsemicircleshaped,usuallywithoutalid.[45]Stretchkreiselsarea"doublegyre"kreiseldesign,wherethetanklengthisatleasttwicetheheight.Usingtwodownwellinginletsonbothsidesofthetankletsgravitycreatetwogyresinthetank.Asingledownwellinginletmaybeusedinthemiddleaswell.Thetopofastretchkreiselmaybeopenorclosedwithalid.Theremayalsobescreensaboutmidwaydownthesidesofthetank,oratthetoponthesides.[46]Itispossibletocombinethesedesigns;acircularshapedtankisusedwithoutalidorcover,andthesurfaceofthewateractsasthecontinuationofcircularflow.[47] Biotope[edit] Anotherpopularsetupisthebiotopeaquarium.Abiotopeaquariumisarecreationofaspecificnaturalenvironment.SomeofthemostpopularbiotopesarethefreshwaterhabitatsoftheAmazonandRioNegrorivers,theAfricanriftlakeenvironmentsofLakeMalawiandLakeTanganyika,andsaltwatercoralreefsofAustralia,theRedSea,andtheCaribbeanSea.Thefish,plants,substrate,rocks,wood,coral,andanyothercomponentofthedisplayshouldcompletelymatchthatofthelocalnaturalenvironment.Itcanbeachallengetorecreatesuchenvironments,andmost"true"biotopeswillonlyhaveafew(ifnotonlyone)speciesoffishandinvertebrates.[citationneeded] Finally,anemergingconceptforthehomeisthatofawallmountedaquarium,[48]someofwhicharedisplayedattheLivingArtMarineCenter[citationneeded]. Aquariumsizeandvolume[edit] A1,200,000-litre(320,000 US gal;260,000 imp gal)aquariumatMontereyBayAquariuminCalifornia,displayingakelpforestecosystem Anaquariumcanrangefromasmallglassbowlcontaininglessthan1litre(2.1 US pt)ofwatertoimmensepublicaquariathathouseentireecosystemssuchaskelpforests.RelativelylargehomeaquariaresistrapidfluctuationsoftemperatureandpH,allowingforgreatersystemstability.[39]Beginneraquaristsareadvisedtoconsiderlargertankstobeginwith,ascontrollingwaterparametersinsmallertankscanprovedifficult.[49] Small,unfilteredbowl-shapedaquariaarenowwidelyregardedasunsuitableformostfish.Inordertokeepwaterconditionsatsuitablelevels,aquariumsshouldcontainatleasttwoformsoffiltration:biologicalandmechanical.Chemicalfiltrationshouldalsobeconsideredundersomecircumstancesforoptimumwaterquality.Chemicalfiltrationisfrequentlyachievedviaactivatedcarbon,tofiltermedications,tannins,and/orotherknownimpuritiesfromthewater.[citationneeded] Reefaquariaunder100litres(26 US gal;22 imp gal)haveaspecialplaceintheaquariumhobby;theseaquaria,termednanoreefs(whenusedinreefkeeping),haveasmallwatervolume,under40litres(11 US gal;9 imp gal).[50] TunnelattheGeorgiaAquarium,USA Practicallimitations,mostnotablytheweightofwater(1kilogramperlitre(8.345 lb/U.S. gal;10.022 lb/imp gal))andinternalwaterpressure(requiringthickglasssiding)ofalargeaquarium,restrictmosthomeaquariatoamaximumofaround1cubicmetreinvolume(1000L,weighing1,000kgor2,200lb).[39]Someaquarists,however,haveconstructedaquariaofmanythousandsoflitres.[51] Publicaquariumsandoceanariumsdesignedforexhibitionoflargespeciesorenvironmentscanbedramaticallylargerthananyhomeaquarium.TheGeorgiaAquarium,forexample,featuresanindividualaquariumof6,300,000USgallons(24,000,000 l).[52] Nanoaquariums[edit] Anewtrendistohaveverysmallaquariums,termedminiaquariums(lessthan150litresor40gallons)ornanoaquariums(lessthan75litresor20gallons).Thesecanbeeitherfreshwaterorsaltwater,andareintendedtodisplayatinybutself-containedecosystem.[53][54][55] Components[edit] Filtrationsysteminatypicalaquarium:(1)intake,(2)mechanicalfiltration,(3)chemicalfiltration,(4)biologicalfiltrationmedium,(5)outflowtotank Thetypicalhobbyistaquariumincludesafiltrationsystem,anartificiallightingsystem,anairdiffuserandpump,andaheaterorchillerdependingontheaquarium'sinhabitants.Manyaquariaincorporateahood,containingthelights,todecreaseevaporationandpreventfishfromleavingtheaquarium(andanythingelsefromenteringtheaquarium).[39] Combinedbiologicalandmechanicalaquariumfiltrationsystemsarecommon.Theseeitherconvertammoniatonitrate(removingnitrogenattheexpenseofaquaticplants),ortosometimesremovephosphate.Filtermediacanhousemicrobesthatmediatenitrification.Filtrationsystemsaresometimesthemostcomplexcomponentofhomeaquaria.[56] Aquariumheaterscombineaheatingelementwithathermostat,allowingtheaquaristtoregulatewatertemperatureatalevelabovethatofthesurroundingair,whereascoolersandchillers(refrigerationdevices)areforuseanywhere,suchascoldwateraquaria,wheretheambientroomtemperatureisabovethedesiredtanktemperature.[39]Thermometersusedincludeglassalcoholthermometers,adhesiveexternalplasticstripthermometers,andbattery-poweredLCDthermometers.[39]Inaddition,someaquaristsuseairpumpsattachedtoairstonesorwaterpumpstoincreasewatercirculationandsupplyadequategasexchangeatthewatersurface.Wave-makingdeviceshavealsobeenconstructedtoprovidewaveaction.[37] Anaquarium'sphysicalcharacteristicsformanotheraspectofaquariumdesign.Size,lightingconditions,densityoffloatingandrootedplants,placementofbog-wood,creationofcavesoroverhangs,typeofsubstrate,andotherfactors(includinganaquarium'spositioningwithinaroom)canallaffectthebehaviorandsurvivaloftankinhabitants.[citationneeded] Anaquariumcanbeplacedonanaquariumstand.Becauseoftheweightoftheaquarium,astandmustbestrongaswellaslevel.Atankthatisnotlevelmaydistort,leak,orcrack.[39]Theseareoftenbuiltwithcabinetstoallowstorage,availableinmanystylestomatchroomdecor.Simplemetaltankstandsarealsoavailable.[39]Mostaquariashouldbeplacedonpolystyrenetocushionanyirregularitiesontheunderlyingsurfaceorthebottomofthetankitselfthatmaycausecracks.[39]However,sometankshaveanunderframemakingthisunnecessary.[citationneeded] Anotherimportantconsiderationforaquariumsistheirelectricalusage.Waterisexpensivetokeepheated,[57]alongwiththelightsthatmanyaquariums,especiallythosewithliveplantshave.Newaquaristsshouldalsopaycloseattentiontotheirelectricalsetupfortheiraquarium,takingcaretosetuppowerconnectionswithdriploopstopreventwaterfromgettingtooutlets.[58] Aquariummaintenance[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(February2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Largevolumesofwaterenablemorestabilityinatankbydilutingeffectsfromdeathorcontaminationeventsthatpushanaquariumawayfromequilibrium.Thebiggerthetank,theeasiersuchasystemicshockistoabsorb,becausetheeffectsofthateventarediluted.Forexample,thedeathoftheonlyfishinan11-litre(3 US gal;2 imp gal)tankcausesdramaticchangesinthesystem,whilethedeathofthatsamefishina400-litre(110 US gal;88 imp gal)tankwithmanyotherfishinitrepresentsonlyaminorchange.Forthisreason,hobbyistsoftenfavorlargertanks,astheyrequirelessattention. Severalnutrientcyclesareimportantintheaquarium.Dissolvedoxygenentersthesystematthesurfacewater-airinterface.Similarly,carbondioxideescapesthesystemintotheair.Thephosphatecycleisanimportant,althoughoftenoverlooked,nutrientcycle.Sulfur,iron,andmicronutrientsalsocyclethroughthesystem,enteringasfoodandexitingaswaste.Appropriatehandlingofthenitrogencycle,alongwithsupplyinganadequatelybalancedfoodsupplyandconsideredbiologicalloading,isenoughtokeeptheseothernutrientcyclesinapproximateequilibrium. Anaquariummustbemaintainedregularlytoensurethatthefisharekepthealthy.Dailymaintenanceconsistsofcheckingthefishforsignsofstressanddisease.[59]Also,aquaristsmustmakesurethatthewaterhasagoodqualityanditisnotcloudyorfoamyandthetemperatureofthewaterisappropriatefortheparticularspeciesoffishthatliveintheaquarium. Typicalweeklymaintenanceincludeschangingaround10–30%ormoreofthewaterwhilecleaningthegravel,orothersubstrateiftheaquariumhasone;howeversomemanagetoavoidthisentirelybykeepingitsomewhatself-sufficient.Agoodhabitistoremovethewaterbeingreplacedby"vacuuming"thegravelwithsuitableimplements,asthiswilleliminateuneatenfoodsandotherresiduesthatsettleonthesubstrate.[60]Inmanyareastapwaterisnotconsideredtobesafeforfishtoliveinbecauseitcontainschemicalsthatharmthefish.Tapwaterfromthoseareasmustbetreatedwithasuitablewaterconditioner,suchasaproductwhichremoveschlorineandchloramineandneutralizesanyheavymetalspresent.Thewaterconditionsmustbecheckedbothinthetankandinthereplacementwater,tomakesuretheyaresuitableforthespecies. Waterconditions[edit] Thesolutecontentofwaterisperhapsthemostimportantaspectofwaterconditions,astotaldissolvedsolidsandotherconstituentsdramaticallyimpactbasicwaterchemistry,andthereforehoworganismsinteractwiththeirenvironment.Saltcontent,orsalinity,isthemostbasicmeasureofwaterconditions.Anaquariummayhavefreshwater(salinitybelow500 partspermillion),simulatingalakeorriverenvironment;brackishwater(asaltlevelof500to30,000 PPM),simulatingenvironmentslyingbetweenfreshandsalt,suchasestuaries;andsaltwaterorseawater(asaltlevelof30,000to40,000 PPM),simulatinganoceanenvironment.Rarely,highersaltconcentrationsaremaintainedinspecializedtanksforraisingbrineorganisms. Saltwaterisusuallyalkaline,whilethepH(alkalinityoracidicity)offreshwatervariesmore.Hardnessmeasuresoveralldissolvedmineralcontent;hardorsoftwatermaybepreferred.Hardwaterisusuallyalkaline,whilesoftwaterisusuallyneutraltoacidic.[61]Dissolvedorganiccontentanddissolvedgasescontentarealsoimportantfactors. Homeaquariststypicallyusetapwatersuppliedthroughtheirlocalwatersupplynetworktofilltheirtanks.Straighttapwatercannotbeusedinlocalitiesthatpipechlorinatedwater.Inthepast,itwaspossibleto"condition"thewaterbysimplylettingthewaterstandforadayortwo,whichallowsthechlorinetimetodissipate.[61]However,chloramineisnowusedmoreoftenanddoesnotleavethewaterasreadily.Waterconditionersformulatedtoremovechlorineorchloramineareoftenallthatisneededtomakethewaterreadyforaquariumuse.Brackishorsaltwateraquariarequiretheadditionofacommerciallyavailablemixtureofsaltsandotherminerals. Thisaquariumfeaturesaheatedtankandaglass-enclosedtopforwarmthduringwinter. Someaquaristsmodifywater'salkalinity,hardness,ordissolvedcontentoforganicsandgases,beforeaddingittotheiraquaria.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyadditives,suchassodiumbicarbonate,toraisepH.[61]Someaquaristsfilterorpurifytheirwaterthroughdeionizationorreverseosmosispriortousingit.Incontrast,publicaquariawithlargewaterneedsoftenlocatethemselvesnearanaturalwatersource(suchasariver,lake,orocean)toreducetheleveloftreatment.Somehobbyistsuseanalgaescrubbertofilterthewaternaturally.[citationneeded] Watertemperaturedeterminesthetwomostbasicaquariumclassifications:tropicalversuscoldwater.Mostfishandplantspeciestolerateonlyalimitedtemperaturerange;tropicalaquaria,withanaveragetemperatureofabout25 °C(77 °F),aremuchmorecommon.Temperateorcoldwateraquariaareforfishthatarebettersuitedtoacoolerenvironment.Temperatureconsistencyismoreimportantthanrange.Mostorganismsarenotaccustomedtosuddenchangesintemperatures,whichcancauseshockandleadtodisease.[61]Watertemperaturecanberegulatedwithathermostatandheater(orcooler). Watermovementcanalsobeimportantinsimulatinganaturalecosystem.Aquaristsmaypreferanythingfromstillwateruptoswiftcurrents,dependingontheaquarium'sinhabitants.Watermovementcanbecontrolledviaaerationfromairpumps,powerheads,andcarefuldesignofinternalwaterflow(suchaslocationoffiltrationsystempointsofinflowandoutflow). Nitrogencycle[edit] Mainarticle:Nitrogencycle Thenitrogencycleinanaquarium Ofprimaryconcerntotheaquaristismanagementofthewasteproducedbyanaquarium'sinhabitants.Fish,invertebrates,fungi,andsomebacteriaexcretenitrogenwasteintheformofammonia(whichconvertstoammonium,inwater)andmusttheneitherpassthroughthenitrogencycleorberemovedbypassingthroughzeolite.[62]Ammoniaisalsoproducedthroughthedecompositionofplantandanimalmatter,includingfecalmatterandotherdetritus.Nitrogenwasteproductsbecometoxictofishandotheraquariuminhabitantsathighconcentrations.[61][page needed]Inthewild,thevastamountofwatersurroundingthefishdilutesammoniaandotherwastematerials.Whenfishareputintoanaquarium,wastecanquicklyreachtoxicconcentrationsintheenclosedenvironmentunlessthetankiscycledtoremovewaste.[61][page needed][63] Theprocess[edit] Awell-balancedtankcontainsorganismsthatareabletometabolizethewasteproductsofotheraquariumresidents,recreatingaportionofthenitrogencycle.Bacteriaknownasnitrifiers(genusNitrosomonas)metabolizenitrogenwaste.Nitrifyingbacteriacaptureammoniafromthewaterandmetabolizeittoproducenitrite.[citationneeded]Nitriteistoxictofishinhighconcentrations.Anothertypeofbacteria(genusNitrospira)convertsnitriteintonitrate,alesstoxicsubstance.(Nitrobacterbacteriawerepreviouslybelievedtofillthisrole.WhilebiologicallytheycouldtheoreticallyfillthesamenicheasNitrospira,ithasrecentlybeenfoundthatNitrobacterarenotpresentindetectablelevelsinestablishedaquaria,whileNitrospiraareplentiful.)[citationneeded]However,commercialproductssoldaskitsto"jumpstart"thenitrogencycleoftenstillcontainNitrobacter.[citationneeded] Aquaticplantsalsoeliminatenitrogenwastebymetabolizingammoniaandnitrate.Whenplantsmetabolizenitrogencompounds,theyremovenitrogenfromthewaterbyusingittobuildbiomassthatdecaysmoreslowlythanammonia-drivenplanktonalreadydissolvedinthewater.Somehobbyistsalsouse"anoxicfiltration,"whichreliesonbacteriathatliveinlow-oxygenenvironments.[64] Maintainingthenitrogencycle[edit] Liveplantsinanaquariumutilizethefinalproductinthenitrogencycleofnitrateasfertilizer,helpingthenitratelevelsstayminimal.This60-litreaquariumcontainsAnubiasbarteriandEchinodorusbleheri.Aheaterandsmallfilterareinthebackground. Thenitrogencycleinanaquariumisonlyaportionofthecompletecycle:nitrogenmustbeaddedtothesystem(usuallythroughfoodprovidedtothetankinhabitants),andnitratesaccumulateinthewaterattheendoftheprocess,orbecomeboundinthebiomassofplants.Theaquariumkeepermustremovewateroncenitrateconcentrationsgrow,orremoveplantswhichhavegrownfromthenitrates. Hobbyistaquariaoftendonothavesufficientbacteriapopulationstoadequatelydenitrifywaste.Thisproblemismostoftenaddressedthroughtwofiltrationsolutions:Activatedcarbonfiltersabsorbnitrogencompoundsandothertoxins,whilebiologicalfiltersprovideamediumdesignedtoenhancebacterialcolonization.Activatedcarbonandothersubstances,suchasammoniaabsorbingresins,stopworkingwhentheirporesfill,sothesecomponentshavetobereplacedregularly. Newaquariaoftenhaveproblemsassociatedwiththenitrogencycleduetoinsufficientbeneficialbacteria.[65]Therefore,freshwaterhastobematuredbeforestockingthemwithfish.Therearethreebasicapproachestothis:the"fishlesscycle",the"silentcycle"and"slowgrowth". Inafishlesscycle,smallamountsofammoniaareaddedtoanunpopulatedtanktofeedthebacteria.Duringthisprocess,ammonia,nitrite,andnitratelevelsaretestedtomonitorprogress.The"silent"cycleisbasicallynothingmorethandenselystockingtheaquariumwithfast-growingaquaticplantsandrelyingonthemtoconsumethenitrogen,allowingthenecessarybacterialpopulationstimetodevelop.Accordingtoanecdotalreports,theplantscanconsumenitrogenouswastesoefficientlythatammoniaandnitritelevelspikesseeninmoretraditionalcyclingmethodsaregreatlyreducedordisappear."Slowgrowth"entailsslowlyincreasingthepopulationoffishoveraperiodof6to8weeks,givingbacteriacoloniestimetogrowandstabilizewiththeincreaseinfishwaste.Thismethodisusuallydonewithasmallstarterpopulationofhardierfishwhichcansurvivetheammoniaandnitritespikes,whethertheyareintendedtobepermanentresidentsortobetradedoutlaterforthedesiredoccupants. Thelargestbacterialpopulationsarefoundinthefilter,wherethereishighwaterflowandplentifulsurfaceavailablefortheirgrowth,soeffectiveandefficientfiltrationisvital.Sometimes,avigorouscleaningofthefilterisenoughtoseriouslydisturbthebiologicalbalanceofanaquarium.Therefore,itisrecommendedtorinsemechanicalfiltersinanoutsidebucketofaquariumwatertodislodgeorganicmaterialsthatcontributetonitrateproblems,whilepreservingbacteriapopulations.Anothersafepracticeconsistsofcleaningonlyhalfofthefiltermediaduringeachservice,orusingtwofilters,onlyoneofwhichiscleanedatatime. Biologicalload[edit] Averyheavilystocked19-literaquariumcontainingParacheirodoninnesi,Trigonostigmaheteromorpha,andHemigrammuserythrozonus Thebiologicalload,orbioload,isameasureoftheburdenplacedontheaquariumecosystembyitsinhabitants.Highbiologicalloadingpresentsamorecomplicatedtankecology,whichinturnmeansthatequilibriumiseasiertoupset.Severalfundamentalconstraintsonbiologicalloadingdependonaquariumsize.Thewater'ssurfacearealimitsoxygenintake.Thebacteriapopulationdependsonthephysicalspacetheyhaveavailabletocolonize.Physically,onlyalimitedsizeandnumberofplantsandanimalscanfitintoanaquariumwhilestillprovidingroomformovement.Biologically,biologicalloadingreferstotherateofbiologicaldecayinproportiontotankvolume.Addingplantstoanaquariumwillsometimeshelpgreatlywithtakingupfishwasteasplantnutrients.Althoughanaquariumcanbeoverloadedwithfish,anexcessofplantsisunlikelytocauseharm.Decayingplantmaterial,suchasdecayingplantleaves,canaddthesenutrientsbackintotheaquariumifnotpromptlyremoved.Thebioloadisprocessedbytheaquarium'sbiofilterfiltrationsystem. Calculatingcapacity[edit] Limitingfactorsincludetheoxygenavailabilityandfiltrationprocessing.Aquaristshaverulesofthumbtoestimatethenumberoffishthatcanbekeptinanaquarium.Theexamplesbelowareforsmallfreshwaterfish;largerfreshwaterfishesandmostmarinefishesneedmuchmoregenerousallowances. 3 cmofadultfishlengthper4 litresofwater(i.e.,a6 cm-longfishwouldneedabout8 litresofwater).[66] 1 cmofadultfishlengthper30 squarecentimetresofsurfacearea.[67] 1 inchofadultfishlengthperUSgallonofwater.[66] 1 inchofadultfishlengthper12 squareinchesofsurfacearea.[67] Experiencedaquaristswarnagainstapplyingtheserulestoostrictlybecausetheydonotconsiderotherimportantissuessuchasgrowthrate,activitylevel,socialbehaviour,filtrationcapacity,totalbiomassofplantlife,andsoon.[68]Itisbettertoapplytheoverallmassandsizeofafishpergallonofwater,thansimplythelength.Thisisbecausefishofdifferentsizesproducequitedifferingamountsofwaste.Establishingmaximumcapacityisoftenamatterofslowlyaddingfishandmonitoringwaterqualityovertime,followingatrialanderrorapproach. Otherfactorsaffectingcapacity[edit] Anacademicaquariumatauniversity,usingavarietyoftanksizesandstylestocarefordifferentfish. Onevariableisdifferencesbetweenfish.Smallerfishconsumemoreoxygenpergramofbodyweightthanlargerfish.Labyrinthfishcanbreatheatmosphericoxygenanddonotneedasmuchsurfacearea(however,someofthesefishareterritorial,anddonotappreciatecrowding).Barbsalsorequiremoresurfaceareathantetrasofcomparablesize.[61] Oxygenexchangeatthesurfaceisanimportantconstraint,andthusthesurfaceareaoftheaquariummatters.Someaquaristsclaimthatadeeperaquariumholdsnomorefishthanashalloweraquariumwiththesamesurfacearea.Thecapacitycanbeimprovedbysurfacemovementandwatercirculationsuchasthroughaeration,whichnotonlyimprovesoxygenexchange,butalsowastedecompositionrates.[61] Wastedensityisanothervariable.Decompositioninsolutionconsumesoxygen.Oxygendissolveslessreadilyinwarmerwater;thisisadouble-edgedswordsincewarmertemperaturesmakefishmoreactive,sotheyconsumemoreoxygen.[61] Inadditiontobioload/chemicalconsiderations,aquaristsalsoconsiderthemutualcompatibilityofthefish.Forinstance,predatoryfishareusuallynotkeptwithsmall,passivespecies,andterritorialfishareoftenunsuitabletankmatesforshoalingspecies.Furthermore,fishtendtofarebetterifgiventanksconducivetotheirsize.Thatis,largefishneedlargetanksandsmallfishcandowellinsmallertanks.Lastly,thetankcanbecomeovercrowdedwithoutbeingoverstocked.Inotherwords,theaquariumcanbesuitablewithregardtofiltrationcapacity,oxygenload,andwater,yetstillbesocrowdedthattheinhabitantsareuncomfortable.[citationneeded] Forplantedfreshwateraquariums,itisalsoimportanttomaintainabalancebetweenthedurationandqualityoflight,theamountofplants,CO2levelsandnutrients.Theamountoffishonthetankcanalsoaffectthenutrientslevels.Foragivenamountoflight,ifthereisinsufficientnumberofplantsorinsufficientCO2tosupportthegrowthofthoseplants,soastoconsumeallthenutrientsinthetank,theresultwouldbealgaegrowth.Whiletherearefishesandinvertebratesthatcouldbeintroducedinthetanktocleanupthisalgae,theidealsolutionwouldbetofindtheoptimalbalancebetweentheabove-mentionedfactors.SupplementalCO2canbeprovided,[69]whosequantityhastobecarefullyregulated,astoomuchCO2mayharmthefishes.[originalresearch?] Aquariumclassifications[edit] Anaquascapedfreshwateraquarium Fromtheoutdoorpondsandglassjarsofantiquity,modernaquariahaveevolvedintoawiderangeofspecializedsystems.Individualaquariacanvaryinsizefromasmallbowllargeenoughforonlyasinglesmallfish,tothehugepublicaquariathatcansimulateentiremarineecosystems.[citationneeded] Onewaytoclassifyaquariaisbysalinity.Freshwateraquariaarethemostpopularduetotheirlowercost.[70]Moreexpensiveandcomplexequipmentisrequiredtosetupandmaintainmarineaquaria.Marineaquariafrequentlyfeatureadiverserangeofinvertebratesinadditiontospeciesoffish.[56][70]Brackishwateraquariacombineelementsofbothmarineandfreshwaterfishkeeping.[70]Fishkeptinbrackishwateraquariagenerallycomefromhabitatswithvaryingsalinity,suchasmangroveswampsandestuaries.Subtypesexistwithinthesetypes,suchasthereefaquarium,atypicallysmallermarineaquariumthathousescoral.[70] Anotherclassificationisbytemperaturerange.Manyaquaristschooseatropicalaquariumbecausetropicalfishtendtobemorecolorful.[70]However,thecoldwateraquariumisalsopopular,whichincludesfishfromtemperateareasworldwide.[70] Asaltwateraquarium Aquariamaybegroupedbytheirspeciesselection.Inacommunitytank,severalnon-aggressivespecieslivepeacefully.Intheseaquaria,thefish,invertebrates,andplantsprobablydonotoriginatefromthesamegeographicregion,buttoleratesimilarwaterconditions.Aggressivetanks,bycontrast,housealimitednumberofspeciesthatcanbeaggressivetowardotherfish,orareabletowithstandaggressionwell.Mostaquaristsmaintainingmarinetanksandtankshousingcichlidshavetotakespeciesaggressivenessintoaccountwhenstocking.Specimentanksusuallyonlyhouseonefishspecies,alongwithplants—sometimesthosefoundinthefishspecies'naturalenvironment—anddecorationssimulatinganaturalecosystem.Thistypeisusefulforfishthatcannotcoexistwithotherfish,suchastheelectriceel,asanextremeexample.Sometanksofthissortareusedsimplytohouseadultsforbreeding.[citationneeded] Biotopeaquariaisanothertypebasedonspeciesselection.Init,anaquaristattemptstosimulateaspecificnaturalecosystem,assemblingfish,invertebratespecies,plants,decorationsandwaterconditionsallfoundinthatecosystem.Publicaquariaoftenusethisapproach.Biotopeaquariasimulatestheexperienceofobservinginthewild.Ittypicallyservesasthehealthiestpossibleartificialenvironmentforthetank'soccupants.[citationneeded] Publicaquaria[edit] The80-meter(260ft)underwatertunnelinAquariumBarcelona LisbonOceanariumdesignedbyarchitectPeterChermayeff TheBalticSeaAquariumattheMaretariuminKotka,Finland Mainarticle:Publicaquarium Mostpublicaquariumfacilitiesfeatureanumberofsmalleraquaria,aswellthosetoolargeforhomeaquarists.Thelargesttanksholdmillionsofgallonsofwaterandcanhouselargespecies,includingsharksorbelugawhales,whichtypicallycouldn'tbehousedproperlyinthehomeaquarium.Dolphinariaarespecificallyfordolphins.Aquaticandsemiaquaticanimals,includingottersandpenguins,mayalsobekeptbypublicaquaria.Publicaquariamayalsobeincludedinlargerestablishmentssuchasamarinemammalparkoramarinepark.Theseareverypopulararoundtheworld,especiallywithanewemergenceintheMiddleEast. Virtualaquariums[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(February2019)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Avirtualaquariumisacomputerprogramwhichuses3Dgraphicstoreproduceanaquariumonapersonalcomputer.Theswimmingfisharerenderedinrealtime,whilethebackgroundofthetankisusuallystatic.Objectsonthefloorofthetankmaybemappedinsimpleplanessothatthefishmayappeartoswimbothinfrontandbehindthem,butarelativelysimple3Dmapofthegeneralshapeofsuchobjectsmaybeusedtoallowthelightandripplesonthesurfaceofthewatertocastrealisticshadows.Bubblesandwaternoisesarecommonforvirtualaquariums,whichareoftenusedasscreensavers. Thenumberofeachtypeoffishcanusuallybeselected,oftenincludingotheranimalslikestarfish,jellyfish,seahorses,andevenseaturtles.MostcompaniesthatproducevirtualaquariumsoftwarealsoofferothertypesoffishforsaleviaInternetdownload.Otherobjectsfoundinanaquariumcanalsobeaddedandrearrangedonsomesoftware,liketreasurechestsandgiantclamsthatopenandclosewithairbubbles,orabobbingdiver.Therearealsousuallyfeaturesthatallowtheusertotapontheglassorputfoodinthetop,bothofwhichthefishwillreactto.Somealsohavetheabilitytoallowtheusertoeditfishandotherobjectstocreatenewvarieties. Seealso[edit] Listofaquaria AssociationofZoosandAquariums(AZA Listofaquariumdiseases Listofaquariumfishbyscientificname Listofbrackishaquariumfishspecies Listofbrackishaquariumplantspecies Listoffreshwateraquariumamphibianspecies Listoffreshwateraquariumfishspecies Listoffreshwateraquariuminvertebratespecies Listoffreshwateraquariumplantspecies Listofmarineaquariumfishspecies Listofmarineaquariuminvertebratespecies Listofmarineaquariumplantspecies Vivarium References[edit] ^"Definitionofaquarium".Merriam-WebsterOnlineDictionary.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4April2007.Retrieved2007-04-03. ^abcdKatherineC.Grier(2008)"PetsinAmerica:AHistory".p.53.UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress ^Brunner,Bernd(2003).TheOceanatHome.NewYork:PrincetonArchitecturalPress.pp. 21–22.ISBN 1-56898-502-9. ^abBrunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page25 ^"MythRomanAqKlee".www.wetwebmedia.com.Retrieved2018-10-25. ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page35 ^"OntheincreaseofMadrepores".AnnalsandMagazineofNaturalHistory.London:TaylorandFrancis.3(29):449–461.1859. ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,pages35–36 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page36 ^Brunner,B:TheOceansatHome,pages99 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page38 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page57 ^Alexander,Bob(November2005)."ThefirstParlourAquariumsandtheVictorianAquariumCraze".Historyofparlouraquarium.parlouraquariums.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22July2011.Retrieved24December2010. ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,pages60–61 ^abBrunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page75 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page69 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page71 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,pages76–77 ^Pawlik,JR(2007)."Castironbeauty:anantiqueJ.W.FiskeAquarium"(PDF).TropicalFishHobbyist.55:111–114. ^abcdSanford,Gina(1999).AquariumOwner'sGuide.NewYork:DKPublishing.pp. 9–13.ISBN 0-7894-4614-6. ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,pages86–89 ^"AHistoryoftheHobbybyRogerVitko".Reefkeeping.com.Retrieved2012-06-28. ^Whittall,Robin."HowDidItAllBegin?TheRootsOfCaptiveFishkeepingFromTheVictorians'Perspective."1999 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page93 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page78 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,pages82–83 ^Brunner,B:TheOceanatHome,page82 ^Fromson,Daniel(31December2017)."HerbertR.Axelrod,aHustlerwhoBuiltaFortuneonaFishTale".TheNewYorkTimesMagazine.pp. 43–44. ^Axelrod,HerbertR.,WarrenE.Burgess,NealPronek,GlenS.AxelrodandDavidE.Boruchowitz(1998),AquariumFishesoftheWorld,NeptuneCity,N.J.:T.F.H.Publications,p.718,ISBN 0-7938-0493-0. ^abRiehl,Rüdiger.Editor.;Baensch,HA(1996).AquariumAtlas(5th ed.).Germany:TetraPress.ISBN 3-88244-050-3.{{citebook}}:|first=hasgenericname(help) ^Emerson,Jim(1999-08-01)."AquariumHobbyists".directmag.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12October2004. ^"NationalPetOwnersSurvey".AmericanPetProductsManufacturersAssociation.2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6April2007.Retrieved2007-05-02. ^"WhatisanAquaristAndHowtoBecomeOne".aquarist. ^MarkKinver(30July2015)."Aquariums'deliversignificanthealthbenefits'".BBCNews.Retrieved28July2018. ^Cracknell,Deborah;White,MathewP;Pahl,Sabine;Nichols,WallaceJ;Depledge,MichaelH(2016)."MarineBiotaandPsychologicalWell-Being".EnvironmentandBehavior.48(10):1242–1269.doi:10.1177/0013916515597512.PMC 5081108.PMID 27818525. ^"HistoryofFishTankMaterials".Archivedfromtheoriginalon14May2010.Retrieved2010-05-28. ^abcdefgAdey,WalterH.;Loveland,Karen(1991).DynamicAquaria.SanDiego:AcademicPress.ISBN 0-12-043792-9. ^Strohmeyer,Carl(1January2019)."AquariumSilicone,TankRepair,Applications,DIY,HowToUse".AquariumAnswers. ^abcdefghiSanford,Gina(1999).AquariumOwner'sGuide.NewYork:DKPublishing.pp. 162–169.ISBN 0-7894-4614-6. ^Crosswell,Tom."BenefitsofAcrylicforHomeAquariums".reef-one.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2009-03-09.Retrieved2009-05-10. ^liquid."FeatureArticle:BuildingaPlywoodAquarium".Retrieved2017-12-10. ^abKingson,JenniferA.(August19,2010)."TheSix-FigureFishTankCatchesOn".TheNewYorkTimes.p. D1.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember6,2011.RetrievedAugust22,2010. ^Ihnatko,Andy(1992)."TheOriginalMacQuarium".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2008-08-12.Retrieved2007-04-04. ^Blundell,Adam(December2004)."DelicatessenPartI:Creatingasystemforrareanddelicateanimals".AdvancedAquarist.Vol. 3.PomacanthusPublications,LLC.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26May2007.Retrieved2007-04-04. ^Wrobel,Dave."CaptiveJellies:KeepingJelliesinanAquarium".TheJelliesZone.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10April2007.Retrieved2007-04-04. ^Raskoff,KevinA.;Sommer,FreyaA.;Hamner,WilliamM.;Cross,KatrinaM.(February2003)."Collectionandculturetechniquesforgelatinouszooplankton".BiologicalBulletin.204(1):68–80.doi:10.2307/1543497.JSTOR 1543497.PMID 12588746.S2CID 22389317. ^"HowtoStartaJellyfishTank:12steps(withpictures)".wikiHow.2012-06-10.Retrieved2012-06-28. ^"WallMountedAquarium".RetrievedJuly13,2014. ^"Beginner'sGuidetoSetUpaFreshwaterAquarium".SmartAquariumGuide.2018-10-05.Retrieved2022-01-31. ^ReefHobbyistMagazine,pp.42–46,Q22013 ^Salvatori,Joe."Buildinga1700gallonSharkTank".Cichlid-Forum.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5April2007.Retrieved2007-04-03. ^"HowtheGeorgiaAquariumWorks".HowStuffWorks.2005-12-28.Retrieved2022-01-31. ^Boruchowitz,DavidE.;Herndal,JayF.(2008).MiniAquariums.T.F.H.Publications.ISBN 978-0793805730.nanoaquarium. ^Denaro,Mark;O'Leary,Rachel(2014).The101BestFreshwaterNanoSpecies.T.F.H.Publications.ISBN 978-0982026250. ^Brightwell,Chris(2011).TheNano-ReefHandbook.T.F.H.Publications.ISBN 978-0793807178. ^abDakin,Nick(1992).TheMacmillanbookoftheMarineAquarium.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCompany.ISBN 0-02-897108-6. ^"TheCostofRunningaFishTank–TheMandarinGarden".Retrieved2020-12-11. ^freshwatercentral(2020-12-11)."HowToPickSuppliesForYour40GallonAquarium".FreshwaterCentral.Retrieved2020-12-11. ^"APreventativeMaintenanceSchedule".Archivedfromtheoriginalon25May2010.Retrieved2010-05-28. ^"AquariumMaintenanceTips".Retrieved2010-05-28. ^abcdefghiAxelrod,Herbert,R.(1996).ExoticTropicalFishes.T.F.H.Publications.ISBN 0-87666-543-1. ^Monks,Neale."AquariumFilterMaintenance".FishChannel.BowTie,Inc.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23October2012. ^"UnderstandingNitrogenCycleInAquarium".Tankquarium.11June2021. ^"AnoxicFiltration". ^Kostich,JamesM.(2005)."NewTankSyndrome".AquaticsUnlimited.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10May2008. ^abBaensch,Ulrich(1983).TropicalAquariumFish.Tetra.ISBN 3-89356-131-5. ^abScott,Peter(1996).TheCompleteAquarium.DorlingKindersley.ISBN 0-7513-0427-1. ^ChrisAndrews;AdrianExell;NevilleCarrington(1988).TheInterpetManualofFishHealth.SalamanderBooks.ISBN 0-86101-368-9. ^"CO2carbonandliquidcarboninplantedaquariums".12December2018. ^abcdefSanford,Gina(1999).AquariumOwner'sGuide.NewYork:DKPublishing.pp. 180–199.ISBN 0-7894-4614-6. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoAquariums. AquariumatCurlie TheAquariumWiki ErnestIngersoll(1920)."Aquarium" .EncyclopediaAmericana. vteAquariumsandfishkeepingAquariumtypes Freshwater Marine Public Reef Brackish-water Community Biotope Aquariumdécorandequipment Airstone Algaescrubber BerlinMethod Bog-wood /Driftwood Calciumreactor Deepsandbed Filter Fishcam Fishfeeder Heater Lighting Liverock /Livesand Powerhead Proteinskimmer Refugium Substrate Sump Fishterms /types Algaeeater Bottomfeeder Coldwater Dither Hardy Painted Tropical Fishfood Brineshrimp Daphnia Feederfish Feedershrimp Infusoria Shrimpmix Tubifextubifex Otherconcepts Aquariumfishery Aquascaping Artificialseawater Bathtreatment Clean-upcrew Diseaseinornamentalfish Macquarium ProjectPiaba Reefsafe Spawningtrigger Waterconditioner People TakashiAmano HerbertR.Axelrod LeonhardBaldner PierreCarbonnier EdwardEdwards GeorgeFarmer PhilipHenryGosse SvenO.Kullander WilliamAlfordLloyd PaulMatte JulianSprung AnnaThynne CharlesHaskinsTownsend JeanneVillepreux-Power RobertWarington Magazines AquariumFishInternational Koi PracticalFishkeeping TropicalFishHobbyist Companies Dennerle Drs.Foster&Smith Eheim Hikari Hagen Sera Tetra Wardley Lists Aquariumdiseases Aquariumfishbyscientificname Freshwateraquariumfish /amphibians /invertebrates /plants Marineaquariumfish /invertebrates /plants Brackishaquariumfish /invertebrates /plants Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries France(data) Ukraine Germany Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&oldid=1097311195" Categories:AquariumsFishkeepingPetequipmentBuildingsandstructuresusedtoconfineanimalsHiddencategories:CS1errors:genericnameArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataArticleslackingreliablereferencesfromJuly2022AllarticleslackingreliablereferencesArticlescontainingLatin-languagetextAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJuly2022ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2014WikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingfromJune2019AllWikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2021ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromFebruary2021AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesWikipediaarticlesneedingpagenumbercitationsfromMarch2017ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2009AllarticlesthatmaycontainoriginalresearchArticlesthatmaycontainoriginalresearchfromDecember2017ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromFebruary2019CommonscategorylinkfromWikidataArticleswithCurlielinksWikipediaarticlesincorporatingacitationfromtheEncyclopediaAmericanawithaWikisourcereferenceArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithEMUidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБългарскиBosanskiCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGalego贛語ગુજરાતી한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡҚазақшаКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLietuviųLombardМакедонскиമലയാളംBahasaMelayuꯃꯤꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟမြန်မာဘာသာNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSeelterskShqipSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்ไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệtWinaray吴语ייִדיש粵語Zazaki中文 Editlinks